Academic literature on the topic 'Non-Finite verb forms'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-Finite verb forms"
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Kuppusamy, C. "Verb Phrase in Tamil." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i4.1921.
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The verb phrase is built up of a verb, which is the head of the construction. Verb occurs as predicate in the rightmost position of a clause. As a predicate it selects arguments (Ex. Subject, Direct object, Indirect object and Locative NPs) and assigns case to its arguments and adverbial adjuncts. Another syntactic property of verbs in Tamil is that they can govern subordinate verb forms. Verb occurring as finite verbs in clause final position can be complemented by non-finite verbs proceeding them. The latter with respect to the interpretation of tense or subject governs these non-finite forms, being subordinate to the finite verb form. If we follow the traditional idea of having a VP node for Tamil, then all the elements, except the subject NP, will have to be grouped under VP.
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de Vries, Lourens. "From clause conjoining to clause chaining in Dumut languages of New Guinea." Studies in Language 34, no. 2 (August 13, 2010): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.34.2.04vri.
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The Dumut languages Mandobo, South Wambon and North Wambon are a subgroup of the Awyu-Dumut family. They form a dialect chain that represents stages of the development from clause conjoining with independent verb forms to clause chaining with dependent verb forms that express switch-reference. South Wambon represents the first stage in which there is coordination reduction of tense and subject person-number suffixes in thematic continuity conditions. This process created three verb types: fully finite verbs; semi-finite verbs and non-finite verbs. Coordination reduction leaves the coordinating conjunctions intact and this explains the presence of coordinators with all verb types, including dependent verbs. Coordination reduction creates verb forms that signal subject continuity but it does not create subject discontinuity forms and there is no switch-reference in South Wambon. However, the introduction of dependent subject continuity forms gives South Wambon speakers a choice in subject continuity conditions between dependent forms and independent verb forms. Since speakers prefer dependent forms under these conditions, a frequency pattern emerges that associates independent forms with subject discontinuity conditions and that sets the stage for the development of medial verb forms and switch-reference. North Wambon and Mandobo represent the second stage in which subject discontinuity forms develop. North Wambon transforms conjoined semi-finite independent verbs into two types of special medial verb forms that express switch-reference. In Mandobo any medially occurring independent verb form is reinterpreted as a Different Subject form. The two-stage hypothesis revives the coordination reduction theory of Haiman (1983a) as an explanation for the origin of (certain) switch-reference systems by viewing coordination reduction as an explanation of SS forms only. In this way, the two-stage theory overcomes the problems of limited applicability that Roberts (1997: 190) noted for the original theory of Haiman (1983a).
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Washington, Jonathan N., Francis M. Tyers, and Ilnar Salimzianov. "Non-finite verb forms in Turkic exhibit syncretism, not multifunctionality." Folia Linguistica 56, no. 3 (November 1, 2022): 693–742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2022-2045.
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Abstract Non-finite verbs in Turkic are typically categorised as participles, converbs, and sometimes infinitives, with multiple uses of a form within one category considered to constitute multiple functions. This multifunctionality approach predicts that all non-finite verb forms within each of the categories should have the same range of syntactic functions. We show that this is not the case. Based on analysis of a representative set of Turkic languages (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Sakha, Tatar, Turkish, and Tuvan), we propose a categorisation based on morphological and syntactic properties of non-finite verbs, resulting in four categories: verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, verbal adverbs, and infinitives. Under this approach, forms that are typically labelled as participles end up categorised as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or both, and forms that are typically labelled as converbs end up categorised as verbal adverbs, infinitives, or both. Some forms even span these two divisions. When a non-finite verb form appears to exist in multiple categories, we consider this to be a case of syncretism; this is, there is a member of one category that has the same form as a member of another category. We propose historical trajectories that may have led to the types of situations that are attested, examine the limitations of this approach, and discuss its wider implications.
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Washington, Jonathan North, and Francis Morton Tyers. "Delineating Turkic non-finite verb forms by syntactic function." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4587.
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In this paper, we argue against the primary categories of non-finite verb used in the Turkology literature: “participle” (причастие ‹pričastije›) and “converb” (деепричастие ‹dejepričastije›). We argue that both of these terms conflate several discrete phenomena, and that they furthermore are not coherent as umbrella terms for these phenomena. Based on detailed study of the non-finite verb morphology and syntax of a wide range of Turkic languages (presented here are Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tuvan, and Sakha), we instead propose delineation of these categories according to their morphological and syntactic properties. Specifically, we propose that more accurate categories are verbal noun, verbal adjective, verbal adverb, and infinitive. This approach has far-reaching implications to the study of syntactic phenomena in Turkic languages, including phenomena ranging from relative clauses to clause chaining.
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Caesar, Regina Oforiwah. "The participle form of causative verbs in Dangme." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 9 (May 31, 2017): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v9i0.1174.
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AbstractThis paper presents a descriptive analysis of verbs with the participle marking affixes in expressing causatives in Dangme, a language that belongs to the Kwa group of the Niger-Congo family of languages. The paper examines the syntax and the semantic perspectives of the participialized form of causative verbs in the Role and Reference Grammar’s (RRG) theory in Dangme. The participle is an affix which expresses the completion at the final stage of a process. As a verbal affix, it can take objects and have tense or aspect in languages. They also indicate active agency (actor) and an agency receiving an action (sufferer). Generally affixes that express participial are in two forms: the finite and non-finite categories. Unlike Akan and other languages that have both forms, Dangme has just the non-finite category which of two forms. The two non-finite forms of the verb in Dangme are the participle and the gerund. The gerund affix {-mi} denotes a new word class from verbs in Dangme, (noun). The participle on the other hand has adjective-like characteristics and it is expressed mostly with the front vowels of Dangme: /i, e, ԑ/. It is to be noted that to form the participle in Dangme, two processes are required. Firstly, the verb stem is reduplicated either partially or totally depending on the shape of the verb stem. The reduplicant then selects a front vowel of the same tongue height of the vowel of the verb stem. The words formed imply a process of change caused by a causer. For the purpose of this paper, my focus is on the participial affix used in expressing causative meaning in Dangme.
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Camacho, José. "Paradigmatic Uniformity: Evidence from Heritage Speakers of Spanish." Languages 7, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010014.
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Subject-verb agreement mismatches have been reported in the L2 and heritage literature, usually involving infinitives, analyzed as default morphological forms for fully specified T-heads. This article explores the mechanisms behind these mismatches, testing two hypotheses: the default form and the surface-similarity hypotheses. It compares non-finite and finite S-V mismatches with subjects with different persons, testing whether similarity with other paradigmatic forms makes them more acceptable, controlling for the role of verb frequency. Participants were asked to rate sentences on a Likert scale that included (a) infinitive forms with first, second and third person subjects, and (b) third person verbal forms with first, second and third person subjects. Two stem-stressed verbs (e.g., tra.j-o ‘brought.3p.past’) and two affix-stressed verbs (e.g., me.ti-o ‘introduced.3p.past’), varying in frequency were tested. Inflectional affixes of stem-stressed verbs are similar to other forms of the paradigm both phonologically and in being unstressed (tra.j-o ‘brought.3p.past’ vs. trai.g-o ‘bring.1 p.pres’), whereas affixes of affix-stressed verbs have dissimilar stress patterns (me.ti-o ´introduced.3p.past’ vs. me.t-o ‘introduce.1p.pres’). Results show significantly higher acceptability for finite vs. non-finite non-matching, and for 1st vs. 2nd person subjects. Stem-stressed verbs showed higher acceptability ratings than affix-stressed ones, suggesting a role for surface-form correspondence, partially confirming previous findings.
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Mammadova, N. I. "THE VERB AND THE VERBALS (THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB)." "Scientific notes of V. I. Vernadsky Taurida National University", Series: "Philology. Journalism" 1, no. 6 (2021): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2710-4656/2021.6-1/27.
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VAN BERGEN, LINDA. "Ne + infinitive constructions in Old English." English Language and Linguistics 16, no. 3 (October 22, 2012): 487–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674312000202.
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The occurrence of the Old English negative particle ne ‘not’ preceding a bare infinitive rather than a finite verb is a largely neglected or overlooked phenomenon. It is attested in constructions with uton ‘let's’ and in conjoined clauses with omission of the finite verb (Mitchell 1985). This article discusses evidence gathered mainly from the York–Toronto–Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose, showing that it is a phenomenon that needs to be taken seriously in descriptions and analyses of Old English. It is argued that the factor shared by the two constructions is the lack of an available finite verb for ne to attach to. It is also found that the use of ne for the purpose of negative concord appears to be more variable with infinitives than it is with finite verbs. Whether attachment of ne to a non-finite verb in the absence of a finite one is restricted to bare infinitives is difficult to determine because of the limited evidence relating to other non-finite forms, but there are some indications that use of ne may have been possible with present participles. Finally, some implications that the ne + infinitive pattern has for the formal analysis of Old English are discussed.
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Haznedar, Belma. "Morpho-syntactic properties of simultaneous bilingualism: Evidence from bilingual English-Turkish." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 4 (April 12, 2017): 793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703453.
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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: A number of studies on the acquisition of non-null subject languages in child grammars have suggested that while overt subjects are mainly used with finite forms, null subjects co-occur with non-finite forms. The purpose of this study is to explore the proposed relationship between subject realization and verbal morphology in a simultaneous bilingual context. Design/Methodology/Approach: Longitudinal case study Data and Analysis: The present study analyses longitudinal data from an English-Turkish bilingual child (2;4–3;9), with special reference to the distribution of finite forms and the suppliance of overt subjects on the one hand, and subject drop and the use of non-finite forms, on the other. The English/Turkish data comprise 37 recordings collected regularly for nearly 18 months. Findings/Conclusions: English-Turkish bilingual data show that the majority of the overt subjects in the English language of the bilingual child occur both with inflected and uninflected verb forms. At a time the child has consistent and productive suppliance of overt subjects in his English, he uses uninflected verb forms with overt subjects, suggesting that the proposed association discussed in the literature does not necessarily hold. Moreover, around the same time the bilingual child’s Turkish presents robust evidence for the productive and systematic use of inflected forms as well as omission of subjects. Originality and significance/implications: These data, based on a less commonly studied language pair, English-Turkish, challenge previous research that postulates an association between overt subjects and finite forms versus null subjects and non-finite root forms. Overall, there appears to be a relationship between the acquisition of subject–verb agreement in the bilingual child’s Turkish and the correct suppliance of overt subjects in his English, suggesting language-particular devices for the realization of person deixis.
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A. Jászó, Anna. "Comments on the history of non-finite verb forms in Hungarian." Acta Linguistica Hungarica 49, no. 1 (April 2002): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aling.49.2002.1.7.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-Finite verb forms"
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Diaz, Villalba Alejandro. "Le participe dans les grammaires des langues romanes (XVe-XVIIIe siècles). Histoire comparée d'une classe grammaticale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA080.
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L’étude présente l’histoire de la classe du participe à travers un corpus de grammaires del’espagnol, du français, de l’italien et du portugais parues entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle.La démarche comparative s’appuie sur le principe méthodologique de la mise en série d’une centaine d’ouvrages regroupés et confrontés selon des paramètres variables : la chronologie, le thème ou la tradition grammaticale de la langue-objet.La première partie aborde la question de la catégorisation en linguistique et s’interroge sur la nature des formes non finies du verbe, tout particulièrement du participe et de son emploi dans les formes verbales analytiques. La deuxième partie traite de l’histoire du participe sous un angle général. Ainsi, après avoir donné un aperçu des aspects problématiques qui intéressent les grammairiens grecs et latins, l’analyse se centre sur le traitement de la classe dans les grammaires des langues romanes. La troisième partie s’attache à étudier les approches et les concepts dont se servent les grammairiens de la Renaissance pour traiter les temps composés ainsi que la façon dont ils décrivent et (re)catégorisent les formes participiales de ces temps verbauxThe study investigates the history of the word-class of participle through a close study of a corpus of French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian grammars which were published between the 15th and 18th centuries. The comparative approach is based on the methodological principle of “series of texts”, by grouping and collating a hundred works according to several variable parameters: the chronology, the theme or the grammatical tradition of the language in question.The first part of the study deals with the linguistic categorization and questions the nature of the non-finite verbal forms, especially the participle and its use in an analytical verbal form. The second part deals with the history of the participle from a more general point of view. Thus, after an overview of the problematic aspects of Greek and Latin grammarians, the analysis focuses on the treatment of the word-class in the grammars of the Romance languages. The third part focuses on the approaches and concepts used by the Renaissance grammarians to deal with compound tenses and on how they described and (re)-categorized the participle forms of these verbal tenses
El estudio presenta la historia de la clase del participio a través de un corpus de gramáticas de español, francés, italiano y portugués publicadas entre los siglos XV y XVIII. El enfoque comparativo se basa en el principio metodológico de la constitución de series textuales, que nos permite agrupar y cotejar un centenar de textos en función de parámetros variables: la cronología, el tema o la tradición gramatical de la lengua objeto.La primera parte aborda el asunto de la categorización en lingüística e indaga la naturaleza de las formas no finitas del verbo, especialmente la del participio y su utilización en las formas analíticas del verbo. La segunda parte propone una aproximacióna la historia del participio desde una perspectiva más general. Así pues, tras una cala en los aspectos problemáticos relacionados con el participio tratados por los gramáticos griegos y latinos, el análisis se centra en el tratamiento de la clase en las gramáticas de las lenguas romances. La tercera parte investiga sobre los enfoques y los conceptos que emplean los gramáticos del Renacimiento para tratar los tiempos compuestos, y sobre el modo en que describen y (re)categorizan las formas participiales de esos tiempos verbales
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KODADOVÁ, Šárka. "Rozdíly v komplementaci infinitivních a gerundiálních slovesných tvarů." Master's thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-46608.
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The diploma thesis explores whether the complementation of infinitives and gerunds, functioning as subject clauses, is different. Expecially it compares syntactic structures, relative length and complexity of the complementations and their roles in functional sentence perspective (whether elements are rather thematic or rhematic etc.). Furthemore it explores whether the form of complementation is affected by the position of infinitive of gerund, it means if there is any difference between the complementations of non-finite verb in initial position and extraposition. The research is based on the relevant academic writing and on authentic instances of gerunds and infinitives from the present sources of literature.
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Pajmová, Klára. "Polovětné gerundiální a ing-ové participiální vazby v psaném a mluveném odborném textu." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-323412.
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This Master's thesis deals with the gerund and -ing participial clauses in written and spoken academic texts. The theoretical part defines the academic discourse and non-finite verb forms. Gerund and -ing participial constructions are further described regarding their forms and syntactic functions. The sources used for the research part are two corpora of contemporary academic British English: BASE and BAWE. BASE corpus contains transcripts of academic lectures. BAWE corpus is a collection of university-level students' writings. Both corpora contain texts from four different genres and moreover students' assignments are divided into four levels of study. For the purpose of the research part of our thesis, only the genre "Arts and Humanities" and the highest level of study will be taken into account. The practical part analyses the frequency of gerund and -ing participial clauses, frequency of verbs occurring in these constructions and collocations of these verbs. A detailed analysis aims at studying 100 sentences from written texts and 100 sentences from academic lectures. This sample is examined regarding the internal structure of each non-finite clause and its syntactic function. The final section summarizes the results or our research.
Books on the topic "Non-Finite verb forms"
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Speyer, Augustin. Periphrastic verb forms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0015.
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The origin of periphrastic verb forms in German is seen in the context of an articulated grammaticalization theory, where grammaticalization is understood as a series of a semantic change (‘bleaching’, read as: stripping of semantic features) followed by a syntactic reanalysis with subsequent extension. The development of several German periphrastic forms is illustrated under this view, focusing on the passive, the periphrastic perfect, and the future tense. Two waves of grammaticalization are distinguished, one in OHG (passive, perfect), one in MHG (future tense). Differences in the ordering frequencies of the non-finite and finite part of the verb form between some forms suggest structural differences, which might mirror different stages in the grammaticalization process.
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Schifano, Norma. Romance varieties of the Italian peninsula. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 investigates the differing patterns of verb placement attested across a selection of varieties of the Italian peninsula. After a description of the placement of the present indicative verb in the northern, central, and southern regional varieties of Italian, as well as in a selection of northern, central, upper southern, extreme southern, and Sardinian dialects, a macro-typology of verb placement in the Italian peninsula is drawn. The rest of the chapter is devoted to the description of the microvariation attested across the above varieties which emerges once different verb typologies are considered, such as lexical and auxiliary verbs, ‘have’ and ‘be’ auxiliaries, finite and non-finite verbs (cf. participle and infinitive), as well as a selection of modally, temporally, and aspectually marked forms (e.g. subjunctive, conditional, past, future, imperfect).
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Schifano, Norma. Other Romance varieties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 extends the investigation of verb placement to other Romance varieties, in order to expand the macro- and micro-typologies identified in Chapter 2. It starts with a description of the placement of the present indicative verb across a selection of varieties of French, Romanian, Spanish, Catalan, European Portuguese, and Brazilian Portuguese. Following the methodology of Chapter 2, the remainder of the discussion is devoted to the description of cases of microvariation attested across the varieties above, which emerge once a selection of structural and interpretative distinctions are considered, such as lexical and auxiliary verbs, ‘have’ and ‘be’ auxiliaries, finite and non-finite verbs (cf. participle and infinitive), as well as a selection of modally, temporally, and aspectually marked forms (e.g. subjunctive, conditional, past, future, imperfect).
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Schifano, Norma. Microvariation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 investigates Spanish and Romanian marked orderings of verbs and adverbs, as well as the microvariation in verb placement emerging from the investigation of variously TAM-specified lexical vs functional and finite vs non-finite forms. First, the pragmatically marked orders of Romanian and Spanish present indicative verbs are considered. Second, the placements of the perfective auxiliary ‘have’ and of the active past participle are analysed and it is shown that the attested variation can be subsumed under the same licensing principle responsible for default movement. Subsequently, a unified analysis is provided to account for the high placement of infinitives and subjunctives. The chapter ends with the cases of Romanian and French, which seem to escape the proposed analyses, followed by a discussion about the role played by Tense and Aspect in verb movement and the residual patterns of microvariation exhibited by Brazilian Portuguese.
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Vajda, Edward J. Polysynthesis in Ket. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.49.
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The Ket language isolate of Central Siberia differs morphologically from the surrounding languages in having a strongly prefixing polysynthetic verb. Grammatical markers are interdigitated between lexical morphemes, creating a discontinuous stem based on a template of eight prefixal positions, a base position and a single suffix position expressing plural agreement with animate-class subjects. Finite verb forms distinguish past from non-past indicative, as well as an imperative form. Verbs are strictly transitive or intransitive and express person, number, and noun class agreement with the subject and direct object. Although the language has accusative alignment, with subjects marked differently than objects, much of the verb’s linear complexity derives from lexically conditioned agreement strategies. There are three productive transitive configurations of agreement markers, and five productive intransitive configurations. Noun incorporation is productive for only a small number of stems. Some Ket verbs incorporate their object, others their instrument, and others their unaccusative subject.
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Paciaroni, Tania, and Michele Loporcaro. Overt gender marking depending on syntactic context in Ripano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0007.
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Based on dedicated fieldwork, this chapter analyses the gender system of Ripano (Italo-Romance), showing that it displays overt gender marking, but only depending on syntactic context. While overt gender per se and the syntactic dependency of gender marking via agreement on targets have both been described for several languages, the Ripano system is unprecedented, and deserves thorough description: thus, the chapter presents the phonological, morphological, and morphosyntactic prerequisites as well as the syntactic conditions which constrain overt gender marking. It places this peculiarity of Ripano in perspective, describing the many other quite extraordinary properties of this dialect: not only does it mark—unusually for Indo-European—gender/number agreement on finite verbs, but also on several other agreement targets, including non-finite verb forms, complementizers, wh-words, and even nouns, which in certain syntactic constructions cumulate the usual inherent gender specification with highly unusual contextual gender marking, determined via agreement with the clause subject.
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Lowe, John J. Rigvedic Sanskrit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793571.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a detailed account of the transitive noun and adjective categories attested in the earliest Indo-Aryan, Rigvedic Sanskrit. This period shows the greatest variety of noun and adjective categories which attest transitivity. Statistical analysis is provided to show that transitive nouns and adjectives are syntactically distinct from other types of noun and adjective that take dependents, and distinct from non-finite verb categories such as participles. In particular, there is a statistically significant correlation between transitivity and predication: transitive nouns and adjectives are statistically more likely to be predicated than other nouns and adjectives. Detailed statistics and examples of a series of different stem forms, and root nouns, are presented and examined in detail. Situation-oriented nouns are also considered.
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Loporcaro, Michele. The typological interest of lesser-known Romance gender systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0008.
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The inventory of lesser-known more-than-binary systems gathered for purposes of linguistic reconstruction is now discussed per se, as a valuable complement to our knowledge of linguistic diversity in Europe. The chapter covers topics such as the creation—atypical for Romance—of strictly semantic gender and subgender values; contact-driven change in the gender system (of both Romance and contact languages); and the occurrence in some Romance dialects of unusual conditions on gender agreement (with unexpected sensitivity to inflectional morphology of gender/number agreement rules), of gender agreement on unusual targets (e.g. non-finite verb forms, adverbs, complementizers), and of (highly unusual) syntactically dependent overt gender-marking on nouns. The chapter ends with a gedankenexperiment, showing how the data reviewed thus far would complement the relevant maps of the World Atlas of Language Structures.
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Maiden, Martin, Adina Dragomirescu, Gabriela Pană Dindelegan, Oana Uţă, and Rodica Zafiu. The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829485.001.0001.
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Romanian is one of the most morphologically complex Romance languages. This book is the first ever comprehensive and accessible account of how that morphological system evolved. Here are some of the most salient morphological traits distinctive of this language: it possesses an inflexional case system; unlike other Romance languages, it has an inflexional vocative; the morphological marking of number reached such a level of unpredictability that, for most nouns (and for many adjectives), the form of the plural must be independently specified alongside that of the singular; in addition to masculine and feminine, it seems to possess a third gender, often referred to as a ‘neuter’; its verb system contains a non-finite form, which apparently continues the Latin supine; the infinitive has undergone a morphological split such that one form functions now purely as a noun, while the other remains purely a verb; the distinctive morphology of the subjunctive has largely disappeared; lastly, noun and verb morphology are deeply permeated by the effects of successive sound changes, which have created remarkably complex patterns of allomorphy. The origins of many of these developments are problematic, indeed controversial. Moreover, they are problematic in ways that are of interest not only to broader historical Romance linguistics but, even more broadly, to morphological theory tout court. The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology shows how the features listed here are relevant to students and scholars interested in historical morphology generally no less than they are to Romance linguists.
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Postma, Gertjan. Loss of laten-support in embedded infinitivals in fifteenth-century Low Saxon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0011.
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This chapter is a theory-informed quantitative corpus study of infinitival fronting in a type of Infinitival V2 construction found in Old-Frisian and Middle-Dutch. The quantitative investigation evidences that infinitival fronting is the non-finite counterpart of the embedded subjunctive constructions. Formal I-language arguments are provided to demonstrate that the emergence of laten-support (the parallel of English do-support) and the decline of subjunctives are related to one parameter change in CP/TP. Before the fifteenth century, in Dutch, subjunctives and infinitives found in the relevant constructions move out of TP reaching C or Mod. In the second half of the fifteenth century, infinitives are being reanalysed as sitting in T. Hence, in infinitival fronting constructions, a separate verbal auxiliary form (laten) is created as a spellout of C. Although Laten-support is a transient phenomenon (‘failed change’), it has been the trigger of the reanalysis of auxiliaries as ordinary verbs in Dutch.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-Finite verb forms"
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Rôme, Denise De. "Non-finite verb forms." In Soluzioni, 361–75. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge concise grammars series: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508202-24.
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Howkins, Angela, Christopher Pountain, Teresa de Carlos, and Javier Muñoz-Basols. "Non-finite forms of the verb." In Practising Spanish Grammar, 101–11. Fourth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Practising grammar workbooks: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429441165-14.
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Evers, Arnold. "6. Non-Finite Verb Forms and Subject Theta Assignment." In Morphology and Modularity, edited by Martin Everaert, Mieke Trommelen, and Riny Huybregt, 105–28. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110882674-008.
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Trask, R. L. "On the history of the Non-finite verb forms in Basque." In Towards a History of the Basque Language, 207. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.131.09tra.
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"Non-finite verb forms." In Soluzioni, 293–303. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203771150-27.
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"NON-FINITE VERB FORMS." In A Grammar of the Hittite Language, 330–40. Penn State University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv240djsf.30.
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Nedelcu, Isabela, Adina Dragomirescu, and Dana Niculescu. "Non-finite verb forms and non-finite constructions." In The Syntax of Old Romanian, 232–87. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712350.003.0003.
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"Chapter 25. Non-Finite Verb Forms." In A Grammar of the Hittite Language, 330–40. Edinburgh University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781575065731-028.
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Chambers, J. K., and Peter Trudgill. "Non-finite verb forms in English dialects." In Dialects of English, 215–17. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315505459-15.
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Maiden, Martin, Adina Dragomirescu, Gabriela Pană Dindelegan, Oana Uță Bărbulescu, and Rodica Zafiu. "The verb." In The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology, 258–382. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829485.003.0006.
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What is the general structure of the Romanian verb? What are the verb’s inflexion classes and where do they come from? How is the verb’s inflexional paradigm structured? What is the nature of the extensive allomorphy found in lexical roots? Where do suppletive patterns come from? What is the morphological history of non-finite forms? What are ‘morphomic’ patterns and how did they emerge in the verb? What is the morphological history of auxiliary verbs? What is the history of novel periphrastic constructions involving auxiliary verbs and non-finite verb forms?
Conference papers on the topic "Non-Finite verb forms"
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Nefedov, Andrey. "A Polysynthetic Language in Contact: The Case of Ket." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.5-2.
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Ket is one of the most enigmatic polysynthetic languages in North Asia. The majority of structural features complicating a clear-cut typological analysis of Ket are due to the long-term contact with the languages of a radically different type that resulted in a peculiar process of structural mimicry (or ‘typological accommodation’ in Vajda’s (2017) terms). The mimicry is most evident in the verbal morphology, which is traditionally regarded as almost exclusively prefixing. While this is true for the oldest layer of verbs with the main lexical root in the final position, Ket’s most productive patterns of verb formation clearly imitate suffixal agglutination typical of the surrounding languages by placing the main lexical root in the initial position with the rest of morphemes following it. This presentation aims to demonstrate that this phenomenon is also attested at the syntactic level. Prototypical polysynthetic languages are largely devoid of overt subordination (cf. Baker 1996). Ket, however, signals adverbial subordination by using postposed relational morphemes attached to fully finite verbs. This pattern is common to adverbial clauses in the neighboring languages, the difference being that they attach relational morphemes to non-finite forms only. This functional-structural parallel is likewise attested in relative clauses. The surrounding languages share a common relativization pattern involving preposed participial relative clauses with a ‘gapped’ relativized noun phrase (Pakendorf 2012). This resembles the major relativization pattern in Ket, in which, however, preposed relative clauses are fully finite. Formation of adverbial and relative clauses in Ket clearly mimics that of the surrounding languages and does not conform to the expected ‘polysynthetic’ pattern. At the same time, Ket resists accommodating a participle-like morphology, which can be connected with the general tendency among polysynthetic languages not to have truly non-finite forms (cf. Nichols 1992).
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Pashah, Sulaman, Abul Fazal M. Arif, and Syed M. Zubair. "Non-Dimensional Finite Element Formulation for Thermal Problems." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82421.
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The use of dimensional analysis and dimensionless parameters is very common in the field of heat transfer; nevertheless the concept of non-dimensional finite element formulation has been applied to a limited type of thermo-fluid problems. The non-dimensional finite element method should provide the dimensionless solution for a given problem. The aim of present work is to develop a non-dimensional thermal finite element for getting dimensionless solution of the problems that do not have a closed form solution. An example is a fin (or extended surface) design. Fin efficiency is a performance characteristic that can be used as design criterion; thus closed form dimensionless solutions for fin efficiency are available in the literature. The results are for different geometry, single material fins. In case, if the fin problem has some geometric and/or material complexities then closed form solutions are not available and finite element approach can be used. However, the obtained finite element solution would not be in dimensionless form. For example, no closed form solutions are available for variable thickness composite fins (i.e. a fin having a base material with a coating over its surface), and the literature shows that finite element solution has been used to study thermal performance of the variable thickness composite fins. Therefore, non-dimensional finite element approach can be applied to directly obtain the dimensionless solution for the problem. The current work consists of presenting a non-dimensional finite element formulation for thermal problems. The element formulation is first validated by solving a test case study that has known closed form solution. The objective is to demonstrate the usefulness of the non-dimensional finite element approach by obtaining dimensionless finite element solutions for some applied problems that do not have a closed form solution.
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Pashah, Sulaman, Syed M. Zubair, and Abul Fazal M. Arif. "Study of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer From Fins Using Non-Dimensional Finite Element Formulation." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64514.
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The use of dimensional analysis and dimensionless parameters is very common in the field of heat transfer. The paper presents a non-dimensional finite element capable of modeling combined heat and mass transfer from fins. The aim of the formulation is to get solution of the fin problems that do not have a closed form solution. The performance of a fin is described through its efficiency and numerous closed form solutions for fin efficiency under combined heat and mass transfer are available in the literature. Deriving a closed form solution for geometric or material complexities is somewhat a difficult task. An example is variable profile composite fin. A composite fin is composed of base material or substrate with a coating layer. Finite element approach can handle such complexity with relatively ease, Therefore the main objective is to developed formulation for mass transfer problems. The formulation is derived in dimensionless form to extend the applicability of finite element results to a class of problems with same governing dimensionless parameters. The derived formulation is then applied to study the combined heat and mass transfer for variable profile composite fins under fully wet condition.
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Ren, Huilong, Yifu Liu, Chenfeng Li, Xin Zhang, and Zhaonian Wu. "Numerical Investigation of Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Plates With Various Cross-Section Forms." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77756.
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There is an increasing interest in the lightweight design of ship and offshore structures, more specifically, choosing aluminum alloys or other lightweight high-performance materials to build structure components and ship equipments. Due to its better mechanical properties and easy assembly nature, extruded aluminum alloy stiffened plates are widely used in hull structures. When the load on the hull reaches a certain level during sailing, partial or overall instability of stiffened plate makes significant contribution in an event of collapse of the hull structure. It is very necessary to investigate the ultimate strength of aluminum alloy stiffened plate to ensure the ultimate bearing capacity of large aluminum alloy hull structure. Most of studies of the ultimate strength of stiffened plates deal with stiffened plates with T–shaped stiffeners. Stiffeners of other shapes have seldom been explored. In this research, the ultimate strength of six different cross–section aluminum alloy stiffened plates and one steel stiffened plate was studied based on the non–linear finite element analysis (FEA). Taking into account stiffness, weight and other issues, the new cross–section aluminum stiffener has finally been concluded for replacing the original steel stiffener in upper deck of a warship.
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Sanli, T. Volkan, Ercan Gürses, Demirkan Çöker, and Altan Kayran. "Development of Artificial Neural Network Based Design Tool for Aircraft Engine Bolted Flange Connection Subject to Combined Axial and Moment Load." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70448.
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Bolted flange connections are one of the most commonly used joint types in aircraft structures. Typically, bolted flange connections are used in aircraft engines. The main duty of a bolted flange connection in an aircraft engine is to serve as the load transfer interface from one part of the engine to the other part of the engine. In aircraft structures, weight is a very critical parameter which has to be minimized while having the required margin of safety for the structural integrity. Therefore, optimum design of the bolted flange connection is crucial to minimize the weight. In the preliminary design stage of the bolted flange connection, many repetitive analyses have to be made in order to decide on the optimum design parameters of the bolted flange connection. Two main methods used for analyzing bolted flange connections are the hand calculations based on simplified approaches and finite element analysis (FEA). While hand calculations lack achieving optimum weight as they tend to give over safe results, finite element analysis is computationally expensive because of the non-linear feature of the problem due to contact definitions between the mating parts. In this study, a fast but very accurate design tool based on artificial neural network (ANN) is developed for the cylindrical bolted flange connection of a typical aircraft engine under combined axial and bending moment load. ANN uses the FEA database generated by taking permutations of the parametric design variables of the bolted flange connection. The selected parameters are the number of bolts, the bolt size, the flange thickness, the web thickness, the preload level of the bolt and the external combined loads of bending moment and axial force. The bolt reaction force and the average flange stress are taken as the output variables and the results of 12000 different finite element analyses are gathered to form a database for the training of the ANN. Results of the trained ANN are then compared with the finite element analysis results and it is shown that an excellent agreement exists between the ANN and the non-linear finite element analysis results within the training limits of the artificial neural network. We believe that the ANN established can be a very robust and accurate approximate model replacing the non-linear finite element solver in the optimization of the bolted flange connection of the aircraft engine to achieve weight reduction.
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Andreadakis, Kyros P., and Spyros A. Karamanos. "Pipe Response Under Concentrated Lateral Loads and External Pressure." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92208.
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The paper focuses on the denting the response of pipeline segments subjected to lateral quasi-static wedge loading, in the presence of internal pressure. Nonlinear finite element models of pipeline segments, which are in good agreement with denting test data from internally pressurized pipes, are employed to obtain load-deflection curves for different levels of pressure, for various wedge shapes and for different types of boundary conditions. It is found that the presence of internal pressure increases significantly the denting resistance. The present study gives special emphasis on the development of a simplified three-dimensional analytical model, which yields closed-form expressions for the denting force and the corresponding denting length in terms of the corresponding denting displacement. The model, introduced elsewhere for non-pressurized tubes, is enhanced to include the pressure effects, accounting for different types of pipe end conditions. The analytical solution compares very well with the finite element results, and illustrates tube denting response in a clear and elegant manner.
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Sankar, Bhavani V., and Màrten Sylwan. "An Analytical Study of Post-Buckling of Debonded One-Dimensional Sandwich Plates." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ad-25318.
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Abstract An analytical method is developed to study the problem of one-dimensional sandwich plates containing debonded face-sheets and subjected to in-plane compressive loads. The non-linear governing equations for the sandwich plate are solved to obtain a relation between the boundary forces and displacements in a matrix form as in the finite element method. The debonded sandwich plate is divided into four elements. The element stiffness matrices are assembled to obtain the global stiffness matrix, and the global equations are solved to obtain the displacements. The results include load/end-shortening relations. The method is found to be very efficient and accurate, and can be used to study the progressive damage of debonded sandwich plates under in-plane compressive loads.
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Prakash, Raghu V., and Hithendra K. "Combined Effect of Loading and Interference Level on Stress Intensity Factor for a Pin Loaded Joint." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23879.
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Abstract Lugs and pins, rivets, bolts are the most essential joints used in structural components apart from the welds. These elements experience dynamic loading during their life, leading to failure by fatigue. Many studies have been performed to estimate stress intensity factors (SIFs) and fatigue life for these joints. Although the effect of geometric configuration, loading methodology and interference levels on SIFs have been studied independently, very few have studies the combined effect; this may be either due to non-availability of closed form solutions or difficulty in experimentation. The current study uses Finite Element Analysis to evaluate the SIF for cracks emanating from a circular hole in a finite width rectangular plate under different loading conditions such as open hole load, bearing load, pin load (with and without interference) and the effect of introducing a bush. This study brings out the crack lengths beyond which the type of loading is not significant on the stress intensity factor, as well as interference levels beyond which there is no beneficial impact on the SIF and hence the life of component.
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Karamanos, Spyros A., and Charis Eleftheriadis. "Pipe Response Under Concentrated Lateral Loads and External Pressure." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67182.
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The present paper examines the denting deformation of offshore pipelines and tubular members (D/t≤50) subjected to lateral (transverse) quasi-static loading in the presence of uniform external pressure. Particular emphasis is given on pressure effects on the ultimate lateral load of tubes and on their energy absorption capacity. Pipe segments are modeled with shell finite elements, accounting for geometric and material nonlinearities, and give very good predictions compared with test data from non-pressurized pipes. Lateral loading between two rigid plates, a two-dimensional case, is examined first. Three-dimensional case, are also analyzed, where the load is applied either through a pair of opposite wedge-shaped denting tools or a single spherical denting tool. Load-deflection curves for different levels of external pressure are presented, which indicate that pressure has significant influence on pipe response and strength. Finally, simplified analytical models are proposed for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional load configurations, which yield closed-form expressions, compare fairly well with the finite element results and illustrate some important features of pipeline response in a clear and elegant manner.
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Graf, Gregory C., Jane Chu, Sarah Engelbrecht, and David W. Rosen. "Synthesis Methods for Lightweight Lattice Structures." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86993.
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Lattice structures are a type of cellular material (e.g., honeycombs, foams, trusses) that can achieve very high stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios. When loaded, elements in lattice structures typically stretch and compress, rather than bend, enabling their advantageous performance characteristics. We desire efficient algorithms for searching the large, complex design spaces associated with lattice structure design. In this paper, we present a problem formulation for lattice structure design, using cross-section sizes as variables, and three proposed solution methods. The methods are Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Levenburg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm based on a least-squares minimization formulation, and a new non-iterative size matching and scaling method based on results of a finite-element analysis, which are evaluated for their capabilities in achieving light weight and high stiffness. Two-dimensional and 3-D examples are used to test the solution methods.