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1
Widiawati, Sarovah. "NON-FINITE CLAUSES IN THE INTRODUCTION SECTION OF SKRIPSIS AND RESEARCH ARTICLES." English Education and Applied Linguistics Journal (EEAL Journal) 2, no. 1 (2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31980/eealjournal.v2i1.994.
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Non-finite clauses are clauses which have no tenses. This study aimed to find the forms and functions of non-finite clauses in the introduction section of skripsis(ISoS) and research articles (ISoRA) in English field. Content analysis was used in this research. The ISoS and the ISoRA were selected randomly. The findings showed that there were three forms of non-finite clauses in the ISoS and ISoRA. In terms of functions, there were non-finite clauses as minor clause, qualifier, epithet, non-finite clauses as conjunction, non-finite clauses after conjunction, circumstance, prepositional phrase, actor, goal, carrier, attribute, possessive, identified, identifier, phenomenon, behaver, and existent. The ISoS were frequently presented in non-finite constructions as minor clauses and had more non-finite constructions in clause simples rather than clause complexes. The non-finite constructions in the introduction section of skripsisand research articles made the clauses dense.
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Fauziah, Anisak Syaid, Mustofa Kamal, Djatmika Djatmika, and Sumarlam Sumarlam. "PERBEDAAN ANTARA KLAUSA SUBORDINATIF BAHASA INDONESIA DAN BAHASA INGGRIS." LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 14, no. 2 (2017): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v14i2.324.
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The aim of this study was to describe the difference between subordinate in Indonesian and in English viewed from subordinate clause theory from Jim Miller. This study used qualitative descriptive approach. Primary data of this study were written texts containing sentences and clauses in English and Indonesian the corpus of which was selected from academic texts. Data were collected using record. Segmenting immediate constituent was used to analyze the data. The research revealed that Indonesian has neither elliptic conjunction in all relative and adverbial clauses nor non-finite subordinate clauses. English has no elliptic conjunction only in relative clauses showing possessiveness and all adverbial clauses except for time and result but has non-finite subordinate clauses. Indonesian has no relative clause elliptic conjunction non-finite subordinate clause. English relative clause elliptic conjunction is available and empty elliptic conjunction in all adverbial clauses appear. English has non-finite subordinate clauses.
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Sujatna, Eva Tuckyta Sari, and Sri Wahyuni. "Nominal Group as Qualifier to ‘Someone’." English Language Teaching 10, no. 7 (2017): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n7p257.
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The paper titled Nominal Group as Qualifier to ‘Someone’ investigated types of qualifiers which are embedded to the head ‘someone’ in a nominal group. This research was conducted in the light of Systemic Functional Linguistics analysis. The data was analyzed, classified then described using descriptive qualitative method. This research produced four classifications of nominal group as qualifier, which were clauses, prepositional phrases, nominal groups, and linked independent element. The clause as qualifier is sub-classified into finite and non-finite clauses. Further sub-classification is conducted over finite clause into Full Relative Clause (FRC), Relative Clause with Preposition (RCP), and Contact Clause (CC). Further sub-classification over non-finite clause resulted in Operative Imperfective Non Finite Clause (OINFC), Receptive Imperfective Non Finite Clause (RINFC), and Operative Perfective Non Finite Clause (OPNFC). This research also found qualifiers which consisted of two or more linked non-embedding elements.
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McGregor, William B. "Complex sentence constructions in Nyulnyul, Western Australia." Functions of Language 1, no. 1 (1994): 25–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.1.1.04mcg.
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This paper investigates complex sentence constructions in Nyulnyul (Kimberley, Western Australia). Three primary types of inter-clausal relationships — embedding (part-whole), dependence (part-part) and scope (whole-whole) — permit an initial typology of complex sentence types. This paper focuses on embedding and dependence, ignoring scope. It is argued that non-finite clauses must be embedded in a finite clause, whereas finite clauses cannot be, and may only be related to another finite clause by dependence. Dependence relations can be classified (following Halliday 1985) according to two independent emically significant parameters: parataxis vs. hypotaxis; and extension vs. elaboration vs. enhancement. The contrast between parataxis and hypotaxis is examined, and it is argued that hypotaxis involves the reduction in status of the dependent clause; consequences of this are discussed. Embedding involves nominalisation, and with this the 'entitisation' of an event, and the consequent unchallangeability of the clause.
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Lyutikova, Ekaterina А. "Adjectival predicates in finite and non-finite clauses." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 6 (December 9, 2024): 7–31. https://doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2024.6.7-31.
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The paper explores the distribution of various adjectival predicates (short form adjectives, long form adjectives in the nominative or instrumental case and passive participles) in Russian finite and non-finite clauses. Two factors turn out to determine the availability of adjectival predicates: (i) the type of the subject (overt DP vs. A-trace vs. PRO) and (ii) the case feature of the subject (nominative vs. other cases). Crucially, adjectival predicates differ as to the licensing factors: short form adjectives require that their subject (overt DP, A-trace or PRO) be nominative whereas nominative long form adjectives are only licit if their subject is a nominative overt DP or an A-trace of a nominative DP, but not a (nominative) PRO. Including adjectival passive into this picture gives rise to further discrepancies: the long form of the passive participle cannot form a passive predicate of a finite clause but is licit as such a predicate in non-finite clauses. The paper provides a formal analysis of the distribution of adjectival predicates, which relies on the following assumptions: (i) the categorial contrast of short and long forms; (ii) the syntactically represented opposition of control and raising; and (iii) PRO’s ability to receive the case feature via case assignment by complementizer or case transmission from the controller.
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Groothuis, Kim A. "Non-finite Verb Movement in Romance." Probus 34, no. 2 (2022): 273–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2021-0010.
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Abstract Since Pollock, Jean-Yves. 1989. Verb movement, universal grammar, and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry 20. 365–424, it is well known that Romance finite verbs move into the I-domain. However, the relationship between finiteness and verb movement has not yet been investigated in detail. The aim of the present study is to trace and analyse verb movement in various types of non-finite and semi-finite clauses in Romance, including infinitives with specified subjects, inflected infinitives, bare infinitival clauses, Aux-to-Comp (cf. Rizzi, Luigi. 1982. Issues in Italian syntax. Dordrecht: Foris), past participial clauses, and gerunds. It is shown that all types of Romance non-finite verbs move high, with the exception of French absolute participles and French infinitives. The picture of non-finite movement is thus more uniform than that of finite verb movement (cf. Schifano, Norma. 2018. Verb movement in Romance. A comparative study. Oxford: Oxford University Press). A unified account is proposed: non-finite verbs all need to be anchored to the speech act through a higher clause, which requires them to be in a local relation with the anchoring head Fin (cf. Groothuis, Kim A. 2020. Reflexes of finiteness in Romance. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Unpublished PhD thesis).
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Zhang, Niina Ning. "Sentence-final aspect particles as finite markers in Mandarin Chinese." Linguistics 57, no. 5 (2019): 967–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0020.
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Abstract In Mandarin Chinese, sentence-final aspect particles ne, le, and laizhe may occur in some types of embedded clauses, but not in other types, such as the complement of a control verb, a raising verb, lai ‘come’ and qu ‘go’, a non-epistemic modal, and the prepositional complementizer dui ‘to’. These latter types of clauses systematically show properties of nonfinite clauses in other languages. They are intrinsically embedded, ban pro-drop, their clause boundaries may be invisible for binding, and they disallow a speaker-oriented adverb and an epistemic modal. The restrictions on the distribution of the particles indicate that they are used in finite clauses only, although the language has no tense or case marker. The paper argues that finite clauses show speaker-oriented properties whereas nonfinite ones do not; instead, nonfinite clauses exhibit higher-clause-oriented properties. Identifying the role of speaker in the finiteness distinction reveals the capacity of finite clauses, whether or not the capacity is marked overtly.
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Nyvad, Anne Mette, Christiane Müller, and Ken Ramshøj Christensen. "Too True to Be Good? The Non-Uniformity of Extraction from Adjunct Clauses in English." Languages 7, no. 4 (2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7040244.
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Adjunct clauses are traditionally assumed to be strong islands for extraction across languages. However, the universal island status of adjunct clauses has been challenged by studies showing that extraction is possible from finite adjunct clauses in the Mainland Scandinavian languages. The possibility of extraction in these languages appears to be affected by various factors, including the type of adjunct clause, the type of extraction dependency, and the presence of contextual facilitation. These findings call for a re-evaluation of the islandhood of adjunct clauses in English. We conducted an acceptability judgment study on relativization from three types of finite adjunct clauses in English (if-, when-, and because-clauses) in the presence of supporting context. We found that the three clause types showed rather non-uniform acceptability patterns: extraction from when- and because-clauses both yielded significantly lower ratings than extraction from if-clauses, which patterned with non-island that-clauses. Our results suggest that at least for relativization, if- and when-adjuncts are not invariably strong islands in English, and that extra-grammatical factors may be key in understanding island structures traditionally assumed to be purely syntactic in nature.
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Flaate Høyem, Inghild. "Ereigniskontrollierte Adjunkte im Deutschen." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 47, no. 3 (2019): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2019-0023.
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Abstract The present paper investigates small clause adjuncts displaying the phenomenon referred to as ‘event control’ in literature. Many languages, including German, employ non-finite clauses (besides finite clauses) as propositional adjuncts, for instance infinitival, participial and small clause adjuncts. The subject of these adjunct clauses is left unexpressed and must generally be interpreted co-referentially with the subject or object of the matrix clause (subject or object control), but the matrix event itself can also be interpreted as the controller. Adjuncts involving event control have, to my knowledge, never been examined jointly or particularly thoroughly. The aim of this paper is therefore to provide insight into German data involving event control in different kinds of non-finite propositional adjunct clauses, by examining common and diverging syntactic and semantic properties. The data comprises nominative DPs (Germ. Satzappositionen), adverbial infinitives headed by um (Engl. in order to), adverbial present and past participle constructions, and adverbial small clauses headed by the particle als. Furthermore, I discuss briefly how these data could be captured theoretically, by analyzing them as adjuncts in different syntactic-semantic domains and as obligatorily controlled (OC) adjuncts according to the OC-properties described by Landau (2013).
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Eilfort, William H. "Non-Finite Clauses in Creoles." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 12 (May 15, 1986): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v12i0.1858.
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TREFFERS-DALLER, JEANINE. "Ambiguity and transfer in bilingual first language acquisition?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, no. 3 (1998): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000339.
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Natascha Müller presents a very interesting analysis of the structure of the German subordinate clause in bilingual first language acquisition. The main issue in this paper is to explain the fact that some bilingual children – but not all of them – display non-target language structures in German subordinate clauses. That is, the finite verb does not appear in the final position of the subordinate clause. These non-target structures can in part be explained by transfer, but this cannot be the whole story, because some monolingual children produce these structures as well. Bilingual children, though, appear to have problems with the German subordinate clause more frequently than monolingual children. Interestingly, acquiring the target structures is a slow process for children who produce non-target structures. Ivar, the French-German child Müller discusses in most detail, for example, needs two years to acquire the correct position of the finite verb in German subordinate clauses. Müller argues that the problems arise because the input children receive is ambiguous: the finite verb does not always appear in the finite position in German subordinate clauses in adult speech. The ambiguity of this situation opens the way to transfer. In their uncertainty, the children turn to their other language as a relief strategy.
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Idestam-Almquist, P. "Generalization of Clauses under Implication." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 3 (December 1, 1995): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.194.
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In the area of inductive learning, generalization is a main operation, and the usual definition of induction is based on logical implication. Recently there has been a rising interest in clausal representation of knowledge in machine learning. Almost all inductive learning systems that perform generalization of clauses use the relation theta-subsumption instead of implication. The main reason is that there is a well-known and simple technique to compute least general generalizations under theta-subsumption, but not under implication. However generalization under theta-subsumption is inappropriate for learning recursive clauses, which is a crucial problem since recursion is the basic program structure of logic programs. We note that implication between clauses is undecidable, and we therefore introduce a stronger form of implication, called T-implication, which is decidable between clauses. We show that for every finite set of clauses there exists a least general generalization under T-implication. We describe a technique to reduce generalizations under implication of a clause to generalizations under theta-subsumption of what we call an expansion of the original clause. Moreover we show that for every non-tautological clause there exists a T-complete expansion, which means that every generalization under T-implication of the clause is reduced to a generalization under theta-subsumption of the expansion.
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Rottet, Kevin J. "Clause subordination structures in language decline." Journal of French Language Studies 8, no. 1 (1998): 63–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500000570.
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AbstractThe field of language-death studies has invited a growing number of researchers to explore what happens to the internal structure of a language as it declines. However, little work has been done to date on minority varieties of French in the context of language-death studies. This paper examines some intergenerational changes in subordination (conditionals and subjunctive clauses) in a Cajun French community, exploring the gradual loss of non-indicative moods and the abandonment of finite clauses in subjunctive contexts in favour of innovative non-finite clause types via a continuum of variation.
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Lee, Doo-Won. "NPI Licensing from Non-finite Clauses." Journal of Mirae English Language and Literature 29, no. 3 (2024): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46449/mjell.2024.08.29.3.21.
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Lenardič, Jakob, and Gašper Ilc. "English Raising Predicates and (Non-)Finite Clauses." Fluminensia 31, no. 1 (2019): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/f.31.1.11.
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In this paper, we present a diachronic and synchronic analysis of raising and extraposition constructions in the historical Brown Corpus and the more contemporary English Web Corpus 2015. We begin by establishing two diachronic facts: first, raising constructions are used much more frequently than their semantically equivalent extraposition variants, and second, the distribution of raising and extraposition remains – rather exceptionally in comparison to other structures allowing for finite/non-finite variation – diachronically consistent from the beginning of the 20th century to 2015. We then supplement this unique diachronic distribution with an analysis of the most recent corpus data, which shows that the choice between the two semantically equivalent constructions is governed by distinct structural factors unique to each construction. Concretely, we show that the raising construction is frequently used as a relative clause, whereas the extraposition variant generally resists such a syntactic role. By contrast, we show that a prominent factor in favour of extraposition relates to the negative marker, which is placed with similar frequency both in the matrix and in the embedded clause of the extraposition construction in contrast to the raising variant, which uses the negative marker almost exclusively in the matrix clause. Lastly, we show that extraposition constructions contain modal verbs in the matrix clause more frequently than the raising variants and we tie this observation to the idea that the clausal composition of the extraposition construction is structurally more suited for expressing tentativeness.
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Jędrzejowski, Łukasz. "On the loss of copy-raising and the development of infinitive complements." Journal of Historical Linguistics 5, no. 1 (2015): 72–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.5.1.03jed.
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This article deals with (non‑)finite complement clauses embedded under the inceptive phase predicate beginnen ‘begin’ in the history of German and illustrates how infinitives replaced finite clauses headed by the complementizer dass ‘that’. The main objective is to show that it was possible in Old High German (750–1050) to raise the subject from the embedded clause into the matrix subject position, crossing a CP boundary and leaving a pronominal copy in the dependent clause (copy-raising). Moreover, it is claimed that beginnen in its function as a subject control verb instantiates a recent development in the history of German and that this use developed out of a raising structure.
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García‐Castro, Laura. "Finite and non‐finite complement clauses in postcolonial Englishes." World Englishes 39, no. 3 (2020): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/weng.12481.
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Nienhuys-Cheng, S. H. "Least Generalizations and Greatest Specializations of Sets of Clauses." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 4 (May 1, 1996): 341–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.259.
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The main operations in Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) are generalization and specialization, which only make sense in a generality order. In ILP, the three most important generality orders are subsumption, implication and implication relative to background knowledge. The two languages used most often are languages of clauses and languages of only Horn clauses. This gives a total of six different ordered languages. In this paper, we give a systematic treatment of the existence or non-existence of least generalizations and greatest specializations of finite sets of clauses in each of these six ordered sets. We survey results already obtained by others and also contribute some answers of our own. Our main new results are, firstly, the existence of a computable least generalization under implication of every finite set of clauses containing at least one non-tautologous function-free clause (among other, not necessarily function-free clauses). Secondly, we show that such a least generalization need not exist under relative implication, not even if both the set that is to be generalized and the background knowledge are function-free. Thirdly, we give a complete discussion of existence and non-existence of greatest specializations in each of the six ordered languages.
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Müller, Christiane, and Clara Ulrich Eggers. "Island Extractions in the Wild: A Corpus Study of Adjunct and Relative Clause Islands in Danish and English." Languages 7, no. 2 (2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020125.
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Adjuncts and relative clauses are traditionally classified as strong islands for extraction across languages. However, the Mainland Scandinavian (MSc.) languages have been reported to differ from e.g., English in allowing extraction from adjunct and relative clauses. In order to investigate the distribution of possible island extractions in these languages based on naturally produced material, we conducted two exploratory corpus studies on adjunct and relative clause extraction in Danish and in English. Results suggest that both extraction from finite adjuncts and from relative clauses appears at a non-trivial rate in naturally produced Danish, which supports the claim that these structures are not strong islands in Danish. In English, we also found a non-trivial amount of examples displaying extraction from finite adjuncts, as well as a small number of cases of relative clause extraction. This finding presents a potential challenge to the claim that English differs from MSc. in never allowing extraction from strong islands. Furthermore, our results show that both languages appear to share certain trends that can be observed in the extraction examples regarding the type of extraction dependency, the type of adjunct clause featured in adjunct clause extraction, and the type of matrix predicate featured in relative clause extraction.
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LOPATIUK, Nataliia. "NON-FINITE CLAUSES FUNCTIONALITY IN MODERN ENGLISH." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 852 (May 28, 2025): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.31861/gph2025.852.97-105.
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Today's man is not only a consumer but also a producer of both material and non-material products, the latter including knowledge and information in general. The pace of modern life is reflected in everything, including the speed of receiving and providing information. Therefore, the study of ergonomic language tools is highly relevant. This article examines the functions of non-finite sentences, which serve as an extremely economical and expressive means of verbalizing thought in modern English. We assume that this characteristic explains the relatively high frequency of non-finite sentences in newspaper publications. The study is based on a corpus of 780 non-finite sentences, selected with the help of the consecutive selection method. The English online newspapers The Evening Standard and The Guardian were used as sources. The novelty of this research lies in its attempt to describe non-finite sentences containing a non-finite verb form that is not part of a predicative construction. The study's findings indicate that infinitive clauses, -ing clauses with participles and gerunds, and -ed clauses can function as subjects, extraposed subjects, direct objects, subject predicatives, adverbial modifiers, and various types of complements, depending on the elements they modify. Additionally, they can serve as postmodifiers and supplementary clauses. We assume that the predominance of active infinitive and -ing clauses suggests a preference for an active stance by the authors in conveying their messages to the reader. This, in turn, reflects the mentality of native English speakers, which places an emphasis on personal responsibility.
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Tuhai, Oleksandra M. "MODELS OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES IN OLD GERMANIC CONCESSIVE SENTENCES." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 1, no. 29 (2025): 305–27. https://doi.org/10.32342/3041-217x-2025-1-29-18.
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The proposed article deals with revealing the syntactic profile of the Old Germanic languages, name- ly, the particularities of the functioning of the syntax and grammatical framework structure of sentences with concessive semantics in the Germanic languages of the ancient period (Old English, Old High German, Old Saxon, Old Norse (Old Icelandic), Gothic, Old Frisian). The study aims to outline the models of syntactic structures of complex sentences with a subordinate / coordinate concessive action in four semantic types of concessive sentences with pure (concessive), conditional, contrastive, and causative semantics of con- cession across six Old Germanic languages. To meet this objective, a seven-stage methodology was devel- oped based on the use of interdisciplinary tools involving such methods as the method of internal recon- struction, comparative-historical, structural-syntactic, semantic, descriptive methods, analytical and syn- thetic analysis, and the method of continuous sampling. Based on the internal grammatical reconstruction of Old Germanic concessive sentences of various semantic types, three basic types of their internal framework structure with the governing position of the main V-finite verb in the principal and concessive (or subordinate / coordinate) clauses have been identi- fied as: 1) VXS- / VSX-model with a V-finite verb in the initial position; 2) SVX- / XVS-model with a V-finite verb in the secondary position; 3) SXV- / XSV-model with a V-finite verb in the final position. It has been de- termined that the syntax of concessive sentences with various semantics of concession in the dynamic syn- chrony demonstrates the functioning of the identified syntactic models in most semantic types of conces- sive clauses depending on the specific Old Germanic language. Common and distinctive syntactic particularities of Old Germanic concessive clauses are observed in six configurations as SXV / XSV / VXS / VSX / SVX / XVS with an emphasis on the initial / secondary / final slot positions of the main V-finite verbs in the principal and subordinate (coordinative) clauses. Common syn- tactic particularities are identified by way of the presence of the same syntactic slot position of the main fi- nite verb – V-initial, V-secondary, V-final as a mutual signal syntactic function or feature in all or certain se- mantic types of the concessive action in the ancient languages under study. Distinctive syntactic particular- ities are established by the absence of a certain syntactic slot position of the main finite verb – V-initial, V- secondary, V-final as a unique signal syntactic feature of the functioning of a certain type of a concessive clause in a certain Old Germanic language. The framework structure of concessive sentences is outlined in terms of the syntactic coherence between pure (concessive), conditional, contrastive, and causative concessive clauses and their corre- sponding main clauses within the concessive sentences as: “contact – distant” arrangement of the inter- nal framework slot positions of the clausal conjunction with “contact – distant” arrangement of the exter- nal framework clause allocation within the whole concessive sentence. The syntactic coherence of conces- sive / non-concessive conjunctions within clauses of concessive sentences is established as: “contact – dis- tant” arrangement of internal framework conjunction concordance slot positions with “contact – distant” arrangement of internal framework conjunction position within the frame. It was found that the contact clausal conjunction slot positions were common across all Old German- ic languages in four semantic types of sentences with pure (concessive), conditional, contrastive, and caus- ative concession. The distant clausal conjunction slot positions prevailed in Old High German sentences of pure (concessive), contrastive concession; in Gothic sentences of conditional, contrastive, and causative concession. The contact conjunction concordance slot positions are witnessed only in Gothic conditional and Old Frisian causative concessive clauses. The distant conjunction concordance slot positions were com- mon in Old High German conditional, causative concessive clauses, Gothic contrastive concessive clauses, Old Frisian contrastive, causative concessive clauses, and Old English causative concessive clauses.
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이인철 and 강문구. "A Study on Non-finite Subordinate Clauses." Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology 9, no. 11 (2019): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35873/ajmahs.2019.9.11.027.
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Rai, Netra Mani. "Adverbial Clauses in Dumi." Nepalese Linguistics 38, no. 1 (2024): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nl.v38i1.71560.
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This paper outlines the distribution of adverbial clauses in Dumi, a minority indigenous language among 26 Kirati Rai languages in Nepal. It has used secondary data based on Rai (2017). The primary data include the narrative with Dumi speakers from the Makpa area of the Dumi homeland and the writer's intuition as a mother tongue speaker. This study shows that the adverbial subordinate clauses in Dumi are either marked by the subordinating morphemes attached to the verb of the dependent clause or by the presence of the non-finite verb forms. Temporal adverbial clauses include precedence, subsequence and simultaneous in Dumi.
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Mauri, Simone. "A typological analysis of the Chained-Aorist construction in Ayt Atta Tamazight (Berber)." Studies in Language 41, no. 1 (2017): 198–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.1.06mau.
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Clause-linking mechanisms are subject to cross-linguistic variation. As far as non-subordinate clauses are concerned, any combination of two clauses may show two predicates mutually equal or different in terms of finiteness: these are known as co-ranking and clause-chaining structures, respectively (Longacre 2007: 375). Clause-chaining constructions show two structural possibilities, namely medial-final and initial-medial chaining, depending on whether the more-finite verb follows or precedes the less-finite one. Clause-chaining constructions are found in unrelated language families scattered across the globe, including Afroasiatic (Longacre 1990). However, the existing typological literature on the topic has totally neglected Berber, another Afroasiatic language. This work focuses on a clause-linking strategy found in Ayt Atta Tamazight (Berber, henceforth AAT) and in other Berber languages, the so-called Chained-Aorist construction (henceforth C-AOR). Stemming from my fieldwork on AAT, this paper provides an innovative typological analysis of C-AOR, analysing it in terms of initial-medial clause chaining.
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Lopatiuk, Nataliia. "FUNCTIONAL PARADIGM OF NON-FINITE CLAUSES WITH A NON-FINITE WHICH IS PART OF A PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION (ON THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLES)." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 843 (July 2023): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2023.843.67-75.
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The article homes in on establishing the functional paradigm of non-finite clauses in Modern English. The data for the research has been drawn from English online newspaper articles the Evening Standard, the Guardian, the Times. The research corpus comprises 254 non-finite clauses per 976 thousand words from the texts under analysis. The novelty of this investigation lies in the fact that it views non-finite clauses in the functional aspect with a non-finite as part of a predicative construction. Non-finite clauses are a concise means of expressing thoughts and being such they can make the idea get manifested in a shorter but more attractive way. The use of non-finites demands a more sophisticated kowledge of language and more cognitive effort for perception and interpretation. This last statement may explain the reason why newspaper register abounds in non-finites while informal English does not. As the result of the analysis there have been established the functions performed by (a) the infinitive clauses with the infinitive as a secondary predicate in the subjective predicative construction, the objective predicative construction, the for-to-infinitive construction and the absolute with the infinitive construction; (b) the ing-clauses with the present / perfect participle and the gerund as a secondary predicate of the objective / subjective / prepositional absolute with the participle construction and of the gerundial predicative construction correspondingly; (c) the ed-clauses with the past participle as a secondary predicate of the objective / subjective / prepositional absolute with the participle construction.
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Nazara, Wa’özisökhi. "Exploring Subordinate Clauses In The Story Of An Hour." IJOLTL (Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics) 9, no. 1 (2024): 120–28. https://doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v9i1.781.
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This is a brief analysis of subordinate clauses found in Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour. Three types of clauses were identified according to their function within the complex sentences to which they belong. The three types are complement clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. Complement clauses are marked by that. Relative clauses are introduced by that, who, which, or whose. Adverbial clauses are marked by as or when. In terms of their structural types, two types of clauses were found: finite and non-finite clauses.
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Watanabe, Yasuko. "Clause-Chaining, Switch-Reference and Action/Event Continuity in Japanese Discourse." Studies in Language 18, no. 1 (1994): 127–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18.1.07wat.
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This paper investigates the clause-chaining mechanism exhibited in Japanese. Clause-chaining is characterized by a string of clauses with non-finite (or partly non-finite) verb forms followed by a clause with a finite verb. The basic property of clause-chaining devices is to conjoin two or more clauses in a (more or less) chronological order. In this paper, the discourse function of the clause-chaining devices, te, to and zero-conjunction, is interpreted in terms of the notion of action/event continuity. First, general properties of the clause-chaining devices, including various degrees of clause integration, are discussed. Then, the notion of action/event continuity in discourse is introduced, and a hypothesis that the clause-chaining devices in Japanese are coding action/event continuity or discontinuity is advanced. The hypothesis will be tested by examining continuity of referent, aspect, time, and location. Firstly, this paper studies switch-reference properties of the clause-chaining devices along with their correlations with subject marking devices (wa, ga and zero anaphora). As a corollary of the hypothesis, I offer a functional explanation of a well-known phenomenon: that generally only the subject marking device ga appears in a subordinate clause. Later, the paper will investigate the significance of aspectual coding in clause-chaining. Finally, it will investigate how referential, aspectual, temporal, and locational continuity correlate with the overall discourse coherence of action/event continuity.
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Becker, Misha. "The development of the copula in Child English." Annual Review of Language Acquisition 2 (October 1, 2002): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arla.2.03bec.
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The dissertation summarized here provides an account of the fact that young children acquiring English (around age 2) often produce utterances like (1), in which they omit a form of the copula, be. (1)I in the kitchen. Childrens production of forms like (1) is interesting for two main reasons: firstly, utterances like these do not occur in the input (adult English); secondly, childrens omission of the copula conforms to a systematic pattern (it is neither across the board, nor haphazard). In particular, children omit the copula far less frequently in utterances like (2). (2)Hes a dog. The difference between the constructions in (1) and (2) can be characterized in terms of the well-known semantic stage-level/individual-level contrast. That is, a location such as in the kitchen denotes a stage-level property of the subject; a predicate such as a dog denotes an individual-level property of the subject. I argue for a syntactic difference between stage- and individual-level predicates: stage-level predicates contain additional functional structure (AspP) that individual-level predicates lack. Cross-linguistic support for this proposal is provided. As for why children acquiring English omit the copula in main clauses, I link this to the fact that non-finite main clauses are permitted in child English. I define finiteness in terms of a binding relation between an abstract Tense Operator (TOP) (located in CP) and Infl. In certain grammars (among them child English) TOP may bind Asp instead of Infl, if Asp is projected in the particular clause. However, this binding relation does not result in the clause being finite. Since Asp is projected in clauses with stage-level predicates, but not in those with individual-level predicates, it follows that stage-level predicates may occur in non-finite clauses while individual-level predicates occur with a finite clause. Coupled with the hypothesis that an overt copula is finite (in the sample studied here it is inflected over 99% of the time) and an omitted copula indicates non-finiteness, the pattern of copula omission and production in child English is accounted for.
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Kim, Taein, and Hyoungjin Park. "A Cognitive Explanation of the Asymmetry in Event/Propositional Interpretation of Finite/Non-finite Adnominal Clauses." Urimal Society 79 (October 31, 2024): 101–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35902/urm.2024.79.101.
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This study aims to explain the phenomenon where non-finite clauses, which originally denote events, can sometimes represent propositions, while, asymmetrically, finite clauses that express propositions cannot denote events in any context. To explore this, the methodology of “ultimate explanation” from evolutionary psychology is introduced. While this phenomenon could be explained through type coercion or polysemy, such explanations are not considered ultimate. This paper adopts an explanation based on cognitive systems as the ultimate explanation. Event memory can become semantic memory, but semantic memory cannot become event memory. This asymmetry in cognitive systems is directly reflected in language, leading to the asymmetrical interpretation of non-finite and finite clauses.
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Malá, Marcela. "A Corpus-Based Diachronic Study of a Change in the Use of Non-Finite Clauses in Written English." Prague Journal of English Studies 6, no. 1 (2017): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjes-2017-0009.
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AbstractOccasional notes in secondary literature suggest that there is a growing tendency to use non-finite clauses in written English. It is partly attributed to the fact that during the process of historical development the English finite verb has lost much of its dynamism and the nominal elements of predication, namely infinitives, participles and gerunds have gradually become semantically more important. This paper deals with the occurrences of non-finite clauses in the tagged Brown/Frown and LOB/F-LOB corpora, which are matching corpora of American English and British English respectively. The article looks at 1) the use of noun phrases followed by -ing participles, -ed participles and to-infinitives, 2) the use of -ing/-ed clauses with/without overt subordinators and 3) the occurrences of to-infinitive clauses. When the structural patterns 1), 2) and 3) were taken as wholes there was always an increase in the frequency of occurrence of non-finite clauses demonstrated by hundreds of examples in the Frown and F-LOB corpora. This may be considered significant since there is only a 30-year difference between the Brown/Frown and LOB/F-LOB corpora. The findings thus completely support the premise that when the perspective of the research is diachronic, in written English non-finite clauses are becoming increasingly prominent.
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Kozhanov, Kirill. "Finite to Non-finite through Impersonalization." Journal of Language Contact 17, no. 4 (2024): 703–26. https://doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01704004.
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Abstract This study examines the contact-induced emergence of an infinitive in Russian Romani, a northeastern Romani dialect spoken in Russia and neighboring countries. Romani, like other Balkan languages, lacks an infinitival verbal form and instead uses finite subjunctive phrases in complements and purpose clauses. However, in some Romani dialects that have been in contact with infinitival languages (e.g., Slavic, Germanic, Finnish), a new infinitive form has emerged. This new form, derived from the subjunctive, lacks agreement with the controller. Drawing on spoken and literary corpus data, this article explores the development of several new non-agreeing verbal forms from generic impersonal uses. Unlike other Romani dialects, in Russian Romani, this new form has not fully grammaticalized into an infinitive but mainly functions as a default in generic and agent-demoted contexts.
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Rohdenburg, Günter. "Rivalling Noun-Dependent Complements in Modern English: that‑Clauses and ‘Complex’ Gerunds." Anglia 137, no. 2 (2019): 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2019-0023.
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Abstract This corpus‑based paper explores the history and present status of the contrast between noun‑dependent that‑clauses and ‘complex’ gerunds containing their own subjects. With seven of the fifteen nouns under scrutiny, the emergence of the that‑clause either follows that of the gerund or the two complement types emerge at about the same time. This suggests that we will have to qualify the general assumption that since the eighteenth century English has promoted non‑finite subordinate clauses at the expense of finite ones. More crucially, with by far most of the nouns investigated, the that‑clause has gained much further ground over the last few centuries, with American English spearheading this development since the early nineteenth century. In line with the Complexity Principle, the grammatical environments favouring the more explicit that‑clause over the complex gerund include subject complexity and different types of structural discontinuity. Intriguingly, however, the easy‑to‑process there‑clause containing the nouns in question is also found to favour the that‑clause at the expense of the complex gerund.
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Barannikova, T. B., Z. A. Ibragimova, and A. Sh Ismailova. "Synonymy of Adverbal Clauses and Non-Finite Constructions." Herald of Dagestan State University 39, no. 3 (2024): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2542-0313-2024-39-3-45-54.
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Berg, Thomas. "Towards an explanation of the syntax of West Germanic particle verbs: A cognitive-pragmatic view." Cognitive Linguistics 29, no. 4 (2018): 703–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0069.
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AbstractWhile the unusual behaviour of particle verbs in West Germanic has been the subject of much debate, it still awaits a substantive explanation. These verbs undergo reversal and/or intercalation subject to such syntactic constraints as finiteness and clause type. Situated within Prototype Theory, this study defines the relevant grammatical categories in terms of varying degrees of syntacticity (i.e., sentence-likeness vs. word-likeness) of which cohesiveness is a major indicator. The higher the cohesiveness of a given category, the more resistant it is to syntactic processes. The following scale of increasing cohesiveness is proposed: main clauses, finite verbs, subordinate clauses, non-finite verbs, nouns. Thus, reversal and intercalation are found in the leftward, though not in the rightward categories. This scale is pragmatically motivated. Generally speaking, main clauses are communicatively more important than subordinate clauses. Therefore, the former require a wider choice of expressive means such as reversal and intercalation than the latter. The availability of syntactic options is argued to be an iconic reflection of communicative needs.
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Fernández-Salgueiro, Gerardo. "On Tense, agreement, and the syntax of null and overt subjects." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 10, no. 7 (2024): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.416.
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In this paper I argue that the position and realization of subjects in adverbial non-finite clauses in Italian, Spanish, Galician, and European Portuguese can provide valuable insight into the licensing conditions for pro and postverbal subjects in finite clauses in these pro-drop languages. I first provide evidence that Tense and Agreement constitute separate syntactic heads in these languages, as argued by Belletti (1990) among others, and also apply this analysis to non-finite clauses in Spanish, Galician, and Portuguese. I will also argue, after analyzing the syntactic variation exhibited by subjects in non-finite clauses (containing regular and inflected infinitives) in Spanish, Galician, and European Portuguese, that (i) postverbal overt subject DPs are licensed by a full set of φ-features in Agr (overt or covert), (ii) pro is licensed by an Agr head that is overtly realized by either overt φ-features or verb movement, and (iii) preverbal overt subject DPs are licensed by verb movement to Agr.
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Washington, Jonathan North, and Francis Morton Tyers. "Delineating Turkic non-finite verb forms by syntactic function." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4, no. 1 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4587.
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In this paper, we argue against the primary categories of non-finite verb used in the Turkology literature: “participle” (причастие ‹pričastije›) and “converb” (деепричастие ‹dejepričastije›). We argue that both of these terms conflate several discrete phenomena, and that they furthermore are not coherent as umbrella terms for these phenomena. Based on detailed study of the non-finite verb morphology and syntax of a wide range of Turkic languages (presented here are Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tuvan, and Sakha), we instead propose delineation of these categories according to their morphological and syntactic properties. Specifically, we propose that more accurate categories are verbal noun, verbal adjective, verbal adverb, and infinitive. This approach has far-reaching implications to the study of syntactic phenomena in Turkic languages, including phenomena ranging from relative clauses to clause chaining.
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Kurniasy, Dessy. "HYPOTACTIC STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH." JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching) 2, no. 2 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v2i2.11.
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This present study focuses on the study of a hypotactic structure in English. It is concerned with clause complex which is comprised of two or more clauses logically connected. The relation between clauses can be interpreted in terms of ‘logical’ semantic relations and system of interdependency relation – parataxis and hypotaxis. The method used in this study was qualitative approach in which the data were taken from some linguistic books. The finding shows that the concept of hypotactic structure in English is divided into two types: expansion and projection. There are three kinds of expanding a clause i.e. elaboration (=), extension (+) and enhancement (x), and two kinds of projection i.e. locution (”) and idea (’). Elaboration shows that the meaning of the secondary clause is equal to the primary one, but the secondary clause does not introduce a new element into the picture but rather provides a further characterization of one that is already there. Extension is a clause that extends the meaning of another by adding something new to it. Meanwhile, enhancement shows the meaning of another clause by qualifying it with adverbial clause in traditional grammar. Furthermore, the three clauses can be finite or non-finite. Locution, on the other hand, is a projection with verbal process, in which the clause containing the sayer and the reporting verb is thedominant clause and the reported element is the dependent clause. Thus, idea is a projection with mental process that is used to report ideas, beliefs, fears and speculations. The combination of mental process with a dependent ‘reporting’ clause is the nominal ways of representing what people say, think and believe.
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SARVASY, Hannah S. "The root nominal stage: a case study of early Nungon verbs." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 6 (2019): 1073–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000357.
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AbstractThe ‘root infinitive’ phenomenon in child speech is known from major languages such as Dutch. In this case study, a child acquiring the Papuan language Nungon in a remote village setting in Papua New Guinea uses two different non-finite verb forms as predicates of main clauses (‘root’ contexts) between ages 2;3 and 3;3. The first root non-finite form is an apparent innovation of the child, unacceptable in adult-to-adult speech, which must be learned from a special auxiliary construction in child-directed speech. The second root non-finite form functions like attested adult main clause use of the same form. During the study period, the first root non-finite form increases sharply to function as a default verb form, then decreases to nil by 3;2. The second increases gradually to near-adult levels. Both forms are non-finite and have similar proportions in the input. Thus, factors other than finiteness and frequency must explain their distributions.
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Zhao, Qi, and Shuning Ma. "Underproduction and Overproduction: Comparison of the Use of English Relative Clauses in Chinese EFL Learners’ and Native Speakers’ Academic Writing." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 8, no. 3 (2025): 279–88. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2025.8.3.31.
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This study investigates Chinese ESL learners’ production of English relative clauses in academic writing with corpus-based methodologies. With the help of a series of retrieval codes for Antconc software designed for the investigation, different types of relative clauses in both L1-Chinese students’ and L1-English students’ essays are identified for statistical analysis and textual analysis. The results validate a phenomenon reported in previous studies that Chinese ESL learners generally underproduce relative clauses. Meanwhile, it is found that they especially underproduce finite restrictive relative clauses and non-finite present participial relative clauses. On the other hand, we unexpectedly find they overproduce non-restrictive relative clauses compared with native speakers. The analysis of some representative examples reveals that their behaviours could be attributed to the following factors: 1) the insufficient mastery of the grammatical structure of relative clauses; 2) the way they organize information; 3）the transfer from Chinese “run-on sentences. These findings could provide insights for ESL teachers to understand L1-English students’ problems with producing relative clauses and better teach them how and when to use certain types of relative clauses.
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ITO, TAKAO. "OBJECT ELLIPSIS IN SUBJECTLESS NON-FINITE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 10 (1993): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.10.75.
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Johanson, Lars. "Selection of Subjunctors in Turkic Non-Finite Complement Clauses." Bilig, Journal of Social Sciences in Turkish World 67 (October 29, 2013): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12995/bilig.2013.6704.
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Brattico, Pauli, and Saara Huhmarniemi. "Finnish negation, the EPP feature and the valuation theory of morphosyntax." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 29, no. 1 (2006): 5–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033258650600148x.
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The Extended Projection Principle (EPP) has remained a controversial topic in generative grammar. This article proposes to derive the EPP from a generalized theory of nominal case and verbal agreement. According to the proposal presented in this article, morphosyntactic features such as case and verbal phi-features are valued uniformly by the closest asymmetrically c-commanding element, whereas the PF interface is constrained so as to prevent verbs from being valued nominal case and nominals by verbal phi-features. This constraint together with a new theory of valuation explains the appearance of the EPP. The theory is applied to the investigation of negative clauses in Finnish and other languages, Finnish (elliptical) non-finite negative clauses, expletive constructions, multiple wh-movement in a variety of languages, multiple agreement both in the finite and nominal domains, and asymmetries between finite and non-finite clauses.
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Tarasevich, D. V. "Structural and functional-semantic classification of Koryak polypredicative constructions with the clause linkage marker tite ‘when’." LANGUAGES AND FOLKLORE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF SIBERIA 49 (2024): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2024-1-42-59.
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The paper presents structural and functional-semantic classifications of Koryak polypredicative constructions with the clause linkage marker tite ‘when’. These are syntactic units prototypically comprising two clauses linked by the word tite and encoding the relation between the events expressed by these predicative units. Given the endangered status of the Koryak language, it seems imperative to document its grammar. Furthermore, the Koryak syntax is particularly intriguing from a typological perspective due to its polysynthetic nature and extensive use of non-finite verb forms with nominal case affixes directly attached to the verb stem. This study employed the methodology developed by the scholars of the Institute of Philology of the SB RAS. The classifications were developed by analyzing the constructions concerned in the texts of the three native speakers. The three main parameters of the analysis were the forms used as predicates of clauses, the morphological nature of the clause linkage markers, and the semantic relation between the events. In terms of the morphology of clause linkage markers, the constructions can be categorized into proper analytic and analyticsynthetic types, while the forms of the predicates determine whether they are bi-finite, monofinite, or bi-nonfinite. The non-finite verb form system exclusively employs negative, locative, dative converbs, and converbs of simultaneity. When considering its functional aspects, the author regards tite as a versatile marker of clause linkage, encompassing temporal-conditional and complement constructions. Posteriority, partial simultaneity, and reality condition are among the most prevalent semantic types. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the correlations between structure and meaning.
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Adhikari, Manju. "Subordination in Western Tamang." Patan Pragya 10, no. 01 (2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v10i01.50612.
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This article examines the clause combining in Western Tamang of Nuwakot district in Nepal. The significance of language as spoken in a particular community of Nepal reflects in the diversity as being accommodated in the national policy of language by the language commission of Nepal. Western Tamang is a major dialect of Tamang, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Nepal. The main goal of this study has been to analyze the forms and functions of clause combining in Western Tamang. This article describes the process of clause combining from both formal and functional perspectives. The data for this study have been taken from the Western Tamang dialect spoken in Rasuwa and Trishuli based on functional-typological grammar of T. Givón (2001).However; simple clauses are discussed in terms of subordination and coordination to some extent. Subordination involves five kinds of clauses: serial verb construction, complement clauses, adverbial clauses, relative clauses and converbal clauses. In subordination, Western Tamang uses non-finite form of the verb as a major strategy for clause combining. In coordination, except for conjunction and adversative conjunction, it uses coordinators borrowed from Nepali. It uses simple juxtaposition, an asyndeton coordination for conjunction. Clause combining as a morpho-syntactic phenomenon in Western Tamang reveals typologically interesting characteristics which needs from a broad typological perspective. The morpho-syntactic analysis of clause combining in the Western Tamang would contribute to understanding new phenomenon in Western Tamang and other related languages. This study may provide the basic foundation for the further study of the morpho-syntactic aspects in dialect. It is useful to local community for preparing materials for multilingual education in the dialect as well. Despite differences perceived among the Tamang speaking people in terms of language variations, the basics in their language are similar. The beauty and property of language can be seen in diversity.
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Drăgan, Ruxandra. "Non-Finite Forms in Translation." Romanian Journal of English Studies 21, no. 1 (2024): 37–49. https://doi.org/10.2478/rjes-2024-0003.
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Abstract English non-finite forms (gerunds, participles, infinitives) are reduced clauses mostly without straightforward equivalents in Romanian, which often makes their translation problematic. Following this idea, the article investigates the translation strategies used to render -ing participial constructions in order to identify the range of syntactic patterns generated in Romanian, and possible translation issues. The study argues that two strategies dominate the picture (literal translation and compensation by splitting) and their selection generally depends on the type of participial construction they translate. The findings also support the view of explicitation as a universal translation strategy (Blum-Kulka 1986, Klaudy and Karoly 2005, Klaudy 2003, 2009, etc.).
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Schröder, Helga. "The Syntax and Semantics of Clause-Chaining in Toposa." Studies in African Linguistics 49, no. 1 (2020): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v49i1.122263.
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Some languages make extensive use of clause-chaining. According to Payne (1997: 312), clause-chaining has been documented for languages in the highlands of New Guinea, Australia and the Americas. In Africa it is found in Ethiopia (Völlmin et al. 2007), in Kiswahili, a Bantu language (Hopper 1979: 213-215, Mungania 2018), in Anuak, a Western Nilotic language (Longacre 1990: 88-90 and 2007: 418) and in Toposa, a VSO language of South Sudan (Schröder 2011). Clause-chaining is characterized by a long combination of non-finite clauses that have operator dependency on a finite clause, and it usually signals foregrounded information in discourse (see also Dooley 2010: 3). Besides its discourse function, clause-chaining exhibits morpho-syntactic and semantic properties as demonstrated in this paper with examples from Toposa, an Eastern Nilotic language.
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FONTEYN, LAUREN, and NIKKI VAN DE POL. "Divide and conquer: the formation and functional dynamics of the Modern English ing-clause network." English Language and Linguistics 20, no. 2 (2015): 185–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000258.
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The present article offers a corpus-based analysis of the diachronic development of the usage profiles of three adverbial non-finite clauses in Modern English: the free adjunct, the verbal gerund and the absolute construction. By treating present-participial adverbial clauses and adverbial gerunds as part of a single adverbial ing-clause network, this article sheds new light on the different semantic and functional-pragmatic factors motivating the formal variation within the ing-clause network. By means of two mixed-model logistic regression analyses, we determine the relative impact of the independent variables of adverbial semantics, position, degree of coreference and length on the language user's choice in (i) whether or not to include augmentation (syndesis) and (ii) whether or not to include an overt subject in the adverbial ing-clause. The resulting picture is one of an emerging adverbial ing-clause network in which the internal variation is determined by principles of processing complexity.
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Abonego Adejare, Roseline. "Sentence Pattern and Usage in Nigeria’s 2015 Presidential Debate." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 4 (2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.4p.117.
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This study of sentence pattern and usage in Nigeria’s 2015 Presidential Debate identifies and accounts for all occurring major and minor sentences, classifies the major sentences into simple, compound and complex subtypes, determines their typological and thematic distribution, and demonstrates how they were strategically employed to articulate each debater’s points. The data comprises 1876 sentences and was analysed using an improved version of the systemic grammatical model. Results show that major and minor sentences represent 92 and 8 per cent respectively and that while the simple sentence accounted for 77 per cent, compound and complex sentences make up 10 and 13 per cent respectively. Mean length of sentence was 13.6 words and clause density in respect of compound and complex sentences was 1.6 and 2.22 per sentence. Of the seventeen variants of the simple sentence isolated 21 per cent had their elements of structure realised by rankshifted clauses while 20 per cent were affected by multiplicity, mobility and inversion. Though the rest 59 per cent were kernel sentences of the basic SPCA structural pattern, it was not uncommon to find structurally complex groups as elements of clause structure. What determined which of alpha or beta was clause-initially was the focus of the message conveyed. So thematic fronting is not limited to the single clause sentence. Sentence length and type, positioning of clauses or parts thereof, and decisions on conjunctions and finite or non-finite clauses, were greatly governed by theme and the speaker’s mediate goals and grammatical sophistication. These are proofs of the strategic use of the sentence by politicians.
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Hansen, Cynthia. "Subordinate and interrogative clause negation in Iquito." Linguistic Typology 22, no. 1 (2018): 119–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0004.
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Abstract This paper describes a specific non-standard negation strategy in Iquito, a moribund Zaparoan language spoken in northern Peruvian Amazonia. This strategy is used in finite subordinate clauses (namely adverbial dependent clauses and relative clauses), as well as information questions, and it utilizes two negative markers: a negative particle which is also found in standard negation, and a verbal affix which does not function as a negator in any other context. Using existing typological characterizations of subordinate clause negation, we see that Iquito exhibits the following attested traits: it uses the standard negator in a different position, it also utilizes a distinct negator, and it employs more negators in the subordinate clause than in the main clause. But unlike the languages presented in the literature, Iquito utilizes these parameters simultaneously. Additionally, the position of the standard negator changes within the subordinate clause, depending on the reality status of the clause. Using Iquito as a case study, I propose a set of parameters for comparing subordinate clause and interrogative negation strategies to standard negation strategies, which include the type of negator used, its position, the overall number of negators, the potential for interaction with other grammatical categories, such as reality status, and the resulting word order of the clause. This set of parameters expands the initial typological characterizations of subordinate clause negation strategies.
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Valk, Pelin Onar, and Ad Backus. "Syntactic change in an immigrant language: from non-finite to finite subordinate clauses in Turkish." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 4, no. 2 (2013): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2013.4.2.01.
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While Turkish immigrants in Western Europe orient themselves to the norms of Standard Turkish, their Turkish is constantly being influenced by the European language they also speak. As a result of language contact, slowly but surely, new varieties of Turkish seem to be evolving, exhibiting loss of certain features and/or borrowing of words and structures taken from European languages. In this article, the focus is on Immigrant Turkish in the Netherlands, particularly on how it forms subordinate clauses. We compare data from the Netherlands and Turkey, with the data coming from two sources: spontaneous conversation and a sentence recall task. The main finding that both data sources converge on is that Dutch Turkish speakers clearly prefer to use finite subordinate clauses, especially in reported speech structures, and that this is a clear influence from Dutch. In Turkey, subordination is predominantly non-finite. The findings are interpreted in a usage-based perspective on contact-induced change.