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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2021

Last updated: 17 July 2025

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Horodytska, O., A. Cabanes, and A. Fullana. "Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in recycled plastics." Chemosphere 251 (July 2020): 126373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126373.

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Samsonowska, Katarzyna. "Związki NIAS (Non Intentionally Added Substances). Ocena ryzyka - Część 1." OPAKOWANIE 1, no. 9 (2018): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/42.2018.9.2.

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Kato, Lilian Seiko, and Carlos A. Conte-Junior. "Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment." Polymers 13, no. 13 (2021): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132077.

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Several food contact materials (FCMs) contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are unknown. This review aimed to situate the main challenges involving unknown NIAS in plastic food packaging in terms of identification, migration tests, prediction, sample preparation, determination methods and risk assessment trials. Most studies have identified NIAS in plastic materials as polyurethane adhesives (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester coatings, polypropylene materials (PP), multilayers materials, plastic films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), recycled materials, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Degradation products are almost the primary source of NIAS in plastic FCMs, most from antioxidants as Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, following by oligomers and side reaction products. The NIAS assessment in plastics FCMs is usually made by migration tests under worst-case conditions using food simulants. For predicted NIAS, targeted analytical methods are applied using GC-MS based methods for volatile NIAS and GC-MS and LC-MS based methods for semi- and non-volatile NIAS; non-targeted methods to analyze unknown NIAS in plastic FCMs are applied using GC and LC techniques combined with QTOF mass spectrometry (HRMS). In terms of NIAS risk assessment and prioritization, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept is the most applied tool for risk assessment. Bioassays with sensitive analytical techniques seem to be an efficient method to identify NIAS and their hazard to human exposure; the combination of genotoxicity testing with analytical chemistry could allow the Cramer class III TTC application to prioritize unknown NIAS. The scientific justification for implementing a molecular weight-based cut-off (<1000 Da) in the risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated. Although official guides and opinions are being issued on the subject, the whole chain’s alignment is needed, and more specific legislation on the steps to follow to get along with NIAS.

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Riboni, Nicolò, Federica Bianchi, Antonella Cavazza, Maurizio Piergiovanni, Monica Mattarozzi, and Maria Careri. "Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Detection of Non-Intentionally Added Substances in Bioplastics." Separations 10, no. 4 (2023): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10040222.

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The safety of food contact materials is a hot topic since chemicals can migrate from packaging into food, thus raising health concerns about and/or producing changes in the organoleptic properties of foodstuffs. Migration tests are required to demonstrate the compliance with current regulations and to investigate the transferred compounds. In this context, mass spectrometry is the analytical technique of choice for the detection and quantitation of both intentionally added substances, such as antioxidants, stabilizers, processing aids, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Untargeted strategies represent a major analytical challenge, providing a comprehensive fingerprinting of the packaging material and migrating components, allowing for NIAS identification. Hyphenated mass spectrometry-based techniques have been devised for screening the presence of migrating contaminants and for quantitation purposes. Both low-resolution (LRMS) and high-resolution (HRMS) methods were screened, with a special emphasis on the latter because of its capability to directly characterize food contact materials with minimal/no sample preparation, avoiding chromatographic separation, and reducing sample handling, analysis costs, and time. Examples related to the migration of contaminants from existing or newly developed bioplastic materials will be discussed, providing an overview of the most used MS-based methods, covering the state-of-the-art approaches from 2012 up to 2022.

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Kassouf, Amine, Jacqueline Maalouly, Hanna Chebib, Douglas N. Rutledge, and Violette Ducruet. "Chemometric tools to highlight non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in polyethylene terephthalate (PET)." Talanta 115 (October 2013): 928–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.029.

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Aigotti, Riccardo, Nicola Giannone, Alberto Asteggiano, Enrica Mecarelli, Federica Dal Bello, and Claudio Medana. "Release of Selected Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) from PET Food Contact Materials: A New Online SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Method." Separations 9, no. 8 (2022): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9080188.

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Food contact materials (FCMs) are an underestimated source of food chemical contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to chemicals that are harmful to the endocrine system. Foods and water are the main sources of exposure due to contact with the packaging materials, often of polymeric nature. European Regulation 10/2011 requires migration tests on FCMs and foodstuffs to evaluate the presence of listed substances (authorized monomers and additives) and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) not listed in the regulation and not subjected to restrictions. The tests are required to ensure the compliance of packaging materials for the contained foods. NIAS are a heterogeneous group of substances classified with a potential estrogenic or androgenic activity. Subsequently, the evaluation of the presence of these molecules in foods and water is significant. Here we present an online SPE/UHPLC-tandem MS method to quantify trace levels of NIAS in food simulants (A: aqueous 3% acetic acid; B: aqueous 20% ethanol) contained in PET preformed bottles. The use of online SPE reduces systemic errors thanks to the automation of the technique. For the developed analytical method, we evaluate the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantitation (LOQ), selectivity, RSD% and BIAS% for LLOQ for a total of twelve NIAS, including monomers, antioxidants, UV-filters and additives. LOD ranged between 0.002 µg/L for bisphenol S and 13.6 µg/L for 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). LOQs are comprised between 0.01 µg/L for bisphenol S and 42.2 µg/L for BHT. The online-SPE/UHPLC-tandem MS method is applied to the food simulants contained in several types of PET packaging materials to evaluate the migration of the selected NIAS. The results show the presence (µg/L) of NIAS in the tested samples, underlining the need for a new regulation for these potentially toxic molecules.

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Wongphan, Phanwipa, Elena Canellas, Cristina Nerín, Carlos Estremera, Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit, and Paula Vera. "Screening and Relative Quantification of Migration from Novel Thermoplastic Starch and PBAT Blend Packaging." Foods 14, no. 13 (2025): 2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14132171.

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A novel biodegradable food packaging material based on cassava thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) blends containing food preservatives was successfully developed using blown-film extrusion. This active packaging is designed to enhance the appearance, taste, and color of food products, while delaying quality deterioration. However, the incorporation of food preservatives directly influences consumer perception, as well as health and safety concerns. Therefore, this research aims to assess the risks associated with both intentionally added substances (IAS) and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) present in the developed active packaging. The migration of both intentionally and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS) was evaluated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Fifteen different volatile compounds were detected, with the primary compound identified as 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione, originating from the PBAT component. This compound, along with others, resulted from the polymerization of adipic acid, terephthalic acid, and butanediol, forming linear and cyclic PBAT oligomers. Migration experiments were conducted using three food simulants—95% ethanol, 10% ethanol, and 3% acetic acid—over a period of 10 days at 60 °C. No migration above the detection limits of the analytical methods was observed for 3% acetic acid and 10% ethanol. However, migration studies with 95% ethanol revealed the presence of new compounds formed through interactions between the simulant and PBAT monomers or oligomers, indicating the packaging’s sensitivity to high-polarity food simulants. Nevertheless, the levels of these migrated compounds remained below the regulatory migration limits.

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Bignardi, Chiara, Antonella Cavazza, Carmen Laganà, Paola Salvadeo, and Claudio Corradini. "Release of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) from food contact polycarbonate: Effect of ageing." Food Control 71 (January 2017): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.013.

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Galmán Graíño, Soraya, Raquel Sendón, Julia López Hernández, and Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós. "GC-MS Screening Analysis for the Identification of Potential Migrants in Plastic and Paper-Based Candy Wrappers." Polymers 10, no. 7 (2018): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10070802.

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Food packaging materials may be a potential source of contamination through the migration of components from the material into foodstuffs. Potential migrants can be known substances such as additives (e.g., plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, etc.), monomers, and so on. However, they can also be unknown substances, which could be non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). In the present study, non-targeted analysis using mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography (GC-MS) for the identification of migrants in plastic and paper-based candy wrappers was performed. Samples were analyzed after extraction with acetonitrile. Numerous compounds including N-alkanes, phthalates, acetyl tributyl citrate, tributyl aconitate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc. were identified. Many of the compounds detected in plastic samples are not included in the positive list of the authorized substances. One non-intentionally added substance, 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6-9-diene-2,8-dione, which has been reported as a degradation product of the antioxidant Irganox 1010, was found in several samples of both plastic and paper packaging. The proposed method was shown to be a useful approach for the identification of potential migrants in packaging samples. The toxicity of the compounds identified was estimated according to Cramer rules. Then, a second targeted analysis was also conducted in order to identify photoinitiators; among the analyzed compounds, only 2-hydroxybenzophenone was found in five samples.

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Miralles, Pablo, Esther Fuentes-Ferragud, Cristina Socas-Hernández, and Clara Coscollà. "Recent Trends and Challenges on the Non-Targeted Analysis and Risk Assessment of Migrant Non-Intentionally Added Substances from Plastic Food Contact Materials." Toxics 13, no. 7 (2025): 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13070543.

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Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in plastic food contact materials represent a critical undercharacterized chemical safety concern, caused by their inherent diversity, potential toxicity, and regulatory challenges. This review synthesizes recent advances and persistent gaps in NIAS analysis, with a primary focus on analytical workflows for non-targeted analysis, alongside a consideration of risk assessment and toxicological prioritization frameworks. Conventional plastics (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene terephthalate) as well as emerging materials (e.g., bioplastics and recycled polymers) exhibit different NIAS profiles, including oligomers, degradation products, additives, and contaminants, requiring specific approaches for migration testing, extraction, and detection. Advanced techniques, such as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography or two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, have enabled non-targeted analysis approaches. However, the field remains constrained by spectral library gaps, limited reference standards, and inconsistent data processing protocols, resulting in heavy reliance on tentative identifications. Risk assessment procedures mainly employ the Threshold of Toxicological Concern and classification by Cramer’s rules. Nevertheless, addressing genotoxicity, mixture effects, and novel hazards from recycled or bio-based polymers remains challenging with these approaches. Future priorities and efforts may include expanding spectral databases, harmonizing analytical protocols, and integrating in vitro bioassays with computational toxicology to refine hazard characterization.

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Koster, Sander, Monique Rennen, Winfried Leeman, et al. "A novel safety assessment strategy for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in carton food contact materials." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 31, no. 3 (2014): 422–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.866718.

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Eckardt, Martin, Annemarie Greb, and Thomas J. Simat. "Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) for baby bottles: a comprehensive assessment on polymer-related non-intentionally added substances (NIAS)." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35, no. 7 (2018): 1421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1449255.

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Wrona, Magdalena, and Cristina Nerín. "Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Safety of Modern Food Packaging: A Review." Molecules 25, no. 3 (2020): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030752.

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Nowadays, food packaging is a crucial tool for preserving food quality and has become an inseparable part of our daily life. Strong consumer demand and market trends enforce more advanced and creative forms of food packaging. New packaging development requires safety evaluations that always implicate the application of complex analytical methods. The present work reviews the development and application of new analytical methods for detection of possible food contaminants from the packaging origin on the quality and safety of fresh food. Among food contaminants migrants, set-off migrants from printing inks, polymer degradation products, and aromatic volatile compounds can be found that may compromise the safety and organoleptic properties of food. The list of possible chemical migrants is very wide and includes antioxidants, antimicrobials, intentionally added substances (IAS), non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), monomers, oligomers, and nanoparticles. All this information collected prior to the analysis will influence the type of analyzing samples and molecules (analytes) and therefore the selection of a convenient analytical method. Different analytical strategies will be discussed, including techniques for direct polymer analysis.

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Pinter, Elisabeth, Bernhard Rainer, Thomas Czerny, et al. "Evaluation of the Suitability of Mammalian In Vitro Assays to Assess the Genotoxic Potential of Food Contact Materials." Foods 9, no. 2 (2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020237.

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Background: Non-targeted screening of food contact materials (FCM) for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) reveals a great number of unknown and unidentified substances present at low concentrations. In the absence of toxicological data, the application of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) or of EU Regulation 10/2011 requires methods able to fulfill safety threshold criteria. In this review, mammalian in vitro genotoxicity assays are analyzed for their ability to detect DNA-damaging substances at limits of biological detection (LOBD) corresponding to the appropriate safety thresholds. Results: The ability of the assays to detect genotoxic effects varies greatly between substance classes. Especially for direct-acting mutagens, the assays lacked the ability to detect most DNA reactive substances below the threshold of 10 ppb, making them unsuitable to pick up potential genotoxicants present in FCM migrates. However, suitability for the detection of chromosomal damage or investigation of other modes of action makes them a complementary tool as part of a standard test battery aimed at giving additional information to ensure safety. Conclusion: improvements are necessary to comply with regulatory thresholds to consider mammalian genotoxicity in vitro assays to assess FCM safety.

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Marin-Kuan, Maricel, Vincent Pagnotti, Amaury Patin, et al. "Inter-Laboratory Study to Assess the Consistency of Biological and Chemical Methods to Assess the Safety of Packaging Materials." Toxics 11, no. 2 (2023): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020156.

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According to European regulations, migration from food packaging must be safe. However, currently, there is no consensus on how to evaluate its safety, especially for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). The intensive and laborious approach, involving identification and then quantification of all migrating substances followed by a toxicological evaluation, is not practical or feasible. In alignment with the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) and the European Union (EU) guidelines on packaging materials, efforts are focused on combining data from analytics, bioassays and in silico toxicology approaches for the risk assessment of packaging materials. Advancement of non-targeted screening approaches using both analytical methods and in vitro bioassays is key. A protocol was developed for the chemical and biological screening of migrants from coated metal packaging materials. This protocol includes guidance on sample preparation, migrant simulation, chemical analysis using liquid chromatography (LC-MS) and validated bioassays covering endocrine activity, genotoxicity and metabolism-related targets. An inter-laboratory study was set-up to evaluate the consistency in biological activity and analytical results generated between three independent laboratories applying the developed protocol and guidance. Coated packaging metal panels were used in this case study. In general, the inter-laboratory chemical analysis and bioassay results displayed acceptable consistency between laboratories, but technical differences led to different data interpretations (e.g., cytotoxicity, cell passages, chemical analysis). The study observations with the greatest impact on the quality of the data and ultimately resulting in discrepancies in the results are given and suggestions for improvement of the protocol are made (e.g., sample preparation, chemical analysis approaches). Finally, there was agreement on the need for an aligned protocol to be utilized by qualified laboratories for chemical and biological analyses, following best practices and guidance for packaging safety assessment of intentionally added substances (IAS) and NIAS to avoid inconsistency in data and the final interpretation.

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Song, Xue-Chao, Magdalena Wrona, Cristina Nerin, Qin-Bao Lin, and Huai-Ning Zhong. "Volatile non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) identified in recycled expanded polystyrene containers and their migration into food simulants." Food Packaging and Shelf Life 20 (June 2019): 100318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100318.

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Nguyen, Phuong-Mai, Samuel Dorey, and Olivier Vitrac. "The Ubiquitous Issue of Cross-Mass Transfer: Applications to Single-Use Systems." Molecules 24, no. 19 (2019): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193467.

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The leaching of chemicals by materials has been integrated into risk management procedures of many sectors where hygiene and safety are important, including food, medical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. The approaches focus on direct contact and do not usually address the risk of cross-mass transfer of chemicals from one item or object to another and finally to the contacting phase (e.g., culture medium, biological fluids). Overpackaging systems, as well as secondary or ternary containers, are potentially large reservoirs of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which can affect the final risk of contamination. This study provides a comprehensive description of the cross-mass transfer phenomena for single-use bags along the chain of value and the methodology to evaluate them numerically on laminated and assembled systems. The methodology is validated on the risk of migration i) of ϵ-caprolactam originating from the polyamide 6 internal layer of the overpackaging and ii) of nine surrogate migrants with various volatilities and polarities. The effects of imperfect contacts between items and of an air gap between them are particularly discussed and interpreted as a cutoff distance depending on the considered substance. A probabilistic description is suggested to define conservative safety-margins required to manage cross-contamination and NIAS in routine.

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Martínez-Bueno, M. J., S. Cimmino, C. Silvestre, et al. "Characterization of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) and zinc oxide nanoparticle release from evaluation of new antimicrobial food contact materials by both LC-QTOF-MS, GC-QTOF-MS and ICP-MS." Analytical Methods 8, no. 39 (2016): 7209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay01972b.

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Tsochatzis, Emmanouil, Joao Alberto Lopes, Helen Gika, and Georgios Theodoridis. "Polystyrene Biodegradation by Tenebrio molitor Larvae: Identification of Generated Substances Using a GC-MS Untargeted Screening Method." Polymers 13, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010017.

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A GC-MS method has been applied to screen and evaluate the generation of chemical compounds during the biodegradation of polystyrene (PS) with Tenebrio molitor larvae. Several resulting compounds have been identified, including trimers 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene and 1,3,5-triphenylcyclohexane, the volatiles acetophenone and cumyl alcohol, and 2,4-di-tert butylphenol, a non-intentionally added substance (NIAS) present in the plastic material. The PS monomers styrene and α-methyl styrene were also identified in the extracts. Bioactive molecules present in the biomass of the studied insects were identified, such as the free fatty acids myristic, palmitic, and oleic acid. Undecanoic acid was also found, but in lower mass fractions. Finally, biochemically formatted amides resulting from their respective fatty acids were identified, namely tetradecanamide, hexadecanamide and oleamide. The formation of all these substances seems to suggest enzymatic and biochemical activity occurring during the biodegradation of PS, and their amounts varied throughout the experience. The overall degradation rate of PS resulted in a 13% rate, which highlights the potential of biorecycling using these insects.

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De Vietro, Nicoletta, Antonella Maria Aresta, Jennifer Gubitosa, Vito Rizzi, and Carlo Zambonin. "Assessing the Conformity of Plasticizer-Free Polymers for Foodstuff Packaging Using Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Separations 11, no. 1 (2024): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11010025.

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Phthalates are the synthetic chemical plasticizers with the most varied uses and are a source of concern due to their toxicity and ubiquity, so much so that even plasticizer-free polymers can contain them as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Food packaging is among the materials with the greatest impact. In this study, a simple protocol is proposed for the location and identification of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dipropyl phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate which is applicable to compliance studies of food packaging materials and for the associated risk assessment. Solid phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the migration of four NIAS from food packaging to release media simulating food substrates. Three plasticizer-free polymers were used: two that were lab-made and based on sodium alginate and a commercial polyethylene film. Linearity ranged from the LOQ to 10 µg/mL; within-day and between-day precision values were between 12.3–25.7% and 21.9–35.8%, respectively; the LOD and LOQ were in the range 0.029–0.073 µg/mL and 0.122–0.970 µg/mL. Migration tests were conducted for different periods of time at room temperature and at 8 °C. Exposure to microwaves (MW) was also evaluated. All packaging materials tested had global migration limits lower than 10 mg/dm2 of material surface.

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Vázquez-Loureiro, Patricia, Nuria García-Batista, Antonio Morreale, et al. "Polyethylene Transformation Chain: Evaluation of Migratable Compounds." Polymers 17, no. 3 (2025): 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030295.

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Polyethylene (PE) is a widely used material for packaging food. However, certain additives and their degradation products, which may be generated during transformation processes, may pose risks to consumers health if they migrate into food at levels exceeding safety thresholds. Therefore, identifying and quantifying these potential migrant compounds is crucial to ensuring consumer safety. In the present work, PE films and the raw materials used in their production were kindly provided by the industry to evaluate undesired compounds throughout the PE transformation chain. For that purpose, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds were evaluated using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Alkanes were identified as the most abundant compounds, along with antioxidants, lubricants, or Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS), like 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione in the films. For the unidentified compounds, evaluations were conducted at various stages of the transformation chain, and migration assays were performed to assess their behavior.

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Pitirollo, Olimpia, Maria Grimaldi, Edmondo Messinese, Marco Fontanarosa, Monica Mattarozzi, and Antonella Cavazza. "Evaluation of Possible Contaminants from Sustainable Materials Intended for Food Contact." Sustainability 17, no. 1 (2024): 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010178.

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The ecological transition is leading industry towards the use of materials of natural origin, which are often proposed for food contact materials as a sustainable solution to reduce plastic use. They are perceived as safe by consumers; however, a strict control on potential contaminants able to migrate to food and beverages is necessary to assess safety. Thus, the development of analytical methods for the detection and the identification of potentially occurring harmful substances is strongly encouraged, and the combination of different techniques can be a solution to obtain complementary information. In this work, GC-MS, HPLC-MS, ATR-IR and ESEM have been exploited with the aim of monitoring both volatile and non-volatile compounds, and to control surface composition and morphology. Extraction with solvent and migration experiments with simulants were performed on 11 commercial samples, including plates, caps, and wooden coffee stirrers. Global and specific migration studies were carried out, and possible differences before and after use were explored. Analysis after solvent extraction confirmed the presence of additives, and of Non-Intentionally-Added Substances (NIAS) that were also found in migration studies. Data on morphological characterisation were useful to control the item composition, and to check the stability of the materials after repeated use.

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Félix, Juliana S., Francesca Isella, Osvaldo Bosetti, and Cristina Nerín. "Analytical tools for identification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) coming from polyurethane adhesives in multilayer packaging materials and their migration into food simulants." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 403, no. 10 (2012): 2869–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5965-z.

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Diamantidou, Dimitra, Emmanouil Tsochatzis, Stavros Kalogiannis, Joao Alberto Lopes, Georgios Theodoridis, and Helen Gika. "Analysis of Migrant Cyclic PET Oligomers in Olive Oil and Food Simulants Using UHPLC-qTOF-MS." Foods 12, no. 14 (2023): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12142739.

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Oligomers are a particular category of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) that may be present in food contact materials (FCMs), such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and consequently migrate into foods. Here, an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS) method was developed for the analysis of 1st series cyclic PET oligomers in virgin olive oil (VOO) following a QuEChERS clean-up protocol. Oligomer migration was evaluated with two different migration experiments using bottles from virgin and recycled PET: one with VOO samples stored in household conditions for a year and one using the food simulant D2 (95% v/v ethanol in water) at 60 °C for 10 days. Calibration curves were constructed with fortified VOO samples, with the LOQs ranging from 10 to 50 µg L−1 and the recoveries ranging from 86.6 to 113.0%. Results showed no migration of PET oligomers in VOO. However, in the simulated study, significant amounts of all oligomers were detected, with the migration of cyclic PET trimers from recycled bottles being the most abundant. Additional substances were tentatively identified as linear derivatives of PET oligomers. Again, open trimer structures in recycled bottles gave the most significant signals.

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Conchione, Chiara, Paolo Lucci, and Sabrina Moret. "Migration of Polypropylene Oligomers into Ready-to-Eat Vegetable Soups." Foods 9, no. 10 (2020): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101365.

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Polyolefin oligomeric hydrocarbons (POH) are non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) which mainly reside in the polymer (PE, PP) as a consequence of the polymerization process, and that under favorable conditions (high fat content, high temperature, and long contact time) may migrate at high amount from the packaging into the food. The food industry offers a wide range of ready-to-eat products, among these, vegetable soups designed to be stored at refrigeration temperature (for times around 6 weeks), and in most cases to be heated for a few minutes in a microwave oven (into the original container, mostly of PP) before consumption. The present work aimed to study for the first-time migration of POH during the shelf life of these products, including storage at refrigeration temperature and after microwave heating. On-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-gas chromatography (GC), followed by flame ionization detection (FID), was applied for POH analysis in a number of ready-to-eat products purchased from the Italian market. Microwave heating determined a variable POH increase ranging from 0.1 to 6.2 mg/kg. Parameters possibly affecting migration such as fat content and heating time were also studied.

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Mittermayr, David, Wolfgang Roland, and Jörg Fischer. "Analyses of Food-Consumption Data and Migration for the Safety Evaluation of Recycled Polystyrene Intended for Food-Packaging Applications." Polymers 17, no. 13 (2025): 1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131846.

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The recycling of post-consumer plastics for food-contact applications is subject to stringent regulatory requirements, particularly with regard to the removal of potentially harmful non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). While polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling processes are already approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), there is a lack of guidance for other polymers like polystyrene (PS). This study aims to provide a scientific basis for assessing the decontamination efficiency required for recycled post-consumer PS in food-contact applications. As one of the first studies to propose a framework for PS decontamination assessment based on EFSA food-consumption data and conservative diffusion modeling, it contributes to filling this regulatory gap. First, European food-consumption data were analyzed to identify critical scenarios of the age-group-dependent intake of PS-packaged food. Based on this, a conservative migration model was applied using a one-dimensional diffusion simulation to determine the maximum allowable initial concentrations of NIAS in PS. The calculated values were then compared with published reference contamination levels to calculate the required cleaning efficiency. The combination of food-consumption values and the migration process showed that trays for fruits and vegetables are the most critical food-contact application for post-consumer PS recycling. The most stringent assumptions resulted in necessary decontamination efficiencies ranging from 92% for the smallest molecule, toluene (92.14 g/mol), to 42% for the largest molecule, methyl stearate (298.50 g/mol). The results provide a methodological basis for regulatory assessments and offer practical guidance for designing safe recycling processes, thereby supporting the circular use of PS in food packaging and building the basis for future regulatory assessments of other polymers, in line with the European Union Plastics Strategy and circular economy objectives.

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Lestido-Cardama, Antía, Ángela Störmer, and Roland Franz. "Dialkylketones in Paperboard Food Contact Materials—Method of Analysis in Fatty Foods and Comparative Migration into Liquid Simulants Versus Foodstuffs." Molecules 25, no. 4 (2020): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040915.

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Dialkyl diketene dimers are used as sizing agents in the manufacture of paper and board for food contact applications to increase wetting stability. Unbound residues can hydrolyze and decarboxylate into dialkylketones. These non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) have potential to migrate to fatty foods in contact with those packaging materials. In Germany, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) established a specific migration limit (SML) of 5 mg/kg for the transfer of these dialkylketones into foodstuffs. In order to investigate the differences between simulants and real foods, an analytical method was optimized for extraction and quantification of dialkylketones in edible oils and fatty foods by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and additionally by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to confirm their identification and to quantify them in case of interferences. Dialkylketones are separated from the extracted fat by alkaline saponification of the triglycerides. Dialkylketones migration from paper-based food contact articles into organic solvents isooctane and dichloromethane, in olive and sunflower oils, and in fatty foods (croissants, Gouda, cheddar cheese, and salami was studied). As a result, it was found that the simulating tests, including the edible oil extraction tests, gave migration values that exceeded the SML largely, while the migration with the food samples were largely below the SML.

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Scarsella, Joseph B., Nan Zhang, and Thomas G. Hartman. "Identification and Migration Studies of Photolytic Decomposition Products of UV-Photoinitiators in Food Packaging." Molecules 24, no. 19 (2019): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193592.

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UV-curable inks, coatings, and adhesives are being increasingly used in food packaging systems. When exposed to UV energy, UV-photoinitiators (PI’s) present in the formulations produce free radicals which catalyze polymerization of monomers and pre-polymers into resins. In addition to photopolymerization, other free radical reactions occur in these systems resulting in the formation of chemically varied photolytic decomposition products, many of which are low molecular weight chemical species with high migration potential. This research conducted model experiments in which 24 commonly used PI’s were exposed to UV-energy at the typical upper limit of commercial UV-printing press conditions. UV-irradiated PI’s were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electrospray-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in order to identify photolytic decomposition products. Subsequently, migration studies of 258 UV-cure food packaging samples were conducted using GC-MS; PI’s and photolytic decomposition products were found in nearly all samples analyzed. One hundred-thirteen photolytic decomposition products were identified. Eighteen intact PI’s and 21 photolytic decomposition products were observed as migrants from the 258 samples analyzed, and these were evaluated for frequency of occurrence and migratory concentration range. The most commonly observed PI’s were 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone and benzophenone. The most commonly observed photolytic decomposition products were 2,4,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde and 1-phenyl-2-butanone. This compilation of PI photolytic decomposition data and associated migration data will aid industry in identifying and tracing non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food packaging materials.

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Marcelino, Carolina Soares, Vitor Emanuel de Souza Gomes, and Luís Marangoni Júnior. "Post-Consumer Recycled PET: A Comprehensive Review of Food and Beverage Packaging Safety in Brazil." Polymers 17, no. 5 (2025): 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050594.

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used in the food and beverage packaging sector due to its chemical and mechanical properties. Although PET is a fossil-based polymer, its recyclability significantly contributes to reducing the environmental impacts caused by excessive plastic consumption. However, the growing demand for post-consumer recycled PET (PET-PCR) food packaging has raised concerns about the efficiency of decontamination processes involved in recycling this material. This review initially addresses PET synthesis processes, highlighting injection stretch blow molding as the predominant technique for packaging production. It then discusses reverse logistics as a strategy to promote sustainability through the recovery of post-consumer packaging, such as plastic bottles. This review examines mechanical and chemical recycling methods used in PET-PCR production, food safety requirements including positive lists of permitted substances, contaminant migration limits, non-intentionally added substances (NIASs), and updated criteria for the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) of food-grade PET-PCR resins. Finally, the review explores future prospects for using PET-PCR in the food and beverage packaging sector, assessing its environmental impacts and potential technological advancements to enhance its sustainability and safety.

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Di Duca, Fabiana, Paolo Montuori, Elvira De Rosa, et al. "Advancing Analytical Techniques in PET and rPET: Development of an ICP–MS Method for the Analysis of Trace Metals and Rare Earth Elements." Foods 13, no. 17 (2024): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13172716.

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Despite the extensive use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) in food contact materials (FCMs), research on the presence of heavy metals (HMs) and rare earth elements (REEs) during various recycling stages (e.g., flakes, granules, and preforms) remains limited. This study aimed to address these gaps by validating a rapid and sensitive analytical method to quantify 26 HMs and 4 REEs in PET and rPET matrices. An ICP-MS method was validated per EURACHEM guidelines, assessing linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and repeatability. The method was employed for initial screening of HMs and REEs classified as non-intentionally added substances (NIASs) in PET and rPET samples. The findings showed high accuracy and reliability, with recovery rates between 80% and 120%. Analysis revealed varying concentrations of HMs and REEs, with the highest levels in 100% rPET preforms, notably Zn, Cu, and Al among HMs, and La among REEs. The study identified critical contamination points during the recycling process, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. This research provides a crucial analytical framework for assessing HMs and REEs in PET and rPET, ensuring FCM safety compliance and supporting efforts to enhance rPET product safety, promoting public health protection and advancing the circular economy.

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Krul, Lisette, Sander Koster, Monique Rennen, Winfried Leeman, and Geert Houben. "Non-intentionally added substances: Approaches for prioritisation." Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.160.

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Rung, Christian, Frank Welle, Anita Gruner, Arielle Springer, Zacharias Steinmetz, and Katherine Munoz. "Identification and Evaluation of (Non-)Intentionally Added Substances in Post-Consumer Recyclates and Their Toxicological Classification." Recycling 8, no. 1 (2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010024.

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According to the European circular economy strategy, all plastic packaging placed on the market by 2030 has to be recyclable. However, for recycled plastics in direct contact with food, there are still major safety concerns because (non-)intentionally added substances can potentially migrate from recycled polymers into foodstuffs. Therefore, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has derived very low migration limits (e.g., 0.1 µg/L for recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and 0.06 µg/L for recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE)) for recycled polymers. Thus, the use of recyclates from post-consumer waste materials in direct food contact is currently only possible for PET. A first step in assessing potential health hazards is, therefore, the identification and toxicological classification of detected substances. Within this study, samples of post-consumer recyclates from different packaging-relevant recycling materials (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, PET, and PS) were analyzed. The detected substances were identified and examined with a focus on their abundance, toxicity (Cramer classification), polarity (log P values), chemical diversity, and origin (post-consumer substances vs. virgin base polymer substances). It was demonstrated that polyolefins contain more substances classified as toxic than PET, potentially due to their higher diffusivity. In addition, despite its low diffusivity compared to polyolefins, a high number of substances was found in PS. Further, post-consumer substances were found to be significantly more toxicologically concerning than virgin base polymer substances. Additionally, a correlation between high log P values and a high Cramer classification was found. It was concluded that PET is currently the only polymer that complies with EFSA’s requirements for a circular economy. However, better-structured collection systems and cleaning processes, as well as more analytical methods that enable a highly sensitive detection and identification of substances, might offer the possibility of implementing other polymers into recycling processes in the future.

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Spinei, Mariana, and Mircea Oroian. "Identification and quantification of intentionally and non-intentionally added substances occurring from biodegradable food packaging: A review." Food Research International 218 (October 2025): 116880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116880.

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García Ibarra, V., A. Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós, P. Paseiro Losada, and R. Sendón. "Non-target analysis of intentionally and non intentionally added substances from plastic packaging materials and their migration into food simulants." Food Packaging and Shelf Life 21 (September 2019): 100325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100325.

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He, Ying-Jie, Yan Qin, Tie-Li Zhang, et al. "Migration of (non-) intentionally added substances and microplastics from microwavable plastic food containers." Journal of Hazardous Materials 417 (September 2021): 126074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126074.

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Leeman, Winfried, and Lisette Krul. "Non-intentionally added substances in food contact materials: how to ensure consumer safety." Current Opinion in Food Science 6 (December 2015): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2015.11.003.

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Cincotta, Fabrizio, Antonella Verzera, Gianluca Tripodi, and Concetta Condurso. "Non-intentionally added substances in PET bottled mineral water during the shelf-life." European Food Research and Technology 244, no. 3 (2017): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-017-2971-6.

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García Ibarra, Verónica, Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós, Perfecto Paseiro Losada, and Raquel Sendón. "Identification of intentionally and non-intentionally added substances in plastic packaging materials and their migration into food products." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 410, no. 16 (2018): 3789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1058-y.

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Segura-Domingo, A., F. Garcia-Martinez, M. L. L, and M. A. Sogorb-Sânchez. "Identification of non-intentionally added substances in reusable plastic containers in contact with food." Toxicology Letters 350 (September 2021): S224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00761-x.

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Ketelslegers, Hans. "Non-intentionally added substances in food contact materials: EU regulatory requirements and safety assessment." Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.157.

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Hollnagel, Heli Miriam, Peter van Herwijnen, and Priyanka Sura. "Assessing safety of non-intentionally added substances in polymers used for food contact applications." Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.158.

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Nerin, C., P. Alfaro, M. Aznar, and C. Domeño. "The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review." Analytica Chimica Acta 775 (May 2013): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028.

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Bridson, James H., Robert Abbel, Dawn A. Smith, Grant L. Northcott, and Sally Gaw. "Release of additives and non-intentionally added substances from microplastics under environmentally relevant conditions." Environmental Advances 12 (July 2023): 100359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100359.

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Issart, Ambre, and Joanna Szpunar. "Potential of Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis Mass Spectrometry (LESA—MS) for the Characterization of Polymer-Based Materials." Polymers 11, no. 5 (2019): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050802.

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Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA -MS) is a direct analysis method suitable for the analysis of polymers. It is based on a fast and efficient extraction of polymer components, such as non-intentionally added species (NIAS), post-polymerization residues, or additives, and residues resulting from specific uses followed by their MS detection. In comparison with batch methods, it is a “green” method, using negligible volumes of organic solvents, and it is cost-effective, avoiding lengthy sample preparation procedures. It can be used for the detection of known molecules (targeted analysis), identification of unknown species (exploratory analysis requiring MS/MS) and semi-quantative analysis, if standards are available. The to-date applications of LESA-MS in the field of polymer science are reviewed and critically discussed taking into account the hands-on experience from the authors’ laboratory. Future possibilities of LESA applications are highlighted.

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Zhang, Hong, Qi-Zhi Su, Gui-Qin Shang, Yun-Xuan Weng, and Lei Zhu. "Elucidation of Non-Intentionally Added Substances from Plant Fiber/Plastic Composites by UPLC-QTOF/MS." Foods 12, no. 3 (2023): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030678.

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Plant fiber/plastic composites (PPCs) have been widely used in food contact materials (FCMs) for many benefits, such as their claimed better environmental footprint compared to conventional plastics. However, their safety is still not fully understood and must be comprehensively evaluated. Non-volatiles extracted from six PPCs with different plant fibers and polymer matrices were characterized by employing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in combination with various spectral libraries and manual elucidation, taking into account spectral similarity and characteristic product ions. A total of 115 compounds were tentatively identified, 50 of which were oligomers or their derivatives from the sample with polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) as the polymer matrix, and some of them were Cramer rules class III substances based on the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC). Seven reaction products between PLA and PBAT monomers, as well as four derivatives of melamine, were elucidated and well detailed for the first time. In addition, bisphenol S was detected in all samples even though its origin remains to be further explored. Isoprothiolane, as an insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of rice pests, was identified in the sample with rice husk as fillers, experimentally confirming the presence of agrochemicals in samples containing plant fibers.

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Brüschweiler, Beat. "Assessment of non-intentionally added substances from food contact materials in food: Which way to go?" Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.159.

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Murat, Pauline, Sowmya Harohalli Puttaswamy, Pierre-Jacques Ferret, Sylvie Coslédan, and Valérie Simon. "Identification of Potential Extractables and Leachables in Cosmetic Plastic Packaging by Microchambers-Thermal Extraction and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Molecules 25, no. 9 (2020): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092115.

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Most container–content interaction studies are carried out through migration tests on end products or simulants involving generally toxic solvents. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying potential leachables from materials used in cosmetic plastic packaging by using two approaches based on solvent-free extraction, i.e., solid-phase microextraction sampling and pyrolyzer/thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Volatile and semi-volatile intentionally and non-intentionally added substances were detected in seven packaging samples made of polypropylene, polyethylene, and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer. Thirty-five compounds related to the polymers industry or packaging industry were identified, among them phthalates, alkanes, styrene, and cyanide derivates including degradation products, impurities, additives, plasticizers, and monomers. All except eight belong to the Cramer class I. These thermodesorption techniques are complementary to those used for migration tests.

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Omer, Elsa, Ronan Cariou, Gérald Remaud, et al. "Elucidation of non-intentionally added substances migrating from polyester-polyurethane lacquers using automated LC-HRMS data processing." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 410, no. 22 (2018): 5391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-0968-z.

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Tumu, Khairun, Keith Vorst, and Greg Curtzwiler. "Understanding intentionally and non-intentionally added substances and associated threshold of toxicological concern in post-consumer polyolefin for use as food packaging materials." Heliyon 10, no. 1 (2024): e23620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23620.

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Murat, Pauline, Pierre-Jacques Ferret, Sylvie Coslédan, and Valérie Simon. "Assessment of targeted non-intentionally added substances in cosmetics in contact with plastic packagings. Analytical and toxicological aspects." Food and Chemical Toxicology 128 (June 2019): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.030.

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