Academic literature on the topic 'Non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli antibiotics resistance'

Objective: The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing and finding Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria will help to indicate the origin from high risk of contamination where the antibiotics are often used. Hence this study was carried out to give the MAR index of non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital which would help our infection control team also.Methods: Drug resistance was tested by Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method. MAR index was calculated using the formula, a/b (were a= number of antibiotics to which the organism was resistant and b= total number of antibiotics to which the organism was tested).Results: Out of 240 Gram negative non-fermenters isolated, 117 (49%) strains were greater than 0.2 of MAR index, 95(81%) was from in-patient department. 73(62%) were hospitalized for more than 3 days, 44 (38%) was from surgery department. 49(42%) was wound specimen. Out of 117 multiple antibiotic resistant isolates 99 (85%) were MDR isolates.Conclusion: 51% prevalence of isolates >0.2 MAR index shows that the source of contamination can still be brought up down by proper surveillance and management with proper usage of surface and skin disinfectants especially in surgery ward where the MAR index has indicated more usage of antibiotics

Background: Emergence of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli is a major problem to public health, as it limits drug treatment options against infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of multi-drug resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamase production in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli. Materials and methods: Different clinical samples were collected and processed following standard procedures. Each sample was then inoculated onto culture media. Identification, drug susceptibility testing, and extended spectrum beta lactamase production of the isolates were carried out by using the VITEK 2 compact system. Results: Among 996 clinical samples, 135 samples yielded Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli of which Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species were the commonest isolates. The overall drug resistance rates of Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli were above 80% against ampicillin (89.6%), cefuroxime axetil (88.9%), nitrofurantoin (85.9%), cefalotin (84.4%), cefoxitin (83.7%), cefazolin (83.0%), and cefuroxime (83.0%). Tobramycin with a resistance rate of 19.3% was the most active antimicrobial agent. Out of 135 isolates, 81.5% were multi-drug resistant of which 13.3% were extensively drug resistant and 10.4% were pandrug resistant. Extended spectrum beta lactamase production was detected in 48.9% of the isolates. Conclusions: The spectrum of bacterial species isolated was diverse. The isolates demonstrated high level of drug resistance in different classes of antibiotics. The magnitude of multi-drug resistance and the level of extended spectrum beta lactamase production were high. Hence, further studies on multi-drug resistant and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli both in the community and in hospital setting are essential.

<strong>Background</strong>: &beta;-lactams and carbapenems are the major antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacilli. However, the increasing production of &beta;-lactamase and carbapenemase limits the therapeutic options. Our study aims to determine the resistant phenotypes of these bacteria while describing their epidemiological aspect. <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: This was a cross-sectional study by consecutive enrollment from January 2018 to December 2019 at Somin&eacute; DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali. We performed manual method for bacteria culture, identification and antibiotics sensitivity testing. The antibiotics sensitivity testing was accessed by the diffusion method according to CA-SFM/EUCAST (&ldquo;Comit&eacute; de l&rsquo;Antibiogramme de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; Fran&ccedil;aise de Microbiologie&rdquo; / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) recommendations V1.0 february 2018 and V2.0 may 2019 2019 V.2.0. May recommendation released in 2019. Data were analyzed by software R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73 Catalina build (7892). <strong>Results</strong>: At all 904 samples were included in this study. Out of the 904 cultures, 297 sample (32.85%) were positive. The rates of enzymes production were as follow: Extended-spectrum &szlig;-lactamase (ESBL) 56.42% (101/179), cepholosporinase hyperproduction (HCASE) 15.64% (28/179), cephalosporinase production (CASE) 6.14% (11/179), penicillinase hyperproduction (HP) 5.58% (10/179), carbapenemase production (CP) 6.14% (11/179) and savage strains 10.05% (18/179). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Our data showed a high prevalence of resistance to &beta;-lactamins and carbapenemes in gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacillus bacilli. The A high level of &beta;-lactamase and carbapenemase production by gram negative bacillius were also reported by others authors calls for the rational use of antibiotic in hospital setting.&nbsp;

Background: β-lactams and carbapenems are the major antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacilli. However, the increasing production of β-lactamase and carbapenemase limits the therapeutic options. Our study aims to determine the resistant phenotypes of these bacteria while describing their epidemiological aspect. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by consecutive enrollment from January 2018 to December 2019 at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali. We performed manual method for bacteria culture, identification and antibiotics sensitivity testing. The antibiotics sensitivity testing was accessed by the diffusion method according to CA-SFM/EUCAST (“Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie” / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) recommendations V1.0 february 2018 and V2.0 may 2019 2019 V.2.0. May recommendation released in 2019. Data were analyzed by software R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73 Catalina build (7892). Results: At all 904 samples were included in this study. Out of the 904 cultures, 297 sample (32.85%) were positive. The rates of enzymes production were as follow: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) 56.42% (101/179), cepholosporinase hyperproduction (HCASE) 15.64% (28/179), cephalosporinase production (CASE) 6.14% (11/179), penicillinase hyperproduction (HP) 5.58% (10/179), carbapenemase production (CP) 6.14% (11/179) and savage strains 10.05% (18/179). Conclusion: Our data showed a high prevalence of resistance to β-lactamins and carbapenemes in gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacillus bacilli. The A high level of β-lactamase and carbapenemase production by gram negative bacillius were also reported by others authors calls for the rational use of antibiotic in hospital setting.

Ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam and cefiderocol belong to a novel generation of antibiotics that correspond with the β-lactam family. It is necessary to having new options in treating infections caused by Gram-negative, non-fermenting multidrug-resistant bacilli due to the significant increase in multidrug resistance in the last decades. Knowing the main characteristics of each drug is key for correct use.

Antibiotic resistance has reached alarming proportions since the COVID-19 pandemic due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. This phenomenon is already being identified as one of the greatest global threats of the century. In light of this, the objective of this article was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic profile of multidrug-resistant strains of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) from the Central Laboratory of the State of Pará (LACEN-PA) during the period from 2019 to 2022. Phenotypic identification and antimicrobial resistance profile were analyzed using the automated VITEK® 2 bioMérieux method. The results showed that 55.7% of the isolated strains were fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-F) and 44.3% were non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-NF). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most isolated bacterium (46%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (19.9%), and Enterobacteriaceae (9.7%). The resistance genes found in K. pneumoniae were blaKPC and blaNDM; in P. aeruginosa, they were blaSPM, blaKPC, blaIMP, and blaNDM; in A. baumannii, they were blaOXA-23, blaIMP, blaNDM, blaOXA-14.

<strong>Background:&nbsp;</strong>Non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) are capable of causing a variety of infections like bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections including burn and surgical wound infections, endocarditis, meningitis and urinary tract infections. Furthermore, infections caused by NFGNB are not limited to hospital settings and cases involving otherwise healthy individuals of all age groups, occurring in community settings, following natural disasters and wars has been reported.&nbsp;<strong>Material and Methods:&nbsp;</strong>This prospective observational study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2022 in the Microbiology laboratory in Katihar Medical College, Katihar. 120 consecutive isolates of NFGNB were identified by VITEK 2 Gram Negative identification card and susceptibility testing was performed using the same instrument.&nbsp;<strong>Results:&nbsp;</strong>Out of 120 NFGNB 41.7% was&nbsp;<em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, 25.0% was&nbsp;<em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>, 15.8% was&nbsp;<em>Burkholderia cepacia</em>, 6.7% was&nbsp;<em>Pseudomonas putida</em>, 3.3% was&nbsp;<em>Pseudomonas oleovorans</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Alkaligenes</em>&nbsp;spp,&nbsp;<em>S. maltophillia</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Sphingomonas paucimobili</em>&nbsp;were2.5% each.&nbsp;<em>P. aeruginosa</em>&nbsp;showed maximum susceptibility to levofloxacin 66% and maximum resistance to ceftazidime 62%,&nbsp;<em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>&nbsp;showed maximum susceptibility to minocycline and maximum resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam whereas&nbsp;<em>Burkholderia cepacia</em>&nbsp;showed maximum sensitivity to trimethoprim/ sulfamethaxazole.&nbsp;<strong>Conclusion:&nbsp;</strong>The present study gives us indication regarding the occurrence of NFGNB in Eastern Bihar. Isolation of non-fermenters and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern should be regarded with seriousness by Microbiology laboratories, in clinical practice and in clinical epidemiology because being resistant to multiple antibiotics, their prevalence not only limits treatment options but they also act as reservoir of drug resistance genes. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;

BACKGROUND Non fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are a group of heterogenous, aerobic and non-sporing saprophytic bacteria, found as commensals in humans and other animals primarily causing opportunistic healthcare-associated infections. They are innately resistant to many antibiotics and are known to acquire resistance by various mechanisms. They pose a particular difficulty for the healthcare community because multidrug resistance is common and increasing among them and a number of strains have now been identified that exhibit pan drug resistance. This study was conducted to isolate and identify various non-fermenter gram negative bacilli (NFGNB), to study their antibiotic sensitivity pattern and their clinical significance from various clinical samples. METHODS A study was undertaken from March 2019 to February 2020 to isolate NFGNB from various clinical samples received for culture and sensitivity in the department of microbiology in a tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad. Non lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar plates were further processed by Vitek 2 to identify them and to study their antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). RESULTS A total of 2010 NFGNB were isolated from various clinical samples and their AST was evaluated by Vitek 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (52.7 %) and Acinetobacter baumannii (36.5 %) were the most common NFGNB isolated. Carbapenem resistance was 93 % for Acinetobacter species and 61 % for Pseudomonas species. CONCLUSIONS Accurate and rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of NFGNB help in early initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and proper management of patients thereby help in reducing emergence of MDR strains of NFGNB, mortality and overall hospital stay. KEYWORDS NFGNB – Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli, Multidrug Resistance, Pan Drug Resistance, Carbapenem Resistance

Background: Infections due to multidrug resistant organisms especially Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are increasing, ultimately leading to shortage of clinically effective antibiotics. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the key factor influencing the prevalence and distribution of drug resistance in any community or nosocomial setting. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) To know the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of commonly isolated non-lactose fermenters. (2) To know the prevalence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Materials and Methods: Clinical samples from various departments were processed using standard isolation and identification procedures. Only non-lactose fermenting colonies were processed further and only those isolates that were identified as P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. were considered and their antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method was carried out. Results were tabulated and analyzed. Results: Among 558 non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli isolates, P. aeruginosa (355) and A. baumannii. (203) were the most common isolates. Resistance to commonly used drugs such as aminoglycosides, cephalosporins and inhibitor combinations, and fluoroquinolones ranged from 40% to 65%. Carbapenem resistant isolates were around 24–25%. Multidrug resistant isolates and extensively drug resistant accounted for 17.4% and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Increasing multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance resistance among non-fermenters are on the rise leaving a very small window of treatment options. This is an alarming situation that needs strict antibiotic policy and a robust antimicrobial resistance management plan.

Objectives: Resistance of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) to antimicrobial agents is increasing worldwide. This is fast becoming a serious public health concern as these bacteria display multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms. This study was aimed at evaluating antibiotic resistance profiles of GNB from clinical samples in Cross River State, Nigeria. Material and Methods: Urine and stool samples of 600 randomly selected participants were analyzed. Samples were inoculated onto CLED agar and selenite-F broth, respectively, and enriched bacterial growth in selenite-F broth was subcultured on deoxycholate citrate agar. Gram stain procedure was used to determine the Gram reaction of isolates and identification was carried out using the Microbact 24E GNB identification kit. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARIs) for each isolate were calculated. Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel Package 2016 and GraphPad Prism version 6. Results: A total of 129 non-repetitive GNB were isolated and categorized by their ability to ferment sugars. The lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (LFE) were the most predominant isolates (32 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 25 Escherichia coli). There were 50 non-sugar-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NSF-GNB) comprising Pseudomonas spp. (28), Acinetobacter spp. (15), Burkholderia cepacia (3), and one isolate each of Tatumella ptyseos, Alcaligenes faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Non-lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae comprised Proteus spp. (14), Providencia stuartii (4), and Serratia rubidaea (4). Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that tetracycline was the least effective with 71.3% of isolates showing resistance. About 65% of LFE and 95.5% of non-lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (NLFE) showed resistance to tetracycline. Resistance of all isolates to tigecycline, a member of a new class of antibiotics, was 31% (40/129); however, all isolates of E. coli, S. rubidaea, and Acinetobacter spp. were susceptible to tigecycline. Resistance profiles of LFE to tested antibiotics showed comparable resistance levels for ceftriaxone and tetracycline between K. pneumoniae and E. coli. However, the resistance of K. pneumoniae to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and tigecycline was 50%, 44%, and 13% compared with E. coli – 32%, 32%, and 0%, respectively. E. coli showed, on average, higher resistance levels to carbapenems compared with K. pneumoniae. Among NLFE, Proteus spp. was more resistant than P. stuartii to cephalosporins, quinolones, and tigecycline. In contrast, P. stuartii isolates were twice as resistant to the carbapenems as Proteus spp. Except for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, S. rubidaea was susceptible to all other antibiotics. Among NSF-GNB, Acinetobacter spp. was the most resistant to all other carbapenems, except ertapenem. Pseudomonas spp. were the most resistant to fluoroquinolones. The mean of the total MARI was 0.45 ± 0.26, with 54.3% (70/129) of isolates having MARI above the total mean. About 73% (95/129) of the total GNB had MARI above 0.2. Multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter species was 53.2%, 100%, and 93.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The high level of antibiotic resistance of GNB, especially by NLFE and NSF-GNB, portends great danger for the health sector as these organisms are opportunistic pathogens and pose serious health risks as nosocomial pathogens and community-acquired pathogens in immunosuppressed individuals.

There is an urgent need to search for effective novel antibiotics due to the evolution of pathogen resistance towards the existing anti-microbial drugs. To fulfill the demand of pharmaceutical industries for novel drugs against pathogenic microbes, the potential source is nature, which is the largest repertoire for discovering biologically active drugs. Among the natural products, mushrooms are primary sources of diverse low and high-molecular-weight compounds that demonstrate anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic and anti-viral activities. Mushrooms belonging to basidiomycetes or ascomycetes were classified into edible and non-edible and had high nutritive and medicinal properties due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The most common edible mushrooms comprise Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus, Auricularia. Hericium, Grifola, Flammulina, Pleurotus, and Tremella are potent sources of vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin and ascorbic acid, Vitamin A and D), lipids (mono, di, and triglycerides, sterols, phospholipids) and polysaccharides whereas non-edible mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), Inonotus obliquus (Chaga), Ganoderma, Trametes, Cordyceps spp., etc., are potent sources of alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones, benzoic acid derivatives, and quinolines. The literature review suggests that mushrooms showed high anti-microbial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. etc.) and Gram-negative bacterial species (Escherichia coli,Klebsiella spp. or Salmonella sp) as well as anti-fungal (Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. etc.) and anti-viral (HIV-I, influenza) activities. The present chapter highlighted the mushrooms showing anti-microbial activity, techniques for appraisal of anti-microbial activity, anti-microbial bioactive compounds and last but not least, the downstream process of some selected compounds originally isolated from mushrooms.