Journal articles: 'Non-falciparum'

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Wångdahl, Andreas, Katja Wyss, Dashti Saduddin, et al. "Severity of Plasmodium falciparum and Non-falciparum Malaria in Travelers and Migrants: A Nationwide Observational Study Over 2 Decades in Sweden." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 8 (2019): 1335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz292.

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Abstract Background The aim was to assess factors affecting disease severity in imported P. falciparum and non-falciparum malaria. Methods We reviewed medical records from 2793/3260 (85.7%) of all episodes notified in Sweden between 1995 and 2015 and performed multivariable logistic regression. Results Severe malaria according to WHO 2015 criteria was found in P. falciparum (9.4%), P. vivax (7.7%), P. ovale (5.3%), P. malariae (3.3%), and mixed P. falciparum episodes (21.1%). Factors associated with severe P. falciparum malaria were age <5 years and >40 years, origin in nonendemic country, pregnancy, HIV, region of diagnosis, and health care delay. Moreover, oral treatment of P. falciparum episodes with parasitemia ≥2% without severe signs at presentation was associated with progress to severe malaria with selected criteria. In non-falciparum, age >60 years, health care delay and endemic origin were identified as risk factors for severe disease. Among patients originating in endemic countries, a higher risk for severe malaria, both P. falciparum and non-falciparum, was observed among newly arrived migrants. Conclusions Severe malaria was observed in P. falciparum and non-falciparum episodes. Current WHO criteria for severe malaria may need optimization to better guide the management of malaria of different species in travelers and migrants in nonendemic areas.

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Gomes, Luciano T., Mauro S. Tada, Tony H. Katsuragawa, et al. "Low sensitivity of malaria rapid diagnostic tests stored at room temperature in the Brazilian Amazon Region." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 03 (2013): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2564.

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Introduction: In remote areas of the Amazon Region, diagnosis of malaria by microscopy is practically impossible. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) targeting different malaria antigens stored at room temperature in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Methodology: Performance of the OptiMal Pf/Pan test and ICT-Now Pf/Pan test was analyzed retrospectively in 1,627 and 1,602 blood samples, respectively. Tests were performed over a 15-month period. Kits were stored at room temperature in five community health centres located in the Brazilian Amazon Region. RDT results were compared with thick blood smear (TBS) results to determine sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the RDT. Results: The sensitivities of the OptiMal Pf/Pan test were 79.7% for Plasmodium falciparum malaria diagnosis and 85.7% for non-P. falciparum infections. The results showed a crude agreement of 88.5% for P. falciparum, and 88.3% for non-P. falciparum infections (Kappa index = 0.74 and 0.75, respectively). For the ICT-Now Pf/Pan test (CI 95%), the sensitivities were 87.9% for P. falciparum malaria diagnosis and 72.5% for non-P. falciparum infection. Crude agreement between the ICT-Now Pf/Pan test and TBS was 91.4% for P. falciparum and 79.7% for non-P. falciparum infection. The Kappa index was 0.81 and 0.59 for the final diagnosis of P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum, respectively. Higher levels of parasitaemia were associated with higher crude agreement between RDT and TBS. Conclusions: The sensitivities of RDTs stored at room temperature over a 15-month period and performed in field conditions were lower than those previously reported.

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Costa, Laura, Inês Gonçalves, Dina Leal, Luísa Pinto, and Francisco Gonçalves. "A Case of Imported Non-falciparum Malaria." Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 5, no. 7 (2021): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asms.2020.05.0957.

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Doritchamou, Justin Y. A., Richard A. Akuffo, Azizath Moussiliou, et al. "Submicroscopic placental infection by non-falciparum Plasmodium spp." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12, no. 2 (2018): e0006279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006279.

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Kullu, Bipin K., Chakradhar Majhi, Butungeshwar Pradhan, and Deepak K. Swain. "Lipid profiles among Plasmodium falciparum infected, non malarial febrile patients and volunteers." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, no. 3 (2018): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20181661.

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Background: Acute falciparum Malaria infected patients show wide ranges of metabolic derangement including changes in serum lipid profiles. The exact mechanisms of this derangement in serum lipid profiles are still poorly understood. Objective was to study the lipid profiles among acute plasmodium falciparum infected patients.Methods: It was a Prospective observational comparative study. A total of 100 patients were consecutively taken in the study. Fifty Non- malaria febrile cases and 50 healthy volunteers were taken as control group. Baseline lipid profiles were estimated in all cases at the time of admission and at the end of one week. Data were collected and analyzed.Results: There were 100 diagnosed cases of falciparum malaria and 50 non malarial febrile and 50 healthy volunteers taken as control group. Complications was present in 50 and 50 were uncomplicated. Serum total cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels were significantly low in falciparum malaria patients, and serum TG and VLDL levels were higher than control. There were no significant changes in mean serum lipids profiles in survived and deaths cases.Conclusions: The derangement in lipid profiles in falciparum malaria was characteristic and specific for the disease. Characteristic changes were lower HDL, LDL and total cholesterol levels and higher TG and VLDL levels in comparison to control groups. Changes are more pronounced in complicated falciparum Malaria and persisting till the end of the week. These findings may be of diagnostic and prognostic value.

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Kanda-Taniguchi, Tomoyo, Kaiissar Md Mannoor, Changchun Li та ін. "Essential Role of γδT Cells In Naturally Acquired Immunity to Falciparum Malaria". Blood 116, № 21 (2010): 4877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4877.4877.

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Abstract Abstract 4877 It is important to understand the mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity to malaria for the development of effective malaria vaccines. We have demonstrated that γδT cells expanded in the peripheral blood of the falciparum malaria patients in Thailand but did not expand in patients living in malaria endemic areas of Laos. However, the percentage of Vγ9-T cells, a γδT cell subset, increased in the Laos patients. The levels of naturally acquired antibodies to crude P. falciparum (Pf) antigens also increased with an age dependent manner in individuals living in endemic areas of Laos. In this study, we further investigated the role of Vγ9-T cells in naturally acquired immunity to the falciparum malaria. The peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and plasma obtained from hospitalized uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients (UMPs) and severe falciparum malaria patients (SMPs) in Thailand and from non-hospitalized UMPs living in endemic areas of Laos were analyzed. The plasma levels of IL-10, which is anti-inflammatory cytokine and associated with antibody production from B cells, were elevated in both hospitalized and non-hospitalized falciparum malaria patients. There was a correlation between the levels of IL-10 and the percentage of Vγ9-T cells in γδT cells. IL-10 and Pf specific antibodies were detected only in culture supernatant of PBLs from non-hospitalized UMPs in the presence of IL-2 for 2 wks. These results indicate that Vγ9-T cells may contribute to acquiring natural immunity to malaria. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Amita Priya, D., K. Meena Kumari, Muralidhar Varma, et al. "Treatment Outcome Analysis of Artemisinin based Therapy in Plasmodium falciparum Infection: An Observational Study." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, no. 4 (2018): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1558.

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Currently, the preferred treatment for chloroquine (CQ) resistant Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). Our aim was to assess the artemisinin based treatment outcomes in patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Patients with falciparum infection from a tertiary health care centre in South India were enrolled in this study. It was a non-randomised observational study .The data regarding peripheral blood smear, complete blood count, liver, renal function tests and the treatment given was documented at admission and on the day of discharge. Patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were most common. Artesunate and doxycycline was the most common combination used at our centre (54.6%) followed by artemether –lumefantrine. All patients had peripheral smear negative for Plasmodium falciparum parasite by the end of treatment. There was improvement in blood count,liver and renal function tests. Artemisinin based combination therapy was effective in treatment of falciparum malaria.

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Plucinski, Mateusz M., Camelia Herman, Sophie Jones, et al. "Screening forPfhrp2/3-DeletedPlasmodium falciparum, Non-falciparum, and Low-Density Malaria Infections by a Multiplex Antigen Assay." Journal of Infectious Diseases 219, no. 3 (2018): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy525.

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MEHDI, SYED GHAZANFAR, and NAEEM NAQI. "FALCIPARUM MALARIA." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 01 (2011): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.01.1860.

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Introduction: Quinine and quinidines remain the drugs of choice for chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In 1972, Chinese scientists discovered the antimalarial properties of a group of compounds from the qinghao plant (Artemisia annua) which have activity against all malaria causing parasites including multi-drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Objective: To compare response to treatment between quinine and artemether in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Setting: Department of Medicine Pakistan Air Force Hospital Lahore. Period: 1st Jun 2008 to 1st Dec 2009. Patients: 80 consecutive adult patients with positive MP slide for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Methods: Patients were randomly divided into two groups for treatment either with quinine or artemether. Results: Out of total 80 patients, 40 were given quinine and 40 were given artemether. Out of 40, 16 patients responded to quinine while 24 did not respond. The responders were 34.8% in case of quinine while 70.6% patients did not respond. Out of 40 patients treated with artemether, 30 responded while 10 did not. The responders were 65.2%while non responders were 29.4%.0n calculating the P-value from the chi-square it was found that difference in terms of response to the two treatment regimens was statistically significant.(P=.0022).Conclusion: The frequency of response in case of quinine was 34.8% while it was 65.2% in case of artemether. So based upon statistically significant difference (P=.0022) it is concluded that Artemether is a satisfactory alternative to Quinine for the treatment of falciparum malaria in adults.

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van den Hoogen, Lotus L., Camelia Herman, Jacquelin Présumé, et al. "Rapid Screening for Non-falciparum Malaria in Elimination Settings Using Multiplex Antigen and Antibody Detection: Post Hoc Identification of Plasmodium malariae in an Infant in Haiti." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (2021): 2139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1450.

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Abstract.Haiti is targeting malaria elimination by 2025. The Grand’Anse department in southwestern Haiti experiences one-third to half of all nationally reported Plasmodium falciparum cases. Although there are historical reports of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae, today, non-falciparum infections would remain undetected because of extensive use of falciparum-specific histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) at health facilities. A recent case–control study was conducted in Grand’Anse to identify risk factors for P. falciparum infection using HRP2-based RDTs (n = 1,107). Post hoc multiplex Plasmodium antigenemia and antibody (IgG) detection by multiplex bead assay revealed one blood sample positive for pan-Plasmodium aldolase, negative for P. falciparum HRP2, and positive for IgG antibodies to P. malariae. Based on this finding, we selected 52 samples with possible P. malariae infection using IgG and antigenemia data and confirmed infection status by species-specific PCR. We confirmed one P. malariae infection in a 6-month-old infant without travel history. Congenital P. malariae could not be excluded. However, our finding—in combination with historical reports of P. malariae—warrants further investigation into the presence and possible extent of non-falciparum malaria in Haiti. Furthermore, we showed the use of multiplex Plasmodium antigen and IgG detection in selecting samples of interest for subsequent PCR analysis, thereby reducing costs as opposed to testing all available samples by PCR. This is of specific use in low-transmission or eliminating settings where infections are rare.

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Acquah, Samuel, Benjamin Ackon Egham, Salifu Bawa, and Johnson Nyarko Boampong. "Differential response in lipid levels of type 2 diabetics and non-diabetic controls to falciparum malaria." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 1 (2014): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.10798.

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Objective: To investigate the effects of falciparum malaria on lipid profile and atherogenic indices of type 2 diabetics and non-diabetic adults in the Central Region of Ghana. Methods: Plasma lipid profile comprising total cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) were determined in 100 type 2 diabetics and 100 non-diabetic controls before and during falciparum malaria using the BT3000 autoanalyzer in a prospective case control study design. Atherogenic indices were computed. Results: At baseline, diabetics recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower level of LDL but higher levels of CHOL/LDL and TG/HDL ratios than controls. LDL correlated (P < 0.05) positively but negatively with CHOL and HDL respectively in the two study groups. During malaria, diabetics exhibited higher (P < 0.05) levels of CHOL and TG but lower level of HDL. Non-diabetic controls had malaria-induced elevated level in TG only. The positive correlation between LDL and CHOL was maintained in the two study groups. The TG levels of diabetics correlated (P < 0.05) positively with LDL and HDL during malaria. In the case of controls, a positive (P < 0.05) correlation was found between LDL and HDL during falciparum malaria. Conclusion: Falciparum malaria modified the associations among the various DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.10798 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(1) 2015 71-76

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Bukman, A., M. J. N. Weinans, and A. J. van Loon. "Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a non-immune pregnant woman." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 59, no. 2 (1997): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(97)00205-1.

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Wirima, J. J., and A. D. Harries. "Absence of fever in non-immune patients developing falciparum malaria." BMJ 295, no. 6603 (1987): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.295.6603.913.

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Viriyavejakul, Parnpen, and Chuchard Punsawad. "Overexpression of Sphingosine Kinase-1 and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-3 in Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria with Pulmonary Edema." BioMed Research International 2020 (February 26, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3932569.

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Pulmonary edema (PE) is a major cause of pulmonary manifestations of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and is usually associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK-1)/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-3 (S1PR-3) pathway has recently been reported to affect the pathogenesis of lung injury, but the expression of these proteins in the lungs of severe P. falciparum malaria patients has not been investigated. The cellular expression of SphK-1 and S1PR-3 in lung tissues from autopsied patients with P. falciparum malaria was investigated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Lung tissues from patients who died of severe P. falciparum malaria were classified into two groups based on histopathological findings: those with PE (18 patients) and those without PE (non-PE, 19 patients). Ten samples of normal lung tissues were used as the control group. The protein expression levels of SphK-1 and S1PR-3 were significantly upregulated in endothelial cells (ECs), alveolar epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the lungs of severe P. falciparum malaria patients with PE compared to those in the non-PE and control groups (all p<0.001). In addition, the SphK-1 and S1PR-3 expression levels were significantly positively correlated in pulmonary ECs (rs=0.922, p<0.001), alveolar epithelial cells (rs=0.995, p<0.001), and AMs (rs=0.969, p<0.001). In conclusion, both the SphK-1 and S1PR-3 proteins were overexpressed in the lung tissues of severe P. falciparum malaria patients with PE, suggesting that SphK-1 and S1PR-3 mediate the pathogenesis of PE in severe malaria. Targeting the regulation of SphK-1 and/or S1PR-3 may be an approach to treat pulmonary complications in severe P. falciparum patients.

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Singh, Gajinder Pal, and Amit Sharma. "South-East Asian strains of Plasmodium falciparum display higher ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms compared to African strains." F1000Research 5 (August 12, 2016): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9372.1.

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Resistance to frontline anti-malarial drugs, including artemisinin, has repeatedly arisen in South-East Asia, but the reasons for this are not understood. Here we test whether evolutionary constraints on Plasmodium falciparum strains from South-East Asia differ from African strains. We find a significantly higher ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms in P. falciparum from South-East Asia compared to Africa, suggesting differences in the selective constraints on P. falciparum genome in these geographical regions. Furthermore, South-East Asian strains showed a higher proportion of non-synonymous polymorphism at conserved positions, suggesting reduced negative selection. There was a lower rate of mixed infection by multiple genotypes in samples from South-East Asia compared to Africa. We propose that a lower mixed infection rate in South-East Asia reduces intra-host competition between the parasite clones, reducing the efficiency of natural selection. This might increase the probability of fixation of fitness-reducing mutations including drug resistant ones.

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Singh, Gajinder Pal, and Amit Sharma. "South-East Asian strains of Plasmodium falciparum display higher ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms compared to African strains." F1000Research 5 (October 21, 2016): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9372.2.

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Resistance to frontline anti-malarial drugs, including artemisinin, has repeatedly arisen in South-East Asia, but the reasons for this are not understood. Here we test whether evolutionary constraints on Plasmodium falciparum strains from South-East Asia differ from African strains. We find a significantly higher ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms in P. falciparum from South-East Asia compared to Africa, suggesting differences in the selective constraints on P. falciparum genome in these geographical regions. Furthermore, South-East Asian strains showed a higher proportion of non-synonymous polymorphism at conserved positions, suggesting reduced negative selection. There was a lower rate of mixed infection by multiple genotypes in samples from South-East Asia compared to Africa. We propose that a lower mixed infection rate in South-East Asia reduces intra-host competition between the parasite clones, reducing the efficiency of natural selection. This might increase the probability of fixation of fitness-reducing mutations including drug resistant ones.

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Jiménez-Díaz, María Belén, Teresa Mulet, Sara Viera та ін. "Improved Murine Model of Malaria Using Plasmodium falciparum Competent Strains and Non-Myelodepleted NOD-scid IL2Rγnull Mice Engrafted with Human Erythrocytes". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, № 10 (2009): 4533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00519-09.

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ABSTRACT Murine models of Plasmodium falciparum malaria may become crucial tools in drug discovery. Here we show that non-myelodepleted NOD-scid IL2Rγ null mice engrafted with human erythrocytes support an infectious burden up to tenfold higher than that supported by engrafted NOD-scid β2microglobulin null mice. The new model was validated for drug discovery and was used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of 4-pyridones, selective inhibitors of P. falciparum cytochrome bc 1.

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Ondigo, Bartholomew N., Gregory S. Park, Cyrus Ayieko, Donald D. Nyangahu, Ronald Wasswa, and Chandy C. John. "Comparison of non-magnetic and magnetic beads multiplex assay for assessment of Plasmodium falciparum antibodies." PeerJ 7 (January 3, 2019): e6120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6120.

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Background New reagents have emerged allowing researchers to assess a growing number of vaccine-associated immune parameters. Multiplex immunoassay(s) are emerging as efficient high-throughput assays in malaria serology. Currently, commercial vendors market several bead reagents for cytometric bead assays (CBA) but relative performances are not well published. We have compared two types of bead-based multiplex assays to measure relative antibody levels to malarial antigens. Methods Assays for the measurement of antibodies to five Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidates using non-magnetic and magnetic fluorescent microspheres were compared for their performances with a Bio-Plex200 instrument. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was determined from individuals from western Kenya and compared to known positive and negative control plasma samples. Results P. falciparum recombinant antigens were successfully coupled to both non-magnetic and magnetic beads in multiplex assays. MFIs between the two bead types were comparable for all antigens tested. Bead recovery was superior with magnetic beads for all antigens. MFI values of stored non-magnetic coupled beads did not differ from freshly coupled beads, though they showed higher levels of bead aggregation. Discussion Magnetic and non-magnetic beads performed similarly in P. falciparum antibody assays. Magnetic beads were more expensive, but had higher bead recovery, were more convenient to use, and provided rapid and easy protocol manipulation. Magnetic beads are a suitable alternative to non-magnetic beads in malarial antibody serology.

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B.E., Anumudu, Amadi E.S, and Umeh S.I. "Molecular Identification and Speciation of Human Non-Falciparum Plasmodium Species in Pregnant and Non-Preg." Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 05, no. 03 (2021): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2021.5307.

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Quakyi, Isabella A., Arun Menon, Michael F. Good, et al. "Differential non-Responsiveness in Humans of Candidate Plasmodium Falciparum Vaccine Antigens." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 41, no. 2 (1989): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.125.

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Spielmann, Tobias, Matthew W. A. Dixon, Maria Hernandez-Valladares, Mandy Hannemann, Katharine R. Trenholme, and Donald L. Gardiner. "Reliable transfection of Plasmodium falciparum using non-commercial plasmid mini preparations." International Journal for Parasitology 36, no. 12 (2006): 1245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.017.

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Black, Casilda G., Tieqiao Wu, Lina Wang, Agnieszka E. Topolska, and Ross L. Coppel. "MSP8 is a non-essential merozoite surface protein in Plasmodium falciparum." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 144, no. 1 (2005): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.06.010.

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Iqbal, J., A. Sher, P. R. Hira, and A. Al-Aniezi. "Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection in immigrants and non-immune travellers." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 8, no. 11 (2002): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00451.x.

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Revel, M. P., A. Datry, A. Saint Raimond, G. Lenoir, M. Danis, and M. Gentilini. "Plasmodium falciparum malaria after three years in a non-endemic area." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, no. 6 (1988): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(88)90008-9.

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Lunev, Sergey, Soraya S. Bosch, Fernando A. Batista, et al. "Identification of a non-competitive inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum aspartate transcarbamoylase." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 497, no. 3 (2018): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.112.

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Kojom Foko, Loick Pradel, Veena Pande, and Vineeta Singh. "Field Performances of Rapid Diagnostic Tests Detecting Human Plasmodium Species: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in India, 1990–2020." Diagnostics 11, no. 4 (2021): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11040590.

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Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have become a mainstay of malaria diagnosis in endemic countries since their implementation in the 1990s. We conducted a 30-year systematic review and meta-analysis on malaria RDTs performance in India. Outcomes of interest were sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive/negative likelihood ratio (PLR/NLR), and diagnostic odd ratio (DOR). Among the 75 studies included, most of the studies were cross-sectional (65.3%), hospital-based (77.3%), and targeted febrile patients (90.6%). Nearly half of RDTs were designed for detecting Plasmodium falciparum only (47.5%) while the rest were for P. falciparum and P. vivax (11.9%), and P. falciparum/Pan-Plasmodium except for P. knowlesi (32.3%). When compared to light microscopy (gold standard), pooled estimates of performances were: Se = 97.0%, Sp = 96.0%, PLR = 22.4, NLR = 0.02 and DOR = 1080. In comparison to polymerase chain reaction, the RDTs showed Se = 89.0% and Sp = 99.0%. Performance outcomes (Se and Sp) were similar for RDT targeting P. falciparum only, but decreased for mixed and non-falciparum infections. Performances of malaria RDTs are still high India. However, there is a need for developing RDTs with regard to targeting minor malarial species, individuals carrying only mature gametocytes, and pfhrp2-deleted parasites.

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Munagala, Venkata Krishna, Ramisetty M. UmaMahesh, Kandati Jithendra, Muni Lakshmi Ponugoti, and Mohan Rao Nandam. "Clinico-epidemiological features of malaria among children attending a tertiary care hospital: a two year study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 5 (2017): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20173785.

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Background: Malaria caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Female anopheles mosquito, still remains as a major public health concern around the world. India is one of the major contributors of malaria cases in South East Asia. Malaria accounts for 205,000 deaths with 55,000 deaths occurring in early childhood. In endemic areas, children under 5 years are particularly susceptible to infection, illness and death. The present study was aimed to study the clinical, epidemiological profile of malaria cases among children (<12 years) attending a tertiary care hospital. We also assessed the complications associated with non-severe and severe malaria. Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital for a period of two years and all children <12 years of age diagnosed with malaria were enrolled in the study. The demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were observed and noted. Cases were categorized into severe and non-severe malaria based on the WHO guidelines.Results: A total of 2420 cases were observed and 250 cases of malaria were diagnosed, of which 136 were p. vivax mono infections, 82 falciparum malaria and 32 had evidence of mixed infections. Males were predominant in the study (58.8%) and 1-5 years was the common age group. Fever was the most common symptom (100%) in all cases and pallor, edema was common in falciparum malaria. jaundice was observed in 62% of mixed infections and altered sensorium in 43% of mixed infections. Severe malaria was observed almost equally in vivax and falciparum cases. Hyperparasitemia, cerebral malaria was common in falciparum cases than vivax. Thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia and impaired consciousness were more common in mixed infections than falciparum and vivax cases.Conclusions: Present study finally concludes that there is a significant change in the trends of vivax malaria in this region where both species coexist. The spectrum of complications seen in vivax and falciparum follow a similar pattern, then mentioned earlier that complications are less frequently seen in vivax than falciparum malaria. Hence more number of studies is required to generate the differing patterns associated with vivax and compare them with different studies from geographic regions.

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Goel, Preeti, and Gajinder Pal Singh. "Divergent pattern of genomic variation in Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax." F1000Research 5 (November 25, 2016): 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10255.1.

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The two main species causing malaria in humans, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, differ significantly from each other in their evolutionary response to common drugs, but the reasons for this are not clear. Here we utilized the recently available large-scale genome sequencing data from these parasites and compared the pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms, which may be related to these differences. We found that there was a five-fold higher preference for AT nucleotides compared to GC nucleotides at synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism sites in P. vivax. The preference for AT nucleotides was also present at non-synonymous sites, which lead to amino acid changes favouring those with codons of higher AT content. The substitution bias was also present at low and moderately conserved amino acid positions, but not at highly conserved positions. No marked bias was found at synonymous and non-synonymous sites in P. falciparum. The difference in the substitution bias between P. falciparum and P. vivax found in the present study may possibly contribute to their divergent evolutionary response to similar drug pressures.

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A.M. Kwena, A. M. Kwena, J. B. Baliddawa J.B. Baliddawa, K. Taylor K. Taylor, Mary Ann McDowell, and S. Mining S. Mining. "Comparison of Protein-Energy Malnutrition and P. falciparum Malaria levels in AMPATH and Non- AMPATH COBES centres in Western Kenya." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 2 (2012): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/february2014/52.

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Karimov, I. Z., N. G. Los’-Yatsenko, A. S. Midikari, M. V. Gorovenko, and P. S. Arshinov. "Clinical and epidemiological features of imported malaria in the Republic of Crimea for a twenty-year period (1994-2014)." Kazan medical journal 95, no. 6 (2014): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2004.

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Aim. To identify the main clinical and epidemiological features of imported malaria in the Republic of Crimea for a twenty year period (1994-2014). Methods. Archival case reports, results of thin and thick blood films for malaria, a set of general clinical and biochemical laboratory parameters were assessed. Results. Over the past 20 years, 48 patients (including 47 men) aged 21 to 61 years were treated for imported malaria in the department of infectious diseases of the 7th City Clinical Hospital in Simferopol. 34 patients were diagnosed with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, 7 - with Plasmodium vivax malaria, 1 - with Plasmodium ovale malaria, 2 - with Plasmodium malariae malaria. Mixed infection (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) was revealed in 2 patients; in 2 cases the diagnosis was based on clinical and epidemiological data. Malaria was imported form Sierra Leone, Angola, Mali, Guinea, India, Yemen, Nigeria, Congo, Ghana, as well as from neighboring countries - Azerbaijan and Tajikistan. The clinical picture of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was characterized with diverse fever, absence of manifest chills and sweats, challenging the diagnosis. Plasmodium vivax malaria cases were typical with repeated fever, but were diagnosed late. Self-intake of antimalarial and antibacterial drugs, as well as inadequate chemoprophylaxis distorts the clinical picture of the disease and worsens the quality of laboratory diagnosis. Difficulties in film examinations were most common in cases of mixed-malaria and Plasmodium ovale malaria, requiring repeated tests performed by experienced professionals. Intravenous quinine should be added to treatment together with pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine (Fansidar) and artemisinin in cases of severe course of Plasmodium falciparum malaria associated with increasing parasitaemia. Conclusion. Imported malaria, mostly Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which is associated with the most severe clinical course, increased risk for complicated forms development and unfavorable outcome, is quite common in the Republic of Crimea. Mandatory testing of non-immunized persons returning from endemic areas with any change in well-being and active detection of malaria carriers among residents of endemic areas, arriving in non-endemic areas, are crucial for the early diagnosis of malaria.

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Li, Xuerong, Huiqing Chen, Steven S. Oh, and Athar H. Chishti. "A Novel Plasmodium falciparum Microneme Protein Interacts with Host Band 3 during Red Cell Invasion." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.539.539.

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Abstract Clinical manifestation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is directly linked to the blood stage of the parasite life cycle. At the blood stage, circulating merozoites invade red blood cells (RBCs) through multiple receptor-ligand interactions that mediate a complex series of events in a period of approximately one minute. Certain strains of P. falciparum favor an invasion mechanism that depends on sialic acid residues on the host RBC surface, while other strains favor a sialic acid-independent mechanism to invade RBCs. Two putative non-glycosylated extracellular regions of human RBC band 3 termed, 5ABC and 6A, function as an invasion receptor binding the 42 kDa C-terminal processing product of P. falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP142) and its 19-kDa secondary processing product (MSP119) by a sialic acid-independent mechanism. Earlier, we reported screening of a P. falciparum cDNA library in a yeast two-hybrid system, which led to the identification of P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 9 (MSP9) as another parasite surface protein that interacts with the 5ABC receptor region of band 3. MSP9 formed a co-ligand complex with MSP142 and/or MSP119 in their native forms. Here, we present identification of a novel P. falciparum microneme protein from the previous cDNA library screen. Primary sequence analysis of a positive clone in the library screen revealed a cDNA fragment in the correct open reading frame of a novel P. falciparum gene of 1,221 bps, encoding a hypothetical protein of 406 amino acids. Further sequence analysis predicted it is a membrane protein transversing the lipid bilayer multiple times. Anti-peptide antibody raised against a predicted non-membrane domain recognized a single band at ~49 kDa (calculated mass, 46.9 kDa) from the P. falciparum protein extract by Western blotting. Protein co-localization studies that employed established markers for the merozoite surface, rhoptries, and micronemes by an indirect immunofluorescence assay suggested that the ~49 kDa protein was expressed in micronemes at trophozoite/schizont stages. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the 49 kDa protein is indeed localized primarily to micronemes in the merozoites. Based on our characterization, we have tentatively named this novel protein as microneme-associated membrane antigen 1 (MAMA1). Functional studies demonstrate that the MAMA1 antibody blocked RBC invasion by P. falciparum (3D7 strain) in vitro, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, MAMA1 presumably embedded in small vesicles present in the parasite protein extract bound to intact human RBCs, and the MAMA1-RBC binding was neuraminidase and trypsin resistant, but chymotrypsin sensitive. Native MAMA1 bound specifically to the 5ABC peptide of band 3 in our solution binding assay. Together, these results suggest that the novel microneme protein MAMA1 interacts with host band 3 and facilitates merozoite entry during RBC invasion.

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Rocha, Matheus Dias Girão, Evelyne Santana Girão, Janete Romão Santos, and Roberto Justa Pires Neto. "Severe imported malaria in a Brazilian non-endemic region: a permanent alert for travelers and health teams." Revista de Medicina da UFC 59, no. 1 (2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20513/2447-6595.2019v59n1p71-74.

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Severe imported malaria is a clinically significant problem in non-endemic areas. We report two cases of travelers with Plasmodium falciparum infection who traveled from Africa and came home to a Brazilian non-endemic region. The epidemiology and diagnostic aspects of severe imported malaria for travel medicine clinicians in non-endemic regions are reviewed.

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AL-Khafif, Ghada Darwish, Rokia El-Banna, Nancy Khattab, Tamer Gad Rashed, and Salwa Dahesh. "The Immunodetection of Non-Falciparum Malaria in Ancient Egyptian Bones (Giza Necropolis)." BioMed Research International 2018 (July 30, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9058108.

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The detection of falciparum malaria in ancient Egyptian remains had been performed by many authors using several methodologies including the use of rapid diagnostic tests. Through the immunochromatographic analysis of bony specimens from Giza skeletal collection dated to Old Kingdom, we provide first evidence of non-falciparum malaria in Ancient Egypt. The histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2) specific toPlasmodium falciparumwas absent in 100% of examined samples, while aldolase, common to the four types of plasmodial pathogens causing human malaria, was detected in 56% of individuals with no significant difference between the two tested social groups: high officials (HO) and workers (W). It is suggested that the main risk factor was the presence of residences near natural and artificial waterways, which allowed prolonged contact between the vector and human host.

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Shaw, Philip J., Jittima Piriyapongsa, Pavita Kaewprommal, et al. "Identifying transcript 5′ capped ends in Plasmodium falciparum." PeerJ 9 (August 25, 2021): e11983. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11983.

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Background The genome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is poorly annotated, in particular, the 5′ capped ends of its mRNA transcripts. New approaches are needed to fully catalog P. falciparum transcripts for understanding gene function and regulation in this organism. Methods We developed a transcriptomic method based on next-generation sequencing of complementary DNA (cDNA) enriched for full-length fragments using eIF4E, a 5′ cap-binding protein, and an unenriched control. DNA sequencing adapter was added after enrichment of full-length cDNA using two different ligation protocols. From the mapped sequence reads, enrichment scores were calculated for all transcribed nucleotides and used to calculate P-values of 5′ capped nucleotide enrichment. Sensitivity and accuracy were increased by combining P-values from replicate experiments. Data were obtained for P. falciparum ring, trophozoite and schizont stages of intra-erythrocytic development. Results 5′ capped nucleotide signals were mapped to 17,961 non-overlapping P. falciparum genomic intervals. Analysis of the dominant 5′ capped nucleotide in these genomic intervals revealed the presence of two groups with distinctive epigenetic features and sequence patterns. A total of 4,512 transcripts were annotated as 5′ capped based on the correspondence of 5′ end with 5′ capped nucleotide annotated from full-length cDNA data. Discussion The presence of two groups of 5′ capped nucleotides suggests that alternative mechanisms may exist for producing 5′ capped transcript ends in P. falciparum. The 5′ capped transcripts that are antisense, outside of, or partially overlapping coding regions may be important regulators of gene function in P. falciparum.

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Romday, Rakesh, Ajay Kumar Gupta, Pawan Chilloria, Satendra Sharma, and Pawan Bhambani. "Malaria and anaemia in pregnant and non-pregnant women of child-bearing age: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 2 (2017): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20170615.

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Background: Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem globally. Anaemia is often an adverse outcome of severe parasitic infections during pregnancy in developing countries. Pregnant are more susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum infections than non-pregnant women of child-bearing age. The objective of this study was to comparatively investigate malaria and anaemia in pregnant and non- pregnant women of child-bearing age.Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study, in which 380 pregnant women and 380 non-pregnant women were screened for the study. The study was conducted at the Index Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. Participants’ demographic data were collected via the administration of questionnaires. In addition, their blood samples were analysed for haemoglobin level and Malaria parasites, while stool samples from the pregnant women were examined for intestinal parasites.Results: The study revealed that pregnant women have higher malaria parasitaemia (12.6%) and anaemia (62.6%). The species of Plasmodium isolated from the pregnant women were P. falciparum (85.4%), P. malariae (4.2%) and P. ovale (10.4%). Malaria parasitaemia was higher in the primigravidae (14%). However multi-gravidae recorded the highest anaemia prevalence (67.1%). Age of pregnant women was a factor affecting malaria parasitaemia with a significant P-value and (P value = 0.0041).Conclusions: Pregnant women were more susceptible to malaria and anaemia than non-pregnant women of child-bearing age. Most of the pregnant women reported at antenatal clinic during the second trimester. Primigravidae however recorded the highest malaria parasitaemia. The main species of Plasmodium observed in the blood samples was falciparum.

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HUNG, LE Q., PETER J. DE VRIES, PIET A. KAGER, et al. "ARTESUNATE WITH MEFLOQUINE AT VARIOUS INTERVALS FOR NON-SEVERE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71, no. 2 (2004): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.160.

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Singh, Balbir, Keng Ee Choo, Jamal Ibrahim, Wayne Johnston, and Timothy M. E. Davis. "Non-radioisotopic glucose turnover in children with falciparum malaria and enteric fever." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, no. 5 (1998): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(98)90903-8.

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Baunaure, Françoise, Patrick Eldin, Anne-Marie Cathiard, and Henri Vial. "Characterization of a non-mitochondrial type I phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in Plasmodium falciparum." Molecular Microbiology 51, no. 1 (2003): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03822.x.

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Lin, Jessica T., Jonathan B. Parr, and Billy Ngasala. "Non-falciparum Malaria in Africa and Learning From Plasmodium vivax in Asia." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 9 (2019): 2018–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz780.

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Lin, Benjamin C., Darcy R. Harris, Lucy M. D. Kirkman, et al. "The anthraquinone emodin inhibits the non-exported FIKK kinase from Plasmodium falciparum." Bioorganic Chemistry 75 (December 2017): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.09.011.

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Zaid, O. I., R. Abd Majid, M. N. Sabariah, et al. "Andrographolide effect on both Plasmodium falciparum infected and non infected RBCs membranes." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 8, no. 7 (2015): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.06.007.

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Oladimeji, Azeez Taofik, Iwuji Samuel Chidi, Uzoechi Samuel Chidiebere, et al. "Bioactive Constituents and Potency of Aqueous-Methanolic Extract of Asclepias syriaca on Plasmodium falciparum Infected Albino Rats." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 51 (June 14, 2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.51.15.

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High mortality rate couple with the economic effect of deadly Plasmodium falciparum caused by malaria necessitated this study. Evaluation of bioactive constituents and antimalarial properties of the aqueous-methanolic extract of Asclepias syriaca (A. syriaca) was investigated. Bioactive constituents were determined by GC-MS analytical detector. Albino rats were five in each group of six groups (A-E) in which group A was non-infected with P. falciparum (negative control). Groups B, C, D, E were infected with 1×107/ml P. falciparum without treated, treated with standard drugs of 20mg of chloroquine/kg, 100, 200 and 400mg of extracted A. syriaca/kg, respectively. Hematological and biochemical parameters of Plasmodium falciparum infected albino rats were determined. Aqueous-methanolic extract of A. syriaca leaf made up of high content of pyrimidine, quinolone and silane derivatives with synergetic properties with potency for therapeutic of malarial and viral infectious diseases. MCV, PLA, RBC, total protein and albumin were significantly elevated upon infected P. falciparum and gradually increases with dosage and time when treated with chloroquine and A.syriaca leaf extract but vice visa for the case WBC and creatinine. Parasitemia level significantly declined when administered with chloroquine and A, syriaca leaf extract for 36 hours. Hence serves as an effective medication in place of chloroquine due to its availability, avoidable and as a source of relevant medications to Plasmodium spp and viral infectious diseases.

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Davis, T. M. E., Y. Suputtamongkol, J. L. Spencer, et al. "Glucose Turnover in Pregnant Women with Acute Malaria." Clinical Science 86, no. 1 (1994): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0860083.

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1. Hypoglycaemia is a serious complication of falciparum malaria, especially in pregnant patients. To investigate malaria-associated changes in glucose metabolism in pregnancy, steady-state [6,6-2H2] glucose turnover and clearance were measured in 10 women (eight with uncomplicated falciparum malaria and two with vivax malaria at 16–30 weeks gestation) before treatment, after intravenous quinine infusion (patients with falciparum malaria) and in convalescence. 2. Admission basal plasma glucose concentrations were higher than those in convalescence [median (range); 4.8 (3.6-7.0) versus 4.0 (3.6-4.6) mmol/l, P = 0.02], and there was a significant fall during initial quinine treatment in patients with falciparum malaria [5.0 (4.3-7.6) to 3.6 (3.2-5.4) mmol/l, P <0.01]. Basal plasma insulin levels were comparable at presentation and follow-up (P = 0.35) and rose an average of only 2 m-units/l during quinine infusion (P <0.05). Pretreatment glucose turnover rates [3.37 (2.57-4.16) mgmin−1 kg−1] were comparable with those found in a previously reported study of non-pregnant severely ill patients [3.22 (2.12-4.82) mg min−1 kg−1, n = 11] and correlated significantly with the admission parasitaemia (P <0.025). In the eight patients with falciparum malaria, there was a significant fall in turnover during intravenous quinine infusion [3.42 (238-4.16) to 2.66 [1.94-3.94) mgmin−1 kg−1] whereas clearance did not change significantly. In convalescence, turnover values showed a wide scatter, although the highest values (3.34-4.33 mgmin−1 kg−1) were in patients studied within 4 days of presentation (two patients) or with pre-eclampsia (one patient); values for glucose clearance were consistently higher than those at presentation (P = 0.004). 3. Given the simultaneous plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, these results suggest that the combination of pregnancy and severe malaria may result in greater initial glucose requirements than in severely ill but non-pregnant patients, that there is a largely insulin-independent reduction in glucose production and utilization during quinine therapy which may partly reflect attenuated parasite glycolysis, and that early convalescence in pregnant women may be associated with higher glucose utilization than that in non-pregnant patients.

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Gelaglie, A. K. "Performance of four rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of falciparum and non-falciparum malaria in endemic areas of Gondar region, Northern Ethiopia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (March 2010): e108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1726.

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MEIERJOHANN, Svenja, Rolf D. WALTER, and Sylke MÜLLER. "Regulation of intracellular glutathione levels in erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum." Biochemical Journal 368, no. 3 (2002): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20020962.

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Malaria is one of the most devastating tropical diseases despite the availability of numerous drugs acting against the protozoan parasite Plasmodium in its human host. However, the development of drug resistance renders most of the existing drugs useless. In the malaria parasite the tripeptide glutathione is not only involved in maintaining an adequate intracellular redox environment and protecting the cell against oxidative stress, but it has also been shown that it degrades non-polymerized ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP IX) and is thus implicated in the development of chloroquine resistance. Glutathione levels in Plasmodium-infected red blood cells are regulated by glutathione synthesis, glutathione reduction and glutathione efflux. Therefore the effects of drugs that interfere with these metabolic processes were studied to establish possible differences in the regulation of the glutathione metabolism of a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodiumfalciparum. Growth inhibition of P. falciparum 3D7 by d,l-buthionine-(S,R)sulphoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and by Methylene Blue (MB), an inhibitor of gluta thione reductase (GR), was significantly more pronounced than inhibition of P.falciparum Dd2 growth by these drugs. These results correlate with the higher levels of total glutathione in P. falciparum Dd2. Short-term incubations of Percoll-enriched trophozoite-infected red blood cells in the presence of BSO, MB and N,N1-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea and subsequent determinations of γ-GCS activities, GR activities and glutathione disulphide efflux revealed that maintenance of intracellular glutathione in P. falciparum Dd2 is mainly dependent on glutathione synthesis whereas in P. falciparum 3D7 it is regulated via GR. Generally, P. falciparum Dd2 appears to be able to sustain its intracellular glutathione more efficiently than P. falciparum 3D7. In agreement with these findings is the differential susceptibility to oxidative stress of both parasite strains elicited by the glucose/glucose oxidase system.

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BETSON, MARTHA, JOSÉ C. SOUSA-FIGUEIREDO, AARON ATUHAIRE, et al. "Detection of persistent Plasmodium spp. infections in Ugandan children after artemether-lumefantrine treatment." Parasitology 141, no. 14 (2014): 1880–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201400033x.

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SUMMARYDuring a longitudinal study investigating the dynamics of malaria in Ugandan lakeshore communities, a consistently high malaria prevalence was observed in young children despite regular treatment. To explore the short-term performance of artemether-lumefantrine (AL), a pilot investigation into parasite carriage after treatment(s) was conducted in Bukoba village. A total of 163 children (aged 2–7 years) with a positive blood film and rapid antigen test were treated with AL; only 8·7% of these had elevated axillary temperatures. On day 7 and then on day 17, 40 children (26·3%) and 33 (22·3%) were positive by microscopy, respectively. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that multi-species Plasmodium infections were common at baseline, with 41·1% of children positive for Plasmodium falciparum/Plasmodium malariae, 9·2% for P. falciparum/ Plasmodium ovale spp. and 8·0% for all three species. Moreover, on day 17, 39·9% of children infected with falciparum malaria at baseline were again positive for the same species, and 9·2% of those infected with P. malariae at baseline were positive for P. malariae. Here, chronic multi-species malaria infections persisted in children after AL treatment(s). Better point-of-care diagnostics for non-falciparum infections are needed, as well as further investigation of AL performance in asymptomatic individuals.

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LÜERSEN, Kai, Rolf D. WALTER, and Sylke MÜLLER. "Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells depend on a functional glutathione de novo synthesis attributable to an enhanced loss of glutathione." Biochemical Journal 346, no. 2 (2000): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3460545.

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During the erythrocytic cycle, Plasmodium falciparum is highly dependent on an adequate thiol status for its survival. Glutathione reductase as well as de novo synthesis of GSH are responsible for the maintenance of the intracellular GSH level. The first and rate-limiting step of the synthetic pathway is catalysed by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS). Using L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulphoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of the γ-GCS, we show that the infection with P. falciparum causes drastic changes in the GSH metabolism of red blood cells (RBCs). Infected RBCs lose GSH at a rate 40-fold higher than non-infected RBCs. The de novo synthesis of the tripeptide was found to be essential for parasite survival. GSH depletion by BSO inhibits the development of P. falciparum with an IC50 of 73 μM. The effect of the drug is abolished by supplementation with GSH or GSH monoethyl ester. Our studies demonstrate that the plasmodicidal effect of the inhibitor BSO does not depend on its specificity towards its target enzyme in the parasite, but on the changed physiological needs for the metabolite GSH in the P. falciparum-infected RBCs. Therefore the depletion of GSH is proposed as a chemotherapeutic strategy for malaria, and γ-GCS is proposed as a potential drug target.

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Ivan, Ignatius, Ignatius Ivan, Maureen Miracle Stella, et al. "Plasmodium falciparum Breath Metabolomics (Breathomics) Analysis as a Non-Invasive Practical Method to Diagnose Malaria in Pediatric." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 9, no. 1 (2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i1.24069.

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Children under 5 years of age are particularly vulnerable to malaria. Malaria has caused 445,000 deaths worldwide. Currently, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the fastest method to diagnose malaria. However, there are limitations that exist such as low sensitivity in detecting infections with low parasitemia. Practical, non-invasive and high ability tests to detect parasite are needed to find specific biomarkers for P. falciparum infection to determine the potential of P. falciparum 4 thioether in breathomics analysis by GC-MS as a practical non-invasive method in diagnosing malaria in pediatrics. Literature reviews from Google Scholar and ProQuest were published no later than the last 5 years. The concept of breathomics is that the breath’s volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile is altered when the health condition changes. Breath samples from individuals infected with P. falciparum malaria were taken by exhalation. Through GC-MS analysis, it was found that 4 thioether compounds (allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), 1-methylthio-propane, (Z) -1-methylthio-1-propene and (E) -1-methylthio-1-propene) underwent a significant change in concentration during the infection. Based on experiments conducted on mice and humans, the breathomics method is known to be able to detect parasitemia levels up to <100 parasites/µL, has a sensitivity level of about 71% to 91% and a specificity of about 75% to 94%. The discovery of 4 thioether compounds by GC-MS is a strong indication of malaria, because it has the potential for high sensitivity and specificity, and the detection power exceeds the ability of RDTs.

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Siddique, A. B., N. ahlborg, M. Warsame, P. Perlmann, and K. Berzins. "Human antibodies to a non-repeat region of plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA." Parasitology International 47 (August 1998): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80706-x.

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Pichard, É. "Conduite pratique du traitement d'une forme non compliquée de paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 29 (December 1999): S333—S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(00)88272-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-falciparum'

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