Journal articles: 'Non-Identity Problem'

1

Woodward, James. "The Non-Identity Problem." Ethics 96, no. 4 (1986): 804–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/292801.

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Hurley, Paul, and Rivka Weinberg. "Whose Problem Is Non-Identity?" Journal of Moral Philosophy 12, no. 6 (2015): 699–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-4681044.

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Teleological theories of reason and value, which take reasons to be reasons to realize “best” states of affairs, cannot account for the intuition that victims in non-identity cases have been wronged. Deontological accounts, however, recognize second-personal reasons, reflective of the moral significance of each person regardless of outcomes. We argue that such deontological accounts are better positioned to identify the wrong to victims in non-identity cases because a person wrongs another on such accounts if she violates his second-personal claims. Parfit argues that non-identity victims would consent to the acts in question, thereby waiving any such second-personal claims. But his arguments misrepresent the role of consent by articulating it through appeal to the very teleological theory of reasons that deontologists reject. We argue that Parfit's conception of consent as retroactive endorsement only determines whether, given that the non-identity victim is second-personally wronged, he is nonetheless better off existing. It becomes clear that non-identity poses a problem for teleology – it cannot account for the intuition that non-identity victims have been wronged – but deontology can.

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DISILVESTRO, RUSSELL. "REPRODUCTIVE AUTONOMY, THE NON-IDENTITY PROBLEM, AND THE NON-PERSON PROBLEM." Bioethics 23, no. 1 (2009): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00681.x.

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Finneron-Burns, Elizabeth. "Contractualism and the Non-Identity Problem." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 19, no. 5 (2016): 1151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-016-9723-8.

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Magnusson, Erik. "Children’s rights and the non-identity problem." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 49, no. 5 (2019): 580–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2018.1463798.

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AbstractCan appealing to children’s rights help to solve the non-identity problem in cases of procreation? A number of philosophers have answered affirmatively, arguing that even if children cannot be harmed by being born into disadvantaged conditions, they may nevertheless be wronged if those conditions fail to meet a minimal standard of decency to which all children are putatively entitled. This paper defends the tenability of this view by outlining and responding to five prominent objections that have been raised against it in the contemporary literature: (1) the identifiability objection; (2) the non-existence objection; (3) the waiving of rights objection, (4) the lack of legitimate complaint objection; and (5) the unfairness objection.

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Heyd, David. "Parfit on the Non-identity Problem, Again." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 8, no. 1 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2014-0003.

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Abstract In his recent work, Parfit returns to the examination of the non-identity problem, but this time not in the context of a theory of value but as part of a Scanlonian theory of reasons for action. His project is to find a middle ground between pure impersonalism and the narrow person-affecting view so as to do justice to some of our fundamental intuitions regarding procreative choices. The aim of this article is to show that despite the sophisticated and challenging thought experiments and conceptual suggestions (mainly that of a “general person”), Parfit’s project fails and that we are left with the stark choice between personalism and impersonalism.

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Streiffer, Robert. "Animal Biotechnology and the Non-Identity Problem." American Journal of Bioethics 8, no. 6 (2008): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160802248427.

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Hope, Tony, and John McMillan. "Physicians’ Duties and the Non-Identity Problem." American Journal of Bioethics 12, no. 8 (2012): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2012.692432.

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9

Doolabh, Keyur, Lucius Caviola, Julian Savulescu, Michael Selgelid, and Dominic JC Wilkinson. "Zika, contraception and the non-identity problem." Developing World Bioethics 17, no. 3 (2017): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12176.

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10

Noggle, Robert. "Impossible obligations and the non-identity problem." Philosophical Studies 176, no. 9 (2018): 2371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-018-1130-7.

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Woollard, Fiona. "Have We Solved the Non-Identity Problem?" Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 15, no. 5 (2012): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-012-9359-2.

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12

Weinberg, Rivka. "Identifying and Dissolving the Non-Identity Problem." Philosophical Studies 137, no. 1 (2007): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-007-9168-y.

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13

Bontly, Thomas D. "Causes, contrasts, and the non-identity problem." Philosophical Studies 173, no. 5 (2015): 1233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-015-0543-9.

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14

Algander, Per, and Katharina Berndt Rasmussen. "Asymmetry and Non-Identity." Utilitas 31, no. 3 (2019): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820818000341.

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AbstractIn this article we distinguish two versions of the non-identity problem: one involving positive well-being and one involving negative well-being. Intuitively, there seems to be a difference between the two versions of the problem. In the negative case it is clear that one ought to cause the better-off person to exist. However, it has recently been suggested that this is not so in the positive case. We argue that such an asymmetrical treatment of the two versions should be rejected and that this is evidence against views according to which it is permissible to cause the less well-off person to exist in the positive non-identity case.

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15

Carlson, Erik, and Jens Johansson. "Bontly on Harm and the Non-Identity Problem." Utilitas 31, no. 4 (2019): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820819000220.

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AbstractThe ‘non-identity problem’ raises a well-known challenge to the person-affecting view, according to which an action can be wrong only if it affects someone for the worse. In a recent article, however, Thomas D. Bontly proposes a novel way to solve the non-identity problem in person-affecting terms. Bontly's argument is based on a contrastive causal account of harm. In this response, we argue that Bontly's argument fails even assuming that the contrastive causal account is correct.

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16

Levy, Neil. "The Apology Paradox and the Non-Identity Problem." Philosophical Quarterly 52, no. 208 (2002): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00273.

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RIVERA-LÓPEZ, EDUARDO. "INDIVIDUAL PROCREATIVE RESPONSIBILITY AND THE NON-IDENTITY PROBLEM." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 90, no. 3 (2009): 336–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0114.2009.01344.x.

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18

MCBRAYER, JUSTIN PATRICK. "RIGHTS, INDIRECT HARMS AND THE NON-IDENTITY PROBLEM." Bioethics 22, no. 6 (2008): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00617.x.

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19

Liberto, Hallie. "The exploitation solution to the Non-Identity Problem." Philosophical Studies 167, no. 1 (2013): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-013-0233-4.

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20

JANZING, DOMINIK, PAWEL WOCJAN, and THOMAS BETH. ""NON-IDENTITY-CHECK" IS QMA-COMPLETE." International Journal of Quantum Information 03, no. 03 (2005): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749905001067.

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We describe a computational problem that is complete for the complexity class QMA, a quantum generalization of NP. It arises as a natural question in quantum computing and quantum physics. "Non-identity-check" is the following decision problem: Given a classical description of a quantum circuit (a sequence of elementary gates), determine whether it is almost equivalent to the identity. Explicitly, the task is to decide whether the corresponding unitary is close to a complex multiple of the identity matrix with respect to the operator norm. We show that this problem is QMA-complete. A generalization of this problem is "non-equivalence check": given two descriptions of quantum circuits and a description of a common invariant subspace, decide whether the restrictions of the circuits to this subspace almost coincide. We show that non-equivalence check is also in QMA and hence QMA-complete.

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21

WEINBERG, JUSTIN. "Non-Identity Matters, Sometimes." Utilitas 26, no. 1 (2013): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820813000125.

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Suppose the only difference between the effects of two actions is to whom they apply: either to parties who would – or would not – exist if the actions were not performed. Is this a morally significant difference? This is one of the central questions raised by the Non-Identity Problem. Derek Parfit answers no, defending what he calls the ‘No-Difference View’. I argue that Parfit is mistaken and that sometimes this difference is morally significant. I do this by formulating a familiar kind of example in a new way. I make use of some findings in social psychology to help deflect counterexamples to my view. I then show how my view withstands Parfit's latest argument in favour of the No-Difference View. I conclude with a brief discussion of some questions my argument raises for consequentialist moral theory.

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22

TANAKA, YU. "EXACT NON-IDENTITY CHECK IS NQP-COMPLETE." International Journal of Quantum Information 08, no. 05 (2010): 807–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749910006599.

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To understand quantum gate array complexity, we define a problem named exact non-identity check, which is a decision problem to determine whether a given classical description of a quantum circuit is strictly equivalent to the identity or not. We show that the computational complexity of this problem is non-deterministic quantum polynomial-time (NQP)-complete. As corollaries, it is derived that exact non-equivalence check of two given classical descriptions of quantum circuits is also NQP-complete and that minimizing the number of quantum gates for a given quantum circuit without changing the implemented unitary operation is NQP-hard.

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23

Casal, Paula, and Andrew Williams. "Human iPSC-Chimera Xenotransplantation and the Non-Identity Problem." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 1 (2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010095.

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Xenotransplantation is often deemed morally objectionable because of the costs it imposes on the organ donor and the risks it imposes on the recipient. For some, involving human–pig chimeras as donors makes the practice more objectionable or even abhorrent from the start. For others, by contrast, using such chimeras weakens recipient-based objections because it reduces the risk of organ rejection and malfunctioning, and cancels donor-based objections because the practice does not harm chimeras but instead gives them valuable lives they would not otherwise have. The paper examines and eventually rejects the latter defense. It also discusses the additional risks of chimeric xenotourism in countries with less demanding procedural guidelines and reflects on two very different futures for humanity that may emerge from supporting or rejecting chimeric xenotransplantation.

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24

Katz, Corey. "Contractualism, Person-Affecting Wrongness and the Non-identity Problem." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 21, no. 1 (2017): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-017-9857-3.

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25

Bramble, Benjamin A. "The Defective Character Solution to the Non-identity Problem." Journal of Philosophy 118, no. 9 (2021): 504–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil2021118935.

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The non-identity problem is that some actions seem morally wrong even though, by affecting future people’s identities, they are worse for nobody. In this paper, I further develop and defend a lesser-known solution to the problem, one according to which when such actions are wrong, it is not because of what they do or produce, but rather just because of why they were performed. In particular, I argue that the actions in non-identity cases are wrong just when and because they result from, or reflect in those who have performed them, a morally dubious character trait.

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26

Parfit, Derek. "Future People, the Non-Identity Problem, and Person-Affecting Principles." Philosophy & Public Affairs 45, no. 2 (2017): 118–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papa.12088.

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27

Delaney, James J. "Revisiting the Non-Identity Problem and the Virtues of Parenthood." American Journal of Bioethics 12, no. 4 (2012): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2012.656804.

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28

Smolkin, Doran. "Toward A Rights-Based Solution to the Non-Identity Problem." Journal of Social Philosophy 30, no. 1 (1999): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0047-2786.t01-1-00012.

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29

Schuessler, Rudolf. "Non-Identity: Solving the Waiver Problem for Future People’s Rights." Law and Philosophy 35, no. 1 (2015): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10982-015-9245-x.

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30

ROBERTS, M. A. "The Non-identity Fallacy: Harm, Probability and Another Look at Parfit's Depletion Example." Utilitas 19, no. 3 (2007): 267–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820807002609.

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The non-identity problem is really a collection of problems having distinct logical features. For that reason, non-identity problems can be typed. This article focuses on just one type of non-identity problem, the ‘can't-expect-better’ problem, which includes Derek Parfit's depletion example and many others. The can't-expect-better problem uses an assessment about the low probability of any particular person's coming into existence to reason that an earlier wrong act does not harm that person. This article argues that that line of reasoning is unusually treacherous in that it makes not just one hard-to-detect error in what is done with the relevant probability assessments but rather alternates between two. We sort out one fallacy only to fall, against all odds (as it were), into a second. By avoiding both errors, we become able to discern harm in cases in which the can't-expect-better problem argues there is none. We will then be in a position to set aside the can't-expect-better problem as an objection against the person-based intuition that acts that are ‘bad’ must be ‘bad for’ at least some existing or future person.

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31

Lawlor, Rob. "Questioning the significance of the non-identity problem in applied ethics." Journal of Medical Ethics 41, no. 11 (2015): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2014-102391.

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32

Smolkin, Doran. "The Non-Identity Problem and the Appeal to Future People's Rights." Southern Journal of Philosophy 32, no. 3 (1994): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.1994.tb00718.x.

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33

Palmer, Clare. "Animal Disenhancement and the Non-Identity Problem: A Response to Thompson." NanoEthics 5, no. 1 (2011): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11569-011-0115-1.

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34

Alonso, Marcos, and Julian Savulescu. "He Jiankui´s gene‐editing experiment and the non‐identity problem." Bioethics 35, no. 6 (2021): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12878.

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35

Rawski, Jakub. "Non-normative desire and identity problem in the autobiographical prose by Karl Ove Knausgård." Autobiografia 11 (2018): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/au.2018.2.11-05.

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36

Carter, B. "Bunting identity and Mazur identity for non-linear elliptic systems including the black hole equilibrium problem." Communications in Mathematical Physics 99, no. 4 (1985): 563–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01215910.

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37

Macedońska, Olga. "On non-Hopfian groups of fractions." Open Mathematics 15, no. 1 (2017): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/math-2017-0037.

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Abstract The group of fractions of a semigroup S, if exists, can be written as G = SS−1. If S is abelian, then G must be abelian. We say that a semigroup identity is transferable if being satisfied in S it must be satisfied in G = SS−1. One of problems posed by G.Bergman in 1981 asks whether the group G must satisfy every semigroup identity which is satisfied in S, that is whether every semigroup identity is transferable. The first non-transferable identities were constructed in 2005 by S.V.Ivanov and A.M. Storozhev. A group G is called Hopfian if each epimorphizm G → G is the automorphism. The residually finite groups are Hopfian, however there are many problems concerning the Hopfian property e.g. of infinite Burnside groups, of finitely generated relatively free groups [11, Problem 15]. We prove here that if G = SS−1 is an n-generator group of fractions of a relatively free semigroup S, satisfying m-variable (m < n) non-transferable identity, then G is the non-Hopfian group.

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38

Greene, Richard. "Does the Non-Identity Problem Block a Class of Arguments Against Cloning?" International Journal of Applied Philosophy 18, no. 1 (2004): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap200418111.

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39

BROCK, DAN W. "THE NON-IDENTITY PROBLEM AND GENETIC HARMS – THE CASE OF WRONGFUL HANDICAPS." Bioethics 9, no. 3 (1995): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.1995.tb00361.x.

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40

WEINBERG, RIVKA. "EXISTENCE: WHO NEEDS IT? THE NON-IDENTITY PROBLEM AND MERELY POSSIBLE PEOPLE." Bioethics 27, no. 9 (2012): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2012.01976.x.

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41

Das, Ramon. "Has Industrialization Benefited No One? Climate Change and the Non-Identity Problem." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 17, no. 4 (2013): 747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-013-9479-3.

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42

Omerbasic, Alina. "David Boonin: The Non-Identity Problem and the Ethics of Future People." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 19, no. 1 (2015): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-015-9614-4.

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43

Muñoz Corcuera, Alfonso. "Narrativism, Reductionism and Four-Dimensionalism." Agora: papeles de Filosofía 40, no. 2 (2021): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/ag.40.2.6713.

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In a successful series of papers, Schroer and Schroer presented a reductionist narrative account of personal identity (R. Schroer, 2013; J. W. Schroer & Schroer, 2014). They claimed that their reductionist account had advantages over traditional narrative theories. In this paper I intend to show that they were wrong. Although it is possible to defend a reductionist narrative account, the Schroers’ theory has a problem of circularity. And solving that problem will cause their theory to have much more problems than non-reductionist narrative theories. Consequently, they should either present a new and improved reductionist narrative account, or accept that non-reductionist narrative theories are better suited to account for the problem of personal identity.

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44

Mendelevich, Vladimir D. "Non-binary gender identity and transgendence beyond psychiatric discourse." Neurology Bulletin LII, no. 2 (2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb26268.

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An analysis of the problem of non-binary gender identity and transgender shows that the professional position of psychiatrists and psychologists is often based on selfish gender when subjectivity begins to be seen in psychiatric diagnostics due to a rigid binary gender setting. Modern research proves the existence of gender diversity and a spectrum of gender identity. All this allows us to state that the phenomenon of so-called gender identity disorders goes beyond the psychopathological context. The psychiatrists use of the binary approach does not correspond to rapidly changing public ideas about the norm and pathology of human behavior.

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45

Campos, Andre Santos. "The Rights of Future Persons under Attack: Correlativity in the Non-Identity Problem." Philosophia 47, no. 3 (2018): 625–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-018-0022-6.

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46

Krause, D. "The problem of identity and a justification for a non-reflexive quantum mechanics." Logic Journal of IGPL 22, no. 2 (2013): 186–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzt021.

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47

REIMAN, JEFFREY. "Being Fair to Future People: The Non-Identity Problem in the Original Position." Philosophy & Public Affairs 35, no. 1 (2007): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2007.00099.x.

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48

Roberts, Melinda A. "Does the Non-Identity Problem Imply a Double Standard for Physicians and Patients?" American Journal of Bioethics 12, no. 8 (2012): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2012.692448.

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49

Lewens, Tim. "The fragility of origin essentialism: Where mitochondrial ‘replacement’ meets the non‐identity problem." Bioethics 35, no. 7 (2021): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12910.

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50

Baluta, Galyna. "On a problem of ego-identity: the linguistic dimensions." Актуальні проблеми духовності, no. 15 (June 30, 2016): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/apd.v0i15.1910.

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The paper presents a revision of a problem of ego-identity in a context of the linguistic dimensions of the classical (Cartesian) and non-classical philosophical traditions; it is claimed that the integrative-projective characteristics of a language have no sense beyond the framework of the language itself. The author makes an attempt to revitalize a mono-centric model (on the basis of a Jungian analytic paradigm).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-Identity Problem'

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