Relevant bibliographies by topics / Non-ionic; Anionic

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Non-ionic; Anionic'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Non-ionic; Anionic"

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Atia, A. A., and N. R. E. Radwan. "Adsorption of Different Surfactants on Kaolinite." Adsorption Science & Technology 15, no. 8 (1997): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361749701500807.

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The adsorption of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants on kaolinite has been investigated. Anionic surfactants are widely used in enhanced oil recovery. The lower the adsorption on the oil-bearing rock, the higher the advantage of the surfactant to be used. Whilst the adsorption of anionic and non-ionic surfactants are negligible, that of cationic surfactants is relatively high. For this reason, the use of cationic reagents in the enhanced oil recovery is not recommended. The adsorption of cationic surfactants was found to follow an ion-exchange mechanism, while that of anionic and non-
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Jacobs, Jeroen, Koen Binnemans, and Luc Van Meervelt. "Liquid-liquid solvent extraction of rare earths: a crystallographic analysis." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314089931.

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Liquid-liquid solvent extraction has become the primary research topic for separating mixtures of rare-earths. [1] Current research on this topic focuses on extraction processes involving ionic liquids as basic extracting agents. In the aqueous phase, the rare-earth is coordinated by the anionic entities of the ionic liquid, forming an anionic complex. The large organic cation of the ionic liquid neutralizes the complex (ion-pair complex) and migrates the entity to an organic phase. The choice of these agents is solely based on the calculation of thermodynamical extraction parameters, whilst s
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Igarashi, Haruyoshi. "The Opacification of the Bovine Isolated Cornea by Surfactants and Other Chemicals—A Process of Protein Denaturation?" Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 15, no. 1 (1987): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119298701500103.

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An attempt has been made to determine whether anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants and other chemicals opacify the various layers of bovine isolated corneas to the same or to differing degrees. In the intact cornea the opacifying ability of surfactants was in the following order: cationic>anionic>non-ionic. The chemicals tested spanned the range from virtually inactive to very active. However, in the isolated stroma, the anionic surfactants caused considerably more opacity than either the cationic or non-ionic compounds. The results indicate that cationic surfactants primarily opa
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Zhang, Sainan, and Xiankai Jiang. "Synthesis and characterization of non-ionic and anionic two-component aromatic waterborne polyurethane." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 4 (2018): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2017-0067.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to synthesize and characterize a series of two-component aromatic waterborne polyurethane (2K-WPU) which is composed of non-ionic and anionic polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion and polyurethane polyol aqueous dispersion. Design/methodology/approach The polyisocyanate aqueous dispersion was synthesized through non-ionic and anionic hydrophilic modification procedures. The values of the hydrogen bonding index (HBI) and molecule structures of WPU were obtained by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The thermal, mechanical and water resistance properties of 2K-WP
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Bosch, Ma Pilar, José Luis Parra, and Francisco Sánchez-Baeza. "Synthesis and physicochemical properties of bolaamphiphiles from dimeric acid." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 12 (1993): 2095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-260.

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The physicochemical behaviour of bolaamphiphile derivatives with an anionic, a cationic, or a non-ionic polar group and their mixtures is studied mainly by surface tension measurements, quasi-elastic light-scattering studies, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and surface monolayers. Bolaamphiphiles are synthesized by classical methods from a non-expensive mixture of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, obtained by thermal Diels–Alder type cyclization of methyl 10-E,12-E linoleate, obtained from tall oil. The anionic and cationic bolaamphiphiles synthesized are water soluble and form stable monolayers when they are comp
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Lin, Dan-Jae, Hao-Lian Lin, Ssu-Meng Haung, Shih-Ming Liu, and Wen-Cheng Chen. "Effect of pH on the In Vitro Biocompatibility of Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis and Hydrothermal Precipitation of Rod-Shaped Nano-Hydroxyapatite." Polymers 13, no. 17 (2021): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172994.

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Given their wide range of biomedical applications, hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles are an attractive material widely used in many fields. Therefore, a simple, inexpensive, and stable process for the synthesis of HA nanoparticles is necessary to meet current needs. Herein, we studied HA synthesis assisted by four surfactants, namely cation, anion, non-ionic, and zwitterion templates, to verify the synthesis phase, aspect ratio, morphology, and biocompatibility under different environments (i.e., pH 4 and 9) before and after calcination. Results showed that before calcination, the surfactant-f
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Avramova, Tatyana, Lilyana Stefanova, Blaga Angelova, and Sava Mutafov. "Bacterial Decolorization of Acid Orange 7 in the Presence of Ionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62, no. 1-2 (2007): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2007-1-216.

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The effects of the non-ionic surfactant Triton® X-100, the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the anionic surfactant sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate (SLS) on the decolorization of the reaction medium containing the monoazo dye Acid Orange 7 (AO7) by Alcaligenes faecalis and Rhodococcus erythropolis were studied. It was found that the surfactants influenced in different ways the rate of decolorization. At all concentrations tested the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 decreased the decolorization rate of R. erythropolis. At concentrations above the critical micelle conce
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Lelyushok, S. O., V. O. Doroschuk, and S. A. Kulichenko. "Cloud Point Extraction Of Cationic Surfactants And Their Ionic Associates With Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate." Methods and Objects of Chemical Analysis 15, no. 3 (2020): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/moca.2020.111-116.

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The distribution of individual cationic surfactants and their ionic associates with the anionic surfactant in the cloud point extraction systems, based on non-ionic surfactant OP-7 was investigated. Determined that the dependence of the extraction degree of halides alkylpyridiniums on carboxylic change length in optimal conditions for extraction is characterized by the existence of maximum for cationic surfactant where n = 12. Decrease as well as increase in carboxylic change length of cation of alkylpyridiniums diminishes the effectiveness of their extraction into the surfactant-rich phase. T
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Mitru, Daniel, Gheorghe Nechifor, Stefania Gheorghe, et al. "Removal and Effects of Surfactants in Activated Sludge System." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 1 (2020): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.1.7819.

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The widespread use of detergents has raised concern with regard to the environmental pollution caused by their active substances, which are biorefractory, toxic or persistent. Even though anionic and non-ionic surfactants often used in commercial detergents composition are reasonably degradable under aerobic conditions and not particularly toxic at low concentrations, high concentration of surfactants influenced the activated sludge activity and are harmful for the aquatic environment. In the literature, data on the biodegradability and/or ecotoxicity of a certain type of surfactant (anionic,
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Cham, B. E., P. Roeser, and A. Nikles. "Effects of non-ionic and anionic detergents on lipid-associated tissue ferritin." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 1 (1988): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.1.152.

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Abstract Lipid-associated ferritin from homogenates of guinea pig liver is released from its conjugate(s) by incubation with the non-ionic detergents Triton X-100 and Nonidet P-40 but not by incubation with the anionic detergent deoxycholate. The amount of lipid-associated ferritin released from its conjugate(s) depends on the concentration of the non-ionic detergents. At a final non-ionic detergent concentration of about 20 g/L, all lipid-associated ferritin is released from its conjugate(s) in a liver homogenate. The amount released is identical with the amount of the lipid-associated ferrit
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-ionic; Anionic"

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Willetts, Matthew. "Analytical methods for the determination of surfactants in surface water." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1999. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20540/.

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The determination of surfactants in environmental surface water is required due to recent concern over possible adverse health effects that have been associated with them. This thesis is concerned with two aspects of the analysis of non-ionic and anionic surfactants in surface water. An HPLC phase-switching method has been developed in an attempt to overcome the problem of an interfering anionic species (thought to be humic acids) that masks the presence of any linear alkylbenzene sulphonate surfactants in river water samples. This problem has arisen following the development of an HPLC method
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Wolf, Lukas [Verfasser], and Heinz [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoffmann. "Novel microemulsions with an anionic, non-ionic surfactant mixture / Lukas Wolf. Betreuer: Heinz Hoffmann." Bayreuth : Universitätsbibliothek Bayreuth, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1023305526/34.

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Ari, Vidyadhar. "Flotation of silicate minerals : physico-chemical studies in the presence of alkylamines and mixed (cationic/anionic/non-ionic) collectors /." Luleå, 2001. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2001/35/index.html.

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Hassan, Nur Hasyareeda. "How do non-coordinating anions in ionic liquids coordinate to metal centres?" Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9922.

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Green Chemistry aims to modify chemical processes so that they are more friendly to the environment. The 9th principle of Green Chemistry emphasises the use of catalytic reagents in chemical processes. One way in which ionic liquids can implement this principle is in two-phase catalytic processes. A major drawback of homogenous catalysis processes is associated with the separation of the catalyst from the products. This can be solved by the use of biphasic catalysis, in which the catalyst can be reused several times without any significant changes in its catalytic performance. However, it is v
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Bennis, Khalil. "Etude de l'adsorption et de la reduction electrochimique sur electrode de mercure de quelques cetones en presence de tensio-actifs en milieu aqueux." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF2E406.

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Etude de la reduction electrochimique de l'acetophenone, l'oxyde de mesityle et l'ethylideneacetone en milieu aqueux en presence d'agents de surface anioniques (laurylsulfate de sodium), d'agents de surface cationiques (bromure de benzyltrimethylammonium et bromure de cetyltrimethylammonium) et d'agents de surface non ioniques (brij 35 et poly(oxyethylene))
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Alli, Dhananjaya. "Interactions between non-ionic cellulose ethers and anionic surfactants and their influence on drug release from a solid unit dosage form /." 1990. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/128384387.pdf.

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Godinho, Isabel Ribeiro. "Structure and stability of creams containing ectoine: liquid crystalline states." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/35849.

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Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2016<br>Ectoine is a low molecular organic osmolyte, produced by various extremolytes, which have a large range of applications, such as medical devices, cosmetics, and life science products, due to their ability to protect biological macromolecules and cells from damage by external stresses. The aim of this project was to study the influence that ectoine can have on the properties of creams. This substance has several positive effects when used in dermocosmetic products, however it is
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Färber, Elke Renate. "Humanexpositionen gegenüber tensidhaltigen Reinigungs- und Kosmetikprodukten." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E334-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Non-ionic; Anionic"

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Mohammad, A., and A. Moheman. "Effect of Anionic and Non-ionic Surfactants in Soil-Plant System Under Pot Culture." In Chemistry of Phytopotentials: Health, Energy and Environmental Perspectives. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23394-4_55.

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Schweitzer, George K., and Lester L. Pesterfield. "The Carbon Group." In The Aqueous Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195393354.003.0010.

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The elements which constitute the Carbon Group of the Periodic Table are carbon C, silicon Si, germanium Ge, tin Sn, and lead Pb. All five of the elements have atoms characterized by an outer electron structure of ns2np2 with n representing the principal quantum number. This electron arrangement signals the possibility of oxidation states of IV and II. Such is the case with the II oxidation state becoming more stable from C to Pb. As one descends the group, there is a marked change from non-metallic (C) to metallic character (Pb). Reflecting very high ionization energies, C, Si, and Ge do not form a simple cation, they instead bond covalently. In line with the trends just mentioned, the inorganic aqueous chemistry moves from anionic (C) to cationic (Pb). The inorganic aqueous solution chemistry of C is represented by four acids and their anionic derivatives: carbonic acid H2CO3, oxalic acid H2C2O4, formic acid HOOCH, and acetic acid HOOCCH3. Note that in all of these the ionizing H+ ions are not attached to C but to O. The inorganic aqueous chemistry of Si is dominated by anions SiO(OH)3− and SiO2(OH)2−2 and their many polymeric forms and by the hexafluorosilicate anion SiF6−2. Ge is very similar to Si. Cationic species, largely absent in all three previous elements, are shown in both Sn and Pb. The covalent single bond radii of C, Si, and Ge are 77, 118, and 122 pm, and the ionic radii in pm of the other two elements are Sn+2(118), Sn+4 (83), Pb+2 (133), Pb+4 (92). a. E–pH diagrams. In order to understand the E–pH relationships of the aqueous species of C, it is important to consider both the thermodynamic and the kinetic relationships. Thermodynamics tells us whether a reaction will occur but it says nothing about how fast. The rate is a kinetic matter. When acetic acid HC2H3O2 is entered into a C species E–pH diagram, Figure 8.1 results. This figure shows that at equilibrium HC2H3O2 is not stable and disproportionates into H2CO3 and CH4. The same E–pH diagram results when formic acid HOOCH or when oxalic acid H2C2O4 is entered.
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Schweitzer, George K., and Lester L. Pesterfield. "The Nitrogen Group." In The Aqueous Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195393354.003.0011.

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The Nitrogen Group of the Periodic Table contains the elements nitrogen N, phosphorus P, arsenic As, antimony Sb, and bismuth Bi. The outer electron structure ns2np3 characterizes all five of the elements, with n representing principal quantum numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The ns2np3 indicates the possibility of oxidation states V, III, and -III. As one goes down the group, the metallic character increases, with N and P being distinctly non-metals, As a metalloid, and Sb and Bi metals. However, the major bonding in most of the compounds of the group is covalent, aqueous cationic species being formed only by Sb and Bi. A covalency of 5 is exhibited by all the elements except N, this being assignable to the considerable energy required to place 10 electrons around the atom. The pentavalent state is the most stable for P, with its stability falling off down the group, as the trivalent state stability increases. Covalent radii in pm are as follows: N (75), P (110), As(122), and Sb(143). Ionic radii (most hypothetical) in pm are these: Sb+3 (90), Sb+5 (74), Bi+3 (117), and Bi+5 (90). a. E–pH diagram. Figure 9.1 depicts the E–pH diagram for N with the soluble species (except H+) at 10−1.0 M. Equations for the lines that separate the species are displayed in the legend. The colorless strong acid nitric acid HNO3, its colorless anion nitrate NO3−, the colorless weak acid nitrous acid HNO2, its colorless anion NO2−, the colorless ammonium ion NH4+, and the colorless hypothetical compound ammonium hydroxide NH4OH are involved.
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Fawcett, W. Ronald. "The Electrical Double Layer." In Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094329.003.0014.

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In examining the properties of the metal | solution interface, two limiting types of behavior are found, namely, the ideal polarizable interface and the ideally nonpolarizable interface. In the former case, the interface behaves as a capacitor so that charge can be placed on the metal using an external voltage source. This leads to the establishment of an equal and opposite charge on the solution side. The total system in which charge is separated in space is called the electrical double layer and its properties are characterized by electrostatic equilibrium. An electrical double layer exists in general at any interface at which there is a change in dielectric properties. It has an important influence on the structure of the interface and on the kinetics of processes occurring there. The classical example of an ideally polarizable interface is a mercury electrode in an electrolyte solution which does not contain mercury ions, for example, aqueous KCl. The charge on the mercury surface is altered using an external voltage source placed between the polarizable electrode and non-polarizable electrode, for example, a silver | silver chloride electrode in contact with the same solution. Within well-defined limits, the charge can be changed in both the negative and positive directions. When the mercury electrode is positively charged, there is an excess of anions in the solution close to the electrode. The opposite situation occurs when the electrode is negatively charged. An important point of reference is the point of zero charge (PZC), which occurs when the charge on the electrode is exactly zero. The properties of the electrical double layer in solution depend on the nature of the electrolyte and its concentration. In many electrolytes, one or more of the constituent ions are specifically adsorbed at the interface. Specific adsorption implies that the local ionic concentration is determined not just by electrostatic forces but also by specific chemical forces. For example, the larger halide ions are chemisorbed on mercury due to the covalent nature of the interaction between a mercury atom and the anion. Specific adsorption can also result from the hydrophobic nature of an ion.
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Fawcett, W. Ronald. "Electrolyte Solutions." In Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094329.003.0007.

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Electrolyte solutions are important in all branches of chemistry, but especially in analytical chemistry, and biochemistry. These systems by their nature are always non-ideal, and represented an early challenge to theoreticians interested in describing their thermodynamic properties. The solute components are ions, cations, and anions, which carry opposite charges and thus interact very differently with one another. The existence of electrolyte solutions depends on the polar properties of the solvent through which the individual ions are stabilized. When one recognizes the molecular nature of the solvent, one must also consider the interactions between solvent dipoles and the ion. This results in changes in solvent structure in the immediate vicinity of the ions. It follows that a complete description of an electrolyte solution at the molecular level requires the consideration of ion–dipole, ion–ion, and dipole–dipole interactions. In addition to these simple electrostatic interactions, one must also consider the role of hydrogen bonding in protic solvents like water. In very dilute electrolyte solutions, the most important consideration is ion– dipole interactions. One expects these interactions to be different for cations and anions. This follows from the fact that the solvent molecule is not a simple dipole in the electrostatic sense but instead it has a chemical structure which is different at each end of the molecular dipole. Each ion interacts locally with four to six solvent molecules in its immediate surroundings. In the case of water, the concentration of water molecules in the pure liquid is 55.5 M; it follows that the number of water molecules experiencing direct interaction with ions in dilute solutions represents a small fraction of the total number. As the electrolyte concentration increases, ion–ion interactions become more important in determining the thermodynamic properties of the solution. The electrostatic field of an ion is long ranged, decreasing with the reciprocal of the distance from the charge center of the ion. As a result a given ion has an ionic atmosphere in which the concentration of oppositely charged ions in its vicinity is slightly greater on the average than that of ions of the same charge.
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Conference papers on the topic "Non-ionic; Anionic"

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Tsang, Daniel C. W., and Boey H. Zhang. "Selective Removal of Naphthalene from Non-Ionic and Anionic Surfactants Using Activated Carbon." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5514938.

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Borel, Solene, Daniel Mitru, Catalina Stoica, Irina Lucaciu, and Mihai Nita-Lazar. "THE MODULATION OF ANIONIC AND NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS BY VARIOUS BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES FROM THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE." In International Symposium "The Environment and the Industry". National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2018.ab36.

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Afanasev, Pavel, Alexandra Scerbacova, Albina Tsyshkova, et al. "Compositions of Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants within a Hybrid EOR Technology for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reservoirs." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/196759-ms.

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Afanasev, Pavel, Alexandra Scerbacova, Albina Tsyshkova, et al. "Compositions of Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants within a Hybrid EOR Technology for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reservoirs (Russian)." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/196759-ru.

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Bahl, Manish, Juntao Zhang, and Raj M. Manglik. "Measurement of Dynamic and Equilibrium Surface Tension of Surfactant Solutions by the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47137.

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Surfactant solution systems are encountered in many different applications, including as a method to enhance the nucleate boiling performance of water. Characterizing the attendant interfacial phenomena requires precise predictions of their surface tension relaxation behavior. In this study, both the dynamic and equilibrium surface tension behavior of aqueous surfactant solutions has been investigated using the maximum bubble pressure method. The surface tension is measured as a function of concentration at room (23°C) and elevated (80°C) temperatures. The critical micelle concentration (c.m.c
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Balogh, Lajos P., and Mohamed K. Khan. "Biodistribution of Dendrimer Nanocomposites for Nano-Radiation Therapy of Cancer." In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17025.

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Multifunctional nanocomposites have an enormous scientific and practical future in medicine, especially in biomedical imaging and targeted delivery. Multifunctional composite nanodevices (CND) possess chemical and physical properties of all components, while interactions with the environment of the nanoparticle are dominated by the contact surface of the host molecule. Thus, if the surface is dominated by the organic component of a nano-sized organic-inorganic composite particle, an inorganic particle property can be manipulated in a biologic environment as if it belonged to an organic macromo
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Zhang, D. Leslie, Chunyan Qi, Xiaodong Shi, et al. "EVALUATION OF RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF A TIGHT OIL FORMATION IN DAQING OILFIELD." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0075.

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Relative permeability is one of the most important petrophysical parameters to evaluate a reservoir’s production during primary and subsequent secondary or enhanced oil recovery processes. Yet measured relative permeability data for tight oil reservoirs are very scarce to find in the literature, mainly because the measurement is difficult and time consuming to make. In this paper the protocol and results of water/oil, surfactant /oil, CO2/oil, and N2/oil relative permeability are presented, and compared to the digital core analysis results where wettability was set to water-wet or mixed-wet, a
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Sen, Mihir, and Samuel Paolucci. "The Use of Ionic Liquids in Refrigeration." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14712.

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Ionic liquids are salts, usually with organic cations and inorganic anions, that are liquid at room temperature. There are a wide variety of ionic liquids that can be synthesized with different properties for different applications. They are generally non-volatile, non-toxic, and non-flammable with high heat capacity, high density, high thermal and chemical stability. We propose its use as an absorbent in an absorption refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant in this case would be a gas such as carbon dioxide. The present work deals with the desirable properties of ionic liquids for this applicati
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Bernardino, Kalil, and Mauro Carlos Costa Ribeiro. "Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of ionic liquids under extreme shear." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202038.

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Ionic liquids are called designer solvents because their physical properties can be tuned by the selection of different combinations cation and anion. Understanding the relation between the chemical structure and the viscosity and how the shear rate can affect the relative arrangements of the ions are important for practical applications specially as lubricants. Reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) simulations were performed to study the effect of the shear rate over the viscosity and the structure at molecular level of four different imidazolium based ionic liquids. Since it is
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Burheim, O., David A. Vermaas, Kitty Nijmeijer, and J. G. Pharoah. "Improved Reverse Electro-Dialysis Using Membranes With Integrated Spacers." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63450.

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Reverse Electro-Dialysis, RED, utilises the energy of mixing between two solutions of different salinity by allowing ionic current to pass through the membranes and the two solutions such that cations are transport to the cathode and anions to the anode. [1–4.] The ionic current is converted to electronic current by red-ox reactions at the cathode and the anode. The membranes applied in this process are ionic selective, traditionally of uniform thickness and separated by a non-conductive spacer [5, 6]. Traditionally, non-conductive spacers have been deployed as eddy promoters and membrane spac
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