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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-Metropolitan Cities'
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1
TERATOKO, Yukio, and Shin KAJITA. "Present and Future of Non-metropolitan Cities:." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 125, no. 4 (2016): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.125.607.
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KAJITA, Shin, Yuji ESAKI, Shiro KOIKE, and Masakazu YAMAUCHI. "Overview: Current States of Non-metropolitan Cities in Japan." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 125, no. 4 (2016): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.125.431.
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KAJITA, Shin, Yuji ESAKI, Shiro KOIKE, and Masakazu YAMAUCHI. "Introduction: Current States of Non-metropolitan Cities in Japan." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 125, no. 4 (2016): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.125.437.
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Yan, Xingpei, and Zheng Zhu. "City-Level China Traffic Safety Analysis via Multi-Output and Clustering-Based Regression Models." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2020): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083098.
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In the field of macro-level safety studies, road traffic safety is significantly related to socioeconomic factors, such as population, number of vehicles, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Due to different levels of economic and urbanization, the influence of the predictive factors on traffic safety measurements can differ between cities (or regions). However, such region-level or city-level heterogeneities have not been adequately concerned in previous studies. The objective of this paper is to adopt a novel approach for traffic safety analysis with a dataset containing multiple target variables and samples from different subpopulations. Based on a dataset with annual traffic safety and socioeconomic measurements from 36 major cities in China, we estimate single-output regression models, multi-output regression models, and clustering-based regression models. The results indicate that the 36 cities can be clustered into a metropolitan city class and a non-metropolitan city class, and the class-specified models can notably improve the goodness-of-fit and the interpretability of city-level heterogeneities. Specifically, we note that the effect of primary and secondary industrial GDP on traffic safety is opposite to that of tertiary industrial GDP in the metropolitan city class, while the effects of the two decomposed GDP on traffic safety are consistent in the non-metropolitan city class. We also note that the population has a positive effect on the number of fatalities and the number of injures in metropolitan cities but has no significant influence on traffic safety in non-metropolitan cities.
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Escalona-Orcao, Ana, Diego A. Barrado-Timón, Severino Escolano-Utrilla, Belén Sánchez-Valverde, Maricruz Navarro-Pérez, Mariola Pinillos-García, and Luis Antonio Sáez-Pérez. "Cultural and Creative Ecosystems in Medium-Sized Cities: Evolution in Times of Economic Crisis and Pandemic." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010049.
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This article seeks to forecast the short- and medium-term impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on the cultural and creative ecosystems of the 81 cities in Spain with between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. Data on employment in nine sectors (per NACE Rev. 2) support the characterization of cultural ecosystems based on their dynamism, specialization, and propensity to form clusters (thanks to the co-location of certain sectors, meant to generate inter-sectoral spillovers and cross-sector synergies). The applied methodology consists of comparing these three attributes during and following the 2008 financial crisis. Then, any changes observed are interpreted in light of arguments from the COVID-19 literature, and from our own analysis, in order to assess the probability of recurrence (or nonrecurrence) during the current pandemic. Throughout this process, the metropolitan or non-metropolitan position of cities is taken into consideration. A first conclusion is that, as in the financial crisis, the behavior of ecosystems during the pandemic will be asymmetric. Secondly, metropolitan and non-metropolitan cities will maintain their distinctive sectoral specializations. Non-metropolitan cities appear to be more vulnerable for their strong connection to creative sectors most affected by the pandemic, although some can take advantage of good cultural supply and proximity to metropolitan centers. Metropolitan cities seem more secure, thanks to the higher presence of less vulnerable sectors (due to elevated and accelerating digitization). Nevertheless, most functional clusters were diminished during the financial crisis, and it seems unlikely that sectoral co-locations will re-emerge in a post-pandemic scenario as a business strategy, at least in the short term. Beyond these forecasts, we recommend dealing with certain structural failures of these ecosystems, especially the vulnerability and precariousness of most cultural and creative companies and workers.
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Marlow, David. "England’s non-metropolitan cities: The long march to unlocking economic growth." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 28, no. 7-8 (September 24, 2013): 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094213505816.
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UNNIKRISHNAN, AMBIKA GOPALAKRISHNAN, ASHOK K. DAS, SHASHANK JOSHI, AMBRISH MITHAL, SANJAY KALRA, K. M. PRASANNA KUMAR, HEMANT THACKER, et al. "1095-P: Glycemic Trend in Metropolitan versus Non-metropolitan Cities of India: One-Year Results of LANDMARC." Diabetes 70, Supplement 1 (June 2021): 1095—P. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db21-1095-p.
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Vergara, Luis, and Gonzalo Salazar. "Non-metropolitan cities in Latin American urban studies: between ‘trickle-down urban theory’ and ‘singularisation theory’." International Development Planning Review: Volume 43, Issue 3 43, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2020.18.
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Non-metropolitan cities are subject to growing attention in Latin American urban studies. However, there is no research that critically analyses the territorial, epistemological and methodological approaches that have been adopted within this line of academic work. This article deals with this knowledge gap, arguing that specialised literature tends to approach non-metropolitan places as mini-metropolises that replicate urban phenomena observed in large cities on a lesser scale or as unique places that are unexplained by existing urban theory. We refer respectively to these two tendencies as ‘trickle-down urban theory’ and ‘singularisation theory’, and examine their impact on Latin American urban studies in spatial, epistemological and methodological terms. The article ends by suggesting a research agenda based on comparative studies of cities of differing sizes as a way to generate a more integrative urban theory.
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Jiang, Min, Euijune Kim, and Youngjin Woo. "The Relationship between Economic Growth and Air Pollution—A Regional Comparison between China and South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082761.
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This paper analyzes the interaction between regional economic growth and air pollution in China and Korea. The relationship between gross regional product per capita and industrial emission of sulfur dioxide emission is examined at the regional level using simultaneous equation models covering 286 cities in China and 228 cities and counties in South Korea of the period 2006–2016. The results find that regional differences existed in the relationship between air pollution and economic growth in two countries. In both countries, an inverted U-shaped pattern was found in metropolitan areas while a U-shaped pattern of non-metropolitan areas. Although the emissions of pollutants in metropolitan areas of both countries have shown a downward trend in recent years, there is still a large gap between the overall emission levels of China and South Korea. Moreover, the level of pollutant emissions of China’s metropolitan areas is much higher than in non-metropolitan areas, while the opposite result has occurred in Korea. In China, there was an inverted U-shaped relationship of the eastern and northwest region, while U-shaped relationships existed in the southwest, central and northeast regions.
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Gardesse, Camille, and Christine Lelevrier. "Refugees and Asylum Seekers Dispersed in Non-Metropolitan French Cities: Do Housing Opportunities Mean Housing Access?" Urban Planning 5, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i3.2926.
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Since 2015, policies for resettling asylum seekers and refugees in European cities have renewed the debate over the governance of migration, while not only metropolises but also small towns and mid-sized cities emerge as, although not new, at least specific arrival spaces. National dispersion policies are assigning these asylum seekers and refugees to small and mid-sized cities that are presumed to provide housing opportunities. However, little is known about access to housing and residential trajectories in these specific urban and socio-economic contexts. This article analyses how the housing providers—either state agencies, managers of temporary accommodation centres or social housing organisations—are adjusting to the arrival and needs of asylum seekers and refugees in cities where there is usually less ethnic diversity. We demonstrate that access to housing and residential trajectories tends to be determined by dispersion and mainstream social mix policies, from national to local arrangements. However, we argue that some pragmatic local practices have reframed this pattern to provide housing solutions that may be contrary to national policies. Our article will be based on 84 in-depth interviews conducted with housing providers, NGOs and with asylum seekers and refugees in three small and mid-sized French cities.
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Lee, Hyunjeong. "Changing Household and Housing Statuses in Shrinking Cities of Non-Seoul Metropolitan Area." Journal of the Korean Housing Association 32, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.6107/jkha.2021.32.1.059.
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KALRA, SANJAY, ASHOK K. DAS, SHASHANK JOSHI, AMBRISH MITHAL, K. M. PRASANNA KUMAR, AMBIKA GOPALAKRISHNAN UNNIKRISHNAN, HEMANT THACKER, et al. "1041-P: Diabetes Complications among Patients from Metropolitan vs. Non-metropolitan Cities in India: One-Year Results of LANDMARC." Diabetes 70, Supplement 1 (June 2021): 1041—P. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db21-1041-p.
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Escalona-Orcao, Ana Isabel, Belén Sánchez-Valverde García, Mª Cruz Navarro-Pérez, Mariola Pinillos-García, and Alberto Conejos-Sevillano. "Cultural Dynamism and Business Vitality in Medium-Sized Cities—Evidence and Proposals for Sustainable Development." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137325.
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This work uses tools recently designed to conduct analyses and proposals around the cultural development of medium-sized cities. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor model, or CCCM, is first applied to the 81 cities in Spain with between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. We also refer to the UNESCO Culture/2030 Indicators, specifically indicator 8 (Cultural companies), to investigate whether cultural dynamism is related to business vitality in those cities. Our observation of the 29 CCCM indicators and the C3 index, which synthesizes cultural performance, is explained, and these data are complemented with cultural business data (on assets, benefits, and jobs) from a sample of 13,204 firms. The C3 index values reveal significant differences in the cultural and creative performance of the selected cities according to their location (metropolitan or non-metropolitan) and their administrative rank. Moreover, when comparing the C3 index with the indicators on business activity, evidence indicates a clear positive relationship between cultural dynamism and firm vitality. These results support the contribution of culture to the sustainable development of medium-sized Spanish cities and further establish the suitability of the tools used to assist cities in designing appropriate cultural policies.
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CAMARILLO, ALBERT M. "Cities of Color: The New Racial Frontier in California's Minority-Majority Cities." Pacific Historical Review 76, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2007.76.1.1.
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Demographic changes of enormous magnitude have altered the ethnic and racial composition of large cities and metropolitan suburbs across the nation over the past thirty years, especially in California. Many cities and suburbs that were once home to large majorities of whites are now places where ethnic and racial minorities form the majority. "Minority-majority" cities in California have emerged as a new frontier in ethnic and race relations, where African Americans, Latinos, and other non-white groups now fi nd themselves, many for the fi rst time, living together and struggling to coexist. Although confl ict, tension, and misunderstanding characterize this new racial frontier, historians and other scholars must look deeper to fi nd examples of cooperation and collaboration in these new "cities of color." This article considers three cities in California-Compton, East Palo Alto, and Seaside-as examples of the historical and contemporary forces that have shaped "minority-majority" cities and the relations between African Americans and Latinos in particular.
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ASHIZAWA, Tetsuzo. "Factors of differences in increasing rates of car-ownership levels in non-metropolitan cities." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 377 (1987): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1987.31.
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Knighton, James, Kelly Hondula, Cielo Sharkus, Christian Guzman, and Rebecca Elliott. "Flood risk behaviors of United States riverine metropolitan areas are driven by local hydrology and shaped by race." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 15, 2021): e2016839118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016839118.
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Flooding risk results from complex interactions between hydrological hazards (e.g., riverine inundation during periods of heavy rainfall), exposure, vulnerability (e.g., the potential for structural damage or loss of life), and resilience (how well we recover, learn from, and adapt to past floods). Building on recent coupled conceptualizations of these complex interactions, we characterize human–flood interactions (collective memory and risk-enduring attitude) at a more comprehensive scale than has been attempted to date across 50 US metropolitan statistical areas with a sociohydrologic (SH) model calibrated with accessible local data (historical records of annual peak streamflow, flood insurance loss claims, active insurance policy records, and population density). A cluster analysis on calibrated SH model parameter sets for metropolitan areas identified two dominant behaviors: 1) “risk-enduring” cities with lower flooding defenses and longer memory of past flood loss events and 2) “risk-averse” cities with higher flooding defenses and reduced memory of past flooding. These divergent behaviors correlated with differences in local stream flashiness indices (i.e., the frequency and rapidity of daily changes in streamflow), maximum dam heights, and the proportion of White to non-White residents in US metropolitan areas. Risk-averse cities tended to exist within regions characterized by flashier streamflow conditions, larger dams, and larger proportions of White residents. Our research supports the development of SH models in urban metropolitan areas and the design of risk management strategies that consider both demographically heterogeneous populations, changing flood defenses, and temporal changes in community risk perceptions and tolerance.
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Santos, Angela Moulin S. Penalva. "Urbanização brasileira: um olhar sobre o papel das cidades médias na primeira década do século XXI." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2010): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2010v12n2p103.
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O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre o papel das cidades com população superior a 100 mil habitantes na rede urbana brasileira na primeira década do século XXI. Partimos da premissa de que está em curso uma tendência de urbanização com concentração da população em um número reduzido de cidades, em um contexto de perda de centralidade da Indústria. Nesse processo, afirmam-se as metrópoles, mas aumenta a relevância de um grupo de cidades de médio porte, algumas das quais se tornaram centros regionais e articuladoras do território. Estamos chamando esse grupo de “cidades médias não metropolitanas” as cidades com população superior a 100 mil habitantes que não sejam capitais estaduais ou localizadas em regiões metropolitanas. A urbanização crescente com maior polarização espacial tem sido alimentada pela maior geração de empregos naquelas cidades, o que torna necessário que sejam implementadas políticas públicas que visem mitigar os efeitos da crise urbana que as metrópoles já experimentam. Palavras-chave: cidades médias; urbanização; polarização espacial; geração de empregos; rede urbana. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the Brazilian urban network in the first decade of this century. Our premise is that in the context of loss of centrality of the Industry there is a tendency of urbanization with concentration of population in a few cities. In this process, besides the metropolis affirmation, increases the relevance of a group of medium-size cities that became regional centers and articulate the territory. We call “medium size non-metropolitan cities ”the cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants that are not state capitals and are not inside metropolitan areas. The increasing urbanization, the spatial polarization and the employment growth in those cities make necessary public policies to avoid the effects of urban crisis that the metropolitan areas have already experienced. Keywords: medium size cities; urbanization; spatial polarization; employment generation; urban network.
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Butler, Tim. "Thinking Global but Acting Local: The Middle Classes in the City." Sociological Research Online 7, no. 3 (August 2002): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.740.
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The paper advances the notion that there is ‘metropolitan habitus’ in large global cities such as London which distinguishes it from other conurbations in the United Kingdom. At the same time, it is argued that whilst London is becoming an increasingly middle-class city, this group is increasingly stratified along socio-spatial lines. Richard Sennett's work The Corrosion of Character is drawn upon to suggest that, to some extent, different gentrification strategies enable the metropolitan middle classes to compensate for the lack of a long term in contemporary middle-class life. Drawing on fieldwork, recently conducted in five gentrified areas of inner London north and south of the Thames, it is suggested that an important aspect of the socio spatial differentiation within the metropolitan middle class is whether it seeks to embrace or escape the contemporary globalization of consumer culture. Although this process is highly nuanced by individual strategies for negotiating the boundaries between the global and the local, which are exemplified by the distinction between residential areas and the centre of London, it is nevertheless suggested that these socio-spatial divisions account for variations within the metropolitan habitus to a greater extent than socio- demographic and occupational divisions which are only weakly associated with the global/non-global dichotomisation. The paper uses both quantitative and qualitative data to look at the different ways in which cultural, economic and social capital are drawn on in the gentrification of each area and how these reflect not only the capabilities but also the proclivities of the different groups concerned. It is suggested that metropolitan habitus is a concept that needs further analysis and research but which has considerable potential explanatory value in accounting for differences between the middle classes in London and other provincial cities and non urban areas.
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Pyun, Hyunwoong, Jeeyoon Kim, Torsten Schlesinger, and Luca Matto. "Positive Externalities from Professional Football Clubs in the Metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, Germany: Trickle-Down Effects Associated with Promotion and Relegation." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 8638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208638.
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Hosting sport events is costly, but the positive impact of hosting sport events has not been studied well. We consider the promotion of physical activity, known as the trickle-down effect, to be a new dimension of this kind of impact. Using exogenous variations in promotion and relegation in the Bundesliga 1, we test the effect of the presence of a Bundesliga 1 club on local non-profit football club membership. Using German city-level annual non-profit sport club membership data from the metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, we group cities with experience of either promotion or relegation as treatment cities and other cities as the comparison group. Difference-in-difference analyses show that promotion (using a strict definition of promotion) of local professional football clubs increases non-profit football club membership by 14% while relegation does not affect membership. The presence of Bundesliga 1 clubs in a city increases non-profit football club membership by 11%. Falsification tests support the idea that the impact of promotion on membership results in a net increase in membership.
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Tóth, Attila, and Axel Timpe. "Exploring urban agriculture as a component of multifunctional green infrastructure: Application of figure-ground plans as a spatial analysis tool." Moravian Geographical Reports 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2017-0018.
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Abstract Using ‘Urban Atlas’ as a data source, the authors present and critically discuss in this paper the application of figure-ground plans in combination with complex land-use maps as a tool for spatial analysis of urban agriculture in European cities and their multifunctional green infrastructure. The selected cities and metropolitan areas (including Dublin, Ruhr Metropolis, Geneva and Sofia) represent different regions in Europe from the Northwest to the Southeast. Urban fabric, agriculture and non-agricultural open spaces have been analysed and compared as the main land-use components. Agricultural open spaces include arable land with annual crops and permanent crops, such as vineyards, fruit trees and olive groves; pastures; as well as complex and mixed cultivation patterns. The results reveal the scale and land-use diversity of metropolitan regions and different spatial patterns of urban agriculture at the regional level and in central urban areas.
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Fong, Eric, and Elic Chan. "Residential Patterns among Religious Groups in Canadian Cities." City & Community 10, no. 4 (December 2011): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01383.x.
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This study, based on 2001 Canadian census data for 16 census metropolitan areas, explores residential segregation among eight religious groups. We include non–Christian religious groups to reflect the emerging religious diversity of Canadian society. Our study provides the first comprehensive comparison of the residential patterns of people affiliated with major religious groups in Canada. We argue that each religion is associated with unique sets of religious institutional behaviors, which in turn shape each religious group's relationships with other religious groups. In this study, we identify four religious institutional behaviors that can affect the residential segregation of various religious groups: institutional orientation of religious community services, subcultural identity, religious identity, and discrimination. The findings indicate that these religious institutional behaviors are related to the residential segregation patterns of different religious groups.
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Shastri, Aparna. "Built Morphology and the Impact of Planning Policies: Case of Small Towns in Karnataka, India." International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/essd.v6i1.787.
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The morphology of a city undergoes transformation over time due to a variety of factors. One such factor is the master plan. The master plan is a powerful legal tool, the implementation of which has a lasting impact on the morphology of a town both built and unbuilt. The template for the master plans in India is the same be it a metropolitan city or a class III town. The resultant triggers and impact of this master plan are questionable more so in the case of smaller cities and towns. This paper investigates one such small city in the hinterland of Karnataka through a descriptive analysis of the compact historic city and the new developments; the impact of the master plan and the resulting changes. Through the analysis and arguments presented in the study for the reading of small towns and non metropolitan cities we support alternative readings of these towns and cities. Additionally through the analysis of compact city planning methodologies both historical and current we understand how the two aspects; that is small town urbanization and compact planning methodologies can be enmeshed to create new templates for master planning for small towns and cities. Our study is limited to the master planning exercise in the context of Karnataka and Gadag-Betageri in particular and needs to be further explored with respect to other urban development policies in order to be applicable to small towns and cities in general in India.
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Zhou, Jiangping, Jonathan Corcoran, and Rosabella Borsellino. "Mapping cities by transit riders’ trajectories: The case of Brisbane, Australia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 8 (April 4, 2017): 1707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17702647.
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Emerging non-traditional data (NTD) such as transit agencies' smartcard data and Google's General Transit Feed Specifications (GTFS) have made it easier to unveil the way in which public transit remains relevant, reveal how it facilitates daily mobility, and highlight the way in which different locales across a metropolitan area are connected by public transit. Based on a 24-h period of smartcard data for Brisbane (4 March 2014) allied with GTFS data, we retrieved 205,560 distinct transit riders' trip trajectories by direction (AM/inbound vs. PM/outbound) in Brisbane, Australia. It visualises the trajectories using a waterpark metaphor, in that, like water, people flow downhill.
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Atkins, Emily R., Elizabeth A. Geelhoed, Lee Nedkoff, and Tom G. Briffa. "Disparities in equity and access for hospitalised atherothrombotic disease." Australian Health Review 37, no. 4 (2013): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13083.
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Objective. This study of equity and access characterises admissions for coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease by hospital type (rural, tertiary and non-tertiary metropolitan) in a representative Australian population. Methods. We conducted a descriptive analysis using data linkage of all residents aged 35–84 years hospitalised in Western Australia with a primary diagnosis for an atherothrombotic event in 2007. We compared sociodemographic and clinical features by atherothrombotic territory and hospital type. Results. There were 11670 index admissions for atherothrombotic disease in 2007 of which 46% were in tertiary hospitals, 41% were in non-tertiary metropolitan hospitals and 13% were in rural hospitals. Coronary heart disease comprised 72% of admissions, followed by cerebrovascular disease (19%) and peripheral arterial disease (9%). Comparisons of socioeconomic disadvantage reveal that for those admitted to rural hospitals, more than one-third were in the most disadvantaged quintile, compared with one-fifth to any metropolitan hospital. Conclusions. Significant differences in demographic characteristics were evident between Western Australian tertiary and non-tertiary hospitals for patients hospitalised for atherothrombotic disease. Notably, the differences among tertiary, non-tertiary metropolitan and rural hospitals were related to socioeconomic disadvantage. This has implications for atherothrombotic healthcare provision and the generalisation of research findings from studies conducted exclusively in the tertiary metropolitan hospitals. What is known about the topic? Equity and access to hospital care for atherothrombotic disease in a geographically diverse population is poorly characterised. National data show that both fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease and non-fatal stroke hospitalisations increase with remoteness. Fatal in-hospital stroke is greatest in major cities, whereas peripheral arterial disease hospitalisations are greatest in the inner and outer regional areas. What does this paper add? This study demonstrates that around 13% of atherothrombotic events were treated in rural hospitals with in-hospital case fatality higher than in tertiary and non-tertiary metropolitan hospitals. A greater proportion of atherothrombotic disease cases treated in rural hospitals were in the most disadvantaged Socioeconomic Indices For Area group. What are the implications for practitioners? It is important to consider differences in disadvantage when generalising results of studies generated from tertiary hospital data to non-tertiary metropolitan and rural patients.
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Zeng, Wenjing, Yongde Zhong, Dali Li, and Jinyang Deng. "Classification of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Using Night Lights for Evidence of Humans and POI Data for Social Setting." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 7782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147782.
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The recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) has been widely recognized as an effective tool for the inventory and planning of outdoor recreational resources. However, its applications have been primarily focused on forest-dominated settings with few studies being conducted on all land types at a regional scale. The creation of a ROS is based on physical, social, and managerial settings, with the physical setting being measured by three criteria: remoteness, size, and evidence of humans. One challenge to extending the ROS to all land types on a large scale is the difficulty of quantifying the evidence of humans and social settings. Thus, this study, for the first time, developed an innovative approach that used night lights as a proxy for evidence of humans and points of interest (POI) for social settings to generate an automatic ROS for Hunan Province using Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. The whole province was classified as primitive (2.51%), semi-primitive non-motorized (21.33%), semi-primitive motorized (38.60%), semi-developed natural (30.99%), developed natural (5.61%), and highly developed (0.96%), which was further divided into three subclasses: large-natural (0.63%), small natural (0.27%), and facilities (0.06%). In order to implement the management and utilization of natural recreational resources in Hunan Province at the county (city, district) level, the province’s 122 counties (cities, districts) were categorized into five levels based on the ROS factor dominance calculated at the county and provincial levels. These five levels include key natural recreational counties (cities, districts), general natural recreational counties (cities, districts), rural counties (cities, districts), general metropolitan counties (cities, districts), and key metropolitan counties (cities, districts), with the corresponding numbers being 8, 21, 50, 24, and 19, respectively.
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Darling, David L., and Stephan L. Tubene. "Determining the Population Threshold of Minor Trade Centers: A Benchmark Study of Non‐Metropolitan Cities in Kansas." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 18, no. 1 (January 1996): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1349669.
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Baum, Scott. "A Typology of Socio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage in Australia's Large Non-Metropolitan Cities, Towns and Regions." Australian Geographer 37, no. 2 (July 2006): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049180600672367.
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Saucedo, Eduardo, and Jorge Gonzalez. "Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Prices in Mexico: A Study of the Main Border and Non-Border Cities." Abril - Junio 2021 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21919/remef.v16i2.468.
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This study analyzes the exchange rate pass-through effect on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Mexico's main border and 27 non-border metropolitan cities. The period examined includes monthly data from January 2002 to December 2019. A vector autoregressive model (VAR) is used, which includes formal employment at the city level as a proxy to economic development, interest rates, nominal exchange rates, each analyzed city’s CPI, U.S. consumer prices, energy commodity prices and control variables such as service sector employment share and large firm employment share. Impulse response functions are constructed. Results for the 2002-2016 period indicate that exchange rate changes primarily affect border cities. Different arguments are included to justify such results. Pass-through values are also found to increase in general for all cities when the period 2017-2019 (January 2017 when important gasoline price shocks started previous its price liberalization in December 2017) is included in the regressions.
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Carlucci, Margherita, Ilaria Zambon, and Luca Salvati. "Diversification in urban functions as a measure of metropolitan complexity." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 7 (February 8, 2019): 1289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808319828374.
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Newly emerging relationships between form and function reveal the increasingly complex nature of metropolitan regions. The present study investigates spatial diversification in settlement forms and socioeconomic functions in metropolitan Attica (the administrative region including Athens, the capital of Greece), with the aim of implementing a holistic framework assessing urban complexity in contemporary cities. Taken as key components of urban complexity, morphological and functional diversity have been analysed using multi-domain indicators that describe settlement characteristics (land-use, soil sealing, building use, vertical profile of buildings, building age, construction materials) and socioeconomic functions (economic base, working classes, education levels, population age structure, composition of non-native population by citizenship, distribution of personal incomes), thus providing a comprehensive description of local-scale diversification in urban structures. A correlation analysis was used to verify the spatial coherency between individual dimensions of urban diversification. Analysis of global Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index reveals specific gradients of urban diversification that discriminate morphological attributes from socioeconomic functions. Municipalities were profiled on the basis of Pielou’s evenness indexes for each urban dimension: a factor analysis indicates latent patterns characterizing areas with high and low diversification in metropolitan functions. Urban and rural municipalities were, respectively, characterized as the most and least diversified in the study area, with peri-urban municipalities ranking in-between, evidencing a diversification gradient correlated with the distance from downtown Athens. A multidimensional analysis of the most relevant dimensions of metropolitan complexity has proved to be a promising tool for monitoring urban gradients, polycentric development and (latent) socioeconomic transformations in contemporary cities.
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Moraci, Francesca. "The Strategic Dimension of the Straits Area According to the New National Metropolitan Spatial Planning and to the European Space: Strategic Corridor Platform Project." Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (June 2014): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.198.
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For some time now, following the constitutional reform, the debate on the metropolitan city has been reignited. The topic has been at the centre of attention given that cohesion policies attribute to metropolitan cities a key role in planning and the constitutional reform seems to have given an answer to the spending review which wipes out the provinces and formally identifies the European Strategy under the form of a programmatic suitability of intermediate metropolitan level. This level should counterbalance the municipal egoism which provides a distorted interpretation of subsidiarity which has marked planning since the revising of Title V. Very few are acquainted with the implications and complexities of these entangled mechanisms which will fail if all conditions are not met whether they be effective, nominal or opportunity related. This explains why the term Metropolitan City is preferred to conurbation, agglomeration or metropolitan area. Metropolitan Area and City do not coincide the area is in a portion of territorial recognition which entails attractive and competitive factors, the city is identified as such only if within the territorial organization that explains why the creation of both must be ensured: the city must be promoted in terms of competition, with or without a demographic dimension, by fostering the shared political project and by creating relational and productive conditions to attract and offer services and what else is necessary. What makes the difference is how to build and what to build. The strategy and the role of the future Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria and Messina stem from two different regulations and from the attempt to integrate interregional functions through the project I put forward: the strategic corridor platform of the Straits area. The platform is a non-confined territorial dimension which encompasses the two metropolitan cities and shares relational functions and understandings with the vast territory. It fully exploits the possibilities and available reforms in order to organize and provide the territory with competitive and functional dimensions so as to compete in Europe and in the Mediterranean. The prototype-project, the first part of the study has already been published, fosters an idea of governance and urban system which will devise, through future cohesion policies and multidimensional strategies, a single strategic vision of the territory able to dialogue at a local and Euro-Mediterranean level with the new scale economies and meet the challenges of 2020-2050. Without going into detail, the project proposes and organizes the intangible functions of the Area (new assets and networking) so as to satisfy the demand for services and infrastructures physical and non-physical (functional and international indicator).
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Murzyn-Kupisz, Monika, and Magdalena Szmytkowska. "Studentification in the postsocialist context: The case of Cracow and the Tri-City (Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot)." Geografie 120, no. 2 (2015): 188–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2015120020188.
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For over a decade, the term studentification has been used to denote the process of urban changes linked with the presence of student populations in urban centres. This text broadens the geographic scope of research into studentification using two Polish metropolitan areas as case studies, analysing and comparing research results to existing findings referring to Western European and Anglo-Saxon settings. Using the example of Cracow and the Tri-City (Trójmiasto), two significant centres of higher education in Poland, the paper presents empirical evidence indicating that while some aspects of students’ impact on Polish cities are similar to trends observed in Western Europe and non-European Anglo-Saxon countries, the colonisation of Polish cities by students nonetheless displays some unique features strongly influenced by the post-socialist context in which such cities and their student populations function.
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Ferreira, Verno, and Gustav Visser. "A spatial analysis of gating in Bloemfontein, South Africa." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 28, no. 28 (June 1, 2015): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2015-0014.
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Abstract Growing trends of fear and insecurity in cities have sparked the re-visitation of gating, posing significant problems for citizens and policy makers alike. Gated developments are a global phenomenon occurring in diverse countries in both the developed North and developing South. Metropolitan areas in South Africa have also witnessed a rapid increase in the number and spread of gated developments since the late 1980s. Development of enclosed neighbourhoods has become increasingly popular, gaining widespread support for their utopic lifestyle and safety features. On the whole, high levels of crime and fear of crime have led to the construction of defensible space, in the form of gated developments, resulting in elevated levels of segregation. This paper provides a spatial analysis on gated developments in the non-metropolitan setting of Bloemfontein. The pattern and timeframe of gating in this city is shown to be similar to those found elsewhere in South Africa and, indeed, globally. Overall, it is the contention that gating is a trend not only seen in large metropolitan areas, but across the entire urban hierarchy of South Africa, and, as a consequence, requires investigation far beyond its metropolitan regions to more fully understand gated developments.
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Jones, Jaime R., Linda J. Neff, Elizabeth K. Ely, and Andrew M. Parker. "Results of Medical Countermeasure Drills Among 72 Cities Readiness Initiative Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 2008-2009." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6, no. 4 (December 2012): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2012.68.
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ABSTRACTObjective: The Cities Readiness Initiative is a federally funded program designed to assist 72 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in preparing to dispense life-saving medical countermeasures within 48 hours of a public health emergency. Beginning in 2008, the 72 MSAs were required to conduct 3 drills related to the distribution and dispensing of emergency medical countermeasures. The report describes the results of the first year of pilot data for medical countermeasure drills conducted by the MSAs.Methods: The MSAs were provided templates with key metrics for 5 functional elements critical for a successful dispensing campaign: personnel call down, site activation, facility setup, pick-list generation, and dispensing throughput. Drill submissions were compiled into single data sets for each of the 5 drills. Analyses were conducted to determine whether the measures were comparable across business and non-business hours. Descriptive statistics were computed for each of the key metrics identified in the 5 drills.Results: Most drills were conducted on Mondays and Wednesdays during business hours (8:00 am-5:00 pm). The median completion time for the personnel call-down drill was 1 hour during business hours (n = 287) and 55 minutes during non-business hours (n = 136). Site-activation drills were completed in a median of 30 minutes during business hours and 5 minutes during non-business hours. Facility setup drills were completed more rapidly during business hours (75 minutes) compared with non-business hours (96 minutes). During business hours, pick lists were generated in a median of 3 minutes compared with 5 minutes during non-business hours. Aggregate results from the dispensing throughput drills demonstrated that the median observed throughput during business hours (60 people/h) was higher than that during non-business hours (43 people/h).Conclusion: The results of the analyses from this pilot sample of drill submissions provide a baseline for the determination of a national standard in operational capabilities for local jurisdictions to achieve in their planning efforts for a mass dispensing campaign during an emergency.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:357–362)
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Khare, Arpita, Dhiren Achtani, and Manish Khattar. "Influence of price perception and shopping motives on Indian consumers' attitude towards retailer promotions in malls." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 26, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 272–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-09-2013-0097.
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Purpose – The current research aims to explore influence of shopping motives and price perceptions on Indian consumers' attitude towards mall retailer promotions. Effect of price discounts, gifts, coupons, and rebates offered by mall retailers to attract store traffic were examined. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through mall intercept technique in six cities across India. Convenience sampling method was used to target metropolitan and non-metropolitan cities for data collection. Findings – Results suggest that consumers' attitude towards mall retailers' promotional strategies is influenced by shopping values and price consciousness, deal proneness, and coupon proneness. Age, education, and income influence consumers' attitude towards promotions. Research limitations/implications – Only three constructs of price perception scale were used for the research. Future research can include all the items of price perception scale to understand its applicability on Indian sample. Promotions offered by branded and non-branded retailers in malls were not examined. Practical implications – The findings can be useful to mall retailers for designing promotions to increase footfalls and sales. Promotions can be used by retailers to convey value and attract price conscious consumers. Retailers need to match their promotional offers according to price sensitivity and shopping motives of consumers. Originality/value – There is limited research to examine role of promotions used by mall retailers in attracting footfalls in Indian malls. The influence of price perceptions and shopping motives on promotions offered by retailers in Indian malls has not been examined.
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Miller, Byron, and Samuel Mössner. "Urban sustainability and counter-sustainability: Spatial contradictions and conflicts in policy and governance in the Freiburg and Calgary metropolitan regions." Urban Studies 57, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 2241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098020919280.
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Drawing on empirical research carried out in the metropolitan regions of Freiburg, Germany, and Calgary, Canada, we reposition the sustainability policies of municipalities within a wider regional and relational framework. This perspective reveals significant epistemological blind spots in the localist and non-relational ontologies that undergird much of the urban sustainability discourse. While the city of Freiburg has garnered world-wide attention for its multi-faceted initiatives and achievements in sustainable urban development, these initiatives have yet to be coherently addressed in the wider Freiburg metropolitan region, leading to a variety of policies and practices in the hinterland that run counter to Freiburg’s ‘green city’ objectives. In a parallel fashion, the city of Calgary incorporated significant sustainability principles in its 2009 Master Development Plan and Transportation Plan –‘Plan-It’– yet such principles have not been taken up on a regional scale. Despite substantial differences in size and developmental history, both cities exhibit a profound disconnection from their regional contexts with regard to sustainable development policies and politics. In both metropolitan regions, conventional growth politics are still paramount. A significant conflict emerges between ‘sustainable’ central cities seeking a ‘sustainability fix’ to their fiscal, environmental and quality of life problems, and more remote jurisdictions seeking to attract investment through low tax regimes and limited development regulation – what we label a ‘counter-sustainability fix’. These contrasting and dialectically related policies have substantial consequences for the social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, calling into question policies that promote ‘sustainability in one place’.
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Li, Qingchun, Liam Bessell, Xin Xiao, Chao Fan, Xinyu Gao, and Ali Mostafavi. "Disparate patterns of movements and visits to points of interest located in urban hotspots across US metropolitan cities during COVID-19." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 201209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201209.
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We examined the effect of social distancing on changes in visits to urban hotspot points of interest. In a pandemic situation, urban hotspots could be potential superspreader areas as visits to urban hotspots can increase the risk of contact and transmission of a disease among a population. We mapped census-block-group to point-of-interest (POI) movement networks in 16 cities in the United States. We adopted a modified coarse-grain approach to examine patterns of visits to POIs among hotspots and non-hotspots from January to May 2020. Also, we conducted chi-square tests to identify POIs with significant flux-in changes during the analysis period. The results showed disparate patterns across cities in terms of reduction in hotspot POI visitors. Sixteen cities were divided into two categories using a time series clustering method. In one category, which includes the cities of San Francisco, Seattle and Chicago, we observed a considerable decrease in hotspot POI visitors, while in another category, including the cities of Austin, Houston and San Diego, the visitors to hotspots did not greatly decrease. While all the cities exhibited overall decreased visitors to POIs, one category maintained the proportion of visitors to hotspot POIs. The proportion of visitors to some POIs (e.g. restaurants) remained stable during the social distancing period, while some POIs had an increased proportion of visitors (e.g. grocery stores). We also identified POIs with significant flux-in changes, indicating that related businesses were greatly affected by social distancing. The study was limited to 16 metropolitan cities in the United States. The proposed methodology could be applied to digital trace data in other cities and countries to study the patterns of movements to POIs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Hayashi, F., H. Takimoto, K. Yoshita, and N. Yoshiike. "Perceived body size and desire for thinness of young Japanese women: a population-based survey." British Journal of Nutrition 96, no. 6 (December 2006): 1154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061921.
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The present study describes findings in relation to perceived body size and ‘desire for thinness’ by age and residential areas (‘metropolitan areas’, ‘large cities’, ‘small cities’ and ‘towns’) among young Japanese women. Data on 1731 non-pregnant, non-lactating women aged 15–39 years from the 1998 National Nutrition Survey of Japan were used. Current body size was evaluated by BMI percentiles (lean, < 5th; underweight, 5th ≤ BMI < 25th; normal, 25th ≤ BMI < 75th; overweight, 75th ≤ BMI < 95th; obese, ≥ 95th), calculated for 5-year age groups. Perceived body size was obtained by self-report. We defined ‘overestimation’ as non-overweight, non-obese women who perceived themselves as being ‘overweight’ or ‘obese’. Desired body size was evaluated by applying the desired BMI to these cut-off points. Of all the women, 48·4 % perceived themselves as being ‘overweight’ or ‘obese’, and 43·7 % desired a ‘lean’ or ‘underweight’ body size. Adjusted for the current BMI, the OR for ‘overestimation’ calculated by a logistic regression model was significantly elevated in the 15–19-year age group (OR 2·79; 95 % CI 1·76, 4·43), compared with the 25–29-year age group. The OR for ‘desire for thinness’ was significantly high in the 35–39-year age group (OR 2·74; 95 % CI 1·93, 3·89) and the 15–19-year age group (OR 2·26; 95 % CI 1·57, 3·24). Women living in metropolitan areas had higher OR for ‘desire for thinness’ (but not for ‘overestimation’) than did women in towns (OR 1·47; 95 % CI 1·05, 2·07). The findings suggest the nature of excessive weight concerns of young women in Japan; thus efforts to control such health-risk behaviours at a national level are urgent.
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Gavari-Starkie, Elisa, María-Francisca Casado-Claro, and Inmaculada Navarro-González. "The Japanese Educational System as an International Model for Urban Resilience." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 5794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115794.
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Global cities in the context of accelerated urbanization have to deal with more diverse risk factors than ever before, which highlights the need for a faster and more creative response capacity. Although it is necessary to strengthen technical systems, since they are surrounded by human systems, individual resilience will help to strengthen the community. The educational system is key to developing the human factor in a world where various systems in global cities are increasingly interconnected, which in turn increases risks. Japan is fostering a culture of disaster risk reduction in both the formal, non-formal, and informal education sectors, in which creativity and autonomy are key competencies. Tokyo is the highest populated metropolitan area globally, and its educational system is the international model for education in disaster risk reduction. Urban areas around the world face similar challenges and experience similar needs. This article addresses the challenges that the human factor faces in large cities and the possibilities of increasing resilience in both individuals and communities through Disaster Resilience Education (DRE), taking the Japanese educational system as a model.
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Srivastava, Shobhit, Tarique Anwar, Ratna Patel, and Shekhar Chauhan. "Dynamics of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India: evidence from India Human Development Survey I and II." International Journal of Scientific Reports 6, no. 8 (July 21, 2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20203116.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The growth of metropolitan cities had significantly contributed to the process of urbanization in India. About two-fifth of the urban population, out of total India’s urban population, live in 35 metropolitan cities. It is important to look into the disease dynamics in the population of metro and non-metro regions of India. The study aims to find the differences in the distribution of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India and depicts the contributions of background factors causing a change in the prevalence of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Data from India Human Development Survey (IHDS) I and II conducted in 2004 and 2012 respectively have been used. Bivariate analysis has been performed to find the association between independent variables and chronic diseases, and logistic regression has been used to find the effect of predictor variables on chronic diseases by metro and non-metro regions. Fairlie decomposition technique has been used to find the contribution of each predictor variable accounting for differences in chronic diseases between metro and non-metro regions. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Age, sex, socio-economic status (education and wealth), alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption, and body mass index status are significantly associated with chronic conditions in metro regions of India. Age, wealth, and developed regions contributed most to the differences in chronic diseases between metro and non-metro areas.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Metro regions in India suffers from a massive burden of chronic conditions. Metro regions should be given a special focus to tackle the menace of chronic diseases.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>
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Nickayin, Samaneh Sadat, Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Matteo Clemente, Francesco Maria Chelli, Luca Salvati, Federico Benassi, and Antonio Gimenez Morera. "“Qualifying Peripheries” or “Repolarizing the Center”: A Comparison of Gentrification Processes in Europe." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 9039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219039.
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Reflecting a broader form of neo-liberal urban policy underlying the progressive return of capital investment, gentrification is a key issue in urban studies. Although earlier definitions of “gentrification” focused mostly on socio-cultural processes, recent works have qualified gentrification as a mixed political–economic issue. Clarifying whether inner city gentrification should be supported, controlled, constricted, or prevented is a key debate in urban sustainability and metabolism, contributing to managing and, possibly, enhancing metropolitan resilience. To define the causes and consequences of gentrification, understanding the intrinsic linkage with different social contexts is crucial. There are no universal and comprehensive gentrification processes, displaying similarities and differences at the same time. A comparative analysis of different forms of gentrification and urban change provides basic knowledge to delineate complex, non-linear paths of socioeconomic development in cities, shedding light on the increased socioeconomic complexity and the most appropriate policies to fuel metropolitan sustainability in a broader context of global change. From this perspective, our commentary focuses on the main issues at the base of gentrification in Europe, starting from basic definitions and providing a regional vision distinguishing three “gentrification ideal-types” (northern, eastern, and Mediterranean). The implications of these different socioeconomic processes for the policy and governance of sustainable and resilient cities were discussed, evidencing new lines of investigation to frame (or re-frame) the increasing complexity of urbanization patterns and processes.
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Leong, Misha, and Michelle Trautwein. "A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization." PeerJ 7 (April 30, 2019): e6879. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6879.
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Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization. Here we utilize a growing resource—citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban biotic homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while similarities occur to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the taxa living locally in a region. At the same time, the communities found in high-intensity development were less explained by regional context than communities from other land cover types were. We also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.
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Corso, Magali, Myriam Blanchard, Sylvia Medina, and Vérène Wagner. "Short-Term Associations of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) on Mortality in 18 French Cities, 2010–2014." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111198.
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We present an analysis of short-term associations between ambient NO2 and mortality according to cause, age-group, and period (cold and warm) in 18 areas in metropolitan France for the 2010–2014 period. Associations were estimated in each area using a generalized additive Poisson regression model, and effects were summarized in a meta-analysis. The percentage increase in mortality rate was estimated for a 10 µg m−3 increase in the NO2 level in each area for each complete calendar year and for cold (November to April) and warm periods (May to October) in each year. We found that the NO2 increase (lag of 0–1 days) was associated with a 0.75% increase of non-accidental mortality for all age-groups (95% confidence interval (CI): (0.4; 1.10)). During the warm period, this NO2 increase was associated with a 3.07% increase in non-accidental mortality in the ≥75 years old group (95% CI: 1.97; 4.18). This study supports the short-term effects of NO2 as a proxy of urban traffic pollution on mortality, even for concentrations below the maximum guideline of 40 µg m−3 set down by the European Air Quality Standards and the World Health Organization (WHO).
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Ginsberg, Leon. "The Future of Social Work as a Profession." Advances in Social Work 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2005): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/71.
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This is an introductory, overview article that summarizes some of the major issues social work will encounter as a profession in the 21st Century. Employment trends are projected. Clinical and other direct services employment appears to be much more pervasive than employment in organization and management services. Professional employment data show that non metropolitan employment will be more prevalent than employment in large cities. Social work in schools will be a major area of growth. So will programs to provide treatment and other alternatives to prison for those involved with illegal drugs. Some of the effects of current political issues and the 2004 elections on social work are also discussed.
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Nandy, Ashis. "Time Travel to a Possible Self: Searching for the Alternative Cosmopolitanism of Cochin." Japanese Journal of Political Science 1, no. 2 (November 2000): 295–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109900002061.
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Cochin or Kochi is one of the few cities in India where the precolonial traditions of cultural pluralism refuse to die. It is one of the largest natural harbours in India and has also become, during the last fifty years, a major centre of the Indian Navy. With the growing security consciousness in official India, it has recently become less accessible to non-Indians, particularly if they happen to be from one of the countries with which India''s relationship is tense. Few mind that, for the city no longer means much to the outside world. To Indians, too, except probably for the more historically conscious Malayalis, Cochin is no longer the ‘epitome of adventure’ it was to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or a crucible of cultures, as it is to its former mayor, K. J. Sohan. For most, it is now one of those regional cities not quite up to the standard of India's major metropolitan centres.
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Amrutha, Ms. "Smart Bus System for Automatic Ticket Collection and Passenger Information Display using IoT and RFID Technology." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35282.
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Buses are an integral means of conveyance in India. In metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Delhi, 10-15 million people travel through public transport buses daily. Today, within the era of Digital India (a campaign launched by the govt of India) and Cashless Economy, conveyance must adapt the technology advancement. Even though the general public transport buses are providing fairly satisfactory services, there's a requirement for smart and reliable system. The major problems experienced by the passengers are undue waiting time at bus stops, non-refund of balance, negligence to supply seat to other passengers, etc. Thus, to provide an agile and smooth ticketing experience, we have proposed the smart application that will automatically shows the seat to passenger and mode of payment will be cashless there by promoting digitalization and smart cities initiatives. The user can check the availability of seats. Keyword: Cashless Economy, Public transport, RFID and IOTI.
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Zaheer, Tayyaba, Asad Waqar Malik, Anis Ur Rahman, Ayesha Zahir, and Muhammad Moazam Fraz. "A vehicular network–based intelligent transport system for smart cities." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 11 (November 2019): 155014771988884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719888845.
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Smart cities and the Internet of Things have enabled the integration of communicating devices for efficient decision-making. Notably, traffic congestion is one major problem faced by daily commuters in urban cities. In developed countries, specialized sensors are deployed to gather traffic information to predict traffic patterns. Any traffic updates are shared with the commuters via the Internet. Such solutions become impracticable when physical infrastructure and Internet connectivity are either non-existent or very limited. In case of developing countries, no roadside units are available and Internet connectivity is still an issue in remote areas. In this article, we propose an intelligent vehicular network framework for smart cities that enables route selection based on real-time data received from neighboring vehicles in an ad hoc fashion. We used Wi-Fi Direct–enabled Android-based smartphones as embedded devices in vehicles. We used a vehicular ad hoc network to implement an intelligent transportation system. Data gathering and preprocessing were carried on different routes between two metropolitan cities of a developing country. The framework was evaluated on different fixed route-selection and dynamic route-selection algorithms in terms of resource usage, transmission delay, packet loss, and overall travel time. Our results show reduced travel times of up to 33.3% when compared to a traditional fixed route-selection algorithm.
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Tariq, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman, Maha Hussein, and Nitin Muttil. "Smart City Ranking System: A Supporting Tool to Manage Migration Trends for Australian Cities." Infrastructures 6, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030037.
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A key driver of Australia’s economic development is through promoting migration. A strong bottleneck to achieve the targets is a disproportional concentration of population in the metropolitan cities. To avoid congestion in these cities, emphasis is being given at the government level to promote the regional cities. With different city ranking systems, this study tries to identify linkage between the city ranking and people’s preference to live there. The proposed ranking system uses six components, namely, economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and governance. A comparison is done between the ranking systems by first assigning the same weightage to the six components and then assigning different weightages based on people’s preferences. This study considered 112 Australian cities, which were ranked by considering their performance based on the non-weighted and weighted parameters. Analytical Hierarchy Process is then used to assign the priorities/preferences of the components, factors, and indicators. The study also incorporates clustering technique to address the issue of missing data/information that is a typical problem with small cities where missing data is a common issue. The results of the comparison demonstrate that assigning weightage to ranking parameters makes the city ranking closer to the preference of people to live in a city. It is also recommended that the city ranking system and urban governance should have closer connection to each other. The lowest performing city ranking parameter should be given higher preferences in urban management and development plans.
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Sabogal, Orlando Antonio, Diego Alexander Escobar, and Daniel Ricardo Oviedo. "Making Accessibility Visible: Visualizing Spatial Accessibility Through Multi-Dimensional Scaling Model." Modern Applied Science 12, no. 6 (May 20, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n6p70.
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Accessibility has progressively claimed a central role in policy discourse and planning in the Global South. However, availability of approaches for its assessment is still limited in practice. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is a statistical tool aimed at explaining relations of distances, such as the analyzed in accessibility, through the construction of a new space of projections. That way, results are easily visualized and interpreted. Our research explores the use of MDS for the visualization of spatial accessibility. Taking the cities of Pereira and Dosquebradas, which belong to the Metropolitan Area of the Centre-West (MACW) of Colombia, we calculate the shortest path from each intersection to the rest assuming trips in motorized and non-motorized transport modes. This approach allows to visually re-configure the spatial distribution of intersections in the transport network, graphically representing accessibility levels for different zones in the metropolitan region of analysis. The use of MDS enables a more intuitive interpretation of accessibility and the exploration of underlying factors that can influence spatial inequalities, as well as to visualize changes generated by different transport and land-use interventions. Results allow to visualize the configuration of the two municipalities in the metropolitan area in an easily interpretable fashion, identifying areas with limited accessibility and establishing comparisons between mode choices. The tool seeks to contribute to better-informing transport policy and accessibility appraisals and identifying potential spatial inequalities in relation to transport in urban areas, which was tested in various forums with local decision-makers and non-specialists in Colombia.
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Selfridge, Marion, Alissa Greer, Kiffer G. Card, Scott Macdonald, and Bernie Pauly. "“It's like super structural” – Overdose experiences of youth who use drugs and police in three non-metropolitan cities across British Columbia." International Journal of Drug Policy 76 (February 2020): 102623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102623.
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Polinesi, Gloria, Maria Cristina Recchioni, Rosario Turco, Luca Salvati, Kostas Rontos, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, and Federico Benassi. "Population Trends and Urbanization: Simulating Density Effects Using a Local Regression Approach." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070454.
Full textAbstract:
Density-dependent population growth regulates long-term urban expansion and shapes distinctive socioeconomic trends. Despite a marked heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of the resident population, Mediterranean European countries are considered more homogeneous than countries in other European regions as far as settlement structure and processes of metropolitan growth are concerned. However, rising socioeconomic inequalities among Southern European regions reflect latent demographic and territorial transformations that require further investigation. An integrated assessment of the spatio-temporal distribution of resident populations in more than 1000 municipalities (1961–2011) was carried out in this study to characterize density-dependent processes of metropolitan growth in Greece. Using geographically weighted regressions, the results of our study identified distinctive local relationships between population density and growth rates over time. Our results demonstrate that demographic growth rates were non-linearly correlated with other variables, such as population density, with positive and negative impacts during the first (1961–1971) and the last (2001–2011) observation decade, respectively. These findings outline a progressive shift over time from density-dependent processes of population growth, reflecting a rapid development of large metropolitan regions (Athens, Thessaloniki) in the 1960s, to density-dependent processes more evident in medium-sized cities and accessible rural regions in the 2000s. Density-independent processes of population growth have been detected in the intermediate study period (1971–2001). This work finally discusses how a long-term analysis of demographic growth, testing for density-dependent mechanisms, may clarify the intrinsic role of population concentration and dispersion in different phases of the metropolitan cycle in Mediterranean Europe.