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Gunasekar, Bhuvaneshwari. "MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE INDEXING OF NON- FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17717.
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Objective: The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing and finding Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria will help to indicate the origin from high risk of contamination where the antibiotics are often used. Hence this study was carried out to give the MAR index of non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital which would help our infection control team also.Methods: Drug resistance was tested by Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method. MAR index was calculated using the formula, a/b (were a= number of antibiotics to which the organism was resistant and b= total number of antibiotics to which the organism was tested).Results: Out of 240 Gram negative non-fermenters isolated, 117 (49%) strains were greater than 0.2 of MAR index, 95(81%) was from in-patient department. 73(62%) were hospitalized for more than 3 days, 44 (38%) was from surgery department. 49(42%) was wound specimen. Out of 117 multiple antibiotic resistant isolates 99 (85%) were MDR isolates.Conclusion: 51% prevalence of isolates >0.2 MAR index shows that the source of contamination can still be brought up down by proper surveillance and management with proper usage of surface and skin disinfectants especially in surgery ward where the MAR index has indicated more usage of antibiotics
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Bitew, Adane. "High Prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistance and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Production in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli in Ethiopia." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 12 (January 2019): 117863371988495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178633719884951.
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Background: Emergence of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli is a major problem to public health, as it limits drug treatment options against infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of multi-drug resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamase production in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli. Materials and methods: Different clinical samples were collected and processed following standard procedures. Each sample was then inoculated onto culture media. Identification, drug susceptibility testing, and extended spectrum beta lactamase production of the isolates were carried out by using the VITEK 2 compact system. Results: Among 996 clinical samples, 135 samples yielded Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli of which Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species were the commonest isolates. The overall drug resistance rates of Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli were above 80% against ampicillin (89.6%), cefuroxime axetil (88.9%), nitrofurantoin (85.9%), cefalotin (84.4%), cefoxitin (83.7%), cefazolin (83.0%), and cefuroxime (83.0%). Tobramycin with a resistance rate of 19.3% was the most active antimicrobial agent. Out of 135 isolates, 81.5% were multi-drug resistant of which 13.3% were extensively drug resistant and 10.4% were pandrug resistant. Extended spectrum beta lactamase production was detected in 48.9% of the isolates. Conclusions: The spectrum of bacterial species isolated was diverse. The isolates demonstrated high level of drug resistance in different classes of antibiotics. The magnitude of multi-drug resistance and the level of extended spectrum beta lactamase production were high. Hence, further studies on multi-drug resistant and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli both in the community and in hospital setting are essential.
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Moussa, Diawara, Coulibaly Modibo, Samaké Dramane, et al. "Antimicrobial resistant in Gram-negative bacilli: Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacilli isolated at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 1 (2022): 008–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5919584.
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<strong>Background</strong>: β-lactams and carbapenems are the major antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacilli. However, the increasing production of β-lactamase and carbapenemase limits the therapeutic options. Our study aims to determine the resistant phenotypes of these bacteria while describing their epidemiological aspect. <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: This was a cross-sectional study by consecutive enrollment from January 2018 to December 2019 at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali. We performed manual method for bacteria culture, identification and antibiotics sensitivity testing. The antibiotics sensitivity testing was accessed by the diffusion method according to CA-SFM/EUCAST (“Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie” / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) recommendations V1.0 february 2018 and V2.0 may 2019 2019 V.2.0. May recommendation released in 2019. Data were analyzed by software R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73 Catalina build (7892). <strong>Results</strong>: At all 904 samples were included in this study. Out of the 904 cultures, 297 sample (32.85%) were positive. The rates of enzymes production were as follow: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) 56.42% (101/179), cepholosporinase hyperproduction (HCASE) 15.64% (28/179), cephalosporinase production (CASE) 6.14% (11/179), penicillinase hyperproduction (HP) 5.58% (10/179), carbapenemase production (CP) 6.14% (11/179) and savage strains 10.05% (18/179). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Our data showed a high prevalence of resistance to β-lactamins and carbapenemes in gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacillus bacilli. The A high level of β-lactamase and carbapenemase production by gram negative bacillius were also reported by others authors calls for the rational use of antibiotic in hospital setting.
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Moussa Diawara, Modibo Coulibaly, Dramane Samaké, et al. "Antimicrobial resistant in Gram-negative bacilli: Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacilli isolated at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 1 (2022): 008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.18.1.0021.
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Background: β-lactams and carbapenems are the major antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacilli. However, the increasing production of β-lactamase and carbapenemase limits the therapeutic options. Our study aims to determine the resistant phenotypes of these bacteria while describing their epidemiological aspect. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by consecutive enrollment from January 2018 to December 2019 at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali. We performed manual method for bacteria culture, identification and antibiotics sensitivity testing. The antibiotics sensitivity testing was accessed by the diffusion method according to CA-SFM/EUCAST (“Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie” / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) recommendations V1.0 february 2018 and V2.0 may 2019 2019 V.2.0. May recommendation released in 2019. Data were analyzed by software R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73 Catalina build (7892). Results: At all 904 samples were included in this study. Out of the 904 cultures, 297 sample (32.85%) were positive. The rates of enzymes production were as follow: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) 56.42% (101/179), cepholosporinase hyperproduction (HCASE) 15.64% (28/179), cephalosporinase production (CASE) 6.14% (11/179), penicillinase hyperproduction (HP) 5.58% (10/179), carbapenemase production (CP) 6.14% (11/179) and savage strains 10.05% (18/179). Conclusion: Our data showed a high prevalence of resistance to β-lactamins and carbapenemes in gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacillus bacilli. The A high level of β-lactamase and carbapenemase production by gram negative bacillius were also reported by others authors calls for the rational use of antibiotic in hospital setting.
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Chumbita, Mariana, Patricia Monzo-Gallo, Carlos Lopera-Mármol, Tommaso Francesco Aiello, Pedro Puerta-Alcalde, and Carolina Garcia-Vidal. "New treatments for multidrug-resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli Infections." Revista Española de Quimioterapia 35, Suppl3 (2022): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37201/req/s03.12.2022.
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Ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam and cefiderocol belong to a novel generation of antibiotics that correspond with the β-lactam family. It is necessary to having new options in treating infections caused by Gram-negative, non-fermenting multidrug-resistant bacilli due to the significant increase in multidrug resistance in the last decades. Knowing the main characteristics of each drug is key for correct use.
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Oliveira, Susan Beatriz Batista de, Erilene Cristina da Silva Furtado, Rosa Márcia Saraiva Gentil, et al. "Phenotypic and genotypic profile of multiresistant bacterial strains from the Laboratory Surveillance Network of the State of Pará (LACEN/PA)." CONTRIBUCIONES A LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES 18, no. 6 (2025): e18756. https://doi.org/10.55905/revconv.18n.6-186.
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Antibiotic resistance has reached alarming proportions since the COVID-19 pandemic due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. This phenomenon is already being identified as one of the greatest global threats of the century. In light of this, the objective of this article was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic profile of multidrug-resistant strains of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) from the Central Laboratory of the State of Pará (LACEN-PA) during the period from 2019 to 2022. Phenotypic identification and antimicrobial resistance profile were analyzed using the automated VITEK® 2 bioMérieux method. The results showed that 55.7% of the isolated strains were fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-F) and 44.3% were non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-NF). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most isolated bacterium (46%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (19.9%), and Enterobacteriaceae (9.7%). The resistance genes found in K. pneumoniae were blaKPC and blaNDM; in P. aeruginosa, they were blaSPM, blaKPC, blaIMP, and blaNDM; in A. baumannii, they were blaOXA-23, blaIMP, blaNDM, blaOXA-14.
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Anjum, Afsana, Dey Sangeeta, and Akhter Kahkashan. "Characterization of Non Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli and Determination of Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 5 (2023): 635–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12574155.
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<strong>Background: </strong>Non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) are capable of causing a variety of infections like bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections including burn and surgical wound infections, endocarditis, meningitis and urinary tract infections. Furthermore, infections caused by NFGNB are not limited to hospital settings and cases involving otherwise healthy individuals of all age groups, occurring in community settings, following natural disasters and wars has been reported. <strong>Material and Methods: </strong>This prospective observational study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2022 in the Microbiology laboratory in Katihar Medical College, Katihar. 120 consecutive isolates of NFGNB were identified by VITEK 2 Gram Negative identification card and susceptibility testing was performed using the same instrument. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of 120 NFGNB 41.7% was <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, 25.0% was <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>, 15.8% was <em>Burkholderia cepacia</em>, 6.7% was <em>Pseudomonas putida</em>, 3.3% was <em>Pseudomonas oleovorans</em> and <em>Alkaligenes</em> spp, <em>S. maltophillia</em> and <em>Sphingomonas paucimobili</em> were2.5% each. <em>P. aeruginosa</em> showed maximum susceptibility to levofloxacin 66% and maximum resistance to ceftazidime 62%, <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> showed maximum susceptibility to minocycline and maximum resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam whereas <em>Burkholderia cepacia</em> showed maximum sensitivity to trimethoprim/ sulfamethaxazole. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study gives us indication regarding the occurrence of NFGNB in Eastern Bihar. Isolation of non-fermenters and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern should be regarded with seriousness by Microbiology laboratories, in clinical practice and in clinical epidemiology because being resistant to multiple antibiotics, their prevalence not only limits treatment options but they also act as reservoir of drug resistance genes.
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Shah, Atit Dineshchandra, Urvashi Natubhai Limbachia, Bhavin K. Prajapati, et al. "Occurrence of Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli and Their In Vitro Susceptibility Pattern by Vitek 2 at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital – An Observational Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 8 (2021): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/84.
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BACKGROUND Non fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are a group of heterogenous, aerobic and non-sporing saprophytic bacteria, found as commensals in humans and other animals primarily causing opportunistic healthcare-associated infections. They are innately resistant to many antibiotics and are known to acquire resistance by various mechanisms. They pose a particular difficulty for the healthcare community because multidrug resistance is common and increasing among them and a number of strains have now been identified that exhibit pan drug resistance. This study was conducted to isolate and identify various non-fermenter gram negative bacilli (NFGNB), to study their antibiotic sensitivity pattern and their clinical significance from various clinical samples. METHODS A study was undertaken from March 2019 to February 2020 to isolate NFGNB from various clinical samples received for culture and sensitivity in the department of microbiology in a tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad. Non lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar plates were further processed by Vitek 2 to identify them and to study their antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). RESULTS A total of 2010 NFGNB were isolated from various clinical samples and their AST was evaluated by Vitek 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (52.7 %) and Acinetobacter baumannii (36.5 %) were the most common NFGNB isolated. Carbapenem resistance was 93 % for Acinetobacter species and 61 % for Pseudomonas species. CONCLUSIONS Accurate and rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of NFGNB help in early initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and proper management of patients thereby help in reducing emergence of MDR strains of NFGNB, mortality and overall hospital stay. KEYWORDS NFGNB – Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli, Multidrug Resistance, Pan Drug Resistance, Carbapenem Resistance
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Manjunath, Veena, Shwetha Vadnal Revanappa, Asha Bullappa, and Jayasimha Vedalaveni Lakshminarayana. "Prevalence of multidrug resistant non-fermenters in a tertiary care centre." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 10 (2022): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i10.46366.
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Background: Infections due to multidrug resistant organisms especially Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are increasing, ultimately leading to shortage of clinically effective antibiotics. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the key factor influencing the prevalence and distribution of drug resistance in any community or nosocomial setting. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) To know the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of commonly isolated non-lactose fermenters. (2) To know the prevalence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Materials and Methods: Clinical samples from various departments were processed using standard isolation and identification procedures. Only non-lactose fermenting colonies were processed further and only those isolates that were identified as P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. were considered and their antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method was carried out. Results were tabulated and analyzed. Results: Among 558 non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli isolates, P. aeruginosa (355) and A. baumannii. (203) were the most common isolates. Resistance to commonly used drugs such as aminoglycosides, cephalosporins and inhibitor combinations, and fluoroquinolones ranged from 40% to 65%. Carbapenem resistant isolates were around 24–25%. Multidrug resistant isolates and extensively drug resistant accounted for 17.4% and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Increasing multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance resistance among non-fermenters are on the rise leaving a very small window of treatment options. This is an alarming situation that needs strict antibiotic policy and a robust antimicrobial resistance management plan.
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Ulom, Udey Ifop, Emmanuel Onyekachukwu Ibeneme, Aniekan-Augusta Okon Eyo, Anne Ebri Asuquo, and Simon James Utsalo. "Drug resistance profiles of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samples in Cross River State, Nigeria." Calabar Journal of Health Sciences 6 (November 26, 2022): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/cjhs_34_2021.
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Objectives: Resistance of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) to antimicrobial agents is increasing worldwide. This is fast becoming a serious public health concern as these bacteria display multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms. This study was aimed at evaluating antibiotic resistance profiles of GNB from clinical samples in Cross River State, Nigeria. Material and Methods: Urine and stool samples of 600 randomly selected participants were analyzed. Samples were inoculated onto CLED agar and selenite-F broth, respectively, and enriched bacterial growth in selenite-F broth was subcultured on deoxycholate citrate agar. Gram stain procedure was used to determine the Gram reaction of isolates and identification was carried out using the Microbact 24E GNB identification kit. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARIs) for each isolate were calculated. Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel Package 2016 and GraphPad Prism version 6. Results: A total of 129 non-repetitive GNB were isolated and categorized by their ability to ferment sugars. The lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (LFE) were the most predominant isolates (32 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 25 Escherichia coli). There were 50 non-sugar-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NSF-GNB) comprising Pseudomonas spp. (28), Acinetobacter spp. (15), Burkholderia cepacia (3), and one isolate each of Tatumella ptyseos, Alcaligenes faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Non-lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae comprised Proteus spp. (14), Providencia stuartii (4), and Serratia rubidaea (4). Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that tetracycline was the least effective with 71.3% of isolates showing resistance. About 65% of LFE and 95.5% of non-lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (NLFE) showed resistance to tetracycline. Resistance of all isolates to tigecycline, a member of a new class of antibiotics, was 31% (40/129); however, all isolates of E. coli, S. rubidaea, and Acinetobacter spp. were susceptible to tigecycline. Resistance profiles of LFE to tested antibiotics showed comparable resistance levels for ceftriaxone and tetracycline between K. pneumoniae and E. coli. However, the resistance of K. pneumoniae to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and tigecycline was 50%, 44%, and 13% compared with E. coli – 32%, 32%, and 0%, respectively. E. coli showed, on average, higher resistance levels to carbapenems compared with K. pneumoniae. Among NLFE, Proteus spp. was more resistant than P. stuartii to cephalosporins, quinolones, and tigecycline. In contrast, P. stuartii isolates were twice as resistant to the carbapenems as Proteus spp. Except for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, S. rubidaea was susceptible to all other antibiotics. Among NSF-GNB, Acinetobacter spp. was the most resistant to all other carbapenems, except ertapenem. Pseudomonas spp. were the most resistant to fluoroquinolones. The mean of the total MARI was 0.45 ± 0.26, with 54.3% (70/129) of isolates having MARI above the total mean. About 73% (95/129) of the total GNB had MARI above 0.2. Multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter species was 53.2%, 100%, and 93.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The high level of antibiotic resistance of GNB, especially by NLFE and NSF-GNB, portends great danger for the health sector as these organisms are opportunistic pathogens and pose serious health risks as nosocomial pathogens and community-acquired pathogens in immunosuppressed individuals.
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Gniadek, Thomas J., Karen C. Carroll, and Patricia J. Simner. "Carbapenem-Resistant Non-Glucose-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli: the Missing Piece to the Puzzle." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 7 (2016): 1700–1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03264-15.
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The non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilliPseudomonas aeruginosaandAcinetobacter baumanniiare increasingly acquiring carbapenem resistance. Given their intrinsic antibiotic resistance, this can cause extremely difficult-to-treat infections. Additionally, resistance gene transfer can occur between Gram-negative species, regardless of their ability to ferment glucose. Thus, the acquisition of carbapenemase genes by these organisms increases the risk of carbapenemase spread in general. Ultimately, infection control practitioners and clinical microbiologists need to work together to determine the risk carried by carbapenem-resistant non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (CR-NF) in their institution and what methods should be considered for surveillance and detection of CR-NF.
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Kottila, Reshma, and Vimalin Hena. "Antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation among lactose fermenting Gram negative bacilli causing urinary tract infection." Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 14, no. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jmid.2024.v14.i1.1.
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Background: A urinary tract infection is an epidemic infection of any part of the urinary system, which is very common, causes serious health problems and morbidity. UTI mainly caused by bacteria, fungus, parasites, viruses. Both gram negative and gram positive bacteria were causes UTI, among this majority of pathogens are gram negative bacilli. Very common bacterial pathogens are E.coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus and pseudomonas. Aim: The study helps to know the importance of lactose gram negative bacilli in urinary tract, status of drug susceptibility among those bacteria. Since biofilm formation leads to persistence of infection and drug resistance among bacteria, this study will provide information on status of biofilm formation among lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli causing urinary tract infection. Methods: The study was performed during the year MAY 2019 to AUGUST 2019 at the Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College Derlakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka. Almost 86 urine samples were collected during the study period. From the culture plate identified lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting organisms, my study was focused on lactose fermenting organisms. Results: During the study period 86 samples were collected and processed, from which E.coli (60.46%) is the most common pathogen that was isolated from the urine and second most bacteria is klebsiella(32.55%) followed by Enterobacter (6.99%). The study shows that E.coli mainly affects females than males. Conclusion: In this study I observed that females are the most important group which causes urinary tract infection very easily as opposed to males. The most habitual uropathogens was E.coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. Those organisms show resistance to most of the antibiotics.
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Ayibieke, A., A. Kobayashi, S. Mahazu, et al. "Antibiotic resistance among GRAM-negative glucose non-fermenting bacilli from Ghana." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S535—S536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1125.
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Affou, Séraphin Wognin. "Study of the multi-resistance of enterobacteria and nonfermentative gram-negative Bacilli isolated from the Bandama Rivers (Cote d 'Ivoire)." International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM) 17, no. 5 (2023): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12648236.
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The purpose of the Bandama river study was to contribute to the surveillance of multidrug resistant pathogens isolated from the river. It was used to isolate strains of Enterobacteria and multi-resistant non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli and to establish a database of these microorganisms. Twelve stations on the Bandama river were sampled during 2019, specially once every six months. The resistance profiles of enterobacteria and non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli to the marker antibiotics were determined for the isolated germs. A total of 69 bacterial species were isolated from the waters of the Bandama River, including 33 enterobacteria (47.8%) and 36 non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli (52.2%). The sensitivities tests performed revealed that 48.13% of Enterobacteria were resistant to both at least three antibiotic families (Beta-lactam antibiotics, Fluoroquinolones, Aminosides) and 63.16% of the non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli were resistant to both at least three antibiotic families (Beta-lactam antibiotics, Fluoroquinolones and other antibiotic families). The presence of these multi-resistant bacteria constitutes a real public health problem because of the risk of dissemination of these strains involved in human and animal infections. It is feared that the emergence of multidrug resistance to antibiotics could lead to the limitation or absence of solutions for effective treatment. published by the <strong>International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM)</strong>
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Bhatia, Dr Josita, Dr Bhavin Prajapati, Dr N. M. Shaikh, Dr Bimal Chauhan, Dr Hetal Odedra, and Dr Jayshri Pethani. "Identification & Importance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of NonFermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Among Various Clinical Specimens In A Tertiary Care Hospital." June 2024 16, no. 01 (2024): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.56018/bjkines20240611.
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Introduction:Non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB)have emerged as important healthcareassociated pathogens. NFGNBs are innately resistant to many antibiotics and are known to acquire resistance by producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. This makes treatment of infections caused by these pathogens both difficult and expensive. Therefore, this study is undertaken with the aim of identification of NFGNB and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in our hospital. Material and Method: A total of 3233 specimens were received in the bacteriology section of the microbiology department from September 2022 to May 2023. Clinical specimens were processed for culture according to standard operating procedures. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were performed by an automated: VITEK-2 compact system.Result: A total of 486 (15.03%) NFGNB were isolated from 3233 clinical specimens. Out of 486 isolates, Acinetobacter baumannii complex was the most common non-fermenter, accounting for 238 (48.97%) isolates, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 229 (47.12%). Other significant NFGNBs isolated were: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 4 (0.82%), Myroides spp. 4 (0.82%) etc. Vitek 2 detected carbapenem resistance in 226 (95%) of A. baumannii complex and 135 (59%) of P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusion: A. baumannii complex and P. aeruginosa were the most common NFGNB isolated from wound swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), blood, sputum, tissue, and pus. They were found to be most resistant to quinolones, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides. Keywords:– Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli, Antimicrobial susceptibility, VITEK -2
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DC, Shwetha, and Venkatesha D. "Bacteriological profile of diabetic foot ulcer." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 14, no. 2 (2024): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2024.076.
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Infected Diabetic foot ulcer is the common cause of hospitalization among patients with diabetes mellitus. Amputation of the lower limbs is the most common complication of Diabetic foot ulcer & infection is the cause in majority of the cases. Hence, Characterizing the bacteriological profile & antibiotic susceptibility testing is very important for the effective management of Diabetic foot ulcer. Swabs from infected Diabetic foot ulcer were inoculated on to Blood agar & MacConkey agar. The bacterial identification was done according to standard protocol. The Antibiotic susceptibility testing for the isolated bacteria was done on Mueller Hinton agar by Kirby Bauer’s Disc Diffusion method.134 aerobic bacteria were isolated from 110 diabetic patients. Among Gram positive cocci, (11.9%) was the predominant isolate followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococci (4.5%) & spp (7.5%). (18.6%) was the predominantly isolated Gram-negative bacilli followed by Klebsiella spp (17.1%), spp (11.2%), Pseudomonas spp (7.5%), spp (7.5%), spp (7.5%), Non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli (5.2%) & spp (1.5%). We found variations in the antibiotic sensitivity of isolated pathogens. 13.7% of Gram-negative bacilli were Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producers & 31.2% of Staphylococci were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Our study shows that the repeated bacteriological evaluation & their antibiotic susceptibility is paramount in the management of infected Diabetic foot ulcer & the abuse of antibiotics should be restrained to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Chou, Chia-Huei, Yi-Ru Lai, Chih-Yu Chi, et al. "Long-Term Surveillance of Antibiotic Prescriptions and the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030397.
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The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has been recognized as a public health threat worldwide. Hospitalized patients and outpatients are commonly infected by non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB), particularly the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex (ACB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial agents are critical for treating the nosocomial infections caused by NFGNB. The aim of this study was to assess antimicrobial resistance and the use of antimicrobial agents. The bacterial isolates of 638,152 specimens from both inpatients and outpatients, retrieved from 2001 to 2008 at a medical center in central Taiwan, were examined for their susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents, including cefepime, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, meropenem, and levofloxacin. Administrated prescriptions of the monitored antibiotics were analyzed using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Our results show that the defined daily doses (DDDs) for cefepime, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin increased with time, and a trend toward reduced antimicrobial sensitivities of both ACB and P. aeruginosa was noticeable. In conclusion, the antimicrobial sensitivities of ACB and P. aeruginosa were reduced with the increased use of antibiotics. Continuous surveillance of antibiotic prescriptions and the prevalence of emerging resistance in nosocomial infections is warranted.
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Khaleel Ibrahim, Hanaa. "Screening and sensitivity of non-lactose fermenting bacteria to antibiotics by Vitek-2 compact system." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (2019): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v7i1.256.
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We are collected 150 clinical sample from different private veterinary clinics in Basrah province . Included 25 isolates from nasal discharge, 45 from feces , 35 from pus/wound infections, 20 from blood and 25 from ear swab .All isolates were subjected to microscopic examination and diagnosed 4 species of Non- Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli (NFGNB) bacteria based on 47 biochemical tests by Vitek 2 a compact system where the species were 48 strain (32%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 32 strain (21.33%) of Burkholderia cepacia, 31strain (20.66%) of Sphingomonas paucimobilis, 20 strain (13.33%) of Proteus mirabilis and 19 strain (12.66%) of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus . NFGNB results showed antibiotic susceptibility to different antibiotic resistance and susceptibility, where isolates showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia and Proteus mirabilis were susceptibility to antibiotic Meropenem (80% -98%), while Acinetobacter spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa least susceptible to Cefuroxime and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (20% – 30%). The bacteria showed Sphingomonas paucimobilis showed resistance to all the antibiotics tested. The current study was carried out with the aim of diagnosing and identifying NFGNB isolated from clinical samples and evaluating their clinical importance and study of antibiotic resistance.
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Nazir, Asifa, Bushra Yousuf Peerzada, and Ifshana Sana. "Spectrum of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli isolated from patients with blood stream infections in a tertiary care hospital in North India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 5 (2019): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20191672.
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Background: Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are emerging as important causes of blood stream infections (BSI) and they are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. High intrinsic resistance of NFGNB to antimicrobial compounds makes the treatment of BSIs caused by them difficult and expensive. The aim of this study was to assess frequency and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of non-fermenting gram-negative rods isolated from blood culture of patients.Methods: A total of 3016 blood samples were received in the Department of Microbiology during the study period. All samples were processed according to standard microbiological procedures. Blood culture was done by automated blood culture system, (BacT/Alert) and identification and antibiotic susceptibility of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli was done by VITEK2 Compact System.Results: A total of 120 NFGNB were identified out of which the most common non-fermenters isolated were Acinetobacter sp. (95) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11), Burkholderia cepacia (09) Sternotrophomonas maltophilia (03) and Sphingomonas sp. (02). Most of the non -fermenters were multi drug resistant showing a high level of antibiotic resistance to most of the first- and second-line drugs. The most effective drugs were colistin and tigecycline.Conclusions: This study underlines the need to identify NFGNB in tertiary care hospitals and to monitor their susceptibility pattern to guide the clinician for better care and management of patients. Improved antibiotic stewardship and strict infection control measures especially hand washing need to be implemented to prevent emergence and spread of multidrug resistant NFGNB in health care settings.
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Kumawat, Supyar, Ved P. Mamoria, and Richa Sharma. "Antibacterial Susceptibility Patterns of Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli among Patients at Tertiary Care Hospital, Jaipur." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 128, no. 2 (2025): 128–36. https://doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2025.128.2.6.
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In recent years, infections frequently attributed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii have been seen not only in ICU settings but also in trauma patients following natural disasters, as well as in individuals with pre-existing conditions within the community. These non-fermenting bacteria are known to cause hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, especially in patients who are debilitated or immunocompromised. All non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) isolates from different clinical samples received in the clinical microbiology laboratory from outpatients and inpatients at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, were included in the study. Routine microscopy of these samples was conducted. Gram staining was realized for all samples except for urine. All clinical samples were inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar and were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours. Colony characteristics were observed. All the organisms that produced pale or colorless colonies on MacConkey agar and also showed GNB on Gram staining of the colonies were considered to be NFGNB and further identified by the VITEK 2 compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolated non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In the study, it was reported that the majority out of 879 (100%) isolates of NFGNB were P. aeruginosa 415 (47.21%), followed by Ac. baumannii 380 (43.23%), and the majority of specimens were from endotracheal (ET) (30.60%), followed by pus swab (19.11%), blood (16.15%) and urine (10.01%) samples. The majority of isolates were the males in the age group of 61-70, i.e.121 (13.76%), followed by the age group 41-50, i.e., 113 (12.85%). P. aeruginosa was most commonly isolated from pus swabs (13.42%), while Ac. baumannii was isolated most commonly from ET (21.4%). Based on this study, it can be concluded that as antibiotic resistance rises, treating infections caused by NFGNB will become increasingly challenging unless proactive measures are implemented and new antibiotics are developed. To curb the spread of resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter, it is crucial to enforce stringent infection control practices, ensure collaboration between clinicians and laboratory personnel regarding antibiotic use, and adhere to strict hospital hygiene protocols.
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Pooja Nair, Renu Mathews, and Kalyani M. "Emerging resistance to carbapenem among Gram-negative bacteria in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL2 (2020): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl2.2177.
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The emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance is a cardinal concern in the health care system. The spread of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters to the currently available drugs make the treatment of serious nosocomial infections troublesome. The purpose of the study is to find out the carbapenem resistance among Gram-negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of 1913 aerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samples was made for a period of 6 months. All the isolates were tested for susceptibility to antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique according to CLSI guidelines. Carbapenemase production was confirmed by the Modified Hodge Test (MHT). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by Epsilometer (E) test was performed (for Imipenem and Meropenem) for carbapenem-resistant strains. A total of 1731 clinical samples, 1913 Gram-negative bacilli were isolated. 1476 (77.1%) were Enterobacteriaceae and 433 (22.6%) were non-fermenters. 54 were carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli. Meropenem E test was done for carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Meropenem ranged from 0.002μg/ml to 32μg/ml. To overcome the problem of emerging resistance, combined interaction and cooperation of microbiologists, clinicians and the infection control team is needed.
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Tan, Thean Yen, Li Yang Hsu, Tse Hsien Koh, et al. "Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-negative Bacilli: A Singapore Perspective." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 37, no. 10 (2008): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v37n10p819.
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Introduction: Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacilli is an area of increasing importance. This prospective study was performed to survey antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. over a 1-year period. Materials and Methods: Non-duplicate isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were collected from participating Singapore hospitals during defined collection periods in 2006 and 2007. Confirmatory identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed at Changi General Hospital. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to a defined panel of antibiotics were determined using microbroth dilution methods. The presence of extended-spectrum beta lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae was determined by phenotypic methods, and susceptibility results were defined using current breakpoints from the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Seven hundred and forty-six gram-negative bacilli were received for testing. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins was present in a third of Enterobacteriaceae isolates, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) carriage was present in 19.6% and 30.1% of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. AmpC enzymes were also detected in 8.5% and 5.6% of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates respectively. All Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to imipenem and meropenem. The most active antibiotics against P. aeruginosa were amikacin, meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam. A third of P. aeruginosa showed reduced susceptibility to polymyxin B. Carbapenem resistance was significantly higher in Acinetobacter baumannii (70.5%) than in other Acinetobacter species (25.0%). The most active antibiotic against A. baumannii was polymyxin B. Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in gram-negative bacilli isolated from Singapore hospitals. The MIC testing surveillance programme complemented susceptibility data from wider laboratory-based surveillance, and has revealed emerging mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Microbial sensitivity tests
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Peykov, Slavil, and Tanya Strateva. "Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Resistome Analysis of Nosocomial Multidrug-Resistant Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Pathogens from the Balkans." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (2023): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030651.
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Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB), such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, are among the major opportunistic pathogens involved in the global antibiotic resistance epidemic. They are designated as urgent/serious threats by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and are part of the World Health Organization’s list of critical priority pathogens. Also, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is increasingly recognized as an emerging cause for healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units, life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised patients, and severe pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis and COVID-19 individuals. The last annual report of the ECDC showed drastic differences in the proportions of NFGNB with resistance towards key antibiotics in different European Union/European Economic Area countries. The data for the Balkans are of particular concern, indicating more than 80% and 30% of invasive Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively, to be carbapenem-resistant. Moreover, multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant S. maltophilia from the region have been recently reported. The current situation in the Balkans includes a migrant crisis and reshaping of the Schengen Area border. This results in collision of diverse human populations subjected to different protocols for antimicrobial stewardship and infection control. The present review article summarizes the findings of whole-genome sequencing-based resistome analyses of nosocomial multidrug-resistant NFGNBs in the Balkan countries.
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Plano, Maria Rosa Anna, Anna Maria Di Noto, Alberto Firenze, Sonia Sciortino, and Caterina Mammina. "Antibiotic-Resistant Gram Negative Bacilli in Meals Delivered at a General Hospital, Italy." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/476150.
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This study aimed at detecting the presence of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negatives in samples of meals delivered at the University General Hospital of Palermo, Italy. Antibiotic resistant Gram negatives were isolated in July—September 2007 ffrom cold dishes and food contact surfaces and utensils. Bacterial strains were submitted to susceptibility test and subtyped by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Forty-six of 55 (83.6%) food samples and 14 of 17 (82.3%) environmental swabs were culture positive for Gram negative bacilli resistant to at least one group of antibacterial drugs. A total of 134 antibiotic resistant strains, 51 fermenters and 83 non-fermenters, were recovered. Fermenters and non-fermenters showed frequencies as high as 97.8% of resistance to two or more groups of antibiotics and non fermenters were 28.9% resistant to more than three groups. Molecular typing detected 34 different profiles among the fermenters and 68 among the non-fermenters. Antibiotic resistance was very common among both fermenters and non-fermenters. However, the wide heterogeneity of RAPD patterns seems to support a prominent role of cross-contamination rather than a clonal expansion of a few resistant isolates. A contribution of commensal Gram negatives colonizing foods to a common bacterial resistance pool should not been overlooked.
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Tingsgård, Sandra, Simone Bastrup Israelsen, Louise Thorlacius-Ussing, et al. "Short course antibiotic treatment of Gram-negative bacteraemia (GNB5): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 13, no. 5 (2023): e068606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068606.
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IntroductionProlonged use of antibiotics is closely related to antibiotic-associated infections, antimicrobial resistance and adverse drug events. The optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for Gram-negative bacteremia (GNB) with a urinary tract source of infection is poorly defined.Methods and analysisInvestigator-initiated multicentre, non-blinded, non-inferiority randomised controlled trial with two parallel treatment arms. One arm will receive shortened antibiotic treatment of 5 days and the other arm will receive antibiotic treatment of 7 days or longer. Randomisation will occur in equal proportion (1:1) no later than day 5 of effective antibiotic treatment as determined by antibiogram. Immunosuppressed patients and those with GNB due to non-fermenting bacilli (Acinetobacterspp,Pseudomonasspp),Brucellaspp,Fusobacteriumspp or polymicrobial growth are ineligible.The primary endpoint is 90-day survival without clinical or microbiological failure to treatment. Secondary endpoints include all-cause mortality, total duration of antibiotic treatment, hospital readmission andClostridioides difficileinfection. Interim safety analysis will be performed after the recruitment of every 100 patients. Given an event rate of 12%, a non-inferiority margin of 10%, and 90% power, the required sample size to determine non-inferiority is 380 patients. Analyses will be performed on both intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the Danish Regional Committee on Health Research (H-19085920) and the Danish Medicines Agency (2019-003282-17). The results of the main trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.Gov:NCT04291768.
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Asati, Shruti, and Ankita Jawanpuria. "Association of Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Susceptibility in NonFermentative Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Chronic Wound Infections." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 07 (2024): 48–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13169720.
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AbstractIntroduction: Non fermenting bacteria are considered as opportunistic nosocomial pathogens that are capable ofcausing severe chronic persistent infections. One of the main virulence factors of these bacteria is biofilmformation. Biofilms are association of planktonic bacterial cells in extra polymeric matrix. They are the mostcommon mode of bacterial growth in nature and are also important in clinical infections.Aim: of this prospective study was to isolate non fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) from woundinfection, to study their biofilm forming ability along with antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Samples wereprocessed according to standard protocol & Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) method was used for detection of biofilmformation.Results: A total of 400 pus samples were studied during study period. Out of these 121 (39.6%) were NFGNB.Biofilm production was seen in 55.3% isolates. It was observed antimicrobial resistance was higher in biofilmproducing isolates as compared to non-biofilm producing isolates. This association was found to be statisticallysignificant.Conclusion: Treatment and preventive strategies for infection against pathogenic bacteria with biofilm formationis by early initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, by avoiding microbial attachment to the surface,disrupting biofilm development and maturation in order to enhance antimicrobials penetration. In addition, routinetesting of biofilm formation in microbiology laboratory should be encouraged for timely diagnosis and bettermanagement of such infections.
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Deshmukh, Durgesh Gopalrao, Ajit S. Damle, Jyoti K. Bajaj, Jayshree B. Bhakre та Neeta S. Patwardhan. "Metallo-β-lactamase-producing Clinical Isolates from Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital". Journal of Laboratory Physicians 3, № 02 (2011): 093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.86841.
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ABSTRACT Background: The growing increase in the rates of antibiotic resistance is a major cause for concern in both non-fermenting bacilli and isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae family. β-lactams have been the mainstay of treatment for serious infections, and the most active of these are the carbapenems. Acquired metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) have recently emerged as one of the most worrisome resistance mechanisms owing to their capacity to hydrolyze all β-lactams, including carbapenems. We have undertaken this investigation to ascertain the prevalence of MBL-producing non-fermenting bacilli and Enterobacteriaceae. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 4 months in a 1200-bedded teaching hospital. Isolates included in the study were screened for imipenem resistance both by conventional methods and mini analytical profile index (miniAPI). The isolates that showed imipenem resistance were tested for MBL production by imipenem (IMP)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combined disc test. Imipenem-resistant non-MBL isolates also tested for Modified Hodge test and AmpC β-lactamases production to detect other mechanisms of carbapenem resistance. Results: Of 638 gram negative bacilli isolates and 3.39% showed imipenem resistance, 2.9% showed MBL production, of which 1.7% were non-fermenters and 1.25% were Enterobacteriaceae, 0.3% showing non-MBL KPC carbapenemas. Most isolates were from the intensive care unit and from post-operative patients. Our findings show that there are significant numbers of isolates having MBL production along with multidrug resistance. There is a need for active surveillance to detect MBL producers.
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Apsha Shrestha, Stuti Koirala, Ashok Adhikari, Sweata Bhandari, Rajeshwar Reddy Kasarla, and Laxmi Pathak. "Bacteriological Study of Post-Operative Wound Infection and its Antibiograms." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 12, no. 01 (2024): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v12i01.65579.
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INTRODUCTIONPostoperative wound infections are a significant complication of surgical procedures, which increases morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospital stay, and increased healthcare costs. The study was undertaken with an aim to investigate the etiological agents of postoperative wounds and their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics. MATERIAL AND METHODSThis study was a descriptive cross-sectional prospective study, carried out at Universal College Of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Nepal, on 100 postoperatively wounded infected cases, during April 2023 – August 2023, Non Probability sampling method (Purposive sampling) was used, and specimens were collected by sterile cotton swabs and pus was aspirated with a sterile needle and syringe and processed using standard bacteriological techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted by disc diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method. RESULTSPostoperative wound infections caused by Gram negative bacilli were more frequent and predominant pathogens involved were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Klebsiella spp and Enterobacter aerogenes. Among Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was predominant. Gram positive cocci were highly sensitive to Ampicillin, and Gram negative bacilli were highly sensitive to Ceftazidime, Gentamicin, and Amikacin. Coagulase negative staphylococci were resistant to all drugs tested. CONCLUSIONPseudomonas aeruginosa was the commonest etiological agent for postoperative wound infections. Gram positive cocci and E.coli were highly sensitive to Ampicillin and Gram negative bacilli were highly sensitive to Ceftazidime, Gentamicin, Amikacin. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to vancomycin and Teicoplanin and coagulase staphylococci were resistant to all drugs tested. Gram negative bacilli were resistant to Polymyxin B and Tigecycline. Increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics warrants the judicious use of antibiotics and establishment of antibiotic policy in the hospital.
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Sharma, D., N. Vyas, P. Sinha, and A. Mathur. "Non fermentative gram negative bacilli as nosocomial pathogens: Identification and antibiotic sensitivity in clinical samples of indoor patients." Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 2 (2015): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i2.13452.
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Background: Non fermenting gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) are usually considered to be non pathogenic commensals of little significance, however, data suggest that they are remarkable because of antimicrobial resistance; propensity to cause outbreaks and complex epidemiology. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence and sensitivity pattern of NFGNB from various clinical samples.Methods: A total of 519 samples were received from patients suspected of having hospital acquired infections (HAI), admitted in Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur, India. Organisms grown on culture were subjected to phenotypic identification along with antimicrobial sensitivity testing by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method.Results: Among 366 culture positive samples, 94 (25.6%) NFGNB were isolated. Maximum pevalence prevalence was found in burn ward i.e. 76.7 % followed by surgical wards 71.0%, surgical ICUs 69.6% and medical ICUs 68.0 %. Highest yield was found in pus/wound samples (95.5%) while it was only 23.7% in blood samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common isolate (48.9%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (33%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (13.8%) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (4.3%). P.aeruginosa and A. baumanii strains were most sensitive to Meropenem. S.maltophilia showed maximum sensitivity with ticarcillin/ clavulanic acid and B. cepacia complex with Piperacillin/ Tazobactam.Conclusion: Isolation of NFGNB and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern should be regarded with all seriousness in clinical practice and epidemiology because they are emerging nosocomial pathogens and by being resistant to multiple antibiotics, their prevalence not only limits the treatment options but also act as a reservoir of drug resistance genes.Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.3(2) 2014: 101-105
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Hussain, AhmedNishat, Kausalya, RajeshK Grover, and FrincyK Baruah. "Antibiotic resistance profile of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli isolated from the blood cultures of cancer patients." Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 7, no. 1 (2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-777x.150892.
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Juliana, Alamu, K. V. Leela, Anusha Gopinathan, and R. Sujith. "Occurrence and Resistance Pattern of Gram-Negative Bacteremia and Sepsis in A Tertiary Care Hospital - A Four-Year Study." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 16, no. 1 (2022): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.16.1.67.
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The rise in antibiotic resistance has been a major source of public health concern. As a result, mortality and morbidity rates have risen significantly. This study was done to identify gram-negative organisms causing bacteremia/sepsis, study their prevalence rates, and antimicrobial resistance patterns, as evidence-based knowledge of gram-negative organisms causing sepsis and their resistance profiles is essential for effective hospital control and better management of infections caused by resistant bacteria. A retrospective study, conducted from January 2016 to December 2019, blood samples were collected using aseptic guidelines and cultured using automated blood culture methods. Biochemical tests were done according to microbiology standard procedures, while antimicrobial testing was done according to CLSI guidelines. A total of 13,808 blood samples were received within the study period of four years. Of the total, 2079 showed significant growth, with 765 being GNB isolates. The most common isolates were Escherichia coli (35.42%), Klebsiella pneumonia (19.74%), Acinetobacter species (9.67%), and other non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (11.76%). Escherichia coli showed yearly resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillin, fluoroquinolones, and B-lactam combination agents. Routine surveillance and awareness of the prevalence, etiological agents, and antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria causing bacteremia/sepsis is critical for individual therapy, hospital control, and the effectiveness of preventive interventions.
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Suhani, Chandak*1 and Dr. Neena Nagdeo2. "SURVEILLANCE OF MULTI DRUG RESISTANT GRAM NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACILLI IN A TERRITORY HOSPITAL CARE." International Journal of Medical Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 4 (2016): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.50632.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem. Bacterial pathogens are increasingly exhibiting resistance to the commonly used antibiotics. During the last two decades ESBL producing Gram negative bacilli have emerged as a major problem in many settings. Timely and accurate reporting of microbiology susceptibility test results allows selection of more appropriate and focused therapy . <strong>Methods:</strong> A prospective cross sectional study was carried out which included all the gram negative bacilli isolated from various clinical specimen received in microbiology department. Growth was identified by conventional method. Total 290 Gram negative aerobic isolates were identified. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all the Gram negative isolates was done using disc diffusion method. All the gram Negative bacilli were screened for ESBL production and metallo Beta lactamase production by disc placement method . <strong>Results: </strong> Out of the 290 strains isolated ,maximum isolates were of Klebsiella (40.34%), followed by E.coli (31.72%), 30-40% of isolated strains were multi drug resistant, 229 (78.96%) were ESBL producers. All the strains (100%) of Non fermenters,Acinetobacter and Burkholderia from indoor patients were ESBL producers followed by Klebsiella (96.03%),E.coli (95.58%) and Pseudomonas (86.04%). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study will help the Infection control committee in formulating antibiotic policy l. The data generated through this surveillance can guide the physician for appropriate therapy. ESBL detection should be routinely undertaken, to avoid misuse of beta-lactam antibiotics.The data of resistance strains within the hospitals should be generated not only at the local level but should be done at national level, so that region specific guidelines and policies on antibiotic prescription and usage may be formulated.
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Sunil, Kumar, Kumar Ravi, and Lal Arjun. "An Observational Assessment of the in-Vitro Antibiogram of Non-Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli in a Tertiary Care Hospital." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 4 (2022): 692–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13840015.
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<strong>Aim:</strong> To identify non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli isolated from various clinical samples up to genus and species level along with study of their antimicrobial sensitivity/ resistance pattern. <strong>Methodology:</strong> This study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, over 200 samples of clinical specimens collected from in- patients admitted to various departments of ANMMC, Gaya during a period of 1 year study. A detailed history of the patients was recorded including the current underlying disease like Diabetes or malignancy. The samples for the study were collected from patients with NFGNB infection, admitted during the period of study. NFGNB was isolated from blood, CSF and other body fluids. Patients with colonization of NFGNB with no apparent clinical infection and isolates from improperly collected samples were excluded from the study. The samples were collected from respiratory tract (RT), pus, wound, urine and blood. A preliminary (gram stain) examination was carried out for RT, pus, wound and urine samples, following which they were incubated in appropriate media. <strong>Results:</strong> Pus samples constituted majority of specimens accounting for 45.5%. Urine and Sputum samples accounted for 14% & 13% of specimens respectively. Stool, Blood, Pleural fluid, Ascitic fluid and CSF samples accounted for remaining 27.5%. In the decreasing order of frequency, the NFGNB showed 54.41% sensitivity to Carbenicillin, 45.58% to Piperacillin and Tazobactam, 29.42% to Piperacillin, 26.48% sensitivity to Ticarcillin, 23.53% sensitivity to Amoxyclav, 16.18% sensitivity to Netilmicin and 7.36% sensitivity to Penicillin. NFGNB showed a sensitivity of 52.95% to Ceftazidime, 48.53% to Cefaperazonea and 42.65% to Ceftriaxone. Maximum resistance was observed for Cefuroxime and minimum for Ceftazidime. Ps. aeruginosa showed a sensitivity of 54.16% for Cefoperazone, 60.42% sensitivity for Ceftazidime, 49.84% sensitivity for Cefepime. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study gives an alarming sign towards high prevalence of multi drug resistant NFGNB. It may be concluded that growth of NFGNB cannot be overlooked and should be confronted with high index of suspicion. Precise identification of these bacteria up to genus and species level, imperative clinicmicrobiological correlation and careful antibiotic prescription shall go a long way in improving clinical outcomes of patients.
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Kali, Arunava. "Synergistic antibacterial activity of garlic extract against uropathogenic gram-negative bacilli." Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2025): 7037–42. https://doi.org/10.55522/jmpas.v14i1.6842.
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Garlic extract is known to have distinct antibacterial activity and synergistic effect with various antibacterial agents. This study was carried out to evaluate synergistic activity of garlic extract with antibiotics against uropathogenic gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection. Gram negative bacterial isolates with significant bacteriuria (>10,000 CFU/ml) recovered on urine culture from patients with symptomatic UTI were included in the study. Biochemical identification antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed as per standard microbiology procedures. The synergy of garlic extract with antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. A total of 92 bacterial isolates, including 54 multi-drug resistant bacterial isolates, were obtained from 53 female and 39 male patients. Escherichia coli was the most common (55.4%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (25%), Non-fermenter gram negative bacilli (9.8%), Citrobacter spp (7.6%), and Proteus vulgaris (2.2%). Resistance to cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin cotrimoxazole and nitrofurantoin was 72.8%, 64.1%, 50%, 47.8% and 45.7% respectively. A large majority of these isolates showed synergy of garlic extract with amikacin (80.4%), gentamicin (83.7%), imipenem (83.7%), meropenem (77.2%), fosfomycin (82.6%), nitrofurantoin (80.4%), cefoperazone-sulbactam (77.2%). Furthermore, addition of garlic extract effectively improved susceptibility of these gram-negative uropathogenic bacteria to amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem and nitrofurantoin. Our study demonstrated synergistic effects of garlic extract with several antibiotics against uropathogenic bacteria, suggesting its potential use as an adjunctive therapy with antibiotics. However, further studies are required before it can be introduced for clinical use.
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Roopashree, S., S. Kaup, and S. Latharoy. "Occurrence of Non Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli and their Antibiotic Susceptibility patterns among clinical isolates: Special reference to Betalactamase production." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 13, no. 7 (2023): 13–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11107477.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Non-fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli (NFGNB) including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are one of the leading causes of Health Care Associated Infections & pose a serious challenge in treatment especially in Intensive care units. Resistance to antimicrobial agents in these bacteria has become an increasingly relevant problem in present scenario. With the increase in the incidence of Multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs) among NFGNB there are only limited options available. <strong>Methods: </strong>100 consecutive samples of NFGNB isolated from various clinical samples were included in the study. Identification & Antimicrobial Susceptibility patterns of NFGNB were performed according to Standard conventional methods. Phenotypic detection of various Beta-lacatamases like ESBL, AmpC & Carbapenemase were performed according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of 100 consecutive NFGNB isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa (66%), Acinetobacter baumannii complex (12%) & Other NFGNB (22%) were isolated. Cefipime was found to be the most effective antibiotic with 74% of the isolates being sensitive while Ciprofloxacin was found to be least effective with only 56% of the isolates being sensitive. 34% of isolates showed Multidrug Resistance. Out of 100 NFGNB isolated 96% isolates were AmpC producers, 40% isolates produced ESBL & 4% were Carbapenemase producers. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common NFGNB isolated from Clinical samples causing Healthcare Associated Infections. Multidrug Resistant organisms of NFGNB producing significant amount of Beta-lactamases are an issue of concern for clinicians. Strict Infection Prevention & control measures along with effective Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme in a healthcare set up is the need of the moment.
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Vijay, Vitore, and Gunwant Vijay Ahire. "Isolation and Antibiogram of Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli in Various Clinical Specimens: Implications for Antibiotic Therapy." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 4 (2024): 69–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12788112.
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Background: A broad class of aerobic, non-spore-forming bacilli known as non-fermentative gram-negativebacilli (NFGNB) either do not use carbohydrates as a source of energy or break them down by alternativemetabolic pathways to fermentation. Patients with certain illnesses or conditions are more likely to becomeinfected with non-fermenters. These include cancers, especially those affecting the reticuloendothelial system,instrumentation, surgery, urinary tract catheterizations, intravascular catheterization, lumbar punctures,tracheostomy, dialysis, lavages, shunt placement, prosthetics, prolonged antibiotic use, and chronic infections.Additional risk factors include exudative lesions, burns, and open wounds.Aim: The study's goal was to identify NFGNB down to the genus and species level and examine their pattern ofantibiotic sensitivity and resistance so that the appropriate empirical therapy could be chosen.Material and Method: The Microbiology Department's Bacteriology Section is where the current study wascarried out. Depending on the clinical diagnosis of each patient, a total of 400 clinical samples were taken frompatients who were hospitalized to the hospital's ICU and different wards. Urine, pus, blood, ear, high vaginal,sputum, endotracheal secretions, tracheal aspirate, and other bodily fluids were among them. Of the totalsamples, 250 samples were taken from patients admitted to different hospital wards, and 150 samples weretaken from patients in the intensive care unit. In accordance with the guidelines set forth by the institutionalethics committee, each research subject signed an informed consent form. Patients who wished to participate inthe trial or their guardians gave written, informed consent.Results: Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli were isolated from 400 clinical specimens accounting for anisolation rate of 10.20%. two fifty specimens (62.5%) showed polymicrobial infection where non-fermenterswere isolated along with other organisms, of which E. coli and S. aureus were commonly associated.Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in our study were highly susceptible to Colistin (96.79%), Amikacin,Tobramycin (75%), Piperacillin/Tazobactam (62.85%) and imipenem (59.61%) Like Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Acinetobacter baumanii was also highly susceptible to Colistin (85.10%). The drug Imipenem in our institutewas more sensitive to Acinetobacter (75.31%) as compared to Pseudomonas (59.61%).Conclusion: NFGNBs are becoming more and more significant opportunistic pathogens, and they are immuneto several conventional antibiotics. Underlying host variables were highly correlated with the result for each ofthese organisms. Microbiologists and clinics alike have challenges due to the interaction between thesemultidrug-resistant bacteria and the multidrug-resistant population of immune-compromised patients. Reducingmortality and improving patient management would be achieved by early diagnosis and the implementation ofempirical therapy based on the institute's local antibiogram data
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Gondha, Dr Suhani, Dr Ghanshyam Kavathia, and Dr Arpita Bhattacharya. "A Study of Isolation, Identification & Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Non-Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli Isolated From Various Clinical Samples at Tertiary Care Hospital Rajkot, Gujarat, Western India." Saudi Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 7, no. 6 (2022): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjpm.2022.v07i06.002.
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Introduction: Nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are a taxonomically diverse group of aerobic, nonsporing, bacilli that either do not utilize glucose as a source of energy or utilize it oxidatively. They occur as saprophytes in the environment and some are also found as commensals in the human gut. In recent year NFGNB have emerged as important health care associated pathogens. They have been incriminated in infections such as bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, wound infections, osteomyelitis etc. Materials and method: During Nine Month study period, various samples were collected aseptically and transported immediately to the bacteriology laboratory. The pathogens were identified by standard laboratory procedures including Gram’s staining, motility, culture, colony characters and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby Bauer method as per the CLSI guidelines using Muller-Hinton agar and available antibiotic disks. Result: A total number of 312 NFGNB were isolated from 4112 clinical samples. Most frequently isolates NFGNB were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42.62%) and Acinetobacter spp. (25.32%). NFGNB isolates were more common in males (58.33%) as compared to females (41.67%). Maximum sensitivity was seen to Polymyxin B (100%), Meropenem (83.45) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Meropenem (78.48%), Pipracillin-tazobactum (62.02%) in Acinetobacter spp. Conclusion: NFGNB are emerging as important pathogens and shows resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Minimized use of available antimicrobial, regular use antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance and strict infection control measures are required to control this emerging antimicrobial resistance among NFGNB.
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Al Hag, Wissam Ahmed, Hana Elbadawi, and Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid. "Use of 16s rRNA to identify non-lactose-fermenting bacilli and molecular detection of ESBL resistance genes associated with hospital-acquired infection in Soba University Hospital, Sudan." F1000Research 9 (November 10, 2020): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22541.1.
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Background: Non-lactose-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NLFGNB) have become significant nosocomial pathogens and often exhibit intrinsic multidrug resistance. Sequencing of 16s rRNA genes could be utilized for robust identification of NLFGNB. This study aimed to identify resistant NLFGNB associated with hospital-acquired infections using 16s rRNA sequencing and to detect the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes of isolates in Soba Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, laboratory-based study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018 at the Microbiology Department of Soba University Hospital. A total of 100 randomly selected NLFGNB samples were isolated from blood and urine during the time of the study. All the isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests and antimicrobial sensitivity testing, 16s rRNA gene sequencing, and bioinformatics techniques. Results: The biochemical tests revealed that, out of the 100 NLFGNB isolates, the Pseudomonas species was predominant (57 isolates), followed by gram-negative bacilli (33 isolates), Coccobacilli (9 isolates) and Coliform (1 isolate) species. Sequencing of 16s rRNA genes identified all the resistant isolates at the species level: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26%), Acinetobacter baumannii (22%), Burkholderia cepacia (13%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (10%), Enterococcus species (E. faecalis, E. faecium) (10%), and other GNB (Acinetobacter variabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Escherichia fergusonii, Enterobacter hormaechei and Pseudomonas stutzeri) (19%). The antimicrobial susceptibility tests indicated that 31 isolates were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics and contain the highest level of ESBL resistance genes. Conclusions: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were the most widely recognized NLFGNB identified from hospital-acquired infections in Soba hospital. Among the NLFGNB, antimicrobial resistance and ESBL resistance genes were observed at a high frequency.
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Swarna, SR, H. Vetreivellan, G. Prabakar, K. Manobalan, and T. Bharathi. "Antibiotic resistance pattern of aerobic bacterial isolates from patients with skin and soft tissue infections in Karaikal." IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases 9, no. 3 (2023): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2023.031.
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Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs) are considered as non-fatal burden with significant morbidity and disability. The important challenge of severe SSTIs is choosing a drug for empirical treatment. From this region, only limited local antibiogram data is available. To determine the frequency of different aerobic bacteria isolated from patients with SSTIs attending dermatology and surgery departments of GH, Karaikal and to study the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates. This is a prospective, cross-sectional study with 100 samples. Standard protocol was followed for collection, processing, identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. All isolates of and were screened for methicillin resistance and subsequently subjected to Oxacillin E-strip and Vancomycin E-strip to know the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. Isolates of Gram negative bacilli resistant to one or more carbapenems were tested for carbapenemase production using Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method (MCIM) and multi drug resistant (MDR) organisms were identified. Most effective antibiotic for methicillin sensitive (MSSA) are Clindamycin (82.75%), Gentamicin (80.95%) and Cotrimoxazole (75%). The methicillin resistant (MRSA) incidence is 6.89% (2/29). Around 66.67% (4/6) of was Cefoxitin resistant. The carbapenem resistance was found to be 13.88% (5/36). Around 43.13% (22/51) Gram negative bacilli were MDR. The presence of MRSA and carbapenemase producing Gram negative bacilli are worrisome. Further, routine surveillance is needed to monitor the trends in antibiotic resistant pattern. However, this data paves way for judicious use of antibiotics for treatment and to prevent development of resistance in future.
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Ganguly Bhattacharjee, Swagata, Ankita Banik, Sharanya Haldar, et al. "A study on clinico-demographic and microbiological profile of surgical site infection (SSI) in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata: An alarming trend." Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 11, no. 1 (2024): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2024.005.
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The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates surgical site infections SSI is major contributor of healthcare associated infections (HAI). Multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacilli are emerging pathogens. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of SSI and identify predominant pathogens with their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. It is a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study including 2070 suspected SSI specimens from 25809 surgeries between 1July 2021 to 30 June 2023. Organisms’ identification and AST was done by both conventional and automated methods. Data was collected and analysed on MS-Excel sheet with various charts and tables. In our study SSI rate was 6.3%, much higher than previous study (2.83%) from this institution. SSI rate was highest in plastic surgery (8.2%). Major pathogens of SSI were Gram-negative bacilli e.g., (26.34%), (25.59%) and (74.69%) was predominant among Gram-positive cocci. Gram-negative bacilli including enterobacterales and non-fermenter and showed resistance to major classes of broad- spectrum antibiotics. Methicillin resistance (MRSA) was 43.9%, which indicates need to improve infection control practices. Our study showed significant higher proportion of SSI as compared to previous studies from the same institute with alarming number of isolated MDR Gram-negative bacilli. So, this study focusses the need of robust infection control practices and strict implementation of antimicrobial stewardship to overcome challenges of antimicrobial resistance.
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Dantuluri, Keerti, Jeanne Forrester, Lisette Castro Benincasa, et al. "#3: Gram-Negative Antibacterial Resistance Prevalence at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central America." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_2 (2021): S16—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab031.036.
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Abstract Background Latin America has some of the highest rates of multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria worldwide. However, local surveillance registries to compare rates of resistance among countries are lacking, particularly in Central America. Awareness of local resistance patterns in this region is critical to improve antibiotic use and patient outcomes. We sought to measure the prevalence of resistant gram-negative bacilli (GNB) at a tertiary hospital in Guatemala. Methods We retrospectively conducted a single-center study to measure the percentage of GNB that were non-susceptible to various antibiotics between April and October of 2017. All cultures (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other body fluids) were collected as part of routine clinical care during the study period. Duplicate isolates, defined as multiple specimens with the same organism from the same patient, were excluded. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Bacterial isolates were categorized as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant based upon the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 27th edition per guidance from the National Laboratory of Guatemala. Results A total of 969 unique gram-negative isolates from 818 patients were included. Urine was the most common culture type. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. The percentage of GNB which were non-susceptible to individual antibiotics are detailed in Table 1. Of the isolates tested, 12 – 66% of GNB were non-susceptible to cephalosporins, 7 – 31% were non-susceptible to carbapenems, and 14 – 44% were non-susceptible to fluroquinolones. Conclusions The prevalence of multi-drug resistant GNB is high in Escuintla, Guatemala. Continued surveillance is vital to guide judicious and appropriate empiric antibiotic use in the setting of rising rates of antibiotic resistance. Local and regional resistance rates are known to vary, underlying the importance of developing more regional and national antibiotic resistance surveillance networks within Guatemala and other countries in Central America where there is a paucity of data.
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Choudhury, Kabita, Suman Kundu, Somnath Bhunia, Tanvi Mallick, Swagata Ganguly Bhattacharjee, and Jayanta Bikash Dey. "A Study on the Magnitude of Non-Fermenter Gram-Negative Bacilli and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Clinical Samples from a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kolkata." Journal of Comprehensive Health 12 (March 8, 2024): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.25259/jch_4_2023.
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Background: Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) were initially considered non-pathogenic contaminants but now have emerged as major pathogens because of increased isolation from clinical samples and emerging resistance to common antibacterial agents. Objectives: The study aims to determine the magnitude of NFGNB in clinical samples received at the Department of Microbiology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, for a period of one year. Material and Methods: The samples were processed according to standard procedures; for identification and antibiotic susceptibility test, Vitek 2 Compact (Biomerieux©) was used. Results: Out of 725 bacterial isolates, 169 (23.31%) NFGNB were identified during the entire study period. Pseudomonas spp. (n = 84) was isolated most frequently, followed by Acinetobacter spp. (n = 73), Burkholderia cepacia (n = 7), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 5). Both Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. showed greater susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam and poor susceptibility against cefepime. Conclusion: It is necessary to identify these drug resistant pathogens in healthcare setup. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these pathogens needs to be monitored to guide clinicians in better patient care and management by initiating proper antibiotic therapy.
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KUMAWAT, Supyar, Ved Prakash MAMORIA, and Richa SHARMA. "Antibacterial Susceptibility Patterns of Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli among Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Jaipur." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series of Medicine 5, no. 2 (2024): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscimed.2024.2.33.
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Introduction: In recent decades, infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii have also occurred outside the intensive care unit (ICU), affecting patients with comorbidities in the community. Most of the nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) cause nosocomial bloodstream infections, particularly in debilitated and immunocompromised hosts. Our study aimed to find out the antibacterial susceptibility patterns of NFGNB isolates in the clinical samples. Materials and methods: The study included all NFGNB isolates from various clinical samples that the clinical microbiology laboratory received from inpatients and outpatients at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Routine microscopy of samples was done. We performed Gram staining on all samples, with the exception of urine. We inoculated all clinical samples on blood agar and MacConkey agar, then incubated them at 37°C for 18-24 hours. Colony characteristics were observed. All organisms that generated pale or colorless colonies on MacConkey agar and exhibited Gram-negative bacteria upon Gram staining of the colony were classified as non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) and subsequently identified using the VITEK-2 compact system. Results. We identified 879 NFGNB isolates from a total of 10,707 clinical samples. Of these, 415 (47.21%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 378 (43.2%) were Acinetobacter baumannii. The majority of isolates were from males in the age group of 61-70 years (13.76%), followed by the age group 41-50 years (12.85%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most commonly isolated from pus swab (13.42%), and Acinetobacter baumannii was isolated most commonly from endotracheal secretions (21.4%). Conclusions. Increasing antibiotic resistance will lead to challenges in managing all NFGNB unless appropriate measures are implemented and novel medications are developed. In order to prevent the spreading of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter strains, infection control measures should be taken, clinicians and laboratory workers should cooperate during antibiotic use, and hospital hygienic rules should be observed.
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Qadi, Mohammad, Rasha Khayyat, Mohammed A. AlHajhamad, et al. "Microbes on the Mobile Phones of Healthcare Workers in Palestine: Identification, Characterization, and Comparison." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2021 (February 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8845879.
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Background. Healthcare workers (HCWs) may be using their mobile phones (MPs) to carry microbes that cause hospital-acquired and community infections in general. With antibiotic resistance problem emergence, these infections can be challenging to eradicate. Hence, this study aimed to determine the microbial contamination of HCW MPs and identify and classify bacterial isolates in Palestine. Methods. This was a 7-month comparative cross-sectional analysis of 200 HCW MPs from 2 hospitals and 100 MPs from university students (non-HCWs). Data collection was done using a self-administrated questionnaire, and a swab sample from both HCW and non-HCW MPs was obtained and transferred to An-Najah National University (NNU) microbiology lab for bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility. Data were analyzed using Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS) version 22.0. Result. Among HCWs, the microbial contamination was 87.5%. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; 67.3%), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA; 17.5%), Gram-positive bacilli (4.1%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; 1.6%), and Gram-negative species (1.6%) were the most predominant bacterial isolates. More than half of staphylococci isolates were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin. Male gender, using a mobile phone in the bathroom, and entry to the operating theatre were associated with mobile phone contamination and increased resistance against specific antibiotics. Among non-HCWs, the contamination was 86%. The most predominant bacterial isolates were CoNS, MSSA, and Gram-positive bacilli, with a contamination of 66.8%, 28.5%, and 2.6%, respectively. No MRSA or Gram-negative species were detected in this group. Antibiotic resistance percentage of staphylococci was nearly half of that yielded in the HCW group against each antibiotic. Conclusion. Significant numbers of bacteria have been isolated from HCW MPs. Working in a hospital environment frequently raises the probability of presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on a MP. Therefore, infection control teams should discuss methods to prevent the transmission of drug-resistant pathogens from HCW MPs.
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Emami, Amir, Neda Pirbonyeh, Abdolkhalegh Keshavarzi, Abdollah Bazargani, Somayeh Hassanpour та Fatemeh Javanmardi. "Evaluating the Saliva of Burn ICU Patients for Resistant Infections Harbor Metallo-β-Lactamase Genes". Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, № 3 (2020): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa007.
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Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the bacteria which increasingly account for nosocomial infections. Due to high virulence, the rate of Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) and limited availability of new agents, these infections create significant clinical burdens, making it important to identify the possible sources of their occurrence. The aim of this study was to assess non-lactose fermenting bacteria and their metallo-β-lactamase (MBLs) genes expression in the Burn Intensive Care Unit (BICU) patients’ saliva samples. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2017 to 2018 on 124 saliva samples of BICU patients. Identified isolates were evaluated for drug susceptibility by disc diffusion method. MBLs production isolates were detected by Modified Hodge test and Imipenem-EDTA Combined disk. MBLs related genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 86 Gram negative non-lactose fermenting bacteria (38; A. baumannii) and (48; P. aeruginosa), were detected. All of the A. baumannii isolates were resistant to Carbapenems, while more than 90% of them were sensitive to Colistin. However, the highest sensitivity in P. aeruginosa isolates was related to Carbapenems and Colistin. More than 95% of A. baumannii and 32% of P. aeruginosa were detected MDR. MBLs production was confirmed in 9 (33.33%) P. aeruginosa and 18 (66.67%) A. baumannii isolates. The blaVIM was the most prevalent gene, while this gene was detected in all of MBLs positive strains. This study confirmed the prevalence of carbapenemase producer Gram-negative bacilli in the saliva of BICU patients. The results of the present study provide a new data set about saliva infection source that could lead to the proper antibiotic regimen and better control of drug resistance.
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Abdeta, Abera, Adane Bitew, Surafel Fentaw, et al. "Phenotypic characterization of carbapenem non-susceptible gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical specimens." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0256556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256556.
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Background Multidrug resistant, extremely drug-resistant, pan-drug resistant, carbapenem-resistant, and carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria are becoming more common in health care settings and are posing a growing threat to public health. Objective The study was aimed to detect and phenotypically characterize carbapenem no- susceptible gram-negative bacilli at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Materials and methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from June 30, 2019, to May 30, 2020, at the national reference laboratory of the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Clinical samples were collected, inoculated, and incubated for each sample in accordance with standard protocol. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Identification was done using the traditional biochemical method. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant isolates were classified using a standardized definition established by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the United States Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. Gram-negative organisms with reduced susceptibility to carbapenem antibiotics were considered candidate carbapenemase producers and subjected to modified carbapenem inactivation and simplified carbapenem inactivation methods. Meropenem with EDTA was used to differentiate metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) from serine carbapenemase. Meropenem (MRP)/meropenem + phenylboronic acid (MBO) were used to differentiate Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) from other serine carbapenemase producing gram-negative organisms. Results A total of 1,337 clinical specimens were analyzed, of which 429 gram-negative bacterial isolates were recovered. Out of 429 isolates, 319, 74, and 36 were Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. In our study, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, carbapenemase-producing, and carbapenem nonsusceptible gram-negative bacilli were 45.2%, 7.7%, 5.4%, and 15.4% respectively. Out of 429 isolates, 66 demonstrated reduced susceptibility to the antibiotics meropenem and imipenem. These isolates were tested for carbapenemase production of which 34.8% (23/66) were carbapenemase producers. Out of 23 carbapenemase positive gram-negative bacteria, ten (10) and thirteen (13) were metallo-beta-lactamase and serine carbapenemase respectively. Three of 13 serine carbapenemase positive organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase. Conclusion This study revealed an alarming level of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extremely drug-resistant, carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria, particularly among intensive care unit patients at the health facility level. These findings point to a scenario in which clinical management of infected patients becomes increasingly difficult and necessitates the use of “last-resort” antimicrobials likely exacerbating the magnitude of the global AMR crisis. This mandates robust AMR monitoring and an infection prevention and control program.
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Cross, Alan S., Steven M. Opal, John E. Palardy, et al. "A pilot study of an anti-endotoxin Ig-enriched bovine colostrum to prevent experimental sepsis." Innate Immunity 27, no. 3 (2021): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17534259211007538.
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Despite the dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance, there is a dearth of antibiotics in development and few pharmaceutical companies working in the field. Further, any new antibiotics are likely to have a short shelf life. Ab-based interventions offer alternatives that are not likely to be circumvented by the widely prevalent antibiotic resistance genes. Bovine colostrum (BC)—the first milk after parturition, rich in nutrients and immune components—promotes gut integrity and modulates the gut microbiome. We developed a hyperimmune BC (HBC) enriched in Abs to a highly conserved LOS core region of Gram-negative bacteria by immunizing pregnant cows with a vaccine comprised of detoxified LOS from Escherichia coli O111 Rc (J5) mutant non-covalently complexed to group B meningococcal outer membrane protein (J5dLOS/OMP). This vaccine generated robust levels of anti-J5 LOS Ab in the colostrum. When given orally to neutropenic rats challenged orally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, administration of HBC improved survival compared to non-immune rats, while both BC preparations improved survival compared to PBS controls. Elevated circulating endotoxin levels correlated with mortality. HBC and to a lesser extent non-immune BC reduced bacterial burden from the liver, lung, and spleen. We conclude that HBC and to a lesser extent BC may be effective supplements that improve outcome from lethal gut-derived disseminated infection and may reduce transmission of Gram-negative bacilli from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Sharma, Vasundhara, Pallavi Chitrans, Mazher Maqusood, et al. "Bacteriological profile and their antibiogram from Endotracheal aspirate and Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from intensive care unit patients." IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases 7, no. 4 (2021): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2021.053.
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Bacterial respiratory infections are most commonly causes of illness for all age group patients in ICU. Most of the patients suffer from urosepsis, postoperative disease and lower respiratory infection when admitted in ICU’s. The main purpose of this study is control in ICU’s infection & determine their antibiotic sensitivity pattern for better treatment of patients. Bacteriological profile and their antibiogram from endotracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from intensive care unit patients.We performed manual culture of Endotracheal aspirate & BAL fluid specimens collected from ICU’s patients. Samples were cultured on Blood agar and Mac-Conkey agar then incubated at 37C for 24 hours. Any growth were further confirmed by Gram stain and appropriate biochemical tests, and then Antibiotic sensitivity test was done. Among the 123 mechanically ventilated patients and 68 of them developed positive samples. In this study 55.3% (68) pathogenic isolates, 4.1% (5) were non pathogenic isolates and 40.6 (50) were no growth isolates in BAL and endotracheal aspirate samples. In which 67.6% (46) male and 32.4% (22) female patients. Older population falling in the 40-50 years of age group contributes the majority (27.64%) of the infection undergoing treatment for LRT infection in ICU’s patients in TMMC & RC, Moradabad, and in 70-80 years of age group (4.06%) was less contributes of this infection. Among the causative agents, were most common among gram negatives and was common among the gram positive isolates. In our study more resistance gram positive antibiotics were CIP, E, LE, and most sensitive antibiotics were VA, LZ, GEN and TEI. And gram negative bacteria most resistant antibiotics were OF, CPM, CAZ, CIP, CTR, MRP, LE, IPM, PIT and most sensitive antibiotics were AK, GEN, CL, TGC. In this study we conclude that Gram-negative bacilli were predominant in BAL fluid and endotracheal aspirates of ICU patients. Out of 68 multidrug resistance isolates, 1.47% were MRSA, 41.17% were ESBL and 57.36% were MBL isolates higher rate of ESBL production seen in spp., and higher rate of MBL production in spp.High incidence of VAP and the potential MDR pathogens are a real threat in our ICU’s. Combined approach of judicious antibiotic usage and training programs to health care personnel might be of help in combatting high incidence of antibiotic resistance in our institute.
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Nazarchuk, O. A., and V. I. Nahaichuk. "Antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii as agent of surgery infection and approaches to its overcoming by means of deca-methoxinum antiseptic." Perioperaciina Medicina 1, no. 2 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/prmd.v1i2.2.
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Introduction. Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli are known as one of the most frequent causative agents of hospital-acquired infections. Acinetobacter baumannii, as causative agent of infection complications of different localization, has obtained recently high resistance to anti-biotics and has belonged to ESKAPE group of pathogens. Antimicrobials, recommended for the prophylaxis and therapy of hospital-acquired infections, have been failing in their effectiveness and lead to selection of antibiotic resistant strains of A. baumannii.
 The aim of this research was to substantiate the way of overcoming of resistance in clinical strains of A. baumannii, by means of synergic antimicrobial activity of antibiotics and antiseptic decamethoxinum®.
 Material and methods. The research was carried out on 190 clinical strains of A. baumannii, isolated from patients with burn disease during the period 2011–2015. The sensitivity of clinical strains of A. baumannii was determined to such antibiotics as ampicillin/sulbactam, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, meropenem, imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and antiseptic decamethoxinum® (DCM; Registration certificate No UA/14444/01/01 since 24.06.2015. Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No 373). The sensitivity of A. baumannii to antibiotics and DCM was determined by means of disk diffusion test and serial dilution (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No167 since 05.04.2007; EUCAST expert rules).The study of the influence of antiseptic DCM on the sensitivity of acinetobacteria to antibiotics was studied on 35 clinical strains of A. baumannii, drafted from the general number of isolates enrolled in the research. For this, the sensitivity of A. baumannii to antibiotics in the presence of sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (subMIC) of DCM was identified. The received experimental data were analyzed by “Statistica 6.0”.
 Results and discussion. The changes of antibiotic sensitivity profile of A. baumannii for five years were shown. It was found that the sensitivity of A. baumannii to majority of antibiotics, selected for study, decreased significantly. But the only ampicillin/sulbactam was found to have vice versa tendency. We found the rising quantity of antibiotic resistant strains of A. baumannii. At the same time, high resistance of acinetobacteria to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin– 96,1%; gatifloxacin– 95,8%) was found in 2015.
 The in vitro research of combined activity of DCM antiseptic remedy and early mentioned antibiotics against clinical strains of A. baumannii demonstrated the reveal antibiotic effectiveness. As follows, minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics decreased in 1.5–4 times in the mediums which contained subMIC of DCM. Especially this tendency was found in resistant clinical strains.
 Conclusion. Under selective influence of antibiotics protected by β-lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones aminoglycosides increase the antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii, causative agents of infectious complications in patients with burn disease. The antiseptic remedy decamethoxinum® helps to improve antibiotic sensitivity in resistant A. baumannii.
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Souza, Marilia M., Jéssica T. Bordin, Ana Cláudia L. Pavan, et al. "Antimicrobial resistance evaluation of bacteria isolated from infections in small animals in the Umuarama region, Paraná." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 40, no. 10 (2020): 804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6420.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: Bacterial resistance is shown to be an inevitable side effect due to the excessive use of antibiotics, becoming a significant concern worldwide. Knowledge of regional bacterial resistance profiles enables the development of site-specific infection control practices, making conscious and moderate use of commercially available antibiotics. The aim of this study was the retrospective evaluation of the antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from companion animal infections in the region of Umuarama/PR, from 2013 to 2017. This research was performed by analyzing the database belonging to the “Laboratório de Microbiologia Animal” at the “Universidade Estadual de Maringá” (UEM). Staphylococcus spp. represented 45.53% of the bacteria isolated from clinical infections in small animals in the period and place evaluated, followed by enterobacteria (34.04%), non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB, 11.06%) and Streptococcus/Enterococcus (9.36%). A high number of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine was found. The lowest resistances associated with the best impact factor values were found for aminoglycosides, especially amikacin, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin). Intermediate results were found for sulbactam-associated ampicillin, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and enrofloxacin. According to the number of resistant antimicrobial drugs, 64.26% (151/235) of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant, being 15.32% extensively resistant. Considering the resistance to antimicrobial classes, 68.94% (162/235) of the isolates were classified as multiresistant, being 19.15% extensively resistant. No bacterial strains were characterized as pan-resistant, but ten bacteria were resistant to all classes tested, with isolated susceptibility to certain drugs. Through the evaluation of resistance profiles found in the period and place studied and relevant literature, it is clear that there is a growing increase in the number of multiresistant bacteria among domestic animals which characterizes a serious risk to public health. The therapeutic arsenal is becoming increasingly diminished, and there is more difficulty in empirical drug selection, making antimicrobial susceptibility testing essential for more specific selection in antimicrobial therapy. Educational measures on the conscious use of antibiotics, infection control, and prevention of local specific zoonoses need to be instituted for the knowledge of health professionals and general access of the population.