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1
Some Empirical Evidence on the Non-Normality of Cost Variances on Defense Contracts. Storming Media, 1996.
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Md Yusof, Zahayu, Sharipah Soaad Syed Yahaya, and Suhaida Abdullah. Testing on performance using robust methods. UUM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474717.
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This monograph presents the work on robust procedures when researchers faced with data that appear to violate the assumption of normality and the data with unbalanced design.A simulation method was conducted by the authors to compare the robustness (Type I error) of the method with respect to its counterpart from the parametric and non-parametric aspects namely ANOVA, t-test, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney respectively. The performance of the methods was further demonstrated on real education data.This monograph illustrates new alternative procedures to researchers (in various fields, especially the experimental sciences) which will not be constrained with all the assumptions such as normality and homogeneity of variances.They can instead work with the original data without having to worry about the shape of the distributions.
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Cross, William E. Disjunctive: Social Injustice, Black Identity, and the Normality of Black People. Edited by Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.36.
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In the discourse on Black identity, the point of departure is typically psychopathology, as revealed by empirical studies on oppositional identity or theorizing about the negative effects of slavery. This chapter reviews historical and psychological research on Black identity and Black self-esteem, presenting a counter-narrative that positions Black folks as ordinary and normal to a degree not previously appreciated. Although Black people are constantly ensnarled in a multitude of Faustian dilemmas, research demonstrates they are able to maintain their sanity and have accumulated an astonishing record of compromise, acculturation, religiosity, patience, and adjustment. Explicating this disjunctive is the focus of the chapter.
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Hitchcock, Christopher. Actual Causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0007.
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This chapter connects two themes in the work of Peter Menzies: (1) the agency theory of causation; and (2) the analysis of actual causation in terms of structural equation models together with considerations of normality. According to the latter type of analysis, actual causation involves certain kinds of path-specific effects. What is the practical benefit of knowing about such effects? The chapter argues that such knowledge is not necessary for one-shot decisions, but is crucial for plans that involve multiple steps. Such plans require that we know how our interventions will work in conjunction with future interventions that are feasible, expected, and desirable. This explains both the focus on path-specific effects, and the sensitivity of actual causation to considerations of normality.
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Paris, Joel. Overdiagnosis in Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197504277.001.0001.
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This book, now revised in a second edition, examines the problem of overdiagnosis in psychiatry, focusing on problems with current diagnostic systems. It shows that diagnosis is not always a good guide to treatment selection and that diagnoses have been expanded in scope to justify currently popular methods of pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy. The most important categories that are overdiagnosed are bipolar disorders, major depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The boundary of pathology and normality remains unclear. This edition also discusses dimensional systems that are transdiagnostic and shows how overdiagnosis is linked to the practice of aggressive psychopharmacology.
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Shafer-Landau, Russ, ed. Oxford Studies in Metaethics 12. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805076.001.0001.
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This series is devoted to original philosophical work in the foundations of ethics. It provides an annual selection of much of the best new scholarship being done in the field. Its broad purview includes work being done at the intersection of ethical theory and metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind. The chapters included in the series provide a basis for understanding recent developments in the field. Chapters in this 12th volume cover moral imperatives as bodily imperatives; difficult cases and the epistemic justification of moral belief; moral testimony; non-naturalism and supervenience; the grounding argument against non-reductive moral realism; moral law; the puzzle of moral science; disagreement; normative language in context; using Frege–Geach to illuminate expressivism; expressivism and varieties of normality; and the predicament of choice.
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Walsh, Richard A. “It Has to Be Functional!”. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0026.
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The paroxysmal dyskinesias are a heterogeneous group of rare movement disorders, characterized by the abrupt onset of involuntary hyperkinetic movements with or without trigger factors and of variable duration. Interictal periods are marked by relative normality, although there is evidence for an association between some genotypes and migraine, episodic ataxia, and seizure disorders. Three genes have been identified that are associated with the three most common syndromes; however, these do not account for some cases with an otherwise typical history. The clinical phenotype continues to evolve with increasing characterization of genetically proven cases. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia responds well to carbamazepine therapy.
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Stone, Dan. Editor's Introduction. Edited by Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0001.
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It is tempting to tell the story of Europe in the twentieth century in two halves: the first, a sorry, bleak tale of poverty, war, and genocide; and the second, a happy narrative of stability and the triumph of boring normality over dangerous activism and exuberant politics. When one examines the ‘return of memories’ which could not be articulated in the public sphere during the Cold War, one can see that the years since 1989 are intimately connected to World War II and its aftermath. In many ways, we are only now living through the postwar period. The impact of World War II, the largest and bloodiest conflict in world history, did not end in 1945. This book modifies the emphasis usually placed on the Cold War as the main historical framework for understanding the postwar period. It questions the extent to which 1945 was really a ‘zero hour’ and examines various facets of postwar life – from high politics to economics to tourism and consumerism.
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Canvin, Krysia. Patient experiences and perceptions of coercion: universal meaning, individual experiences? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788065.003.0009.
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This chapter presents a synthesis of major research themes and findings on patients’ subjective experiences and perceptions of coercion in community psychiatry. Covering the 20-year period from 1994 to 2014, it reviews studies of both formal (legislative) and informal (non-legislative) coercion, including patients’ experiences of mandated community treatment or community treatment orders (CTOs), assertive community treatment (ACT), and leverage. It begins by presenting four concepts that characterize patients’ perceptions: interventions, obligations, threats, and safety. It then reviews the contradictory evidence surrounding patients’ experiences of coercion, including patient comparisons of hospital and community coercion and the implications of coercion for self-determination, ‘normality’, care and services, and for wellness. It concludes by identifying gaps in the literature and recommending future research.
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Cicchetti, Dante. An Overview of Developmental Psychopathology. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0018.
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Historical origins of the field are reviewed and the meaning of a developmental psychopathology perspective is described. Definitional principles and conceptual issues of the field are discussed, and these parameters include (1) the mutual interplay between normality and psychopathology; (2) a multiple-levels-of-analysis and multidisciplinary approach; (3) developmental pathways to psychopathology and resilient functioning; (4) translational research; and (5) prevention and intervention. Examples are derived from research conducted with individuals at high risk for developing psychopathology and those suffering from mental disorders. Future directions and challenges for translating research into practice and policy are proffered. Advances in the knowledge base in developmental psychopathology not only have benefitted the scientific understanding of the relation between normal and abnormal development, but also have contributed to reducing the individual and societal burden of mental illness.
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Mohan, C. Raja. Foreign Policy after 1990. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.10.
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Four broad themes in India’s foreign policy since 1990 are analysed in this chapter: restructuring of great power relations, reconnecting to the extended neighbourhood, recasting the South Asian policy, and rethinking some of the core concepts like non-alignment. Liberated from the Cold War constraints and in search of capital, technology, and markets in the reform era, India intensified the engagement with the West without abandoning its traditional Russian partnership. It began to rebuild its economic and political ties to the extended neighbourhood, injected greater flexibility into its engagement with the smaller neighbours in the subcontinent, and sought, unsuccessfully, to normalize relations with Pakistan. The absolute increase in its military and economic resources began to compel India to think less like a developing, non-aligned country and more like an emerging and responsible power. India is also struggling to address the tension between the concepts of ‘strategic autonomy’ and ‘strategic influence’.
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Stanghellini, Giovanni. Unfolding. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198792062.003.0036.
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This chapter discusses how the world the Other lives in is other with respect to mine. What must be assumed is not analogy, but a ‘different normality’ (i.e. hetero-logy)—a norm that is valid within another framework of experience. Understanding another person requires reconstructing her framework of experience. A fortiori, understanding a patient’s symptom requires reconstructing the framework of experience in which it is embedded. Reconstructing the other’s framework of experience needs a preliminary deconstruction. This deconstruction is made through a phenomenological unfolding of the experiential characteristics of the life-world inhabited by the other person. We need to identify, beyond the symptoms that the Other manifests, the fundamental structures of his existence. The experience of time, space, body, self, and others, and their modifications, are indexes of the patient’s basic structures of subjectivity within which each single abnormal experience is situated.
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Tanner, Jennifer L. Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.30.
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This chapter examines the role of mental health in emerging-adult development and adjustment describing a stage-specific model of mental health. It first addresses the importance of the mental health needs of emerging adults before considering a model that conceptualizes and measures mental health based on four general approaches: mental health as normality, mental health as a set of personality traits, equating mental health with personal maturity, and considering whether an individual has achieved average development for age and stage. The chapter also explores three hypotheses that scientifically probe associations between criteria of “adulthood” and mental health: social exclusion, social adaptation, and developmental maturation. Finally, it looks at how the theory of emerging adulthood can be used to set the context for conceptualizing not only new social norms, but also new developmental norms, complemented with the concept of “recentering.”
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Horwitz, Allan V. Between Sanity and Madness. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190907860.001.0001.
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Between Sanity and Madness: Mental Illness from Ancient Greece to the Neuroscientific Era traces the extensive array of answers that various groups have provided to questions about the nature of mental illness and its boundaries with sanity. What distinguishes mental illnesses from other sorts of devalued conditions and from normality? Should medical, religious, psychological, legal, or no authority at all respond to the mentally ill? Why do some people become mad? What treatments might help them recover? Despite general agreement across societies regarding definitions about the pole of madness, huge disparities exist on where dividing lines should be placed between it and sanity and even if there is any clear demarcation at all. Various groups have provided answers to these puzzles that are both widely divergent and surprisingly similar to current understandings.
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Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. From items to scales. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses various issues that are involved in combining individual items to form a single scale. The topics covered include whether or not to weight the each of the items to reflect its supposed importance. Another consideration is whether items should be weighted differently for each person based on their salience or importance to that individual. Related to this is ‘implicit’ weighting, where various subscales of an instrument have differing numbers of items. The chapter then discusses various ways of transforming the final score in order to normalize them. Finally, it describes different methods of setting cut points based on the distribution and expert judgement.
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McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. Noise Modeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 introduces the Box-Jenkins AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) noise modeling strategy. The strategy begins with a test of the Normality assumption using a Kolomogov-Smirnov (KS) statistic. Non-Normal time series are transformed with a Box-Cox procedure is applied. A tentative ARIMA noise model is then identified from a sample AutoCorrelation function (ACF). If the sample ACF identifies a nonstationary model, the time series is differenced. Integer orders p and q of the underlying autoregressive and moving average structures are then identified from the ACF and partial autocorrelation function (PACF). Parameters of the tentative ARIMA noise model are estimated with maximum likelihood methods. If the estimates lie within the stationary-invertible bounds and are statistically significant, the residuals of the tentative model are diagnosed to determine whether the model’s residuals are not different than white noise. If the tentative model’s residuals satisfy this assumption, the statistically adequate model is accepted. Otherwise, the identification-estimation-diagnosis ARIMA noise model-building strategy continues iteratively until it yields a statistically adequate model. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA noise modeling strategy is illustrated with detailed analyses of twelve time series. The example analyses include non-Normal time series, stationary white noise, autoregressive and moving average time series, nonstationary time series, and seasonal time series. The time series models built in Chapter 3 are re-introduced in later chapters. Chapter 3 concludes with a discussion and demonstration of auxiliary modeling procedures that are not part of the Box-Jenkins strategy. These auxiliary procedures include the use of information criteria to compare models, unit root tests of stationarity, and co-integration.
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Ritchie, Karen. Psychometric assessment in older people. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0002.
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Psychometrics permits the quantification of cognition, affect and behaviour, thus permitting both the identification of pathology and degree of deviation from normality. These methods have been principally used in older populations to screen affective and cognitive disorders, as an adjunct to the differential diagnosis of different forms of cognitive dysfunction and also to describe and monitor the functional consequences of pathology. The application of psychometric tests in older populations raises several problems, notably the confounding effects of associated pathologies, changing definitions of disease threshold in parallel with advances in medical technology, and inadequate knowledge of normal information processing at higher ages. Computerized assessment, once considered inappropriate in older populations, is now commonly used to standardize administration procedures and tailor testing to individual competency. It has also permitted the more accurate measurement of information processing time, which is important in the diagnosis of many neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Newton, Hannah. ‘All is Returned’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779025.003.0007.
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This final chapter asks what it was like to resume ordinary life after serious illness: it traces the patient’s journey from the sickbed to the wider world of society and work. Organized around three areas—spatial, social, and working life—the overarching argument is that the return to normality was found to be physically liberating, socially bonding, and mentally stimulating. Ultimately, patients felt they regained not just their bodily faculties, but all the other aspects of life that they cherished, which sickness had rendered impossible, such as the enjoyment of company, the outdoors, and work. There were, however, significant downsides: residual weakness rendered daily tasks difficult for some patients, certain actions were thought to precipitate relapse, and for those who disliked socializing or working, returning to former employments could be troublesome. This argument challenges the entrenched notion that early modern people rarely retired from normal life during serious illness.
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Helmchen, Hanfried. Fuzzy boundaries and tough decisions in psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0007.
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In the field of mental disorders the boundaries between mental normality and disease are often blurred. Psychiatrists, being aware of the instrumental nature of psychiatric diagnoses, try to deal with these blurred boundaries by stipulating strict definitions of clinical categories, by operationalizing diagnoses, and by using evidence-based methods of production and algorithmic application of medical knowledge. However, the clinical uncertainties can only partially be reduced by these means, because the physician always has to consider the individuality of the patient as well as to find a helpful solution to the dilemma of not treating a treatable but only probable or even only possible disease condition versus treating a variation of normal behavior against the risk of obtaining unwanted side effects of drug therapy or stigmatization. As is shown in the chapter, subthreshold mental disorders provide illuminating illustrations of these limits of medical standardization.
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Cheng, Russell. Infinite Likelihood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0008.
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This chapter examines methods that overcome a difficulty with infinite likelihoods. In shifted threshold distributions where the PDF has the form f(y) ∼ k(b,c)(y−a)c−1, if y tends to the threshold parameter a, then the log-likelihood tends to infinity if c < 1 and a also tends to y(1) the smallest observation. The maximum likelihood (ML) method fails in this case, yielding parameter estimates that are not consistent. A method is described overcoming this problem, called the maximum product of spacings method. This yields parameter estimates with the same consistency and asymptotic normality properties as ML estimators when these exist, and which yield, when c < 1 where ML fails, consistent estimates with that for a hyper-efficient. Confidence intervals for a are difficult to obtain theoretically when c < 2. A method is given using percentiles of the stable law distribution and this is numerically compared with bootstrap confidence intervals.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Navigating research methods: basic concepts in biostatistics and epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of the basic concepts in biostatistics and epidemiology. Section 1: Basic concepts in biostatistics The concepts in biostatistics include: 1. descriptive statistical methods (which comprise of frequency distribution, distribution shapes, and measures of central tendency and dispersion); and 2. inferential statistics which is applied to make inferences about a population from the sample data. Non-probability and probability sampling methods are outlined. This section provides simple explanation of the complex concepts of significance tests and confidence intervals and their corresponding interpretation. Correlation and regression methods used to describe the association between two quantitative variables are also explained. This section also provides an overview of when to use which statistical test given the type of data and the nature of the research question. Section 2: Basic concepts in epidemiology This section begins with the definitions of normality. Next, the interpretation of diagnostic tests and clinical prediction are explained and the definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value are provided. The relationship between these four constructs is discussed. The application of this concepts in the treatment and prevention is discussed.
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Piacentini, John, Audra Langley, and Tami Roblek. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Childhood OCD. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195310511.001.0001.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has shown to be effective in the treatment of childhood OCD. This online Therapist Guide outlines a 12-session CBT-based treatment for OCD that benefits not only children and adolescents, but their families as well. Each session incorporates a family therapy component in addition to individual treatment for the child. It is a combined approach program that educates the child and family about OCD in order to reduce negative feelings of guilt and blame and to normalise family functioning. It also provides guidelines for conducting both imaginal and in vivo exposures, which are techniques at the core of helping children reduce their anxiety. For use with children ages 8 to 17, this online resource is an indispensable tool for clinicians helping children and their families cope with OCD.
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Hitlin, Steven, and Sarah K. Harkness. The Theory of Inequality and Moral Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.003.0006.
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This chapter brings together the strands of theory and research discussed previously to introduce our theory on inequality and morality. The general argument is that in societies with greater economic inequality, the negative sanctioning-based moral emotions of anger, contempt, disgust, shame, and the like will be more frequent and severe. Societies with lower levels of inequality will conversely normalize and exhibit the more positive moral emotions of self-transcendence (compassion, praise, and empathy). Inequality thus begets negative moral emotions. These various emotional reactions to moral events not only affect everyday interaction, but also overlap with criminal justice systems’ reactions to those who offend societies’ moral codes. The more negative the moral reaction in a society, the more likely events are to prompt feelings associated with condemning others, the more the criminal justice system will be similarly focused on sanctioning as opposed to rehabilitation.
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Kelly, Michael J., Erika Moreno, and Richard C. Witmer, eds. The Cuba-U.S. Bilateral Relationship. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687366.001.0001.
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At the end of President Barack Obama’s second term, it appeared that the United States and Cuba might be on track to normalize relations after five decades of Cold War animus. These hopes seemed dashed by the results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, which brought to power a candidate that made clear his desire to undo Obama’s signature policies. Drawing insight from the political, economic, and legal spheres, The Cuba-U.S. Bilateral Relationship: New Pathways and Policy Choices examines possible ways forward for the two former Cold War adversaries. Topping the list of issues that requiring attention include outstanding property claims, now worth over $8 billion, that date back to the 1959 Revolution, establishing U.S.-Cuban economic relationships in multiple sectors of the economy, and an array of contentious political issues in both Cuba and the United States. This volume addresses these issues by raising challenging policy questions, providing thought-provoking observations, offering insightful commentary, and positing viable policy choices across a range of political, legal, and economic issues.
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Hawley, George. The Alt-Right. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190905194.001.0001.
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In recent years, the so-called Alt-Right, a white nationalist movement, has grown at an alarming rate. Taking advantage of high levels of racial polarization, the Alt-Right seeks to normalize explicit white identity politics. Growing from a marginalized and disorganized group of Internet trolls and propagandists, the Alt-Right became one of the major news stories of the 2016 presidential election. Discussions of the Alt-Right are now a regular part of political discourse in the United States and beyond. In The Alt-Right: What Everyone Needs to Know® , George Hawley, one of the world's leading experts on the conservative movement and right-wing radicalism, provides a clear explanation of the ideas, tactics, history, and prominent figures of one of the most disturbing movements in America today. Although it presents itself as a new phenomenon, the Alt-Right is just the latest iteration of a longstanding radical right-wing political tradition. The Alt-Right represents a genuine challenge to pluralistic liberal democracy, but its size and influence are often exaggerated. Whether intentionally or not, President Donald Trump energized the Alt-Right in 2016, yet conflating Trump's variety of right-wing politics with the Alt-Right causes many observers to both overestimate the Alt-Right's size and downplay its radicalism. Hawley provides a tour of the contemporary radical right, and explains how it differs from more mainstream varieties of conservatism. In dispassionate and accessible language, he orients readers to this disruptive and potentially dangerous political moment.
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Dinello, Dan. Children of Men. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781999334024.001.0001.
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A mirror of tomorrow, Alfonso Cuarón's visionary Children of Men (2006) was released to good reviews and a poor box office but is now regarded by many as a twenty-first-century masterpiece. Its propulsive story dramatizes a dystopian future when an infertile humanity hurtles toward extinction and an African refugee holds the key to its survival. Cuarón creates a documentary of the near future when Britain's totalitarian government hunts down and cages refugees like animals as the world descends into violent chaos. In the midst of xenophobia and power abuses that have led to a permanent state of emergency, Children of Men inspires with a story of hope and political resistance. This book explicates Children of Men's politically progressive significance in the context of today's rise of authoritarianism and white nationalism. Though topical at the time, the film now feels as if it's been torn from today's headlines. Examining the film from ideological, psychological, and philosophical perspectives, the book explores the film's connection to post-9/11 apocalyptic narratives, its evolutionary twist to the nativity story, its warning about the rise of neofascism, and its visual uniqueness as science-fiction, delving into the film's gritty hyper-realistic style and the innovative filmic techniques developed by director Cuarón and his cinematographer, Emmanuel Lubezki. The book explores the film's criticism of the pathologies of a reactionary politics that normalize discriminatory hierarchies and perpetuate vast differences in privilege. Children of Men prods us to imagine an egalitarian alternative with a narrative that urges emotional identification with rebels, outcasts, and racial and ethnic outsiders.
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de Rond, Mark. Doctors at War. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501705489.001.0001.
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This book is a candid account of a trauma surgical team based, for a tour of duty, at a field hospital in Helmand, Afghanistan. It tells of the highs and lows of surgical life in hard-hitting detail, bringing to life a morally ambiguous world in which good people face impossible choices and in which routines designed to normalize experience have the unintended effect of highlighting war's absurdity. With stories that are at once comical and tragic, the book captures the surreal experience of being a doctor at war. It lifts the cover on a world rarely ever seen, let alone written about, and provides a poignant counterpoint to the archetypical, adrenaline-packed, macho tale of what it is like to go to war. Here the crude and visceral coexist with the tender and affectionate. The book tells of well-meaning soldiers at hospital reception, there to deliver a pair of legs in the belief that these can be reattached to their comrade, now in mid-surgery; of midsummer Christmas parties and pancake breakfasts and late-night sauna sessions; of interpersonal rivalries and banter; of caring too little or too much; of tenderness and compassion fatigue; of hell and redemption; of heroism and of playing God. This is one of the first books ever to bring to life the experience of the doctors and surgical teams tasked with mending what war destroys.
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F, Weetman G., Canadian Forestry Service, and Service canadien des forêts, eds. Interprovincial forest fertilization program, 1968-1983 : standardized fertilizer installations in 81 unmanaged middle-aged stands in seven provinces, final report : results of ten-year growth remeasurements =: Programme interprovincial de fertilisation des forêts, 1968-1983 : 81 dispositifs expérimentaux normalisés établis dans des peuplements non aménagés d'âge moyen de 7 provinces, rapport final : résultats des remesurages de l'acroissement décennal. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Forestry Service = Service canadien des forêts, 1987.
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Díaz Alvarado, Hugo. Efecto de ácido tauroursodeoxicólico sobre los desórdenes cardiorrespiratorios en insuficiencia cardiaca. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/20.500.12728/87482020dcbm8.
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La insuficiencia cardiaca (HF) es una de las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial y su incidencia irá aumentando con el tiempo. Durante la HF, la disfunción del sistema nervioso simpático (SNS) se relaciona con mayores tasas de mortalidad, y al día no se cuentan con estrategias efectivas para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca no-isquémica (HFpEF). Se ha identificado que las neuronas catecolaminérgicas del troncoencéfalo en la zona rostral ventrolateral (C1 RVLM) juegan un rol fundamental en el desbalance autonómico y en la disfunción cardiorrespiratoria en la HFpEF. Sin embargo, los mecanismos celulares y moleculares responsables de su sobreactivación durante este síndrome no han sido estudiados con profundidad. Se ha demostrado que la señalización de estrés de retículo (ERS) participa de forma importante en la sobre- activación de núcleos centrales de control del SNS en HF isquémica, sin embargo, se desconoce si existe ERS a nivel central durante la HFpEF. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo de tesis fue determinar la presencia y contribución de la ERS en la RVLM en los desórdenes cardio respiratorios y autonómicos en ratas con HFpEF. Se indujo HFpEF de forma quirúrgica en ratas Sprague-Dawley, a las cuales se les administró TUDCA (ácido tauroursodeoxicólico, un inhibidor característico de ERS) de forma intracerebroventricular durante 4 semanas una vez establecida la enfermedad. Comparadas con las ratas HFpEF tratadas con vehículo, la administración de TUDCA en HFpEF (HF+Veh vs. HF+TUDCA, p<0.05) previno la hipertrofia cardiaca (HW/BW 4.4±0.3 vs. 4.0±0.1mg/g;) y produjo una marcada restauración de la función diastólica (EDP: 4.9±0.6 vs. 3.7±0.4mmHg). Además, la administración de TUDCA mejoró el control autonómico cardiaco (LF/HFHRV ratio 3.02±0.29 vs. 1.14±0.24), redujo la incidencia de arritmias (141.5±26.7 vs. 35.67±12.5 eventos/h;) y normalizó los desórdenes respiratorios (Apneas: 11.83±2.26 vs. 4.33±1.80 eventos/h). El análisis molecular reveló un aumento en la expresión de biomarcadores de ERS (aumento de 3 veces en la expresión de BiP, CHOP y sXBP1), neuroinflamación (7 veces TNF-α y 3 veces IL-1β) y del Sistema Renina-Angiotensina (6 veces AT1 y 9 veces NOX2) en la RVLM en ratas con HFpEF y su consecuente disminución tras el tratamiento con TUDCA. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren un efecto beneficioso de TUDCA sobre la fisiopatología de la HFpEF, lo que podría significar una nueva estrategia terapéutica para futuros estudios pilotos.