Academic literature on the topic 'Non-Metropolitan Cities'

In the field of macro-level safety studies, road traffic safety is significantly related to socioeconomic factors, such as population, number of vehicles, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Due to different levels of economic and urbanization, the influence of the predictive factors on traffic safety measurements can differ between cities (or regions). However, such region-level or city-level heterogeneities have not been adequately concerned in previous studies. The objective of this paper is to adopt a novel approach for traffic safety analysis with a dataset containing multiple target variables and samples from different subpopulations. Based on a dataset with annual traffic safety and socioeconomic measurements from 36 major cities in China, we estimate single-output regression models, multi-output regression models, and clustering-based regression models. The results indicate that the 36 cities can be clustered into a metropolitan city class and a non-metropolitan city class, and the class-specified models can notably improve the goodness-of-fit and the interpretability of city-level heterogeneities. Specifically, we note that the effect of primary and secondary industrial GDP on traffic safety is opposite to that of tertiary industrial GDP in the metropolitan city class, while the effects of the two decomposed GDP on traffic safety are consistent in the non-metropolitan city class. We also note that the population has a positive effect on the number of fatalities and the number of injures in metropolitan cities but has no significant influence on traffic safety in non-metropolitan cities.

This article seeks to forecast the short- and medium-term impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on the cultural and creative ecosystems of the 81 cities in Spain with between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. Data on employment in nine sectors (per NACE Rev. 2) support the characterization of cultural ecosystems based on their dynamism, specialization, and propensity to form clusters (thanks to the co-location of certain sectors, meant to generate inter-sectoral spillovers and cross-sector synergies). The applied methodology consists of comparing these three attributes during and following the 2008 financial crisis. Then, any changes observed are interpreted in light of arguments from the COVID-19 literature, and from our own analysis, in order to assess the probability of recurrence (or nonrecurrence) during the current pandemic. Throughout this process, the metropolitan or non-metropolitan position of cities is taken into consideration. A first conclusion is that, as in the financial crisis, the behavior of ecosystems during the pandemic will be asymmetric. Secondly, metropolitan and non-metropolitan cities will maintain their distinctive sectoral specializations. Non-metropolitan cities appear to be more vulnerable for their strong connection to creative sectors most affected by the pandemic, although some can take advantage of good cultural supply and proximity to metropolitan centers. Metropolitan cities seem more secure, thanks to the higher presence of less vulnerable sectors (due to elevated and accelerating digitization). Nevertheless, most functional clusters were diminished during the financial crisis, and it seems unlikely that sectoral co-locations will re-emerge in a post-pandemic scenario as a business strategy, at least in the short term. Beyond these forecasts, we recommend dealing with certain structural failures of these ecosystems, especially the vulnerability and precariousness of most cultural and creative companies and workers.

Non-metropolitan cities are subject to growing attention in Latin American urban studies. However, there is no research that critically analyses the territorial, epistemological and methodological approaches that have been adopted within this line of academic work. This article deals with this knowledge gap, arguing that specialised literature tends to approach non-metropolitan places as mini-metropolises that replicate urban phenomena observed in large cities on a lesser scale or as unique places that are unexplained by existing urban theory. We refer respectively to these two tendencies as ‘trickle-down urban theory’ and ‘singularisation theory’, and examine their impact on Latin American urban studies in spatial, epistemological and methodological terms. The article ends by suggesting a research agenda based on comparative studies of cities of differing sizes as a way to generate a more integrative urban theory.

This paper analyzes the interaction between regional economic growth and air pollution in China and Korea. The relationship between gross regional product per capita and industrial emission of sulfur dioxide emission is examined at the regional level using simultaneous equation models covering 286 cities in China and 228 cities and counties in South Korea of the period 2006–2016. The results find that regional differences existed in the relationship between air pollution and economic growth in two countries. In both countries, an inverted U-shaped pattern was found in metropolitan areas while a U-shaped pattern of non-metropolitan areas. Although the emissions of pollutants in metropolitan areas of both countries have shown a downward trend in recent years, there is still a large gap between the overall emission levels of China and South Korea. Moreover, the level of pollutant emissions of China’s metropolitan areas is much higher than in non-metropolitan areas, while the opposite result has occurred in Korea. In China, there was an inverted U-shaped relationship of the eastern and northwest region, while U-shaped relationships existed in the southwest, central and northeast regions.

Since 2015, policies for resettling asylum seekers and refugees in European cities have renewed the debate over the governance of migration, while not only metropolises but also small towns and mid-sized cities emerge as, although not new, at least specific arrival spaces. National dispersion policies are assigning these asylum seekers and refugees to small and mid-sized cities that are presumed to provide housing opportunities. However, little is known about access to housing and residential trajectories in these specific urban and socio-economic contexts. This article analyses how the housing providers—either state agencies, managers of temporary accommodation centres or social housing organisations—are adjusting to the arrival and needs of asylum seekers and refugees in cities where there is usually less ethnic diversity. We demonstrate that access to housing and residential trajectories tends to be determined by dispersion and mainstream social mix policies, from national to local arrangements. However, we argue that some pragmatic local practices have reframed this pattern to provide housing solutions that may be contrary to national policies. Our article will be based on 84 in-depth interviews conducted with housing providers, NGOs and with asylum seekers and refugees in three small and mid-sized French cities.

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A pesquisa objetivou analisar as inter-relações e os conflitos existentes entre os usos e a gestão do espaço das calçadas, em cidades não-metropolitanas médias e pequenas, a partir das intervenções cotidianas dos indivíduos, adotando como estudo de caso, a área urbana do município de Carpina/Pernambuco, especificamente a Avenida Estácio Coimbra, localizada no Bairro São José e a Avenida Doutor Joaquim Nabuco, localizada no Bairro Centro. O interesse em investigar essa temática surgiu a partir da observação empírica da dinâmica do espaço das calçadas em cidades não-metropolitanas, nas peculiaridades, semelhanças e diferenças do espaço das calçadas das metrópoles, principalmente quanto aos usos, gestão, conflitos e inter-relações existentes nesse espaço. Sendo assim, questiona-se: Em que dimensões, os indivíduos influenciam nos usos, na gestão, nos conflitos e nas inter-relações no espaço das calçadas em cidades não-metropolitanas médias e pequenas? Há territórios no espaço das calçadas? E se há, como eles se dividem? Os procedimentos metodológicos elegidos para a execução deste trabalho consistiram: na pesquisa bibliográfica, onde foram considerados conteúdos referentes à formação e reestruturação do espaço urbano, dos espaços livres públicos e do espaço das calçadas; além da análise de leis, planos e normativas referentes ao uso e ocupação do solo no município; na observação empírica da dinâmica do espaço das calçadas na cidade; nas conversas informais com indivíduos citadinos, e; na aplicação de uma entrevista semiestruturada, realizada também, com os indivíduos citadinos, identificando inter-relações e possíveis elementos conflitantes nesse espaço. Através das informações recolhidas, almejou-se realizar um diagnóstico acerca dos usos e das funcionalidades encontradas no espaço das calçadas, analisando, por meio de um recorte físico/temporal, situações e/ou elementos conflitantes, bem como, a atuação dos usuários nesse espaço, apontando Carpina como um exemplo de cidade não-metropolitana, que pode apresentar características particulares em sua dinâmica urbana. Consolidando-se como uma temática pertinente, uma vez que busca compreender de que maneira as inter-relações e os conflitos, produzidos pelos agentes sociais, interferem nos usos e na gestão do espaço das calçadas nas cidades não-metropolitanas, a pesquisa busca contribuir para uma nova experiência urbana, reconhecendo que, embora existam leis contratuais fundamentando o desenvolvimento de um município, ao que Gomes (2002) define de nomoespaço, é possível encontrar uma realidade diferente, onde, as práticas socioespaciais, a força da amizade e os acordos de interesses, promovidos pelos citadinos, é quem define esse espaço, ao que o mesmo autor nomeia de genoespaço. Entretanto, ainda que alguns agentes sociais elejam diversos espaços nas calçadas, e, nesses espaços, firmem novos territórios, impondo sobre eles, novas regras de usos, de ocupação e de gestão, diferente dos códigos de conduta que regem o município, o espaço das calçadas necessita ser observado e apropriado, nas cidades não-metropolitanas médias e pequenas, como um espaço livre público, altamente democrático e sustentado por uma rica dinâmica urbana.
The research aimed to analyze the interrelations and conflicts among uses and space management of sidewalks, small and medium cities in non-metropolitan, through daily interventions of individuals, urban area of the municipality of Carpina/Pernambuco, specifically the Estacio Coimbra Avenue, located in Bairro São José and the Doutor Joaquim Nabuco Avenue, located in the Central District. The interest in investigating that topic it has emerged from the empirical observation of the space sidewalks in non-metropolitan cities, the peculiarities, commonalities and differences of space the sidewalks of cities, particularly as to the uses, management, conflicts and existing interrelations that space. Thus, the question is: In that dimension, the individuals influence in the use, management, conflict and on the interrelations space the sidewalks in cities small and medium non-metropolitan? Are there any territories within the sidewalks? And if there is, how did they divide? Methodological elected to perform this work consists of: in literature, in which they were considered contents related to the formation and restructuring of urban space, of public open spaces and space of the sidewalks; Apart from analysis of laws, plans and regulations concerning the use and occupation of land in the municipality; the empirical observation of dynamics of space sidewalks in the city; in informal conversations with townspeople individuals and; the application of a semi-structured interview, carried out also with the townspeople individuals, identifying inter-relationships and possible conflicting elements in that space. Through the collected information, aspired to make a diagnosis about the uses and functionality found within the sidewalks, analyzing, by means of a physical trimming / temporal positions and / or conflicting information, as well as the actions of users in that space, Carpina pointing as an example of non-metropolitan city, which may have particular characteristics in its urban dynamics. Consolidating its position as a relevant theme as it seeks to understand how the interrelations and conflicts, produced by social agents interfere in the use and management of space sidewalks in non-metropolitan cities, that research seeks to contribute to a new urban experience, recognizing that although there are contract law basing the development of a municipality, what Gomes (2002) defines nomoespaço, you can find a different reality, where the socio-spatial practices, the strength of friendship and the interests agreements, promoted by townspeople, is one who defines this space by the same author names of genoespaço. However even if some social workers may elect several spaces on the sidewalks, and in these spaces, get new territories, enforcing on them new rules of use, occupancy and management, different codes of conduct that govern the municipality, the space of sidewalks need to be observed and appropriate, in cities small and medium non-metropolitan, as a public space, highly democratic and supported by a rich urban dynamics.

碩士
義守大學
管理科學研究所
90
This exploratory study investigated the relationship between teachers’ perceptions on demographic characteristics, job characteristics, job involvement and pretraining self-efficacy. We used a cross-sectional, quantitative research design. Teachers working for the elementary schools located in the Kaohsiung County Remote Area were the target population and surveyed. In addition, teachers from three conveniently sampled elementary schools located in three non-metropolitan cities were included and compared with the ones working in the remote area. A total of 613 questionnaires were disseminated to all the teachers and collected through the principals of the sampled schools. Subjects participated in this project voluntarily and anonymously. There were a total of 375 returned questionnaires, which resulted in a response rate of 61.2%. Most of the items included in the questionnaire were adopted from the other researchers’ work. Three self-efficacy items were developed in this project. This study utilized one-way ANOVA, t-tests and Pearson correlation analyses. Results demonstrated that there were only few differences in the elementary school teachers’ perceptions, between the ones working in the Kaohsiung County Remote Area and the ones in three non-metropolitan cities. As a result, these two sets of subjects were combined and used in the data analyses. The aspects of job characteristics were statistically-significantly correlated with job involvement. Job involvement was correlated with pretraining self-efficacy. The implication of these research findings was discussed. Some suggestions were made toward enhancing human resource planning for elementary school teachers for the purposes of increasing their teaching quality.

Case studies of metropolitan cities in nine African countries from Egypt in the north to three in West and Central Africa, two in East Africa and three in Southern Africa make up the empirical foundation of this publication. The interrelated themes addressed in these chapters the national influence on urban development, the popular dynamics that shape urban development and the global currents on urban development make up its framework. All authors and editors are African, as is the publisher. The only exception is Göran Therborn whose recent book, Cities of Power, served as motivation for this volume. Accordingly, the issue common to all case studies is the often conflictual powers that are exercised by national, global and popular forces in the development of these African cities. Rather than locating the case studies in an exclusively African historical context, the focus is on the trajectories of the postcolonial city (with the important exception of Addis Ababa with a non-colonial history that has granted it a special place in African consciousness). These trajectories enable comparisons with those of postcolonial cities on other continents. This, in turn, highlights the fact that Africa today, the least urbanised continent on an increasingly urbanised globe is in the thick of processes of large-scale urban transformation, illustrated in diverse ways by the case studies that make up the foundation of this publication.

By the effect of the globalization process, the urban citizens have been facing with drastic changes, and non-formal education becomes more significant besides formal education in related to education and training activities provided by various institutions. In that context, the local services of local governments' in the field of non-formal education continue to increase especially in the level of municipal administrations in Turkey. Especially, the metropolitan municipal administrations have been opening vocational education courses to local citizens in different fields with including diverse segments of the society in Turkey. In the study, the concept of non-formal education, its scope, purpose, and tasks have been clarified with the examination of the national legal framework with the key regulations in Turkey. Non-formal education outlook at the international and national scale has been briefly clarified. Besides, the statistics towards non-formal education have been explained, then the municipal administrations' statistics have been pointed out in detail in related to non-formal education in Turkey. Lastly, the case of Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality Art and Vocational Training Courses (GASMEK) is analysed in detail to put forth the main contribution areas of the metropolitan municipality administration to the local citizens.

Most of the African research participants in northern New Jersey and the Washington DC metropolitan area told stories of deliberate humiliation or diminishment in which their place of origin or Blackness was used against them. Through these interactions and stories about these interactions, African care workers were becoming familiar with American racial categories, in which they were Black, mixed in with stereotypes about Africans as non-human and about immigrants stealing jobs from citizens. These insults incorporated them into American racial categories as “Blacks” and “people of color,” social categories of person that made little sense in their home countries. As a result, African care workers were becoming more sensitive to the experiences of African-Americans. Care workers take stories of racism to be paradigmatic of their experiences in the United States.

Transportation is the soul of urban cities. Find sustainable ways to keep people moving in our cities is more important than ever. Historically, cities have developed in different ways. Each has its own personality and complexity. But in all cases, transport and mobility have played a key role in city life. Due to the relevance of mobility this article tries to establish the relationship between some variables. The method was developed by collecting, analyzing and comparing data on metropolitan regions in North America, South America, Europe and Oceania through a mathematical model. From each selected location the following data were gathered: population, area (km²), demographic density (inhab/km²), socio-economic aspects (annual GDP per capita), transport system (subway extension), number of trips per person per day and modal split (% non-motorized, % public transport and % private transport). In this study we analyze some variables that influence the number of trips per person per day. Understanding the associations between all the variables that influence the number of trips per person per day contributes the planners to determine whether changes are needed to improve in the transport system in the metropolitan region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3763

The fast-urbanizing Indian cities are grappling with rising ecological challenges. Pollution, water insecurity, urban heat, and flooding have increased the vulnerability of the urban population. There is a need to look at urban settlements as a functioning natural ecosystem delineated by administrative boundaries and to evaluate their health regularly through a comprehensive, easy to adopt, structured approach. This study aims to track and evaluate the ecosystem health of three different categories of urban settlements: a group of metropolitan wards, a growing peripheral city, and an emerging town, through adaption of Pressure- State-Response (PSR) framework developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’. The methodology includes indices-driven change detection of ecosystem components and pressure points on the same, by using spatial and non-spatial data, developing an impact matrix, and prioritized eco plans for action. Increasing built-up surfaces in the peripheral city (11%) and the metropolitan wards (23%) show increased pressure on their ecosystem in the form of reducing pervious surfaces. Increasing water turbidity, land surface temperatures, and aerosol content in the air depict pressure hotspots requiring mitigative, restorative, and preventive action. A significant decrease observed in heavy vegetation in the metropolitan wards (58% in the last 5 years) and an increase in industrial activities and aerosol is observed in conjunction with increasing air temperatures and this points towards an impending change in its livability index due to anthropogenic pressures and climate change. The study concludes that a structured approach can aid in agile and sustainable management of our towns and cities and nature-based solutions provide an opportunity to restore the ecosystem balance. Keywords: Urban Assessment Nature-based solutions, Ecosystem Health, Urban Ecosystem, Urban management

Noise pollution in urban areas is recognized as a major environmental concern in India. The lack of infrastructure and fast paced life in major metropolitan cities of India has made the urban environment extremely crowded, busy as well as noisy and as a result the millions of people living in the major metropolitan areas are suffering from the impacts of noise pollution. Noise levels are escalating at such a rate that it has become a major threat to the quality of human lives. Direct links between noise and health have been established by research conducted over the past few decades. There are several causes for urban degradation such as population migration, environmental considerations not adequately being incorporated into master plans, uncoordinated and haphazard development, weak implementation of plans and laws and inadequate institutional competences and resource crunch. This paper discusses the causal factors, impacts and the different approaches adopted by the Central Government as well as some major State Pollution Control Boards to curb the urban noise problem and the need for looking into non-conventional solutions such as Ecocity programme to bring in visible environmental improvement.

The continuous rise in population, urbanization and expansion of cities has triggered a corresponding increase in construction and demolition activity. The frequent collapse of buildings attributed to poor structural design, building decay, and/or use of substandard materials has generated a substantial increase in construction refuse, also referred to as Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste. This waste stream originates from residential, commercial, agricultural, institutional and industrial building projects for new builds, reconstruction, expansion, and refurbishments/rehabilitation. Most studies in Nigeria have generally focused on solid waste management without considering the uniqueness of C&D and giving it the attention needed, in order to achieve sustainable urban spaces that are highly functional, safe, convenient, and livable. This study seeks to investigate the different approaches and processes of C&D waste management in the City of Jos, in the Plateau State of Nigeria. The mix method was adopted for this research whereby quantitative and qualitative data was collected through a structured questionnaire for construction enterprises, as well as face-to-face interviews with the agencies responsible for waste management in the city. A total of 21 construction companies (representing about 10%) were randomly selected for questionnaire administration while interviews were conducted with the Plateau Environmental Protection and Sanitation Agency (PEPSA) and the Jos Metropolitan Development Board (JMDB) who are responsible for waste management. Investigations revealed that C&D waste consists of heavy and non-degradable materials such as: sheet metal roofing, sand, gravel, concrete, masonry, metal, and wood to mention only a few. The construction companies are solely responsible for: the collection, storage, transportation and disposal of wastes generated from their activities. Approximately 60-70% of the C&D waste materials are either reused, recycled or resold, while the remaining residual waste is indiscriminately disposed. Although the PEPSA and JMDB are responsible for waste management, their focus has been on establishing solid non-hazardous waste infrastructure systems, policies and plans. The absence of records of the quantity of C&D waste generated, the lack of financial data, and the omission of policies and plans for the C&D waste stream has resulted in a missed opportunity for a comprehensive and sustainable waste management strategy for the City and the state. To protect public health, valuable resources, and natural ecosystems, it is recommended that the C&D waste stream be included as part of the state’s waste management program, in consideration of the growing construction and demolition activity, by including C&D policies and guidelines.