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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-farm employment; Poverty; Matching'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Olugbire, O.O, A.O. Falusi, A.I Adeoti, A.S Oyekale, and O.A Adeniran. "NON-FARM INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA: A PROPENSITY-SCORE MATCHING ANALYSIS." Continental J. Agricultural Science 5, no. 3 (2011): 21–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.840059.

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In this paper, we investigate the impact of non-farm employment (disaggregated by wage- and self-employment) on household income and poverty. Using a propensity score matching model, we evaluate the differences in outcomes between households who participate in the non-farm employment and those who do not. The results from the study show that non-farm wage-employed households in rural Nigeria have a significantly higher income than self-employed households. Second, we show that non-farm wage-employment impacts more on household welfare than non-farm self-employment. Third, we show that the bene

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Chen, Lili, Jiquan Peng, and Yibei Zhang. "Research on the Impact of Rural Land Transfer on Non-Farm Employment of Farm Households: Evidence from Hubei Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (2022): 15587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315587.

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Agricultural scale operations and industrialization promote the transfer of the rural labor force to the industry sector, and the non-farm employment of farmers plays a great role in increasing their income and reducing poverty. It is of great significance to explore the non-farm employment of farmers for the governance of relative poverty and the achievement of common prosperity. The propensity score matching (PSM) and generalized propensity score matching (GPSM) were used to analyze the impact of rural land transfer on farm households’ non-farm employment. According to the PSM estimation, co

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Liu, Yuan Li, Kai Zhu, Qi Yao Chen, et al. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Farm Households’ Vulnerability to Multidimensional Poverty in Rural China." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041842.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the economy and livelihoods of people worldwide. To analyze the impact of the pandemic on material conditions, income levels, health conditions, industrial development and employment opportunities of farmers in China’s rural areas, especially poor areas and explore whether farmers can achieve stable poverty eradication during the COVID-19 pandemic, we interviewed 2662 farm households in poverty-stricken areas of China and used the multidimensional poverty measurement model, three-step feasible generalized least squares and propensity score match

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Ewnetu, Abeje. "The Effect of Rural Road Access on Rural Households Livelihood Improvement: Evidence from Selected Weredas in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia." Journal of African Development Studies 10, no. 1 (2023): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.56302/jads.v10i1.8780.

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The development of appropriate road infrastructure is fundamental to economic growth and poverty reduction. Rural roads, especially, are especially important for economic development in rural areas. Against this background, this study aims at investigating the effect of rural road access on rural households’ livelihood improvement. Concerning the methodology, mixed research approach involving descriptive and explanatory designs was used. This study compares (using propensity score matching techniques) households located in Keble’s with road access to suitable controls. The descriptive analysis

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Zijian, Cao, and Sheng Lei. "COVID-19, Spatial Social Distance and Relative Poverty Governance." International Business & Economics Studies 5, no. 2 (2023): p104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v5n2p104.

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The sudden global outbreak of the new crown pneumonia epidemic at the end of 2019 has caused a huge impact on the world’s economic and social development. It has also brought new challenges to the governance of relative poverty in China. This paper compares the connotation and characteristics of relative poverty, and argues that relative poverty mainly encompasses three levels: income, viability and rights. Starting from the perspective of maintaining spatial social distance, the main strategy to prevent and control the new crown epidemic, the paper explores the inner influence mechanism of re

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Rajkarnikar, Rashmi Shilpakar. "Remittances as a Means of Poverty Reduction in Selected VDCs of Nepal." Economic Journal of Nepal 36, no. 1-2 (2013): 32–44. https://doi.org/10.3126/ejon.v36i1-2.75327.

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There are two different views regarding utilization of remittance-one advocates remittance as giving rise to consumerism, the other claims it as a core agents in the development process. In Nepal, the two most reported uses of remittances received are: "for daily consumption" and "repayment of the loan". However, in general it is considered that international migration and remittances significantly reduce the level, depth, and severity of poverty in the developing world. Various studies shows that remittances help lift households out of poverty. This paper aims at exploring poverty reducing im

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Guo, Shijie, Guichang Liu, Qi Zhang, Fang Zhao, and Guomin Ding. "Improvement in the Poverty Status of Ecological Migrants under the Urban Resettlement Model: An Empirical Study in China." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (2020): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052084.

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As a major measure of ecological environment protection, ecological migration addresses the conflict between humans and the ecological environment. The Urban Resettlement Model is a prevalent resettlement model used by the Chinese government to try to alleviate poverty brought about by the ecological environment by promoting migration. This study initially explored the mechanism of influencing the livelihoods of relocated households in the Urban Resettlement Model by analyzing questionnaire data obtained from farmers in the resettlement area of Nangqian County. The coarsened exact matching (CE

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Farooq, Shujaat, and Zunaira Younais. "Do Non-farm Enterprises Offer Pathways for Upward Mobility in Rural Pakistan? Evidence from Panel Dataset." Pakistan Development Review 57, no. 2 (2018): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v57i2pp.203-221.

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This study has analysed the dynamics of rural non-farm enterprises and their role in employment provision, equity enhancement and poverty alleviation in Pakistan. Multiple data sources have been used including cross-sectional and panel datasets. The results show that majority of the rural non-farm enterprises in Pakistan are micro-enterprises with only a limited share in manufacturing. They are informal and have poor forward and backward linkages and high closure rate. Despite the poor asset base, they are providing jobs to more than half of the rural population, contributing to reduction in p

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Ba, Mamoudou, Amar Anwar, and Mazhar Mughal. "Non‐farm employment and poverty reduction in Mauritania." Journal of International Development 33, no. 3 (2021): 490–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3533.

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10

Sharma[1], Savera. "An Overview of Rural Non-Farm Sector: A review." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 02 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem41924.

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The Rural Non-Farm sector plays a pivotal role in enhancing household income and improving standard of living especially in rural areas. This review examines the importance of Rural Non-Farm Sector as a strategy to generate employment opportunities, income diversification, rural industrialization and poverty reduction among rural households. This study also focuses on the conceptual issues in among different words like off-farm, on-farm, non-farm, agriculture and non-agriculture. Additionally, the present study also investigates the factors due to which individuals participate in the Rural Non

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Sen, Binayak. "Rural Transformation, Occupational Choice and Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh during 2010-2016." Bangladesh Development Studies XLII, no. 2&3 (2019): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.57138/bpun9487.

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Between 2010 and 2016, 90 per cent of the poverty reduction of Bangladesh occurred in rural areas. The gains in poverty reduction were largely driven by non-agricultural sectors (i.e., both industry and services). This paper describes the recent evolution of employment and wages in rural Bangladesh. The analysis highlights the increasing trend into non-farm employment in the rural sector and some of the factors linked to the choice of non-farm jobs. The paper relies on the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys for 2010 and 2016 with additional evidence drawn from the Labour Force Surveys. O

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Cheng, Fang, Haisen Zhang, and Nobeji S. Boniphace. "Determinants of Off-farm Employment Participation of Women in Rural Uganda." International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, no. 54 (April 20, 2019): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.54.28.41.

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Off-farm employment in rural areas can be a major contributor to rural poverty reduction and decent rural employment. While women are highly active in the agricultural sector, they are less active than men in off-farm employment. This study analyzes the determinants of participation in off-farm employment of women in rural Uganda. The study is based on a field survey conducted in nine districts with the sample size of 1200 individual females. A two-stage Hechman’s sample selection model was applied to capture women’s decision to participate and the level of participation in non-farm economic a

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Yitbarek, Eleni, and Wondimagegn Tesfaye. "Climate-Smart Agriculture, Non-Farm Employment and Welfare: Exploring Impacts and Options for Scaling Up." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (2022): 15981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315981.

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Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has been receiving increasing attention in recent policy dialogues for its potential to improve agricultural transformation, risk management, and welfare. This study seeks to provide evidence on the welfare impacts of CSA adoption and its complementarity with non-farm employment using household-level data from Ethiopia combined with novel historical weather data. The study uses a multinomial endogenous switching regression model to deal with selection bias and farmer heterogeneity. The results show that households adopting CSA enjoy higher welfare benefits than

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Abubakar, Sharafudeen D., Henry Walch, Xuechun Bai, et al. "Abstract C154: Clinical, genomic, and socioeconomic factors underlying low survival rates from colorectal cancer in African American patients." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 33, no. 9_Supplement (2024): C154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp24-c154.

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Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients of African ancestry (AFR) have higher incidence, higher mortality, and shorter overall survival (OS) than patients of non-African ancestry (non-AFR) in the United States. This disparity is likely due to a combination of clinical, genomic, and socioeconomic factors. We investigated real-world data of patients from a single tertiary cancer center to delineate the contribution of each of those variables. Methods: We analyzed data from 3,995 CRC patients, including 247 AFR and 3,748 non-AFR patients, diagnosed after 2014 and treated at Memorial

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Reviza Rachmawati, Rika, Helena Juliani Purba, Tahlim Sudaryanto, Erwidodo, Saktyanu Kristyantoadi Dermoredjo, and Aldho Riski Irawan. "The dynamics of rural transformation, household income, and poverty reduction: Case study in North Sumatra, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 444 (2023): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344403012.

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Rural transformation (RT) is a process in which the agricultural system undergoes transformation towards off-farm, commercial, and market-oriented ones. The research objective is to analyze the dynamics of rural transformation, farmer incomes, and poverty in rural areas in North Sumatra. This study used secondary data from Statistics Indonesia and analyzed using descriptive and tabular methods. The results show that the agricultural structure has shifted over the last two decades from low-value commodities (food crops) to high-value commodities. At the same time, non-farm employment opportunit

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Zhou, Dong, and Benqian Li. "How the new media impacts rural development in China: an empirical study." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 2 (2017): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-06-2016-0091.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study a new pathway out of poverty for rural areas through cultivating non-farm employment: the new media utilization. Design/methodology/approach The authors utilize two waves of nationwide micro survey data in China, China General Social Survey 2005 and 2013, to investigate the impacts of new media coverage on non-farm employment and earnings in rural China with the ordered probit model and instrument variables. Findings The authors find that promotion of new media coverage can significantly enhance rural non-farm employment in China by 10-20 percent a

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17

Arif, G. M., Hina Nazli, and Rashida Haq. "Rural Non-agriculture Employment and Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (2000): 1089–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.1089-1110.

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There is ample evidence that poverty, which declined rapidly in Pakistan in the 1980s, has returned in the 1990s [Amjad and Kemal (1997); Ali and Tahir (1999); Jafri (1999); Qureshi and Arif (2001)]. Consequently large number of Pakistanis, more than one-third of the total population, live currently far below what can reasonably be regarded as a decent standard of living. Poverty has generally been higher in rural areas than in urban areas. This gap could not be bridged overtime; still the greatest degree of poverty is found in the countryside. To address rural poverty, policy-makers have long

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18

Dey, Sagarika. "The Role of Employment Diversification in Reducing Vulnerability to Poverty among Marginal and Small-holder Agricultural Households in India." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 12, no. 1 (2018): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801017740661.

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This article combines two relatively nascent and inter-related approaches to poverty analysis and measurement, that is, the asset-based approach and the vulnerability approach to assess the poverty status of various land-owning classes in rural India. Contingent on the finding that marginal and small-holder households constitute a high-risk group in terms of the incidence of current poverty and vulnerability to future poverty, the study explores the role of non-agricultural activity in providing livelihood security and tackling poverty and vulnerability among land-poor rural households. The fi

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Mellor, John W. "Employment Multipliers from Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction (The Ghulam Mohammad Memorial Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4I (2001): 371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4ipp.371-400.

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Poverty is still a major problem in Pakistan. Worse, the excellent progress made in poverty reduction in the 1970s and 1980s has been reversed in the 1990s. That is the bad news. The good news is that Pakistan is unusually well placed to return to rapid reduction in poverty. We have long known that agricultural growth is closely related to poverty reduction. Recent studies by Peter Timmer and by Martin Ravallion and their colleagues provide massive statistical evidence of this relationship. Rural growth and agricultural growth have a major effect on poverty reduction; urban growth and manufact

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20

Wang, Zheng, Mingwei Yang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yingjuan Li, and Chuanhao Wen. "The Impact of Land Transfer on Vulnerability as Expected Poverty in the Perspective of Farm Household Heterogeneity: An Empirical Study Based on 4608 Farm Households in China." Land 11, no. 11 (2022): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111995.

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Poverty eradication is one of the global challenges, and land transfer provides an effective path to address farmers’ poverty; however, the effect of poverty reduction can show heterogeneity depending on the location, household, and head of household. This study employs the propensity value matching technique to compare the effects of the land transfer on the future alleviation of poverty among farm households, based on the vulnerability as expected poverty, using data from 4608 household tracking surveys. The findings point to the following: In general, rural land transfers can significantly

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Sun, Jingjing, Jie Li, and Yue Cui. "Does Non-Farm Employment Promote Farmland Abandonment of Resettled Households? Evidence from Shaanxi, China." Land 13, no. 2 (2024): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13020129.

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The de-agrarianisation of the labor force in the poverty alleviation resettlement (PAR) inevitably influences households’ farmland management and farmland abandonment in the relocated areas. Drawing on survey data from 1079 households in Shaanxi, China, this study uses the Heckman two-stage model to empirically examine the relationship between non-farm employment and farmland abandonment in relocated areas. Additionally, it explores heterogeneity by considering the quantity and spatial distribution of non-farm employment, as well as the moderating effect of the withdrawal of rural homesteads (

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Adeoye, Ifeoluwa Damilola, Wayo Seini, Daniel Sarpong, and Ditchfield Amegashie. "Effect of off-farm income on multi-dimensional poverty among rural farm households in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 9 (2019): 1081–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2019-0090.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the different components of off-farm income on multi-dimensional poverty. Furthermore, the study aims to measure multi-dimensional poverty and also identify the determinants of multi-dimensional poverty in Nigeria. The paper reveals the different contributions of the dimensions of education, health and living standard. Design/methodology/approach The study focuses on rural farm households in Nigeria. Data are obtained from the Nigeria General Household Survey, 2013. The survey covers both urban and rural areas of the 36 states of Ni

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Muleta, Gadisa, and Takele Mebratu. "Impacts of Adopting Improved Barley Varieties on Farmers’ Income in Ethiopia." American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation 3, no. 2 (2024): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v3i2.2887.

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Improved agricultural technology adoption is vital in enhancing production, productivity, food security, and poverty reduction. This study assessed the level of income improvement as the result of adopting improved barley varieties for smallholder barley producers in Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling method was followed to randomly select 18 districts, 42 kebeles, and 626 sample households from the potential barley-producing regions of Ethiopia, namely the Oromia, the Amhara, and the SNNP regions. The propensity score matching was estimated using logistic regression, and the kernel matching wit

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Egharevba, Jolly Osaretin, and Prince Osarobo Edohen. "Off-farm Employment: A Panacea for Increased Agricultural Productivity of Farm Owners in Gwer West Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria." JOURNAL OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION OF TANZANIA 44, no. 2 (2024): 34–52. https://doi.org/10.56279/jgat.v44i2.304.

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In developing countries, off-farm employment is regarded as a supplementary or complimentary sub-sector that engages farmers in either off-season or on-season production cycle. This paper investigates off-farm employment as a panacea for increasing agricultural productivity of farm owners in Gwer West Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria. Primary and secondary data were employed. Purposive sampling was used in the selection of four communities, while household farmers were selected using systematic sampling. 380 copies of questionnaire were administered. Frequency counts and simple perc

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Alex, Liya Teressa. "Bibliometric Analysis on Rural Non-farm Sector: Study on Scopus Database During 1990-2022." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 21, no. 7 (2024): 146–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2024/v21i7851.

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The rural non-farm sector is increasingly playing an essential role in the development of rural areas around the world. Specifically, as agriculture in the region's contribution to the economy declines, the rural non-farm sector will need to increasingly become a significant provider of employment and income to many rural people. However, rural non-farm employment is not a substitute for employment in agriculture but rather an additional measure. Promoting the rural non-farm sector should be undertaken within the border context of rural development. Bibliometric analysis is a rare contribution

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Sudaryanto, T., H. J. Purba, R. R. Rachmawati, et al. "Three decades of agricultural and rural transformation in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 892, no. 1 (2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012056.

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Abstract Structural transformation in Indonesia has been a subject of broad empirical research. However, a minimal study has verified the characteristics of rural transformation. This paper aims to analyze indicators of rural transformation, likely drivers, and their impact on household income and poverty incidence. The analysis utilizes national data covering the period of 1990-2019. The data is analyzed using graphical illustrations and a simple regression analysis. As part of rural transformation, the result shows that there have been changes in the share of agriculture value from staple fo

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Rahman, Rushidan Islam. "Changes in the Situation of Agricultural Labourers in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Development Studies XL, no. 3 & 4 (2017): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.57138/vked5257.

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Agricultural labour as an occupation has gone through a change over the last few decades. Attached labourers’ dependence on the employer for basic food and housing has given way to more independent daily or piece rate contracts. This has been associated with a rise of real wages and earnings and thus a reduction of poverty incidence among this group. Nonetheless, this group still faces challenges in the form of seasonal variation of employment and wages and inadequate employment in the slack season. Therefore, the improvements may be sustained only if employment creation in both farm and non -

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Chen, Qiu, Jikun Huang, Mercedita A. Sombilla, and Trang Truong. "Structural and Rural Transformations and Poverty Reduction in Developing Asian Economies: An International Comparison Among China, the Philippines, and Vietnam." Land 14, no. 2 (2025): 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020350.

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In order to contribute to the body of knowledge on sustainable poverty reduction by exploring the relationship between rural and structural transformations and rural poverty incidence in Asian developing countries, this paper selected China, the Philippines, and Vietnam as case studies. Based on a comparison with the provincial data from those three countries, both the graphic and regression analysis suggest that structural and rural transformations matter in rural poverty reduction in these three countries. There is strong evidence showing that raising the share of non-agricultural GDP and th

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Muayila, KH, and E. Tollens. "Assessing the impact of credit constraints on farm household economic welfare in the hinterland of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 51 (2012): 6095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.51.10705.

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This study investigates the impact of credit constraints on farm household economic welfare. Data were cross sectional and collected at household level in the Hinterland of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The sample survey consists of 202 farm households randomly selected. The survey was conducted from February to March 2008. The non-parametric method known as the Propensity Score Matching was applied to compute the impact of credit constraints on farm household welfare. The credit constraints were identified based on direct questions to households about their credit status. The househ

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Dorosh, Paul, Muhammad Khan Niazi, and Hina Nazli. "Distributional Impacts of Agricultural Growth in Pakistan: A Multiplier Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 3 (2003): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i3pp.249-275.

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In spite of substantial growth in agricultural GDP in the 1990s, rural poverty rates in Pakistan did not decline. This paper explores the reasons for this lack of correlation between increases in agricultural production and poverty reduction through an analysis of growth linkages using a 2001-02 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM)-based semi-inputoutput model. Model simulations indicate that expansion of traditional crop agriculture can significantly benefit rural poor farmers. However, because of skewed distribution of land and earnings from land, landless agricultural labourers and the rural non-

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Otsuka, Keijiro, Jonna Estudillo, and Takashi Yamano. "The Role of Labor Markets and Human Capital in Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Asia and Africa." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 7, no. 1 (2010): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2010.7.1.2.

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Using long-term panel data sets of rural households in the Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Tamil Nadu (India), a short-term panel data set in Mozambique, and cross-section data sets in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia, the roles of labor markets in the long-term process of poverty reduction in Asia were examined in comparison with the current situation in Africa. There are three main findings. First, reliance on agricultural labor markets alone will not reduce poverty to a significant extent, in view of the declining share of agricultural wage income in Asia and its negligibly low level in A

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Saiful Nathan, Siti Badariah, and M. Mohd Rosli. "Distributional effects of non-farm incomes in a Malaysian rice bowl." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 2 (2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2013-0200.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the structure of household income and examine the effects of non-farm incomes on the income distribution of farm households in a relatively developed rural area of the Malaysian rice bowl. Design/methodology/approach – The non-farm incomes were disaggregated into different components to determine the contribution of each income source to total household income and overall inequality. The income distribution and decomposition was examined using the Gini decomposition method. Findings – It was found that almost 71 percent of the households in th

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Cui, Yu, and Yamin Zhang. "The Impact of Urban Public Services on the Residence Intentions of Migrant Entrepreneurs in the Western Region of China." Sustainability 16, no. 3 (2024): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031229.

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Balanced regional development affects high-quality and sustainable development. Previous studies have shown that regional talent allocation, technology business incubators, industrial ecology, cross-regional cooperation, and balanced investment in higher education have positive effects on sustained regional development. Therefore, discussing more influencing factors that promote regionally balanced development is necessary. As far as China is concerned, with the spread of the migrant population to the central and western regions, it is of certain significance to explore the factors affecting t

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Zhang, Dong, Hongfeng Zhang, Ziran Meng, and Jianxu Liu. "Psychological Poverty Traps in Rural Farm Households: Implications for Sustainable Agricultural Development and Rural Revitalization in China." Agriculture 15, no. 1 (2024): 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15010053.

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In the context of sustainable agricultural development and rural revitalization in China, understanding and addressing psychological poverty traps among rural farm households is crucial. The poverty mindset represents a crucial factor affecting rural poverty. This study focuses on two key questions: first, whether and how material poverty influences the poverty mindset; and second, whether this psychological state affects economic behavior, potentially intensifying material poverty. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) spanning 2014–2018, the data collection employed a multi-s

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Wirba, Ebenezer Lemven, Ernest Ngeh Tingum, and Francis Menjo Baye. "Nonfarm Employment and Household Vulnerability to Food Poverty in Rural Cameroon." Journal of Developing Areas 59, no. 2 (2025): 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2025.a957752.

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ABSTRACT: Developing countries' economies are largely dominated by the agricultural sector, with several rural households relying on farming for their livelihoods. However, the nonfarm economy has gained prominence in complementing farm incomes. This paper examines the implications of nonfarm employment for household vulnerability to food poverty in rural Cameroon using the most recent three waves of Cameroon household consumption surveys. Specifically, the paper examines the evolution of food poverty indices by nonfarm participation status over the period 2001-2014, assesses the effect of non

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Lipton, Michael. "Challenges to meet: food and nutrition security in the new millennium." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60, no. 2 (2001): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns200084.

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Before about 1750 there was no substantial secular fall in protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) over large areas, nor reason to expect it. We have since learned that sufficient economic advance (poverty reduction) plus scientific advance (in medicine and food production) are achievable to eliminate mass PEM. The two advances are linked via increased demand for labour, and hence wages and employment, for those formerly too poor to afford adequate food. The extra employment income arises first from smallholder and employee food production, and later, as labour is released, from a wide range of spec

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Dr., Rajesh Pal. "AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: WAY TO MOVE OUT OF POVERTY." International Journal of Education &Applied Sciences Research 2, no. 10 (2015): 07–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10691627.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>Agriculture contributes to development as an economic activity, as a livelihood, and as a provider of environmental services, making the sector a unique instrument for development. In the 21st century, agriculture continues to be a fundamental instrument for sustainable development and poverty reduction. Three of every four poor people in developing countries live in rural areas - 2.1 billion living on less than $2 a day and 880 million on less than $1 a day; most depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. The worlds of agriculture are vast, varied, and rapidly

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Salam, Shakila. "Rural Livelihood Diversification in Bangladesh: Effect on Household Poverty and Inequality." Agricultural Science 2, no. 1 (2020): p133. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p133.

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The pervasiveness of poverty continues to be a daunting challenge for Bangladesh. This study attempts to examine the effect of different livelihood diversification on rural household poverty and income inequality. A panel dataset, which is used in this study, was collected in the three different years (1988, 2000 and 2008) from 62 villages across 57 districts of Bangladesh. Besides, 153 households from three districts of Bangladesh were also randomly selected as primary data. Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) was used to measure poverty whereas Gini coefficients and decomposition of Gini co

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Dereje, Desta, Temesgen Tilahun, and Teshome Yirgu. "Livelihood diversification strategies and food security in the Weaving-based livelihood system of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia." F1000Research 13 (December 2, 2024): 1459. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156450.1.

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Background Livelihood diversification involves households earning through various economic activities, such as non-farm businesses, entrepreneurship, and off-farm jobs, improving sustainability, resilience, risk sharing, employment opportunities, and reducing poverty and food insecurity. However, little research has been done on the status, factors and relation of livelihood diversification and food security. This study explores the relationship between food security and livelihood diversification in the Chencha district of southern Ethiopia, focusing on determinants and their connection with

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Siaw, Anthony, Yuansheng Jiang, Martinson Ankrah Twumasi, and Wonder Agbenyo. "The Impact of Internet Use on Income: The Case of Rural Ghana." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083255.

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This study analyzed the effects of internet use on farm income and household income using survey data from 478 rural farmers from two regions in Ghana. An endogenous switching regression (ESR) model and probit models were employed to achieve the aims of the study. The results revealed that internet use was influenced by off-farm employment, education, access to credit, non-fixed asset (NFA), age, and perception variables. We found that internet use increased farm income and household income by 20.1% and 15.47%, respectively. Regarding heterogeneous impacts, the estimates showed that internet u

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Imai, Katsushi S., Raghav Gaiha, and Ganesh Thapa. "Does non-farm sector employment reduce rural poverty and vulnerability? Evidence from Vietnam and India." Journal of Asian Economics 36 (February 2015): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2015.01.001.

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Ojo, Ayodeji O., Taiwo T. Awoyemi, Bolarinwa T. Omonona, and Kemisola O. Adenegan. "Do Agricultural Employment Decisions Influence Poverty Dynamics? Evidence From Rural Nigeria." Journal of Developing Areas 59, no. 2 (2025): 275–90. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2025.a957763.

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ABSTRACT: Alleviating poverty and creating sustainable, well-paying jobs for rural households dependent on agriculture remain significant challenges in global policy. In rural Nigeria, many farming households experience shifting levels of poverty. Understanding how employment choices within the agricultural sector influence poverty dynamics is crucial for designing effective policies to alleviate poverty in rural Nigeria. This study examines the effect of agricultural employment choices on poverty dynamics in rural Nigeria, utilizing panel data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS

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Huang, Qiuyi, Xiaoping Zheng, and Ruimei Wang. "The Impact of the Accessibility of Transportation Infrastructure on the Non-Farm Employment Choices of Rural Laborers: Empirical Analysis Based on China’s Micro Data." Land 11, no. 6 (2022): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11060896.

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Non-agricultural employment plays a significant role in alleviating regional poverty. Using the micro data of the China Labor-Dynamics Survey (CLDS), this paper empirically analyzes the impact of the accessibility of rural transportation infrastructure on the non-agricultural employment choices of rural laborers by using the entropy method and the ordered Logit model. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between the accessibility of rural transportation infrastructure and the non-agricultural employment of rural laborers. The study also finds that the laborers part

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Blakeslee, David, Ram Fishman, and Veena Srinivasan. "Way Down in the Hole: Adaptation to Long-Term Water Loss in Rural India." American Economic Review 110, no. 1 (2020): 200–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180976.

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Worsening environmental conditions threaten to undermine progress in reducing rural poverty. Little is known, however, about the prospects for farmer adaptations to mitigate this threat, in particular through opportunities for income diversification presented by recent non-agricultural growth. We study the effects of increasing water scarcity in India using quasi-random, geologically determined differences in access to groundwater. The drying up of wells results in a precipitous and persistent decline in farm income and wealth, with little evidence of agricultural adaptation. However, labor re

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Lu, Hongwei, Mingjie Gao, Guojing Li, Tingting Li, and Qiyou Luo. "Has the Household Old-Age Burden Affected Farm Household Incomes? Evidence from a Survey of Chinese Farm Households." Agriculture 14, no. 5 (2024): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050687.

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Income increase is an important way to achieve comprehensive human development and to escape from poverty, and the growing aging problem in rural China poses a challenge to farm household income increase. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of China’s rural old-age burden on farm household income, this paper empirically examines the impact and mechanism of household old-age burden on farm household income based on the data from the 2023 micro-farm field survey of China’s Henan Province, utilizing linear regression modeling and mediation effect modeling, filling the research g

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Shehu, Abdulaziz, and Shaufique Fahmi Bin Ahmad Siddique. "Non-Farm Enterprises and Poverty Reduction amongst Households in Rural Nigeria: A Propensity Score Matching Approach." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 4 (2014): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-19465761.

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Emmanuel, Fides, and Aloyce Hepelwa. "The Effects of Integrated Conditional Cash Transfers and Public Works Programs on Household Income Generation in Rural Tanzania." Tanzanian Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2024): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ter.v14i1.150.

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Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) and public works (PWs) programs are implemented to improve the welfare of extremely poor households in rural Tanzania. However, there is limited information on how integrated programs impact household income generation. Using the propensity score matching method, data from both treatment and control groups were analyzed, focusing on major income-generating activities in rural areas such as crop farming, livestock keeping, non-farm businesses, and casual labor. The findings reveal that the programs have not significantly impacted income- generating activities a

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Rahis, Fatima Umar. "The effective ways for government to engages indigenous and reduce poverty in the state." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 7, no. 2 (2025): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume07issue02-06.

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Rapidly rising demand for food fuelled by population growth, urbanisation and income growth offers enormous opportunities for employment creation in the agri-food sector in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): the sector has the potential to be a driver of economic trans- formation. This policy brief highlights the main results from a GIZ-supported study of the evolving employment dynamics in SSA’s agri-cultural value chains by Michigan State University. Three main pathways are described that provide job opportunities in agricultural value chains and in the non-farm sectors. Further, the study summarizes

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Ali, Akhter, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb, and Olaf Erenstein. "Impacts of changing weather patterns on smallholder well-being." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 9, no. 2 (2017): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-05-2016-0057.

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Purpose This paper aims to assesses impacts of perceived weather changes (i.e. temperature, wind and rainfall) at the farm household level on income, poverty, wheat yield and use of timber and non-timber forest products in Pakistan’s Himalayan region. Mountains are fragile ecosystems – particularly for farming and in the context of climate change. Yet for many such geographies, there is limited empirical understanding of the potential impacts of climate change. Design/methodology/approach It uses a comprehensive field survey of 500 farmers from the Gilgit-Baltistan territory (comprising seven

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Melwor, John W. "Agricultural Links to Nonagricultural Growth: Urbanization, Employment, Poverty (The Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4I (1991): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4ipp.439-456.

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I am presenting some thoughts and numbers on what I think: is one of the most important policy issues in Pakistan, namely, mobilizing additional resources by direct taxes/rom the agriculture sector. Since the issue, topical though it may be, is hotly contested, let me quickly add two points. First, I support all reasonable efforts at mobilizing resources from other major sectors or industries in the country. Second, I support equally the use of price and non-price incentives to producers to increase productivity, particularly in the agriculture sector. It is absolutely essential to maintain a

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