Academic literature on the topic 'Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS)"

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Horodytska, O., A. Cabanes, and A. Fullana. "Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in recycled plastics." Chemosphere 251 (July 2020): 126373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126373.

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Samsonowska, Katarzyna. "Związki NIAS (Non Intentionally Added Substances). Ocena ryzyka - Część 1." OPAKOWANIE 1, no. 9 (2018): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/42.2018.9.2.

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Kato, Lilian Seiko, and Carlos A. Conte-Junior. "Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment." Polymers 13, no. 13 (2021): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132077.

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Several food contact materials (FCMs) contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are unknown. This review aimed to situate the main challenges involving unknown NIAS in plastic food packaging in terms of identification, migration tests, prediction, sample preparation, determination methods and risk assessment trials. Most studies have identified NIAS in plastic materials as polyurethane adhesives (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester coatings, polypropylene materials (PP), multilayers materials, plastic films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), recycled materials, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Degradation products are almost the primary source of NIAS in plastic FCMs, most from antioxidants as Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, following by oligomers and side reaction products. The NIAS assessment in plastics FCMs is usually made by migration tests under worst-case conditions using food simulants. For predicted NIAS, targeted analytical methods are applied using GC-MS based methods for volatile NIAS and GC-MS and LC-MS based methods for semi- and non-volatile NIAS; non-targeted methods to analyze unknown NIAS in plastic FCMs are applied using GC and LC techniques combined with QTOF mass spectrometry (HRMS). In terms of NIAS risk assessment and prioritization, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept is the most applied tool for risk assessment. Bioassays with sensitive analytical techniques seem to be an efficient method to identify NIAS and their hazard to human exposure; the combination of genotoxicity testing with analytical chemistry could allow the Cramer class III TTC application to prioritize unknown NIAS. The scientific justification for implementing a molecular weight-based cut-off (<1000 Da) in the risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated. Although official guides and opinions are being issued on the subject, the whole chain’s alignment is needed, and more specific legislation on the steps to follow to get along with NIAS.
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Riboni, Nicolò, Federica Bianchi, Antonella Cavazza, Maurizio Piergiovanni, Monica Mattarozzi, and Maria Careri. "Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Detection of Non-Intentionally Added Substances in Bioplastics." Separations 10, no. 4 (2023): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10040222.

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The safety of food contact materials is a hot topic since chemicals can migrate from packaging into food, thus raising health concerns about and/or producing changes in the organoleptic properties of foodstuffs. Migration tests are required to demonstrate the compliance with current regulations and to investigate the transferred compounds. In this context, mass spectrometry is the analytical technique of choice for the detection and quantitation of both intentionally added substances, such as antioxidants, stabilizers, processing aids, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Untargeted strategies represent a major analytical challenge, providing a comprehensive fingerprinting of the packaging material and migrating components, allowing for NIAS identification. Hyphenated mass spectrometry-based techniques have been devised for screening the presence of migrating contaminants and for quantitation purposes. Both low-resolution (LRMS) and high-resolution (HRMS) methods were screened, with a special emphasis on the latter because of its capability to directly characterize food contact materials with minimal/no sample preparation, avoiding chromatographic separation, and reducing sample handling, analysis costs, and time. Examples related to the migration of contaminants from existing or newly developed bioplastic materials will be discussed, providing an overview of the most used MS-based methods, covering the state-of-the-art approaches from 2012 up to 2022.
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Kassouf, Amine, Jacqueline Maalouly, Hanna Chebib, Douglas N. Rutledge, and Violette Ducruet. "Chemometric tools to highlight non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in polyethylene terephthalate (PET)." Talanta 115 (October 2013): 928–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.029.

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Aigotti, Riccardo, Nicola Giannone, Alberto Asteggiano, Enrica Mecarelli, Federica Dal Bello, and Claudio Medana. "Release of Selected Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) from PET Food Contact Materials: A New Online SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Method." Separations 9, no. 8 (2022): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9080188.

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Food contact materials (FCMs) are an underestimated source of food chemical contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to chemicals that are harmful to the endocrine system. Foods and water are the main sources of exposure due to contact with the packaging materials, often of polymeric nature. European Regulation 10/2011 requires migration tests on FCMs and foodstuffs to evaluate the presence of listed substances (authorized monomers and additives) and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) not listed in the regulation and not subjected to restrictions. The tests are required to ensure the compliance of packaging materials for the contained foods. NIAS are a heterogeneous group of substances classified with a potential estrogenic or androgenic activity. Subsequently, the evaluation of the presence of these molecules in foods and water is significant. Here we present an online SPE/UHPLC-tandem MS method to quantify trace levels of NIAS in food simulants (A: aqueous 3% acetic acid; B: aqueous 20% ethanol) contained in PET preformed bottles. The use of online SPE reduces systemic errors thanks to the automation of the technique. For the developed analytical method, we evaluate the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantitation (LOQ), selectivity, RSD% and BIAS% for LLOQ for a total of twelve NIAS, including monomers, antioxidants, UV-filters and additives. LOD ranged between 0.002 µg/L for bisphenol S and 13.6 µg/L for 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). LOQs are comprised between 0.01 µg/L for bisphenol S and 42.2 µg/L for BHT. The online-SPE/UHPLC-tandem MS method is applied to the food simulants contained in several types of PET packaging materials to evaluate the migration of the selected NIAS. The results show the presence (µg/L) of NIAS in the tested samples, underlining the need for a new regulation for these potentially toxic molecules.
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Wongphan, Phanwipa, Elena Canellas, Cristina Nerín, Carlos Estremera, Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit, and Paula Vera. "Screening and Relative Quantification of Migration from Novel Thermoplastic Starch and PBAT Blend Packaging." Foods 14, no. 13 (2025): 2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14132171.

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A novel biodegradable food packaging material based on cassava thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) blends containing food preservatives was successfully developed using blown-film extrusion. This active packaging is designed to enhance the appearance, taste, and color of food products, while delaying quality deterioration. However, the incorporation of food preservatives directly influences consumer perception, as well as health and safety concerns. Therefore, this research aims to assess the risks associated with both intentionally added substances (IAS) and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) present in the developed active packaging. The migration of both intentionally and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS) was evaluated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Fifteen different volatile compounds were detected, with the primary compound identified as 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione, originating from the PBAT component. This compound, along with others, resulted from the polymerization of adipic acid, terephthalic acid, and butanediol, forming linear and cyclic PBAT oligomers. Migration experiments were conducted using three food simulants—95% ethanol, 10% ethanol, and 3% acetic acid—over a period of 10 days at 60 °C. No migration above the detection limits of the analytical methods was observed for 3% acetic acid and 10% ethanol. However, migration studies with 95% ethanol revealed the presence of new compounds formed through interactions between the simulant and PBAT monomers or oligomers, indicating the packaging’s sensitivity to high-polarity food simulants. Nevertheless, the levels of these migrated compounds remained below the regulatory migration limits.
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Bignardi, Chiara, Antonella Cavazza, Carmen Laganà, Paola Salvadeo, and Claudio Corradini. "Release of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) from food contact polycarbonate: Effect of ageing." Food Control 71 (January 2017): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.013.

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Galmán Graíño, Soraya, Raquel Sendón, Julia López Hernández, and Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós. "GC-MS Screening Analysis for the Identification of Potential Migrants in Plastic and Paper-Based Candy Wrappers." Polymers 10, no. 7 (2018): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10070802.

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Food packaging materials may be a potential source of contamination through the migration of components from the material into foodstuffs. Potential migrants can be known substances such as additives (e.g., plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, etc.), monomers, and so on. However, they can also be unknown substances, which could be non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). In the present study, non-targeted analysis using mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography (GC-MS) for the identification of migrants in plastic and paper-based candy wrappers was performed. Samples were analyzed after extraction with acetonitrile. Numerous compounds including N-alkanes, phthalates, acetyl tributyl citrate, tributyl aconitate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc. were identified. Many of the compounds detected in plastic samples are not included in the positive list of the authorized substances. One non-intentionally added substance, 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6-9-diene-2,8-dione, which has been reported as a degradation product of the antioxidant Irganox 1010, was found in several samples of both plastic and paper packaging. The proposed method was shown to be a useful approach for the identification of potential migrants in packaging samples. The toxicity of the compounds identified was estimated according to Cramer rules. Then, a second targeted analysis was also conducted in order to identify photoinitiators; among the analyzed compounds, only 2-hydroxybenzophenone was found in five samples.
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Miralles, Pablo, Esther Fuentes-Ferragud, Cristina Socas-Hernández, and Clara Coscollà. "Recent Trends and Challenges on the Non-Targeted Analysis and Risk Assessment of Migrant Non-Intentionally Added Substances from Plastic Food Contact Materials." Toxics 13, no. 7 (2025): 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13070543.

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Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in plastic food contact materials represent a critical undercharacterized chemical safety concern, caused by their inherent diversity, potential toxicity, and regulatory challenges. This review synthesizes recent advances and persistent gaps in NIAS analysis, with a primary focus on analytical workflows for non-targeted analysis, alongside a consideration of risk assessment and toxicological prioritization frameworks. Conventional plastics (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene terephthalate) as well as emerging materials (e.g., bioplastics and recycled polymers) exhibit different NIAS profiles, including oligomers, degradation products, additives, and contaminants, requiring specific approaches for migration testing, extraction, and detection. Advanced techniques, such as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography or two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, have enabled non-targeted analysis approaches. However, the field remains constrained by spectral library gaps, limited reference standards, and inconsistent data processing protocols, resulting in heavy reliance on tentative identifications. Risk assessment procedures mainly employ the Threshold of Toxicological Concern and classification by Cramer’s rules. Nevertheless, addressing genotoxicity, mixture effects, and novel hazards from recycled or bio-based polymers remains challenging with these approaches. Future priorities and efforts may include expanding spectral databases, harmonizing analytical protocols, and integrating in vitro bioassays with computational toxicology to refine hazard characterization.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS)"

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Agarrallua, Marcio Renato Àvila. "Identificação de substâncias não intencionalmente adicionadas (NIAS) de PELBD expostas a envelhecimento natural e acelerado visando sua utilização em embalagens de alimentos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134564.

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A indústria alimentícia utiliza variados materiais para embalagens, sendo o polietileno de baixa densidade linear (PELBD) um dos materiais de maior importância, por possuir características únicas e adequadas à produção de embalagens. A geração de espécies químicas em embalagens de alimentos vem sendo foco de estudos no mundo. Este controle de compostos é denominado como estudo de Substâncias Não Intencionalmente Adicionadas (NIAS) e tem sua importância justificada pela preocupação com a saúde humana devido à capacidade de contaminação do alimento embalado. Para este estudo foram escolhidas duas resinas PELBD amplamente aplicadas na produção de embalagens alimentícias, analisadas na forma de pellets. As amostras foram nomeadas como PELBD1 e PELBD2 e analisadas antes e após exposição natural e acelerada (estufa a 50°C) de um, dois e três meses. Ambas apresentaram grande aumento no número de NIAS detectadas por Cromatografia Gasosa com detecção de Massas (GC-MS) após envelhecimentos, quando comparadas à resina virgem, chegando a 1100% em PELBD1 e 100% em PELBD2, com surgimento de substâncias oxigenadas e tóxicas. O aditivo antioxidante ativo foi sendo consumido e analisado via Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (HPLC) ao longo das exposições, confirmando os efeitos do envelhecimento. Através do Infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) foi verificada degradação inicial em PELBD1 exposto por três meses à estufa. Porém, até mesmo em períodos menores de exposição natural, a formação de grupos cromóforos foi comprovada pela análise de cor, onde houve pequeno e gradual aumento do amarelecimento e diminuição da brancura principalmente em PELBD1. Por Cromatografia de Permeação à Gel (GPC), as amostras apresentaram pequena tendência para diminuição de M̅z. Já nas análises de Reometria Rotacional com variação de Frequência (DSR), Índice de Fluidez (IF) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), foram observadas mínimas tendências de degradação. Pode-se concluir a partir destes resultados que a maior degradação e produção de NIAS ocorreram em ambiente acelerado. Esta pesquisa trouxe grandes contribuições para futuros trabalhos que envolvam o estudo de NIAS e suas condições de formação.<br>The food industry uses various packaging materials being linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) one of the most important materials, have unique features suitable for the production and packaging. The generation of chemical species in food packages has been the focus of research in the world. This control compounds is referred to as study Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) and has its importance justified by concern human health because of capacity contamination the food packaging. For this study it was chosen two LLDPE resins widely applied in the production of food packaging, analyzed in the form of pellets. The samples were named as PELBD1 and PELBD2 and analyzed before and after natural and accelerated exposure (oven at 50°C) of a two and three months. Both showed huge increase in the number of NIAS detected by Gas Chromatography with Mass detection (GC-MS) after ageing, when compared to virgin resin, reaching of 1100% in PELBD1 and 100% in PELBD2 with the appearance of oxygen substances and toxic substances. The active antioxidant additive was being consumed and analyzed via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), during the exposures, confirming the effects of ageing. For Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was observed in initial degradation PELBD1 exposed for three months in an oven. However, even at under natural exposure periods, the formation of chromophoric groups were confirmed by analysis of color where there was a slight and gradual increase in yellowing and brightness decreased mainly PELBD1. For the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), the samples showed a slight tendency to decrease M̅z. Already in the analysis of Rheometry Rotational Varying Frequency (DSR), Melt Flow Index (MFI) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), were observed minimum trends of degradation. It can concluded from these results that the greatest degradation and NIAS production occurred in an accelerated environment. This research has brought great contributions to future work involving the study of NIAS and their conditions of training.
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Khodyrieva, Veronika. "Polyéthylène et additifs : composition du plastique, préparation, broyage et impact sur la santé et l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025COAZ5020.

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Les plastiques sont une composante essentielle de la société moderne, mais leur utilisation généralisée soulève des préoccupations concernant la contamination environnementale et les risques pour la santé humaine. Alors que de nombreuses recherches se sont concentrées sur la formation et la dégradation des microplastiques, peu d'attention a été accordée à la migration des additifs plastiques dans les systèmes biologiques. Cette thèse étudie la préparation et la caractérisation des microplastiques de polyéthylène contenant des additifs industriels, leur impact sur les propriétés physico-chimiques du polymère et leur migration potentielle dans la peau humaine. Une méthodologie a été développée pour produire des microplastiques de polyéthylène avec une teneur en additifs et une distribution granulométrique contrôlées, se rapprochant étroitement de ceux trouvés dans les conditions environnementales. La caractérisation a révélé une hétérogénéité significative dans la forme et la taille des particules, les rendant plus représentatives de la pollution plastique réelle. L'étude a également exploré l'influence des additifs sur la cristallinité du polymère, son comportement mécanique et la formation de substances non intentionnellement ajoutées (NIAS), mettant en évidence leurs transformations potentielles au fil du temps. Un axe clé de cette recherche a été l'évaluation de la migration des additifs dans la peau humaine à l'aide d'expériences in vitro avec des Сellules de Diffusion de Franz. Tous les additifs testés ont montré une migration dans l'épiderme, certains pénétrant plus profondément dans le derme. Cependant, aucun additif n'a été détecté dans le liquide récepteur, ce qui suggère soit une migration transdermique limitée dans la période expérimentale, soit des concentrations inférieures au seuil de détection. L'étude a également révélé des variations spécifiques aux donneurs en matière de perméabilité, soulignant l'influence des propriétés individuelles de la peau sur la migration des additifs. Ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des interactions entre les additifs plastiques et la peau humaine, mettant en évidence la nécessité de recherches supplémentaires sur les risques liés à l'exposition à long terme. Les perspectives futures incluent l'évaluation de la migration dans différentes matrices polymères, l'amélioration des méthodologies de détection et l'analyse de l'impact des conditions d'exposition réelles. De plus, les organismes de réglementation devraient réévaluer la liste des additifs autorisés dans les plastiques destinés aux consommateurs, en tenant compte de leur potentiel d'absorption cutanée. Ce travail apporte des connaissances précieuses pour le développement de matériaux polymères plus sûrs et plus durables, tout en alimentant les discussions réglementaires sur la sécurité des plastiques<br>Plastics are an essential part of modern society, yet their widespread use raises concerns regarding environmental contamination and human health risks. While much research has focused on microplastic formation and degradation, limited attention has been given to the migration of plastic additives into biological systems. This thesis investigates the preparation and characterization of polyethylene microplastics containing industrially relevant additives, their impact on the physicochemical properties of the polymer, and their potential migration into human skin. A methodology was developed to produce polyethylene microplastics with controlled additive content and particle size distribution, closely resembling those found in environmental conditions. Characterization revealed significant heterogeneity in particle shape and size, making them more representative of real-world plastic pollution. The study further explored the influence of additives on polymer crystallinity, mechanical behaviour, and the formation of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), highlighting their potential transformations over time. A key focus of this research was the assessment of additive migration into human skin using in vitro Franz diffusion cell experiments. All tested additives exhibited migration into the epidermis, with some penetrating deeper into the dermis. However, no additives were detected in the receptor liquid, suggesting either limited transdermal migration within the experimental timeframe or concentrations below the detection threshold. The study also revealed donor-specific variations in permeability, underscoring the influence of individual skin properties on additive migration. These findings contribute to understanding the interactions between plastic additives and human skin, emphasizing the need for further research on long-term exposure risks. Future perspectives include evaluating migration in different polymer matrices, refining detection methodologies, and assessing the impact of real-life exposure conditions. Additionally, regulatory bodies should re-evaluate the list of approved additives in consumer plastics, considering their potential for dermal absorption. This work provides valuable insights for developing safer, more sustainable polymer materials while informing regulatory discussions on plastic safety
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Bartsch, Nastasia [Verfasser]. "Polymer additives, contaminants and non-intentionally added substances in consumer products: Combined migration, permeation and toxicity analyses in skin / Nastasia Bartsch." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177152770/34.

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Brandão, Francisco Vasconcelos. "Evaluation of commercially available post-consumer recycled pet to produce bottles for mineral water." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/32994.

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O Polietileno Tereftalato (PET) é o principal polímero para a produção de garrafas de água e refrigerantes, sendo cada vez mais importante, no contexto global, o combate ao desperdício e descarte através da reciclagem deste importante recurso. Neste trabalho, seis resinas processo mecânicos aprovados pela EFSA foram avaliadas. As propriedades de cor, viscosidade intrínseca, temperatura de fusão, concentração de benzeno, limoneno, oligómeros e substâncias não intencionalmente adicionadas (NIAS) foram avaliadas. No que toca à determinação das concentrações de Benzeno, Limoneno e Oligómeros, foram encontrados valores superiores comparativamente ao reportado em bibliografia. As concentrações obtidas foram de 30 – 410 μg kg-1 PET para o benzeno, 20 – 66 μg kg-1 PET para o limoneno; 52 – 78 mg kg-1 PET para o dímero e 999 – 1394 mg kg-1 PET para o trímero. A concentração de NIAS detetada nas resinas conduz a um nível de exposição estimado (considerando uma garrafa de 8,5 g e 0,3 L) inferior ao correspondente à Classe 3 de Cramer da abordagem TTC para o limite de risco toxicológico. A análise estatística dos dados pelo modelo paramétrico univariado agrupou as amostras em 3 sub-grupos de homogeneidade: o primeiro grupo compreende as amostras IN, NO e F, o segundo as amostras F, FBL e BA e o terceiro a amostra MO. A análise por componentes independentes (ICA) confirmou alguns dos resultados deste teste. Foi possível verificar a similaridade das amostras MO e BA pelos conteúdos em nonanal, F e FBL pelo etilhexilacetato, dodecano e o difenil éter e as amostras FBL e IN pelo farneceno. A amostra NO foi a única que não apresentou correlação com as restantes.<br>Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most important polymer for the production of bottles for water and soft drinks, being increasingly important globally to reduce waste by recycling this material. In this work, six PET resins from different mechanical recycling processes, with positive opinions from EFSA, were evaluated for the properties: color, intrinsic viscosity, melting temperature and for the concentration of benzene, limonene, oligomers, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Regarding the determination of Benzene, Limonene, and Oligomers, the samples in study have higher concentration values than those found in the literature. The obtained concentrations are 30 – 410 μg kg-1 PET for benzene, 20 – 66 μg kg-1 PET, for limonene and 52 – 78 mg kg-1 PET for PET dimer and 999 – 1394 mg kg-1 PET for trimer. The unknowns and NIAS concentration detected in the resins, yield and estimated exposure levels (considering a bottle of 8,5 g and 0,3 L) lower than that corresponding to the Cramer Class 3 of TTC approach for toxicology risk. The statistical analysis by univariate approach grouped the samples into 3 subsets: one group including the samples IN, NO, and F, the second group including the samples F, FBL, and BA, and NO as the only sample in the third group. The ICA approach confirmed some results from the univariate model: it was found out that MO and BA correlate by nonanal, F and FBL by the ethylhexylacetate, dodecane and diphenyl ether, and FBL and IN by farnesene. NO showed no correlation with the remaining.
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Books on the topic "Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS)"

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Coniglio, Maria Anna, Cristian Fioriglio, and Pasqualina Laganà. Non-Intentionally Added Substances in PET-Bottled Mineral Water. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39134-8.

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Laganà, Pasqualina, Maria Anna Coniglio, and Cristian Fioriglio. Non-Intentionally Added Substances in PET-Bottled Mineral Water. Springer, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS)"

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Coniglio, Maria Anna, Cristian Fioriglio, and Pasqualina Laganà. "Non-Intentionally Added Substances." In SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39134-8_4.

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Wrona, Magdalena, Davinson Pezo, Robert Paiva, and Sandra A. Cruz. "Identification of Intentionally and Non-intentionally Added Substances in Recycled Plastic Packaging Materials." In Food Packaging Materials. Springer US, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3613-8_4.

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"7. Non-intentionally added substances." In Food Contamination by Packaging. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110648065-007.

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Emsley, John, and Peter Fell. "Additives and contaminants." In Was it something you ate? Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198504436.003.0010.

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Abstract Many farmed and processed foods contain small amounts of substances that have been added, either intentionally or unintentionally, during production. They contribute little to the nutritional value of the food, but may nevertheless have an effect on some of the people who eat them. These unnatural non-nutrients fall into two main categories: additives and contaminants.
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