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Journal articles on the topic 'Non Fermenting Gram negative bacilli'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Bala, Kumud, Ridhima Wadhwa, and Rachana Bohra. "“ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTOSE AND NON- LACTOSE FERMENTING BACTERIA FROM TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST”." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15186.

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Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify the fermenting and non-fermenting gram negative bacteria from the tertiary care hospital.Methods: The conventional method of identification by biochemical analysis and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Furthermore, analysis of microbes was done by Vitek-2.Results: 424strains of lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli were isolated from 3097 clinical samples. From the total lactose fermenting bacteria Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate accounting for 50.94% specimens, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 27.59% and Enterobacter 0.47%. From the total non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant isolate accounting for 12.73% specimens followed by Pseudomonas aeroginosa 6.13%, other isolates were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1.17% , Burkholderia cepacia 0.94%. In the present study male were more infected than female. The study also showed that lactose fermenting bacteria were more infectious than non lactose-fermenting bacteria and isolates were from urine samples.Conclusion: Both Non-Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli and Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli were found to be major contaminants, and are important pathogenic bacteria causing wide range of infections in the tertiary care hospital.Keywords: Lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria, Vitek-2, Tertiary Care Hospital, Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion, Lactose non-fermenting gram negative bacteria

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Bitew, Adane. "High Prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistance and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Production in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli in Ethiopia." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 12 (January 2019): 117863371988495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178633719884951.

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Background: Emergence of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli is a major problem to public health, as it limits drug treatment options against infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of multi-drug resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamase production in Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli. Materials and methods: Different clinical samples were collected and processed following standard procedures. Each sample was then inoculated onto culture media. Identification, drug susceptibility testing, and extended spectrum beta lactamase production of the isolates were carried out by using the VITEK 2 compact system. Results: Among 996 clinical samples, 135 samples yielded Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli of which Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species were the commonest isolates. The overall drug resistance rates of Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli were above 80% against ampicillin (89.6%), cefuroxime axetil (88.9%), nitrofurantoin (85.9%), cefalotin (84.4%), cefoxitin (83.7%), cefazolin (83.0%), and cefuroxime (83.0%). Tobramycin with a resistance rate of 19.3% was the most active antimicrobial agent. Out of 135 isolates, 81.5% were multi-drug resistant of which 13.3% were extensively drug resistant and 10.4% were pandrug resistant. Extended spectrum beta lactamase production was detected in 48.9% of the isolates. Conclusions: The spectrum of bacterial species isolated was diverse. The isolates demonstrated high level of drug resistance in different classes of antibiotics. The magnitude of multi-drug resistance and the level of extended spectrum beta lactamase production were high. Hence, further studies on multi-drug resistant and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli both in the community and in hospital setting are essential.

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Aprameya, IndumathiVrithamani. "Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) other than Pseudomonas." Journal of The Academy of Clinical Microbiologists 15, no. 2 (2013): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-1282.124588.

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Bhuvaneshwari, G., A. S. Shameembanu, and M. Kalyani. "Disinfectant Susceptibility Testing of Non-Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 11, no. 4 (2018): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00244.5.

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Fatima, Ambreen, Mehwish Rizvi, Mehwish Sajjad, Hareem Gohar, Wajiha Iffat, and Rabia Bushra. "Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Uro-Pathogens emphasizing non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 74, no. 4 (2024): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.9317.

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Objectives: To identify various species of non-lactose fermenting gram-negative bacilli involved in urinary tract infections, and to determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Method: The retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1 to April 1, 2022, at the Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, and comprised data from the institutional diagnostic laboratory that was related to urine samples regardless of age and gender from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25. Results: Of the 103,887 urine samples, 41,280(39.7%) were positive, 51,146(49.2%) showed no bacterial growth, 11,000(10.6%) had non-significant bacterial growth and 461(0.4%) had mixed bacterial growth. Of the positive samples, 18359(44.5%) were positive in 2020, and 22,921(55.5%) in 2021. Gram-negative lactose fermenting bacteria included escherichia coli 23,123(22.3%) and klebsiella pneumoniae 2,993(2.9%), gram-negative non-lactose fermenting bacteria included pseudomonas aeruginosa 1,110(1.07%), and gram-positive bacteria included enterococcus 8,008(7.7%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most resistant against tobramycin 880(79.3%) and least resistant against piperacillin-tazobactam 146(13%). Conclusion: Piperacillin-tazobactam was highly sensitive drug against non-lactose fermenting uro-pathogens. Key Words: Antimicrobial resistance, Non-lactose fermenting, Gram-negative bacteria, Urinary tract infection.

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Gunasekar, Bhuvaneshwari. "MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE INDEXING OF NON- FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17717.

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Objective: The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing and finding Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria will help to indicate the origin from high risk of contamination where the antibiotics are often used. Hence this study was carried out to give the MAR index of non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital which would help our infection control team also.Methods: Drug resistance was tested by Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method. MAR index was calculated using the formula, a/b (were a= number of antibiotics to which the organism was resistant and b= total number of antibiotics to which the organism was tested).Results: Out of 240 Gram negative non-fermenters isolated, 117 (49%) strains were greater than 0.2 of MAR index, 95(81%) was from in-patient department. 73(62%) were hospitalized for more than 3 days, 44 (38%) was from surgery department. 49(42%) was wound specimen. Out of 117 multiple antibiotic resistant isolates 99 (85%) were MDR isolates.Conclusion: 51% prevalence of isolates >0.2 MAR index shows that the source of contamination can still be brought up down by proper surveillance and management with proper usage of surface and skin disinfectants especially in surgery ward where the MAR index has indicated more usage of antibiotics

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Bhat, Sevitha, Renu Sharma, and Zenith Euphemia. "CARBAPENEM RESISTANCE IN CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT NON FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental sciences 2, no. 47 (2013): 9131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/1583.

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Gniadek, Thomas J., Karen C. Carroll, and Patricia J. Simner. "Carbapenem-Resistant Non-Glucose-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli: the Missing Piece to the Puzzle." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 7 (2016): 1700–1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03264-15.

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The non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilliPseudomonas aeruginosaandAcinetobacter baumanniiare increasingly acquiring carbapenem resistance. Given their intrinsic antibiotic resistance, this can cause extremely difficult-to-treat infections. Additionally, resistance gene transfer can occur between Gram-negative species, regardless of their ability to ferment glucose. Thus, the acquisition of carbapenemase genes by these organisms increases the risk of carbapenemase spread in general. Ultimately, infection control practitioners and clinical microbiologists need to work together to determine the risk carried by carbapenem-resistant non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (CR-NF) in their institution and what methods should be considered for surveillance and detection of CR-NF.

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Schaumann, Reiner, Nicolas Knoop, Gelimer H. Genzel, et al. "Discrimination of Enterobacteriaceae and Non-fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry." Open Microbiology Journal 7, no. 1 (2013): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801307010118.

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Discrimination of Enterobacteriaceae and Non-fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has proven to be an effective identification tool in medical microbiology. Discrimination to subspecies or serovar level has been found to be challenging using commercially available identification software. By forming our own reference database and using alternative analysis methods, we could reliably identify all implemented Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting gram negative bacilli by MALDI-TOF MS and even succeeded to distinguish Shigella sonnei from Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica spp. enterica serovar Enteritidis from Salmonella enterica spp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Furthermore, the method showed the ability to separate Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) from non-enteropathogenic E. coli.

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Moussa, Diawara, Coulibaly Modibo, Samaké Dramane, et al. "Antimicrobial resistant in Gram-negative bacilli: Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacilli isolated at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 1 (2022): 008–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5919584.

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Background: β-lactams and carbapenems are the major antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacilli. However, the increasing production of β-lactamase and carbapenemase limits the therapeutic options. Our study aims to determine the resistant phenotypes of these bacteria while describing their epidemiological aspect. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by consecutive enrollment from January 2018 to December 2019 at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali. We performed manual method for bacteria culture, identification and antibiotics sensitivity testing. The antibiotics sensitivity testing was accessed by the diffusion method according to CA-SFM/EUCAST (“Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie” / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) recommendations V1.0 february 2018 and V2.0 may 2019 2019 V.2.0. May recommendation released in 2019. Data were analyzed by software R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73 Catalina build (7892). Results: At all 904 samples were included in this study. Out of the 904 cultures, 297 sample (32.85%) were positive. The rates of enzymes production were as follow: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) 56.42% (101/179), cepholosporinase hyperproduction (HCASE) 15.64% (28/179), cephalosporinase production (CASE) 6.14% (11/179), penicillinase hyperproduction (HP) 5.58% (10/179), carbapenemase production (CP) 6.14% (11/179) and savage strains 10.05% (18/179). Conclusion: Our data showed a high prevalence of resistance to β-lactamins and carbapenemes in gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacillus bacilli. The A high level of β-lactamase and carbapenemase production by gram negative bacillius were also reported by others authors calls for the rational use of antibiotic in hospital setting.

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Moussa Diawara, Modibo Coulibaly, Dramane Samaké, et al. "Antimicrobial resistant in Gram-negative bacilli: Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacilli isolated at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 1 (2022): 008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.18.1.0021.

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Background: β-lactams and carbapenems are the major antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacilli. However, the increasing production of β-lactamase and carbapenemase limits the therapeutic options. Our study aims to determine the resistant phenotypes of these bacteria while describing their epidemiological aspect. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by consecutive enrollment from January 2018 to December 2019 at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali. We performed manual method for bacteria culture, identification and antibiotics sensitivity testing. The antibiotics sensitivity testing was accessed by the diffusion method according to CA-SFM/EUCAST (“Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie” / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) recommendations V1.0 february 2018 and V2.0 may 2019 2019 V.2.0. May recommendation released in 2019. Data were analyzed by software R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73 Catalina build (7892). Results: At all 904 samples were included in this study. Out of the 904 cultures, 297 sample (32.85%) were positive. The rates of enzymes production were as follow: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) 56.42% (101/179), cepholosporinase hyperproduction (HCASE) 15.64% (28/179), cephalosporinase production (CASE) 6.14% (11/179), penicillinase hyperproduction (HP) 5.58% (10/179), carbapenemase production (CP) 6.14% (11/179) and savage strains 10.05% (18/179). Conclusion: Our data showed a high prevalence of resistance to β-lactamins and carbapenemes in gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacillus bacilli. The A high level of β-lactamase and carbapenemase production by gram negative bacillius were also reported by others authors calls for the rational use of antibiotic in hospital setting.

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Chumbita, Mariana, Patricia Monzo-Gallo, Carlos Lopera-Mármol, Tommaso Francesco Aiello, Pedro Puerta-Alcalde, and Carolina Garcia-Vidal. "New treatments for multidrug-resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli Infections." Revista Española de Quimioterapia 35, Suppl3 (2022): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37201/req/s03.12.2022.

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Ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam and cefiderocol belong to a novel generation of antibiotics that correspond with the β-lactam family. It is necessary to having new options in treating infections caused by Gram-negative, non-fermenting multidrug-resistant bacilli due to the significant increase in multidrug resistance in the last decades. Knowing the main characteristics of each drug is key for correct use.

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Ayibieke, A., A. Kobayashi, S. Mahazu, et al. "Antibiotic resistance among GRAM-negative glucose non-fermenting bacilli from Ghana." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S535—S536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1125.

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Kottila, Reshma, and Vimalin Hena. "Antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation among lactose fermenting Gram negative bacilli causing urinary tract infection." Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 14, no. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jmid.2024.v14.i1.1.

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Background: A urinary tract infection is an epidemic infection of any part of the urinary system, which is very common, causes serious health problems and morbidity. UTI mainly caused by bacteria, fungus, parasites, viruses. Both gram negative and gram positive bacteria were causes UTI, among this majority of pathogens are gram negative bacilli. Very common bacterial pathogens are E.coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus and pseudomonas. Aim: The study helps to know the importance of lactose gram negative bacilli in urinary tract, status of drug susceptibility among those bacteria. Since biofilm formation leads to persistence of infection and drug resistance among bacteria, this study will provide information on status of biofilm formation among lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli causing urinary tract infection. Methods: The study was performed during the year MAY 2019 to AUGUST 2019 at the Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College Derlakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka. Almost 86 urine samples were collected during the study period. From the culture plate identified lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting organisms, my study was focused on lactose fermenting organisms. Results: During the study period 86 samples were collected and processed, from which E.coli (60.46%) is the most common pathogen that was isolated from the urine and second most bacteria is klebsiella(32.55%) followed by Enterobacter (6.99%). The study shows that E.coli mainly affects females than males. Conclusion: In this study I observed that females are the most important group which causes urinary tract infection very easily as opposed to males. The most habitual uropathogens was E.coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. Those organisms show resistance to most of the antibiotics.

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Anjum, Afsana, Dey Sangeeta, and Akhter Kahkashan. "Characterization of Non Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli and Determination of Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 5 (2023): 635–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12574155.

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Background: Non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) are capable of causing a variety of infections like bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections including burn and surgical wound infections, endocarditis, meningitis and urinary tract infections. Furthermore, infections caused by NFGNB are not limited to hospital settings and cases involving otherwise healthy individuals of all age groups, occurring in community settings, following natural disasters and wars has been reported. Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2022 in the Microbiology laboratory in Katihar Medical College, Katihar. 120 consecutive isolates of NFGNB were identified by VITEK 2 Gram Negative identification card and susceptibility testing was performed using the same instrument. Results: Out of 120 NFGNB 41.7% was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 25.0% was Acinetobacter baumannii, 15.8% was Burkholderia cepacia, 6.7% was Pseudomonas putida, 3.3% was Pseudomonas oleovorans and Alkaligenes spp, S. maltophillia and Sphingomonas paucimobili were2.5% each. P. aeruginosa showed maximum susceptibility to levofloxacin 66% and maximum resistance to ceftazidime 62%, Acinetobacter baumannii showed maximum susceptibility to minocycline and maximum resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam whereas Burkholderia cepacia showed maximum sensitivity to trimethoprim/ sulfamethaxazole. Conclusion: The present study gives us indication regarding the occurrence of NFGNB in Eastern Bihar. Isolation of non-fermenters and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern should be regarded with seriousness by Microbiology laboratories, in clinical practice and in clinical epidemiology because being resistant to multiple antibiotics, their prevalence not only limits treatment options but they also act as reservoir of drug resistance genes.

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Oliveira, Susan Beatriz Batista de, Erilene Cristina da Silva Furtado, Rosa Márcia Saraiva Gentil, et al. "Phenotypic and genotypic profile of multiresistant bacterial strains from the Laboratory Surveillance Network of the State of Pará (LACEN/PA)." CONTRIBUCIONES A LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES 18, no. 6 (2025): e18756. https://doi.org/10.55905/revconv.18n.6-186.

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Antibiotic resistance has reached alarming proportions since the COVID-19 pandemic due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. This phenomenon is already being identified as one of the greatest global threats of the century. In light of this, the objective of this article was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic profile of multidrug-resistant strains of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) from the Central Laboratory of the State of Pará (LACEN-PA) during the period from 2019 to 2022. Phenotypic identification and antimicrobial resistance profile were analyzed using the automated VITEK® 2 bioMérieux method. The results showed that 55.7% of the isolated strains were fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-F) and 44.3% were non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB-NF). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most isolated bacterium (46%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (19.9%), and Enterobacteriaceae (9.7%). The resistance genes found in K. pneumoniae were blaKPC and blaNDM; in P. aeruginosa, they were blaSPM, blaKPC, blaIMP, and blaNDM; in A. baumannii, they were blaOXA-23, blaIMP, blaNDM, blaOXA-14.

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Gautam, V., P. Ray, P. Vandamme, et al. "Identification of lysine positive non-fermenting gram negative bacilli(Stenotrophomonas maltophiliaandBurkholderia cepaciacomplex)." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 27, no. 2 (2009): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.49425.

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Santos, Silvana Oliveira dos, Sthefanine Martins La Rocca, and Rosmari Hörner. "Colistin resistance in non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli in a university hospital." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 20, no. 6 (2016): 649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2016.08.009.

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Shah, Atit Dineshchandra, Urvashi Natubhai Limbachia, Bhavin K. Prajapati, et al. "Occurrence of Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli and Their In Vitro Susceptibility Pattern by Vitek 2 at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital – An Observational Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 8 (2021): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/84.

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BACKGROUND Non fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are a group of heterogenous, aerobic and non-sporing saprophytic bacteria, found as commensals in humans and other animals primarily causing opportunistic healthcare-associated infections. They are innately resistant to many antibiotics and are known to acquire resistance by various mechanisms. They pose a particular difficulty for the healthcare community because multidrug resistance is common and increasing among them and a number of strains have now been identified that exhibit pan drug resistance. This study was conducted to isolate and identify various non-fermenter gram negative bacilli (NFGNB), to study their antibiotic sensitivity pattern and their clinical significance from various clinical samples. METHODS A study was undertaken from March 2019 to February 2020 to isolate NFGNB from various clinical samples received for culture and sensitivity in the department of microbiology in a tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad. Non lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar plates were further processed by Vitek 2 to identify them and to study their antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). RESULTS A total of 2010 NFGNB were isolated from various clinical samples and their AST was evaluated by Vitek 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (52.7 %) and Acinetobacter baumannii (36.5 %) were the most common NFGNB isolated. Carbapenem resistance was 93 % for Acinetobacter species and 61 % for Pseudomonas species. CONCLUSIONS Accurate and rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of NFGNB help in early initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and proper management of patients thereby help in reducing emergence of MDR strains of NFGNB, mortality and overall hospital stay. KEYWORDS NFGNB – Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli, Multidrug Resistance, Pan Drug Resistance, Carbapenem Resistance

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Sadyrbaeva-Dolgova, Svetlana, María del Mar Sánchez-Suárez, Juan Antonio Reguera Márquez, and Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio. "The Challenge of Bacteremia Treatment due to Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria." Microorganisms 11, no. 4 (2023): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040899.

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Nosocomial infections caused by non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria are a real challenge for clinicians, especially concerning the accuracy of empirical treatment. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristic, empirical antibiotic therapy, accuracy of these prescriptions for appropriate coverage and risk factor for clinical failure of bloodstream infections due to non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli. This retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted between January 2016 and June 2022. Data were collected from the hospital’s electronic record. The statistic tests corresponding to each objective were applied. A multivariate logistic regression was performed. Among the total 120 patients included in the study, the median age was 63.7 years, and 79.2% were men. Considering the appropriate empirical treatment rate by species, inappropriate treatment for S. maltophilia was 72.4% (p = 0.088), for A. baumanii 67.6% and 45.6% for P. aeruginosa. Clinical success was achieved in 53.3%, and overall, 28-day mortality was 45.8%. ICU admission, sepsis or shock septic, age, previous antibiotic treatment and contact with healthcare facilities were independently associated with clinical failure. In conclusion, bloodstream infection produced by multidrug-resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria is a significant therapeutic management challenge for clinicians. The accuracy of empirical treatment is low due to the fact that it is not recommended to cover these microorganisms empirically, especially S. maltophilia and A. baumanii.

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Nazir, Asifa, Bushra Yousuf Peerzada, and Ifshana Sana. "Spectrum of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli isolated from patients with blood stream infections in a tertiary care hospital in North India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 5 (2019): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20191672.

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Background: Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are emerging as important causes of blood stream infections (BSI) and they are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. High intrinsic resistance of NFGNB to antimicrobial compounds makes the treatment of BSIs caused by them difficult and expensive. The aim of this study was to assess frequency and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of non-fermenting gram-negative rods isolated from blood culture of patients.Methods: A total of 3016 blood samples were received in the Department of Microbiology during the study period. All samples were processed according to standard microbiological procedures. Blood culture was done by automated blood culture system, (BacT/Alert) and identification and antibiotic susceptibility of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli was done by VITEK2 Compact System.Results: A total of 120 NFGNB were identified out of which the most common non-fermenters isolated were Acinetobacter sp. (95) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11), Burkholderia cepacia (09) Sternotrophomonas maltophilia (03) and Sphingomonas sp. (02). Most of the non -fermenters were multi drug resistant showing a high level of antibiotic resistance to most of the first- and second-line drugs. The most effective drugs were colistin and tigecycline.Conclusions: This study underlines the need to identify NFGNB in tertiary care hospitals and to monitor their susceptibility pattern to guide the clinician for better care and management of patients. Improved antibiotic stewardship and strict infection control measures especially hand washing need to be implemented to prevent emergence and spread of multidrug resistant NFGNB in health care settings.

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Gautam, Vikas, Rajni Thapar, Pallab Ray, and Palash Samanta. "Emerging resistance of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care centre." Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 54, no. 3 (2011): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.85150.

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Deshmukh, DurgeshG, KishorV Ingole, AmolM Zade, and JolhfK Mathai. "State of the globe: Non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli challenges and potential solutions." Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 5, no. 4 (2013): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-777x.121983.

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Barbosa, Thaís Alves, Maria Regina Bentlin, Lígia Maria Suppo de Souza Rugolo, et al. "Molecular Characterization of Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Phenotypic and Molecular Detection of ESBL and Carbapenemase." Antibiotics 14, no. 4 (2025): 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040342.

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Introduction: The increase in the rates of multidrug-resistant bacteria in healthcare environments has been recognized as a global public health problem. In view of the scarcity of data on the neonatal population, this study aimed to provide information on the genotypic and epidemiological characteristics of Gram-negative microorganisms isolated from colonization and infection sites in neonates admitted to a tertiary university center of high complexity. Methods: Enterobacterales and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli previously collected in a prospective cohort study were submitted to genotypic identification, detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), carbapenemases and biofilm production, detection of specific virulence markers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: The data found here revealed higher rates of infection by Klebsiella spp. and Serratia marcescens that caused bloodstream infection and pneumonia, respectively. In this study, high biofilm production was observed, with 95.0% of Enterobacterales and 100% of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli being producers. Most of the P. aeruginosa isolates carried pathogenicity factors such as alginate, hemolytic phospholipase C, exotoxin A, and rhamnolipids. The phenotypic analysis of ESBL revealed that 16 (5.3%) isolates produced these enzymes. Four of these isolates (66.7%) carried the CTX-M-9 gene, three (50%) carried the TEM gene, and one (16.7%) was positive for the SHV and CMY-2 genes. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for colonization and infection by Gram-negative microorganisms. The results of multivariate analysis revealed that biofilm production by these microorganisms was associated with the persistence of colonization by the same pathogen in the newborn and increased by 75% the daily probability of the newborn developing infection. The production of ESBL also increased the daily probability of infection by 46.8 times. Conclusions: Enterobacterales showed average biofilm production, while the majority of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli were strong producers. The present data increase our knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of important Enterobacterales species, with emphasis on ESBL-producing Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae with emerging epidemiological potential in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary university hospital. Furthermore, the results highlight the need for the monitoring and implementation of control measures and for restricting the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

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Scaria, Bibin, Pavan Chand Kumar, Beena Antony, and Sashidhar Kotian. "Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia in Blood Stream Infections – An Overview." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 5, no. 4 (2023): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2023.5.4.1801.

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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is an emerging, multidrug resistant, pathogenic non-fermenting gram-negative bacillus in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. As this organism is ubiquitous in nature, it is reported to cause hospital acquired as well as community acquired infections. It has been linked to a wide range of diseases, such as pneumonia, blood stream infections, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, meningitis, bone and joint infections and eye infections. The significance of S. maltophilia is well documented because of its distinct antibiotic susceptibility pattern from other Non Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli (NFGNB). As no single medication is sufficiently effective against all NFGNBs, which in turn delays the start of suitable empirical treatment and raises morbidity and mortality, accurate identification, especially of S. maltophilia is crucial. Though various rapid identification methods are available, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of fight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), enables more accurate identification of these troublesome pathogens resulting in the initiation of appropriate treatment without delay. Reports on MALDI-TOF analysis of S. maltophilia is lacking from our country.

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O’Hara, Caroline Mohr, and J. Michael Miller. "Evaluation of the ID 32E for the identification of Gram-negative glucose-fermenting and glucose-non-fermenting bacilli." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 5, no. 5 (1999): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00141.x.

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Singh, Manisha, Najmun Nissa, Sardar Ahmed, and Sreekanth Basireddy. "Isolation, identification and antibiogram of Oxidase negative non fermenting gram negative bacilli from the clinical specimens." Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 6, no. 2 (2019): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2019.025.

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Kumar, Rajeev, Rachana Patel, Mannu Jain, and Ankita Mistry. "Prevalence of Non-Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli from Clinical Isolates and their Antibiogram Profile." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (2020): 1750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.195.

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Paramasivan, C. N., K. Sivadasan, M. Datta, R. S. Vallishayee, and R. Prabhakar. "Non-fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli Associated with Acute Respiratory Infections in Children in Madras." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 33, no. 6 (1987): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/33.6.343.

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Marei, Yara, Mohammad Al-Sweify, Mahmoud Mansour, and Rania Kishk. "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Non Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli in Ismailia, Egypt." Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology 28, no. 1 (2019): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejmm.2023.282448.

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Kumawat, Supyar, Ved P. Mamoria, and Richa Sharma. "Antibacterial Susceptibility Patterns of Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli among Patients at Tertiary Care Hospital, Jaipur." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 128, no. 2 (2025): 128–36. https://doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2025.128.2.6.

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In recent years, infections frequently attributed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii have been seen not only in ICU settings but also in trauma patients following natural disasters, as well as in individuals with pre-existing conditions within the community. These non-fermenting bacteria are known to cause hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, especially in patients who are debilitated or immunocompromised. All non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) isolates from different clinical samples received in the clinical microbiology laboratory from outpatients and inpatients at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, were included in the study. Routine microscopy of these samples was conducted. Gram staining was realized for all samples except for urine. All clinical samples were inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar and were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours. Colony characteristics were observed. All the organisms that produced pale or colorless colonies on MacConkey agar and also showed GNB on Gram staining of the colonies were considered to be NFGNB and further identified by the VITEK 2 compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolated non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In the study, it was reported that the majority out of 879 (100%) isolates of NFGNB were P. aeruginosa 415 (47.21%), followed by Ac. baumannii 380 (43.23%), and the majority of specimens were from endotracheal (ET) (30.60%), followed by pus swab (19.11%), blood (16.15%) and urine (10.01%) samples. The majority of isolates were the males in the age group of 61-70, i.e.121 (13.76%), followed by the age group 41-50, i.e., 113 (12.85%). P. aeruginosa was most commonly isolated from pus swabs (13.42%), while Ac. baumannii was isolated most commonly from ET (21.4%). Based on this study, it can be concluded that as antibiotic resistance rises, treating infections caused by NFGNB will become increasingly challenging unless proactive measures are implemented and new antibiotics are developed. To curb the spread of resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter, it is crucial to enforce stringent infection control practices, ensure collaboration between clinicians and laboratory personnel regarding antibiotic use, and adhere to strict hospital hygiene protocols.

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Ozer, Burcin, Yurdal Serarslan, Nizami Duran, Gokhan Akdemir, and Yusuf Onlen. "Postoperative meningitis due to a rare pathogen; Alcaligenes xylosoxidans." Open Medicine 4, no. 4 (2009): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-009-0031-8.

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AbstractAlcaligenes xylosoxidans is non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli found in soil and water. It is an aerobic bacterium in the genus Achromobacter. This bacterium is motile, oxidase positive, and catalase positive, which is isolated uncommonly from clinical specimens. In the present paper, we report a case of meningitis associated with A. xylosoxidans in a 38-year-old male patient post neurosurgery.

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Ladhani, S., and W. Gransden. "Septicaemia due to glucose non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacilli other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children." Acta Paediatrica 91, no. 3 (2007): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01719.x.

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Abd Elfattah, Lobna, Shymaa Abd El-Azim, and Safwat Abo Hashem. "Identification and Susceptibility Testing of Non-lactose Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli in Urinary Tract Infection." Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology 26, no. 4 (2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0046249.

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Wan, Qiquan, Qifa Ye, and Feizhou Huang. "The Bacteremia Caused by Non-Lactose Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients." Surgical Infections 16, no. 5 (2015): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2015.005.

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Makhmutova, V. R., T. E. Gembitskaya, A. G. Chermenskiy, O. N. Titova, N. A. Kuzubova, and T. A. Stepanenko. "Comparative characteristics and clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis in adults with chronic lower respiratory tract infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli." Russian Medical Inquiry 4, no. 4 (2020): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-4-186-191.

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Background: in Russia, the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients increased by 10 years in 2011–2017 being 55.49 years in 2017. However, the number of patients with the chronic infection caused by non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB), e.g., Burkholderia cepacia, Achromobacter spp. etc., increased as well. Aim: to evaluate the differences in the nutritional and functional status and the severity of mutations in CF patients with chronic Pseudomonas infection or NFGNB infection and to assess the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa to tobramycin in CF patients in the Northwest region of Russia. Patients and Methods: 31 patients with CF aged 18–43 years (18 men and 13 women) were examined. The duration of the study was 12 months. Spirometry, anthropometry, and sputum culture were performed. Results: P. aeruginosa alone was isolated in 18 patients (58%), Achromobacter spp. in 9 patients (29%), and Burkholderia spp. in 4 patients (13%). The patients were divided into two groups, i.e., patients with chronic Pseudomonas infection (group 1, n=18, 10 out of 18 patients with mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa) or chronic NFGNB infection (group 2, n=13). The median age and the mode age were 27 years and 27 years, respectively, in group 1 and 24 years and 22 years, respectively, in group 2. It was demonstrated that CF patients with chronic NFGNB infection are characterized by poorer nutritional status (p<0.05) but similar functional status and the severity of CFTR gene mutation compared to CF patients with chronic Pseudomonas infection. It was also shown that Р. aeruginosa is highly sensitive to tobramycin (94.4%). Conclusions: in CF patients, chronic lower respiratory tract infections with Burkholderia cepacia and Achromobacter spp. account for 41.9% of gram-negative rod infections. Further studies and drug sensitivity monitoring are needed. KEYWORDS: cystic fibrosis, DNA test, chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Achromobacter spp, non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli, CFTR mutation, nutritional status, pulmonary function tests, inhaled antibiotic therapy. FOR CITATION: Makhmutova V.R., Gembitskaya T.E., Chermenskiy A.G. et al. Comparative characteristics and clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis in adults with chronic lower respiratory tract infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(4):186–191. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-4-186-191.

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Bhatia, Dr Josita, Dr Bhavin Prajapati, Dr N. M. Shaikh, Dr Bimal Chauhan, Dr Hetal Odedra, and Dr Jayshri Pethani. "Identification & Importance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of NonFermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Among Various Clinical Specimens In A Tertiary Care Hospital." June 2024 16, no. 01 (2024): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.56018/bjkines20240611.

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Introduction:Non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB)have emerged as important healthcareassociated pathogens. NFGNBs are innately resistant to many antibiotics and are known to acquire resistance by producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. This makes treatment of infections caused by these pathogens both difficult and expensive. Therefore, this study is undertaken with the aim of identification of NFGNB and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in our hospital. Material and Method: A total of 3233 specimens were received in the bacteriology section of the microbiology department from September 2022 to May 2023. Clinical specimens were processed for culture according to standard operating procedures. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were performed by an automated: VITEK-2 compact system.Result: A total of 486 (15.03%) NFGNB were isolated from 3233 clinical specimens. Out of 486 isolates, Acinetobacter baumannii complex was the most common non-fermenter, accounting for 238 (48.97%) isolates, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 229 (47.12%). Other significant NFGNBs isolated were: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 4 (0.82%), Myroides spp. 4 (0.82%) etc. Vitek 2 detected carbapenem resistance in 226 (95%) of A. baumannii complex and 135 (59%) of P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusion: A. baumannii complex and P. aeruginosa were the most common NFGNB isolated from wound swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), blood, sputum, tissue, and pus. They were found to be most resistant to quinolones, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides. Keywords:– Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli, Antimicrobial susceptibility, VITEK -2

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Jain, Mayank. "Use of Intraventricular Vancomycin in Neonatal Meningitis Dueto Elizabethkingilla Meningoseptica." Pediatrics & Neonatal Biology Open Access 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/pnboa-16000148.

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Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is a non-motile, catalase positive, oxidase positive, non-glucose fermenting, gram negative bacilli which is resistant to common drugs active against gram negative organism. It presents as neonatal meningitis mostly in preterms as they have low immunity. Antibiotics which have shown effectiveness against this organism includes cefepime, tazobactam, piperacillin, cotrimoxazole, tigecycline, minocycline, quinolones and drugs active against gram positive bacteria such as vancomycin and rifampicin. Intraventricular therapy use has been limited owing to drug toxic effect. Seizures, hearing loss and chemical ventriculitis had been reported mostly as short term side effect. Long term side effect needs more follow up studies. Here we report a preterm newborn having E.meningoseptica ventriculitis showing improvement with intraventricular vancomycin without any short term adverse effect in first 6 months of life.

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Su, Siou Cing, Mario Vaneechoutte, Lenie Dijkshoorn, Yu Fang Wei, Ya Lei Chen, and Tsung Chain Chang. "Identification of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria of clinical importance by an oligonucleotide array." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 5 (2009): 596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.004606-0.

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Many species of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (non-fermenters) are important opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens. Identification of most species of non-fermenters by phenotypic characteristics can be difficult. In this study, an oligonucleotide array was developed to identify 38 species of clinically relevant non-fermenters. The method consisted of PCR-based amplification of 16S–23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer (ITS) regions using bacterial universal primers, followed by hybridization of the digoxigenin-labelled PCR products with oligonucleotide probes immobilized on a nylon membrane. A total of 398 strains, comprising 276 target strains (i.e. strains belonging to the 38 species to be identified) and 122 non-target strains (i.e. strains not included in the array), were analysed by the array. Four target strains (three reference strains and one clinical isolate) produced discrepant identification by array hybridization. Three of the four discordant strains were found to be correctly identified by the array, as confirmed by sequencing of the ITS and 16S rRNA genes, with the remaining one being an unidentified species. The sensitivity and specificity of the array for identification of non-fermenters were 100 and 96.7 %, respectively. In summary, the oligonucleotide array described here offers a very reliable method for identification of clinically relevant non-fermenters, with results being available within one working day.

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Muthukumaran, N. "Mortality profile of neonatal deaths and deaths due to neonatal sepsis in a tertiary care center in southern India: a retrospective study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (2018): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20182569.

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Background: The Neonatal mortality rate is an important indicator for newborn care and directly reflects prenatal, intranatal, and postnatal care. Objective: Primary objective was to analyse the neonatal mortality profile, incidence of neonatal sepsis among neonatal deaths and the pattern of antimicrobial resistance.Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study done in a tertiary care regional center. All neonatal deaths from January 2017 to December 2017 were reviewed and primary causes of deaths, incidence of sepsis among neonatal deaths and pattern of antimicrobial resistance were analyzed.Results: Common causes of neonatal deaths were respiratory distress syndrome (27.4%), asphyxia (23.3%), sepsis (20.1%), congenital malformations, extreme preterm, meconium aspiration syndrome. Case fatality rate was high in extreme preterm neonates (96.8%), followed by respiratory distress syndrome (35.9%), asphyxia (33%), meconium aspiration syndrome (29.4%), congenital malformations (28.8%), and sepsis (22.6%). In present study incidence of neonatal sepsis among total neonatal deaths was about 20.1%. Coagulase negative staphylococcus(CONS) (38.6%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (32.7%) were the predominant organisms isolated. Highest case fatality rate was associated with Pseudomonas sepsis (80%), K. pneumoniae sepsis (64.8%), followed by Escherichia coli sepsis (57%) and non fermenting Gram negative bacilli (55.6%).Conclusions: Sepsis still remains one of the leading cause of death in developing countries. Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CONS) and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common organism. 15 % enterococci and 9.7 % of CONS were resistant to vancomycin. 24 % of K. pneumoniae and 16.6% non fermenting Gram negative bacilli were resistant to amikacin. Multidrug resistance is an emerging problem.

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Sarwat, Tarana, Mariyah Yousuf, Ambreen S. Khan, Dalip K. Kakru, and Renu Dutta. "Prevalence and antibiogram of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli in blood stream infections: Study in a tertiary care centre, Western Uttar Pradesh, India." Tropical Doctor 51, no. 3 (2021): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475520979298.

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Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are emerging as important cause of blood stream infections. We aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of NFGNB isolated from blood of patients with sepsis. We found, in 176 patients, the most common to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa (74) and Acinetobacter baumanii complex (39) followed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (16), Sphingomonas paucimobilis (6), Burkholderia cepacia (5) and Ochrobactrum anthropic (1). Generally, organisms showed a good sensitivity towards colistin, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones, whereas cephalosporins were ineffective.

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Ulom, Udey Ifop, Emmanuel Onyekachukwu Ibeneme, Aniekan-Augusta Okon Eyo, Anne Ebri Asuquo, and Simon James Utsalo. "Drug resistance profiles of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samples in Cross River State, Nigeria." Calabar Journal of Health Sciences 6 (November 26, 2022): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/cjhs_34_2021.

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Objectives: Resistance of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) to antimicrobial agents is increasing worldwide. This is fast becoming a serious public health concern as these bacteria display multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms. This study was aimed at evaluating antibiotic resistance profiles of GNB from clinical samples in Cross River State, Nigeria. Material and Methods: Urine and stool samples of 600 randomly selected participants were analyzed. Samples were inoculated onto CLED agar and selenite-F broth, respectively, and enriched bacterial growth in selenite-F broth was subcultured on deoxycholate citrate agar. Gram stain procedure was used to determine the Gram reaction of isolates and identification was carried out using the Microbact 24E GNB identification kit. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARIs) for each isolate were calculated. Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel Package 2016 and GraphPad Prism version 6. Results: A total of 129 non-repetitive GNB were isolated and categorized by their ability to ferment sugars. The lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (LFE) were the most predominant isolates (32 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 25 Escherichia coli). There were 50 non-sugar-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NSF-GNB) comprising Pseudomonas spp. (28), Acinetobacter spp. (15), Burkholderia cepacia (3), and one isolate each of Tatumella ptyseos, Alcaligenes faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Non-lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae comprised Proteus spp. (14), Providencia stuartii (4), and Serratia rubidaea (4). Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that tetracycline was the least effective with 71.3% of isolates showing resistance. About 65% of LFE and 95.5% of non-lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (NLFE) showed resistance to tetracycline. Resistance of all isolates to tigecycline, a member of a new class of antibiotics, was 31% (40/129); however, all isolates of E. coli, S. rubidaea, and Acinetobacter spp. were susceptible to tigecycline. Resistance profiles of LFE to tested antibiotics showed comparable resistance levels for ceftriaxone and tetracycline between K. pneumoniae and E. coli. However, the resistance of K. pneumoniae to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and tigecycline was 50%, 44%, and 13% compared with E. coli – 32%, 32%, and 0%, respectively. E. coli showed, on average, higher resistance levels to carbapenems compared with K. pneumoniae. Among NLFE, Proteus spp. was more resistant than P. stuartii to cephalosporins, quinolones, and tigecycline. In contrast, P. stuartii isolates were twice as resistant to the carbapenems as Proteus spp. Except for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, S. rubidaea was susceptible to all other antibiotics. Among NSF-GNB, Acinetobacter spp. was the most resistant to all other carbapenems, except ertapenem. Pseudomonas spp. were the most resistant to fluoroquinolones. The mean of the total MARI was 0.45 ± 0.26, with 54.3% (70/129) of isolates having MARI above the total mean. About 73% (95/129) of the total GNB had MARI above 0.2. Multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter species was 53.2%, 100%, and 93.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The high level of antibiotic resistance of GNB, especially by NLFE and NSF-GNB, portends great danger for the health sector as these organisms are opportunistic pathogens and pose serious health risks as nosocomial pathogens and community-acquired pathogens in immunosuppressed individuals.

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Chandra, Shekhar Choudhary, Tabrez Karim Mohammad, and Yasmin Tarannum. "A Comprehensive Investigation of Non-Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli Focusing on both Clinical and Microbiological Aspects." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 05 (2024): 482–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12788195.

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AbstractAim: A comprehensive investigation of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli at a tertiary care hospital, focusingon both clinical and microbiological aspects.Material and Methods: This study had a retrospective design and was conducted at Department of Microbiology,Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India from January 2021 to December2021. A total of 4025 clinical samples including urine, pus, blood, wound swab and body fluids were received inthe laboratory and inoculated on blood and MacConkey agar or CLED agar and incubated aerobically at 37°C for18 to 24 hours. The isolates which were non-lactose fermenting and showed alkaline change (K/NC) reaction intriple sugar iron agar media were provisionally considered as NFGNB.Results: Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant isolate, 211 (51.34%) followed by Pseudomonasaeruginosa 173 (42.09%) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) 18 (4.38%). Burkholderia pseudomallei,Acinetobacter lwoffii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia altogether accounted for 2.19%. Among the NFGNBisolated from high-risk areas including intensive care units and dialysis units, A. baumannii (60.36%)was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by P. aeruginosa (28.40%). Chi-squared (χ2) value is 9.341 and pvalue <0.05. In other clinical areas P. aeruginosa accounted for 51.65% followed by A. baumannii (45.04%). A.baumannii was more prevalent in high-risk areas (ICUs and Dialysis Units) in comparison to other clinical areas.Chi-squared (χ2) value is 9.341 and p-value < 0.05. Similarly, P. aeruginosa is more prevalent in other clinicalareas, than in high-risk areas. Chi-squared (χ2) value is 22.069 and p-value < 0.05.Conclusion: To conclude, despite earlier being regarded as contaminants, NFGNB are now emerging as importantpathogens causing a wide range of nosocomial infections. Identification of NFGNB and monitoring of theirsusceptibility profiles are essential due to their variable sensitivity patterns and to help in proper management ofthe infections caused by them

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Manjunath, Veena, Shwetha Vadnal Revanappa, Asha Bullappa, and Jayasimha Vedalaveni Lakshminarayana. "Prevalence of multidrug resistant non-fermenters in a tertiary care centre." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 10 (2022): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i10.46366.

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Background: Infections due to multidrug resistant organisms especially Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are increasing, ultimately leading to shortage of clinically effective antibiotics. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the key factor influencing the prevalence and distribution of drug resistance in any community or nosocomial setting. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) To know the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of commonly isolated non-lactose fermenters. (2) To know the prevalence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Materials and Methods: Clinical samples from various departments were processed using standard isolation and identification procedures. Only non-lactose fermenting colonies were processed further and only those isolates that were identified as P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. were considered and their antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method was carried out. Results were tabulated and analyzed. Results: Among 558 non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli isolates, P. aeruginosa (355) and A. baumannii. (203) were the most common isolates. Resistance to commonly used drugs such as aminoglycosides, cephalosporins and inhibitor combinations, and fluoroquinolones ranged from 40% to 65%. Carbapenem resistant isolates were around 24–25%. Multidrug resistant isolates and extensively drug resistant accounted for 17.4% and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Increasing multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance resistance among non-fermenters are on the rise leaving a very small window of treatment options. This is an alarming situation that needs strict antibiotic policy and a robust antimicrobial resistance management plan.

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DC, Shwetha, and Venkatesha D. "Bacteriological profile of diabetic foot ulcer." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 14, no. 2 (2024): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2024.076.

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Infected Diabetic foot ulcer is the common cause of hospitalization among patients with diabetes mellitus. Amputation of the lower limbs is the most common complication of Diabetic foot ulcer & infection is the cause in majority of the cases. Hence, Characterizing the bacteriological profile & antibiotic susceptibility testing is very important for the effective management of Diabetic foot ulcer. Swabs from infected Diabetic foot ulcer were inoculated on to Blood agar & MacConkey agar. The bacterial identification was done according to standard protocol. The Antibiotic susceptibility testing for the isolated bacteria was done on Mueller Hinton agar by Kirby Bauer’s Disc Diffusion method.134 aerobic bacteria were isolated from 110 diabetic patients. Among Gram positive cocci, (11.9%) was the predominant isolate followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococci (4.5%) & spp (7.5%). (18.6%) was the predominantly isolated Gram-negative bacilli followed by Klebsiella spp (17.1%), spp (11.2%), Pseudomonas spp (7.5%), spp (7.5%), spp (7.5%), Non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli (5.2%) & spp (1.5%). We found variations in the antibiotic sensitivity of isolated pathogens. 13.7% of Gram-negative bacilli were Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producers & 31.2% of Staphylococci were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Our study shows that the repeated bacteriological evaluation & their antibiotic susceptibility is paramount in the management of infected Diabetic foot ulcer & the abuse of antibiotics should be restrained to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

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Olson, Christopher, Kathleen Schomer, Larissa Pisney, and Michelle Barron. "1258. The Eyes Have It: Investigating a Cluster of Non-lactose Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli From Donor Corneal Rim Tissue." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (2018): S383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1091.

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Abstract Background Following corneal transplant, donor corneal rim tissue are sometimes cultured to help predict the risk of post-keratoplasty endophthalmitis. In July 2016, the Infection Control (IC) team was notified by the microbiology laboratory of three donor corneal rim cultures growing non-lactose fermenting (NLF) Gram-negative bacilli, which was unusual for this type of specimen. The IC team initiated an epidemiological outbreak investigation to determine the source of the NLF Gram-negative bacilli. Methods A 12-month retrospective review of donor corneal rim cultures was performed from July 2015 to July 2016, with continual prospective monitoring of donor corneal rim cultures. The protocols used to prepare corneal donor tissues were reviewed. The standard protocol included flooding the tissue with povidone iodine followed by rinsing with a sterile saline solution and then placement in a sterile container with Opitsol GS (a preservative solution with gentamycin and streptomycin). The sterile saline rinse that was normally used for processing had been on back order and had been replaced with an alternative brand from March 2016 to July 2016. Unopened bottles of the alternative brand of sterile saline fluid and Optisol GS were sent to an outside laboratory for bacterial culture and remaining product was temporarily quarantined. Results Microbiology review revealed seven donor corneal rim cultures positive for NLF Gram-negative bacilli from May to July 2016. Organisms isolated from the donor corneal rim tissue included Achromobacter xylosoxidans (4), Burkholderia cepacia (3), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (2), and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (1). Sterility cultures of Opitsol GS demonstrated no growth. Sterility cultures of the sterile saline rinse grew Gram-positive and -negative bacteria from all samples. A FDA MedWatch was submitted in July 2016, and on September 6, 2016 an FDA recall notice was published. The quarantined saline was permanently removed. No clinical infections associated with the positive donor corneal rim cultures were identified. Conclusion Microbiologists are the front line for IC surveillance. Close partnership between the IC team and the microbiology laboratory can help identify potential outbreaks by alerting them of the growth of atypical organisms or clusters. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Karthik, Mowna, and Dinesh Kaliyamoorthy. "Distribution and antibiotic pattern of non fermenting gram negative bacilli isolation in a tertiary care hospital." IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases 4, no. 4 (2018): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/2581-4761.2018.0044.

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Balakrishnan, Maya, Heidi Mago, Barbara LeBlanc, and Kenneth V. I. Rolston. "Comparative Activity of 7 Quinolones Against Non-Glucose Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from Cancer Patients." Drugs 58, Supplement 2 (1999): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199958002-00057.

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Asati, Shruti, and Ankita Jawanpuria. "Association of Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Susceptibility in NonFermentative Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Chronic Wound Infections." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 07 (2024): 48–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13169720.

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AbstractIntroduction: Non fermenting bacteria are considered as opportunistic nosocomial pathogens that are capable ofcausing severe chronic persistent infections. One of the main virulence factors of these bacteria is biofilmformation. Biofilms are association of planktonic bacterial cells in extra polymeric matrix. They are the mostcommon mode of bacterial growth in nature and are also important in clinical infections.Aim: of this prospective study was to isolate non fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) from woundinfection, to study their biofilm forming ability along with antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Samples wereprocessed according to standard protocol & Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) method was used for detection of biofilmformation.Results: A total of 400 pus samples were studied during study period. Out of these 121 (39.6%) were NFGNB.Biofilm production was seen in 55.3% isolates. It was observed antimicrobial resistance was higher in biofilmproducing isolates as compared to non-biofilm producing isolates. This association was found to be statisticallysignificant.Conclusion: Treatment and preventive strategies for infection against pathogenic bacteria with biofilm formationis by early initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, by avoiding microbial attachment to the surface,disrupting biofilm development and maturation in order to enhance antimicrobials penetration. In addition, routinetesting of biofilm formation in microbiology laboratory should be encouraged for timely diagnosis and bettermanagement of such infections.

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Namushi, Jombo, Hafsah Tootla, and Brian Eley. "Ralstonia Mannitolilytica: An increasingly recognized healthcare-associated pathogen." Journal of the African Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases 2 (December 30, 2023): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.15641/jafspidvol2pp1-5.

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Ralstonia species are more frequently being recognised as causative agents of serious healthcare-associated infection especially among immunocompromised individuals. Ralstonia species are environmental, non-fermenting, aerobic, Gram-negative bacilli typically found in water and soil. Ralstonia mannitolilytica, Ralstonia pickettii and Ralstonia insidiosa have been responsible for human infections such as bacteraemia and bone infection. Central nervous system infection and infection in immune competent individuals are uncommon. We report a case of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection and meningitis caused by R. mannitolilytica in an immune competent 11-month-old female.

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