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Books on the topic 'Non metastatic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Jordan, Nerissa. Non-metastatic neurological manifestations of malignancy. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0238.

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Neurological complications of systemic malignancy are frequent. They may reflect direct local effects of the tumour; CNS infection; side effects of chemotherapy or radiotherapy; nutritional or metabolic derangements; or a paraneoplastic syndrome. The paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are a group of disorders associated with a malignancy outside the nervous system. The pathophysiology is immune-mediated, with the tumour’s expression of neuronal proteins invoking antibody formation, which in turn results in neurological symptoms. This chapter will mainly focus on these syndromes.

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National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®). NCCN Guidelines for Patients® Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastatic. National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®), 2022.

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NCCN Guidelines for Patients® Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®), 2023.

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4

Gray, Nathan A., and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Early Palliative Care for Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0001.

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This chapter provides an overview and commentary on the 2010 study by Temel and colleagues regarding early palliative care for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. It describes the trial design and findings while also providing a concise critique of the study and a brief review of relevant subsequent studies. The chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chap

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Hirsh, Vera, and Barbara Melosky, eds. The Treatment of Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in New Era of Personalised Medicine. Frontiers Media SA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-543-5.

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Hirsh, Vera, and Barbara Melosky, eds. Update on the Treatment of Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in New Era of Personalised Medicine. Frontiers Media SA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-397-9.

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7

Goepel, John. Pathology of testicular tumours. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0091.

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Tumours of the testis are uncommon and are usually germ cell tumours. They present most often as a scrotal mass in a young man, and are the most frequent malignant tumour in this age group. The incidence has risen over recent decades and is higher in Western Europe. A history of testicular maldescent is a significant risk factor. About 50% are pure seminoma; the remainder non-seminomas may have a single but more usually a mixed histology. Non-seminomas are all called teratoma in the British system. Metastasis readily occurs to paraaortic lymph nodes or the lungs, and some patients present with

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Healey, John H., and David McKeown. Orthopaedic surgery in the palliation of cancer. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0125.

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Metastatic spread of cancer to bone is frequent and causes pain, disability, and functional limitation. New understanding of the homing method of cancer cells to bone and the mechanism of cancer production of pain raise possible new treatment strategies. Non-surgical treatments such as chemotherapy and hormone therapy are effective in early disease. Bisphosphonates and inhibition of osteoprotegerin prevent progression of bone lesions and avoid pain, radiation, and surgery. Radiotherapy arrests disease and relieves pain in many cases. Surgery is needed when the bone is weak or fractured. It eff

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Zehnder, Pascal, and George N. Thalmann. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0078.

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In the United Kingdom, >4,000 people die of bladder cancer every year. This reflects around one-third of affected patients and occurs in those with primary metastatic disease, with invasion at presentation, and in persons whose tumour progresses to invasion from non-invasive disease. The outcome from invasive cancers has not dramatically altered over the last 30 years, due to a lack of screening programmes, a lack of advances in treatment, and the fact that many patients present with tumours at an advanced stage. Around 50% of patients with invasive disease die from bladder cancer despite r

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Agarwal, Rajiv, and Andrew S. Epstein. Expectations about Effects of Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Cancer (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0033.

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This chapter reviews the Weeks et al. secondary analysis of data from the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance (CanCORS) prospective cohort, evaluating the expectations of patients who receive chemotherapy for incurable metastatic lung or colorectal cancer. Patients’ understanding of the effectiveness of chemotherapy for providing cure, life extension, and symptom relief were measured. The researchers also investigated the clinical, sociodemographic, and health system factors that were associated with inaccurate expectations on the curative potential of chemotherapy. The study demons

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Mano, Roy, and Ofer Yossepowitch. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0081.

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Adenocarcinoma of the bladder accounts for 0.5–2 of bladder tumours. Risk factors include bladder exstrophy, bladder augmentation, schistosomiasis, and endometriosis. Bladder adenocarcinoma is classified as primary, arising from the bladder or urachal remnant, and secondary (metastatic). Most patients present with haematuria and irritative voiding symptoms. On imaging, a typical lesion is commonly located at the bladder dome. Compared to urothelial carcinoma (UC), most adenocarcinomas are diagnosed at high grade and advanced stage. Surgical treatment of localized disease entails partial cystec

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Yashar, M., S. Kalani, Sith Sathornsumetee, and Charles Teo. Other tumours of the meninges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0012.

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Non-meningothelial tumours of the meninges constitute a rare but diverse group of pathologies and consist of mesenchymal, melanocytic, and metastatic lesions. Haemangioblastomas constitute a separate but related lesion that can affect the meninges. Although the bulk of the literature on these lesions is limited to case reports and small series, the general guidelines for treatment of most of these pathologies is based on treatment protocols for non-meningeal lesions. Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and other professional organizations are not available. This chapter p

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Newell-Price, John, Alia Munir, and Miguel Debono. Swelling in the neck. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0034.

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A number of conditions may present with a swelling or lump in the neck. A detailed history and an examination defining the site of the swelling are paramount in reaching a diagnosis. The commonest cause is enlarged lymph nodes secondary to infection, of which non-specific infection is most common (followed by infectious mononucleosis, TB, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and cat scratch fever). After infection, the next most common cause is secondary metastatic deposits, followed by lymphoproliferative diseases, and sarcoid.

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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Breast cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0014_update_001.

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Thoracic cancer examines the epidemiology, aetiology, and role of screening and prevention in the reduction of deaths from lung cancer, the majority caused by cigarette smoking. The pathology and genetics of lung cancer, with particular note of the driver mutations, are followed by the symptoms and signs of the disease. Appropriate investigations are described to stage the tumour. The optimum treatment for localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgical resection, followed in some cases by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, most cases present with disease too advanced for surgery, and fo

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Wong, Han Hsi, Basma Greef, and Tim Eisen. Treatment of metastatic renal cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0089.

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Metastatic renal cancer is resistant to standard chemotherapy. Although some patients with indolent disease can be initially managed with observation, the majority of patients will require aggressive treatment soon after diagnosis. Options include cytoreductive nephrectomy, resection of a solitary metastasis in highly selected cases, or systemic therapy options. The TKIs sunitinib and pazopanib are currently the first-line treatments of choice. Whilst axitinib and cabozantinib have important roles in the second line the PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab, is now established as standard secon

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Galperin, Timur A., Kieron S. Leslie, and Antonia J. Cronin. Cutaneous manifestations of end-stage renal disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0131.

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A broad range of skin diseases occur in patients with end-stage renal disease. Some of these conditions are benign, and make little impact on patients’ lives. Others, however, have a greater impact on quality of life, may be physically disabling, and even life-threatening. Mostly, they result from a combination of factors, such as electrolyte imbalance and co-morbid disease. Uraemic pruritus is the most commonly troublesome and an approach to it is presented. Other non-specific skin manifestations of CKD include skin-colour changes, xerosis, half-and-half nails Specific manifestations include

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Hao, Joy, Rae Lynne Kinler, Eliezer Soto, Helena Knotkova, and Ricardo A. Cruciani. Neurostimulation in pain management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0099.

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Neurostimulation describes an array of interventions that involve targeted stimulation of peripheral nerve, spinal cord, or the brain. Although few high-quality studies of neurostimulation techniques have been done and the techniques are seldom used in the management of pain related to serious illness, a better understanding of the available treatments and the emergence of newer technologies may increase access and use in the future. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is considered to be safe and may be used as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in the routine management of chronic pain. C

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18

Calabrò, Fabio, and Cora N. Sternberg. Treatment of metastatic bladder cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0079.

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Although bladder cancer is considered a chemosensitive malignancy, the prognosis of patients with metastatic disease is poor, with a median survival of approximately 12–14 months in good prognosis patients and with cure in only a minority. The addition of new drugs to the standard cisplatin-based regimens has not improved these outcomes. In this chapter, we highlight the role of chemotherapy and the impact of the new targeted agents in the treatment of metastatic bladder carcinoma. A better understanding of the underlying biology and the molecular patterns of urothelial bladder cancer has led

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19

Colvin, Lesley A., and Marie Fallon. Cancer-induced bone pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0132.

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Bone is the third most common site of metastatic disease, after liver and lung, with approximately 75% of these patients suffering from related pain. Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a major clinical problem, with limited options for predictable, rapid, and effective treatment for some of the elements without unacceptable adverse effects. Our understanding of how current therapy acts is based mainly on studies in non-cancer pain syndromes, which are likely to be quite different, not only in clinical presentation, but also in terms of pathophysiology. It can be difficult to study the specific

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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Amen Sibtain. Colorectal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0015_update_001.

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Breast cancer reviews the epidemiology and aetiology of this malignancy, with particular attention to the genetics underlying familial breast cancer, its pathology along with its receptors, oestrogen receptor (ER), the growth factor receptor HER2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the bearing these have on treatment and prognosis. The benefits of breast cancer screening in the population and families at higher risk are discussed. Presenting symptoms and signs are followed by investigation including examination, bilateral mammography, and core biopsy of suspicious lesions. Manage

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21

Montironi, Rodolfo, Liang Cheng, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Roberta Mazzucchelli, Matteo Santoni, and Marina Scarpelli. Prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0060.

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The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) has risen dramatically in the last years. This event may be partially explained by the employment of digital rectal examination (DRE), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and transrectal ultrasonography. In developed countries, PCa is the most frequent non-skin malignancy in males. It is estimated that one in six males will be diagnosed with PCa during their lifetime, the risk of death due to metastatic PCa being 1 in 30. Multiple factors contribute to the development of PCa, as well as to its progression to an androgen-independent state: dietary facto

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22

Testicular Cancer: Early Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery Guide. Exon Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36255/testicular-cancer-patient-public-education.

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Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable cancers when detected early. It mainly affects younger men, typically between the ages of 15 and 40. This article provides a comprehensive and practical guide to understanding testicular cancer, including how it begins, the types of tumors, and the key differences between slow-growing and aggressive forms. To view the full article, please scroll down and click on the relevant link. It begins with a clear explanation of what testicular cancer is and describes the major types, such as seminomas and non-seminomas. It then explores the causes and risk

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23

Wolf, James, and Carlos A. Pino. Malignant Visceral Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0027.

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Healthcare providers are familiar with the diffuse and poorly localized quality of visceral pain, as well as its somatic referral patterns from internal organs to dermatomal distributions. Visceral pain also involves significant autonomic and emotional components. When primary or metastatic malignancy is responsible for visceral pain, treating the patient’s pathology and symptomatology becomes more complex. Visceral pain can be initiated by distension of hollow organs, mesenteric traction, ischemia, and inflammatory factors, all of which are associated with solid tumors in the abdomen. Further

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24

Matin, Rubeta, Jane McGregor, and Catherine Harwood. Lumps and bumps. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0072.

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A skin ‘lump or bump’ is taken here to refer to a lesion on the skin that an individual recognizes as something new or unusual. It comprises a heterogeneous group and presents in many guises, usually to primary care. Common causes of ‘lumps and bumps’ include warts, moles, skin tags, dermatofibromas, lipomas, epidermoid cysts, and, of course, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Distinguishing malignant from non-malignant is not always straightforward. Maintaining a low threshold for referral into secondary care is wise, especially for pigmented lesions, but also for those lesions where the

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Gulati, Amitabh, and Joseph C. Hung. Cancer Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0017.

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Cancer pain treatment is complex and requires a different and more encompassing focus than many pain processes. Not only can tumor or metastatic lesions cause various types of pain but also the medical, radiological, and surgical treatments of the cancer may eclipse the original cause in some cases. Although treatment is often palliative, the transition from curative to palliative therapies is rarely straightforward, and the influence of patient and family beliefs and sources of meaning may have implications for treatment. This chapter focuses on differentiation of various situations that a pa

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Pham, Martin H., and Patrick C. Hsieh. Primary Tumors of the Spine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0022.

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Primary tumors of the spinal column are rare. Computed tomography–guided biopsy is typically performed to make the diagnosis and plan the next steps in treatment. For some primary spinal column tumors, such as osteosarcoma, en bloc resection based on the Enneking classification and extensive spinal reconstruction may be indicated. Significant surgical complications are possible with en bloc resection, and extensive preoperative counseling is required. Patients with pre-existing metastatic disease will likely not benefit from en bloc resection and instead may undergo debulking surgery based on

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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Immunosuppression and Immunotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0010.

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Immune modulation in the neurosciences intensive care unit mostly involves high-dose corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and immunoglobulin. Corticosteroids are frequently used in patients with neurologic complications of cancer. Neurosurgeons typically use corticosteroids after performing a craniectomy to reduce cerebral edema. Corticosteroids are the established initial treatment modality of choice for patients with acute metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. Therapeutic apheresis or immunoglobulin is generally used as supportive therapy in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthe

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Matin, Rubeta, Jane McGregor, and Catherine Harwood. Skin cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0259.

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Skin cancer is very common in the UK, and its incidence is rising rapidly. There are two broad classes of primary skin cancer: non-melanoma and melanoma. Non-melanoma skin cancer is the commonest form (100 000 cases diagnosed annually in the UK), accounting for nine out of ten skin cancers and includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cutaneous melanoma is less common (10 000 cases diagnosed in the UK annually) but confers a significantly worse prognosis and accounts for 75% of skin cancer related deaths. There are also a number of other, rarer, non-melanoma skin c

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Bjartell, Anders, and David Ulmert. Clinical features, assessment, and imaging of prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0063.

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In contemporary practice, most patients with prostate cancer are diagnosed following a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Although serum PSA has a low specificity for prostate cancer, it can be used to single out patients with advanced disease. While most men do not have a palpable tumour at digital rectal examination (DRE), those with palpable or an elevated PSA test require transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy in order to make a diagnosis of cancer. Tumours are staged clinically as localized, locally advanced, or metastatic. The

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30

McQuellon, Richard P. The Nell Dialogues. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190091019.001.0001.

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Nell M. came to her therapist with an unusual problem: She was disappointed that her metastatic breast cancer, with the promise of ending her life, was not progressing on her hoped-for schedule. She had hoped her death would prevent her from witnessing her spouse’s mental deterioration from Alzheimer’s disease. This is how Nell’s story began and proceeded for a period of 40 weeks of counseling meetings, including 12 recorded sessions. This book consists of 12 illness narratives created in the presence of her therapist. These dialogues explore the challenges of managing the physical and emotion

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Plutynski, Anya. From Disease to Risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199967452.003.0003.

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In Chapter 2, I consider several “line-drawing” problems. First, in the diagnosis of early-stage cancer, there is an epistemic risk involved in assessing whether a suspicious lesion is likely to progress to metastasis. Pathologists’ assessment of a disease state is not strictly an empirical judgment, but also an evaluative one. This raises some interesting questions about what role values should play in diagnosis and treatment decisions. Second, in decisions about when, whether, and how often to screen, the evidence underdetermines judgments of “effectiveness.” Finally, early-stage cancer rais

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Scott-Brown, Martin. Dying from cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0330.

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For many patients, dying from cancer has been an ever-present reality from the time they were diagnosed with incurable recurrent or metastatic cancer. Treatment may have delayed the inevitable, but there does come a point where aggressive management no longer improves the prognosis or can only prolong life that is of such a poor quality that it is not valued by the patient. It sometimes is easier to continue with treatment than to take the time with the patient to discuss the reasons why further treatment is not appropriate. For patients with advanced cancer and whose condition is deterioratin

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33

Hoskin, Peter. Vulva and vagina. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696567.003.0014.

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Chapter 9b discusses carcinoma of the vulva, which is primarily a surgical disease best treated by wide surgical resection, radical vulvectomy, and inguinal lymph node dissection based on presenting stage. Rarely, locally advanced primary disease may be presented for primary radiotherapy treatment. Postoperative radiotherapy is recommended for tumours invading >7 mm in a vertical direction. The first station regional lymph nodes in the inguinal region are best treated by radical surgical dissection, but fixed inoperable lymph nodes may benefit from primary radiotherapy which may be followed

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Fleck, Leonard M. Precision Medicine and Distributive Justice. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197647721.001.0001.

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Abstract Wicked ethical problems have been generated by precision medicine due to both the wiliness of cancer and the fragmentation of health care financing in the United States. The wiliness of cancer has resulted in these targeted cancer therapies yielding only very marginal gains in life expectancy for most patients at very great cost, thereby threatening the just allocation of health care resources. As a life-threatening phenomenon, cancer is not morally special. Philosophers have high hopes for the utility of their theories of justice. However, metastatic cancer and costly precision medic

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Joniau, Steve, S. Van Bruwaene, J. Karnes, et al. High-risk prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0066.

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In this chapter, patients with adverse tumour characteristics and a high risk of tumour progression are discussed. In the current era of PSA testing, the proportion of patients presenting with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) is estimated between 10% and 20% with a 10-year cancer specific survival approaching 40% for those not receiving active local treatment. The prevalence of high-risk disease varies with community PSA use, and is higher in countries (e.g. 30% in the United Kingdom) with little PSA testing. Adequate staging with magnetic resonance imaging for tumour extension, computer tomogr

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Prasad, Raj K., and Imeshi Wijetunga. Hepatobiliary surgery (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749813.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses common elective and emergency presentations to hepatobiliary surgery. Gallstone disease, being the commonest hepatobiliary condition encountered by general surgical trainees, is discussed in detail. A separate section on acute ascending cholangitis is included with a brief description of the steps involved in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acute pancreatitis is discussed in Pancreatic Surgery Chapter 3. An overview of the assessment and management of post-cholecystectomy complications, such as bile duct injury and vascular injuries, is provided with illustrations. Managem

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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Malignancy of unknown primary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0026.

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Bone and soft tissue malignancies describes a large group of sarcomas, some of which require highly specialist management, including osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, so that referral to an appropriate multidisciplinary team (MDT) is mandatory. Limb conserving surgery combined with pre- and postoperative chemotherapy is curative in the majority of osteosarcomas, and similar approach which may include local radiotherapy also holds for Ewing’s. Other primary bone tumours are reviewed including malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, chordoma, solitary plasmacytoma, and

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Schairer, John R., and Steven J. Keteyian. Pathophysiology and causes of pericardial tamponade. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0166.

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Pericardial disease leading to pericardial effusion (PEF) is a common clinical disorder. The most common causes are viral infections, metastatic cancer, renal disease, and bleeding disorders. PEF that accumulates slowly can become quite large before haemodynamic embarrassment occurs, while PEF that accumulates rapidly from trauma or aortic dissection can be small,yet cause haemodynamic embarrassment. As the PEF increases in size, the pressure in the pericardial space increases, leading to a decrease in atrial and ventricular chamber sizes, and limiting filling of the chambers. Ultimately, card

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Rodin, Gary, and Sarah Hales. Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190236427.001.0001.

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This text outlines the empirical research, theoretical underpinnings, and clinical application of a novel supportive-expressive psychotherapy for patients with metastatic cancer and their caregivers. Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully, known by its acronym of CALM, provides a framework for therapists with diverse backgrounds and training to help patients and their caregivers to address the practical and profound challenges of advanced cancer and to live their lives as meaningfully as possible. CALM provides reflective space for them to consider treatment decisions and communication with t

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Eisen, Tim. The patient with renal cell cancer. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0172.

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Renal cancer is the commonest malignancy of the kidney and worldwide, accounts for between 2% and 3% of the total cancer burden. The mainstay of curative treatment remains surgery. There have been significant advances in surgical technique, the most important ones being nephron-sparing surgery and laparoscopic nephrectomy. The medical treatment of advanced renal cell cancer has only improved markedly in the last decade with the development of antiangiogenic tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin, and a diminished role for immunotherapy.Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor

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Barsoum, Rashad S. Schistosomiasis. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0182_update_001.

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AbstractSchistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people in 78 countries, where it is held responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. It is caused by a blood fluke, which provokes an immunological response to hundreds of its antigens. This induces multi-organ pathology through the formation of tissue granulomata or circulating immune complexes. In addition, it is amyloidogenic and carcinogenic, through the interaction of immunological perturbation with confounding metabolic and genetic factors. The primary targets of schistosomiasis are urinary and hepatointest

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