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1

Fialho, Melissa Proença Nogueira, Célia Regina Maio Pinzan-Vercelino, Rodrigo Proença Nogueira, and Júlio de Araújo Gurgel. "Relationship between facial morphology, anterior open bite and non-nutritive sucking habits during the primary dentition stage." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 3 (2014): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.19.3.108-113.oar.

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INTRODUCTION: Non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs) can cause occlusal alterations, including anterior open bite (AOB). However, not all patients develop this malocclusion. Therefore, the emergence of AOB does not depend on deleterious habits, only. OBJECTIVE: Investigate a potential association between non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs), anterior open bite (AOB) and facial morphology (FM). METHODS: 176 children in the primary dentition stage were selected. Intra and extraoral clinical examinations were performed and the children's legal guardians were asked to respond to a questionnaire comprising issues related to non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs). RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship was found between non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs) and anterior open bite (AOB). However, no association was found between these factors and children's facial morphology (FM). CONCLUSIONS: Non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs) during the primary dentition stage play a key role in determining anterior open bite (AOB) malocclusion regardless of patient's morphological facial pattern (FM).
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FREIRE, Gabriela Lopes Mesquita, Junia Carolina Linhares FERRARI, and Célio PERCINOTO. "Association between maternal breastfeeding and the development of non-nutritive sucking habits." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 63, no. 2 (2015): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720150002000012295.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of maternal breastfeeding time with the introduction of non-nutritive sucking habits in children attending the Baby Clinic at the Araçatuba College of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with the parents/legal guardians of 228 children, with the aim of obtaining information about the period of natural breastfeeding, the presence of non-nutritive sucking habits and the duration of the habit. A descriptive analysis of the results was performed. RESULTS: It was found that 42.5% of mothers nursed their children up to 6 months, and exclusive maternal breastfeeding was observed in just 13% of the sample. Amongst the children who were naturally breastfed for a period of more than 6 months, only 32.8% had non-nutritive sucking habits while 67.2% did not. CONCLUSION: There was an association between the length of natural breastfeeding and acquiring non-nutritive sucking habits. The habit of sucking on a pacifier was extremely prevalent in babies that only received maternal breastfeeding in the first six months of life. All of the children that were breastfed for only six months made use of a feeding bottle to complement their diet, showing that feeding bottles are still frequently used.
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Lira, Ana de Lourdes Sá de, and Alice Rodrigues Santos. "Influence of non-nutritive sucking habits on anterior open bite." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 19 (June 15, 2020): e207468. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8657468.

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Aim: To evaluate the clinical behavior of sucking habits in children between 2 to 6 years old in a private (A1) and a public school (A2) in the state of Piauí. Methods: It was cross-sectional and quantitative study in 340 participants, 169 in A1 and 171 in A2. The researchers asked the children evaluated to keep their teeth occluded while analyzing whether there was no contact between the anterior teeth and no lip sealing, characterizing the anterior openbite for G1 or if there was contact between the incisors, with lip sealing, characterizing the control group (G2). Results: There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding bottle feeding at main meals (χ2 = 3.03; p = 0.08). However, regarding the use of a pacifier, there was a statistically significant association (χ2 = 17.99; p <0.01) between pacifier use and the presence of anterior openbite. Such association was also observed between digital sucking habit and malocclusion (χ2 = 8.99; p = 0.01). Only the parents of the children with anterior openbite noticed the disharmony in the occlusion. It can be deduced that there was an awareness of parents /guardians about the disharmony generated by non-nutritive sucking habits. Conclusion: Nonnutritive sucking habits influenced the appearance of the anterior open bite in children with deciduous dentition. Nonnutritive sucking habits, such as digital sucking and pacifiers, are significantly associated with the presence of anterior open bite. Breastfeeding is important in preventing this malocclusion.
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Hanzer, Marie, Heinz Zotter, Werner Sauseng, Gerhard Pichler, Wilhelm Müller, and Reinhold Kerbl. "Non-Nutritive Sucking Habits in Sleeping Infants." Neonatology 97, no. 1 (2010): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000231518.

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5

Vasconcelos, Flávia Maria Nassar de, Andreza Cristina de Lima Targino Massoni, Mônica Vilela Heimer, Angela Maria Brito Ferreira, Cíntia Regina Tornisiello Katz, and Aronita Rosenblatt. "Non-nutritive sucking habits, anterior open bite and associated factors in Brazilian children aged 30-59 months." Brazilian Dental Journal 22, no. 2 (2011): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402011000200009.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite as well as their main causes (associated factors) in Brazilian children aged 30-59 months. A cross-sectional study was carried out during the National Immunization Day for polio in the city of Recife in the northeastern region of Brazil. The sample was made up of 1,308 children. Data were collected from interviews with mothers or guardians as well as from clinical examinations carried out by previously trained dental students. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis at 5% significance level. The prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits was 40%, and the habits were associated with gender (p=0.001), age (p=0.003) and feeding type (p<0.001). Anterior open bite was detected in 30.4% of children, and it was significantly associated with feeding type (p<0.001) and non-nutritive sucking habits (p<0.001). The variables found to be associated factors in the present study for the occurrence of non-nutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite emphasize the need to establish strategies that include orientation regarding health promotion based on the "common determining factors" approach. Public health policies should be adopted to encourage a longer duration of breastfeeding, thereby contributing towards reducing the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite.
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KAYMAZ, Nazan, Şule YILDIRIM, Sibel CEVİZCİ, et al. "Infants' Non-Nutritive Sucking Habits and Childhood Obesity." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatrics 25, no. 2 (2016): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/pediatr.2015-49170.

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Bak, Seunghyo, Nanyoung Lee, Sangho Lee, and Hyeran Jeong. "Non-nutritive Sucking Habits of Preschool Children in Daejeon." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 41, no. 3 (2014): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2014.41.3.247.

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8

Luzzi, Valeria, Marinella Guaragna, Gaetano Ierardo, et al. "Malocclusions and non-nutritive sucking habits: a preliminary study." Progress in Orthodontics 12, no. 2 (2011): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pio.2011.03.002.

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Bello, SO, RM Ibraheem, and A. Saka. "Knowledge of Non-nutritive Digit Sucking Among Mothers of Under-Five Children in Ilorin, Nigeria." Annals of Health Research 7, no. 3 (2021): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0703-03-132.

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Background: The sucking habits of infants can be nutritive and non-nutritive sucking. Digit-sucking is normal in babies and young children, but sometimes it may persist into early childhood. 
 Objective: To determine the burden, knowledge and belief of mothers/caregivers concerning digit sucking among under-five children.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study involving children under the age of 5 years attending the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, was conducted. The mothers of selected children were surveyed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire.
 Results: The prevalence of non-nutritive digit sucking was 45.8%. While 68 (43.9%) of these children sucked their digits, 3 (1.9%) sucked pacifiers. The thumb and two digits were the preferred digits (52.9%). Sucking was done while awake in 36 (52.9%) children while 32 (47.1%) sucked whether awake or sleeping. Most (60.3%) mothers have the wrong perception of digit sucking and had attempted to discourage it.
 Conclusions: The prevalence of non-nutritive and digit sucking was high in the population studied. Sucking occurs while awake and asleep, both day and night. Most mothers have the wrong perception of digit sucking and had attempted its stoppage.
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Al Duliamy, Munad J. "Impact of two non-nutritive sucking patterns on the development of anterior open bite in children of two kindergartens in Baghdad city." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 32, no. 4 (2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v32i4.2913.

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Background: Non-nutritive sucking habit (NNSH) is the main environmental causative factor that disturbs normal orofacial development. In spite of the harmful effect of pacifier as a NNSH, mothers aware from the other types of NNSH like thumb sucking far more than pacifier use. Open bite is one of the most challenging malocclusions in orthodontics due to the high prevalence of relapse after treatment, so preventing the causative factor of its occurrence is essential at early age of child life. This study aims to assess the impact of two non-nutritive patterns on the development of anterior open bite in primary dentition and to compare which of these habits mostly affect open bite development. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 313 Iraqi children (135 boys, 178 girls), aged 3-5 years, enrolled at two public kindergartens in Baghdad city, the Capital of Iraq. A pre-tested questionnaire with clinical examination were used to obtain data regarding thumb sucking, pacifier and the presence of open bite. Excel sheets were used for data processing, and Chi square test was used in data analysis. Results: There was a significant association between NNSH and the development of open bite (p value = 0.01). No gender differences in open bite prevalence were observed. The prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and open bite was 63.11% and 52.9% respectively with no gender difference. There was no significant differences between the effect of pacifier and thumb sucking habits on the development of an anterior open bite. Conclusion: Both pacifier and thumb sucking at preschool age are significant causative factors that lead to development of open bite in primary dentition. Encouraging mothers to ban and discontinue pacifier and thumb sucking habits as early as possible in the child's life is a crucial factor to prevent open bite development. On the other hand if general health of the child indicates the use of pacifier, mothers should use an orthodontic pacifier and for short time
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11

Peres, Karen Glazer, Aluísio J. D. Barros, Marco Aurélio Peres, and César Gomes Victora. "Effects of breastfeeding and sucking habits on malocclusion in a birth cohort study." Revista de Saúde Pública 41, no. 3 (2007): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102007000300004.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of malocclusion and to examine the effects of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits on dentition in six-year-old children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out nested into a birth cohort conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1999. A sample of 359 children was dentally examined and their mothers interviewed. Anterior open bite and posterior cross bite were recorded using the Foster & Hamilton criteria. Information regarding breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected at birth, in the first, third, sixth and 12th months of life, and at six years of age. Control variables included maternal schooling and child's birthweight, cephalic perimeter, and sex. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of anterior open bite was 46.2%, and that of posterior cross bite was 18.2%. Non-nutritive sucking habits between 12 months and four years of age and digital sucking at age six years were the main risk factors for anterior open bite. Breastfeeding for less than nine months and regular use of pacifier between age 12 months and four years were risk factors for posterior cross bite. Interaction between duration of breastfeeding and the use of pacifier was identified for posterior cross bite. CONCLUSIONS: Given that breastfeeding is a protective factor for other diseases of infancy, our findings indicate that the common risks approach is the most appropriate for the prevention of posterior cross bite in primary or initial mixed dentition.
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12

Jahanbin, A., N. Mokhber, and A. Jabbarimani. "Association between sociodemographic factors and nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits among Iranian girls." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 16, no. 11 (2010): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2010.16.11.1143.

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13

Nascimento, Mauro Henrique Andrade, Telma Martins de Araújo, and Andre Wilson Machado. "Severe Anterior Open Bite during Mixed Dentition Treated with Palatal Spurs." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 40, no. 3 (2016): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.3.247.

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Deleterious oral habits, such as non-nutritive sucking or tongue thrusting, if not intercepted at an early stage can cause complex malocclusions. This manuscript describes a clinical case report of a successful interception of a severe anterior dental open bite caused by thumb sucking and tongue thrusting habits. The case involved a six-year-old female patient treated with the use of palatal spurs and maxillary removable crib followed by monitoring the development of dental occlusion. At the end of the interceptive phase acceptable results were achieved, showing the efficacy of the treatment undertaken as well the importance of an early intervention to remove harmful oral habits.
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14

Al-Hussyeen, Al Johara A. "Attitudes of Saudi mothers towards prolonged non-nutritive sucking habits in children." Saudi Dental Journal 22, no. 2 (2010): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2010.02.002.

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15

Golovachova, Elene, Tinatin Mikadze, and Otar Darjania. "Prevalence of Malocclusion and Associated Variables in Preschool Children of Tbilisi, Georgia." Open Dentistry Journal 15, no. 1 (2021): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210602115010457.

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Background: Primary dentition is a determinant for future permanent occlusion. Objective: This aimed to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and associated variables in the primary dentition among preschoolers in the city of Tbilisi, Georgia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among kindergarten children aged 3–5 years. Orthodontic characteristics were assessed by one calibrated clinician (E.G). Questionnaires were given to parents to record associated variables like general health problems, functional changes, and the presence of non-nutritive sucking habits. Results: A total of 396 participants aged 3-5 were included in the study. The prevalence of malocclusion was 49.8%, without significant differences among genders. The prevalence of Class II malocclusion was 21.2%(±4.091), followed by a deep overbite, i.e, 10.7% (±3.14), crossbite, i.e, 7% (±2.561), anterior open bite, i.e, 6.9%, and Class III malocclusion, i.e, 1.6% (±1.513). A total of 41.5% of children with breathing problems had Class II and 13% had crossbite. Speech disorder in 46.8% of cases was associated with anterior open bite. Pacifier users had Class II in 22.5%, deep overbite in 12.2%, and open bite in 9.2% of cases. There was a high prevalence of anterior open bite (25.2%) in children with a thumb-sucking habit (RR=4.90). These data sets are statistically reliable (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Almost half of the evaluated preschoolers had malocclusion. The most frequent disorder was Class II. Malocclusion is associated with non-nutritive sucking habits and mouth breathing.
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Santos Neto, Edson Theodoro dos, Adauto Emmerich Oliveira, Rodrigo Walter Barbosa, Eliana Zandonade, and Zilda Fagundes Lima Oliveira. "The influence of sucking habits on occlusion development in the first 36 months." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 17, no. 4 (2012): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512012000400019.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the influence of sucking habits on the occlusal characteristics of the deciduous dentition. METHODS: The initial sample consisted of 86 infants, aged 0 to 3 months. Seven home visits were performed, when and information on breastfeeding practice, nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits, mouth breathing and dentition development was collected. From the first sample, impressions of the dental arches were obtained from 58 children at the age of 36 months (+2.51SD). Dental casts were obtained and two examiners, trained and calibrated by the Kappa and Pearson Correlation tests, measured several parameters of dental occlusion, such as arch length, depth, and width. RESULTS: The results showed that bottle feeding before 6 months was associated to an increased mandibular intermolar width (p=0.01). Pacifier use before 6 months was statistically associated to a reduction of the maxillary intercanine (p=0.03) and intermolar (p=0.03) width. In addition to these findings, the increased molar depth of the maxillary arch was associated to loss of lip closure before the age of 12 months (p= 0.03). CONCLUSION: According to these results, it could be concluded that sucking habits interfere with the determination of some deciduous occlusal characteristics: pacifier sucking limits lateral-lateral maxillary growth, bottle feeding favors lateral-lateral mandibular growth and open bite development, and the lack of lip closure favors the anteroposterior maxillary growth.
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Sousa, Raulison Vieira de, Gabriella Lima Arrais Ribeiro, Ramon Targino Firmino, Carolina Castro Martins, Ana Flávia Granville-Garcia, and Saul Martins Paiva. "Prevalence and Associated Factors for the Development of Anterior Open Bite and Posterior Crossbite in the Primary Dentition." Brazilian Dental Journal 25, no. 4 (2014): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300003.

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The aim of the study was to verify the prevalence of anterior open bite (AOB) and posterior cross-bite (PC) in the primary dentition and the association with sociodemographic factors, presence and duration of nutritive and non-nutritive habits. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 732 preschoolers in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Clinical exams were performed by three calibrated examiners (Kappa: 0.85-0.90). A questionnaire addressing sociodemographic data as well as nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits was administered to parents/caregivers. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and Poisson regression analysis (α=5%). The prevalence of AOB and PC was 21.0% and 11.6%, respectively. AOB was significantly associated with the three-year-old age group (PR: 1.37; 95%CI: 1.24-1.52), enrollment in public school (PR: 1.09; 95%CI: 1.01-1.17) and duration of pacifier sucking ≥36 months (PR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.30-1.53). PC was associated with pacifier use (PR: 1.11; 95%CI: 1.05-1.17) and duration of breastfeeding <12 months (PR: 1.05; 95%CI: 1.00-1.10). Socioeconomic factors appear not to be related to AOB or PC in the primary dentition, except type of preschool. Breastfeeding should be encouraged for longer periods and the use of pacifier beyond 3 years of age represents a predisposing factor for both types of malocclusion, especially AOB.
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Fernandes, IzabellaBarbosa, TúlioSilva Pereira, Joana Ramos-Jorge, LeandroSilva Marques, MariaLetícia Ramos-Jorge, and MonizeFerreira Figueiredo de Carvalho. "Non-nutritive sucking habits after three years of age: A case-control study." Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 33, no. 1 (2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.148965.

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Veitz-Keenan, Analia. "Insufficient evidence to recommend a treatment to stop non-nutritive sucking habits in children." Evidence-Based Dentistry 16, no. 3 (2015): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6401119.

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Xhemnica, Rozela, Elsena Mataj, and Rroço Milton. "Prevalence of Oral Habits in Dentalanomalies." European Journal of Natural Sciences and Medicine 4, no. 2 (2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/369eft80t.

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There are a lot of oral habits in which are included even non-nutritional habits. The role of these habits has been evidenced in the development of different malocclusion in each plane, vertical, transversal and sagittal ones. The reason why habits can cause such problems is based on equilibrium theory. The main purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of non-nutritional habits and their effect development of dental anomalies. The method of this study was descriptive in prospectively. Its duration was 20 months. The age of children taken in this study vary from 6 to 15 years old and was selected casually at clinics of “University of Mother of Good Council” and two private clinics. Results we were able to fill the questionnaires of 194 patients in which 50.3% of them were females and 43.1% of them were males. According to the age of children, there was a frequency of 46.7% of 6-10 years old children and 53.3% of 11-15 years old ones. Results on the frequency of non-nutritive habits were about 64% of fake pacifier usage, in which there was a variety of percentage of time when it was used. Meanwhile, thumb sucking resulted in 10.20 % of results, lip biting or sucking 7.10%. Conclusions: This group age was very often in predisposition to have such habits. Our results confirm the impact of these habits in the development of different malocclusions. We recommend applying preventive strategies so we can avoid the installation of these habits and such malocclusions.
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MONTALDO, LUISA, PAOLO MONTALDO, PASQUALE CUCCARO, NEVIO CARAMICO, and GENNARO MINERVINI. "Effects of feeding on non-nutritive sucking habits and implications on occlusion in mixed dentition." International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 21, no. 1 (2010): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263x.2010.01092.x.

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Heimer, M. V., C. R. Tornisiello Katz, and A. Rosenblatt. "Non-nutritive sucking habits, dental malocclusions, and facial morphology in Brazilian children: a longitudinal study." European Journal of Orthodontics 30, no. 6 (2008): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjn035.

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23

Stockman, J. A. "Association between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusion in the primary dentition." Yearbook of Pediatrics 2008 (January 2008): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3954(08)70328-2.

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Vazquez-Nava, F. "Association between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusion in the primary dentition." Archives of Disease in Childhood 91, no. 10 (2006): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.088484.

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Pereira, Daiane, Karine Costa, Luciana Teixeira, Nadia Lunardi, Eloisa Boeck, and Karina Pizzol. "Removal program of nonnutritive sucking habits based on simple actions and parents and children motivation." Journal of Research in Dentistry 2, no. 5 (2014): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v2e52014428-437.

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AIM: This research aims to present a program that uses simple measures and practices for the child becomes motivated to remove the habit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of children aged 3-6 years, of both genders, with habit of finger or pacifier sucking enrolled in preschools in the municipal education of Araraquara, S.P (Brazil). The methodology can be divided into three parts: 1. Parents orientation about the need and importance of immediate abandonment of the habit; 2. Problem presentation for the child; 3. Development of playful activities. It was considered as a parameter for successful cases when the habit was removed within 8 weeks from the beginning of the work. RESULTS: As a result, it was observed that when the children were motivated, most of them removed the habit, reducing the chances of future malocclusions. CONCLUSION: It is considered that the presented method is an alternative to be used by professionals such as dentists, psychologists, pediatricians and speech therapists in helping to care for children with non-nutritive sucking habit.
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Scavone-Junior, Helio, Rívea Inês Ferreira, Tadeu Evandro Mendes, and Flávio Vellini Ferreira. "Prevalence of posterior crossbite among pacifier users: a study in the deciduous dentition." Brazilian Oral Research 21, no. 2 (2007): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242007000200010.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of posterior crossbite among children whose pacifier-sucking habit persisted until different ages. Children aged 3 to 6 years were randomly selected from public preschools in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Their mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire on non-nutritive sucking behaviors. The sample consisted of 366 children assigned to 2 groups: control (n = 96) and pacifier users (n = 270). Pacifier users were further assigned to 3 subgroups, according to the age of habit persistence: P1 - until 2 years of age; P2 - between 2 and 4 years of age; and P3 - between 4 and 6 years of age. One dentist assessed the children for occlusal relationships through clinical examination. Associations between the age interval of habit discontinuation and the prevalence of posterior crossbite were analyzed using the chi-square test (p < 0.05). The prevalence of posterior crossbite was significantly higher among pacifier users (20.4%), compared to control children (5.2%), p < 0.01. Unilateral posterior crossbite was more prevalent than bilateral crossbite among pacifier users (9.8% versus 3.6%). Functional posterior crossbites were diagnosed in 3.1% of the control children and 7% of the pacifier users. The frequencies of posterior crossbite were notably high for children in the 3 pacifier subgroups, P1, P2, and P3, corresponding to 17.2%, 16.9%, and 27.3%, respectively. The high prevalence of posterior crossbite may be associated with pacifier-sucking habits that persisted after 2 years of age.
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Karjalainen, S., O. Rönning, H. Lapinleimu, and O. Simell. "Association between early weaning, non-nutritive sucking habits and occlusal anomalies in 3-year-old Finnish children." International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 9, no. 3 (2001): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-263x.1999.00133.x.

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Mendoza, Pedro, Julieta Méndez, Damiana Florentín, Gloria Martínez, Gloria Aguilar, and Carlos Miguel Ríos-González. "Prevalencia de hábitos de succión no nutritiva y su relación con maloclusión y anomalías dentomaxilares en preescolares de Cnel. Oviedo, Paraguay." Memorias del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud 17, no. 3 (2019): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/mem.iics/1812-9528/2019.017.03.49-054.

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Ozawa, Nobuya, Sakumitsu Hamada, Fumiko Takekoshi, and Hisaaki Shinji. "A study on non-nutritive sucking habits in young Japanese children —Relationships among incidence, duration, malocclusion and nursing behavior—." Pediatric Dental Journal 15, no. 1 (2005): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0917-2394(05)70031-8.

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30

Fracasso, Marina de Lourdes Calvo, Daniela Rios, Maria Gisette Arias Provenzano, and Suzana Goya. "Efficacy of an oral health promotion program for infants in the public sector." Journal of Applied Oral Science 13, no. 4 (2005): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572005000400011.

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This study compared the caries index (dmft), presence of sucking habits and facial alterations in children attended by the preventive program for infants and children assisted by spontaneous demand, at the same age, at the public sector of Maringá, PR. A total of 100 children were evaluated (1-6 years), who were divided into 2 groups: GI - children attended by the infant program with educational and preventive care and bimonthly follow-up, since the 1st year of age; GII - children assisted for conventional treatment (preventive and restorative) according to the needs, and follow-up as requested by the parents. Data collection was performed by interview with the parents and clinical examination for evaluation of the dmft and facial alterations. Analysis of data (Mann-Whitney test for dmft comparison and chi-square test for all other comparisons) demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.05) in relation to the dmft index (GI: 0.2; GII: 3.0), percentage of caries-free children (GI: 88%; GII: 57%) and non-nutritive sucking habits (GI: 47%; GII: 75%). The breastfeeding and bottle utilization practices were similar for both groups. Facial alterations were more frequently observed (p<0.05) in GII (48%) than GI (8.4%), especially for the variables (p<0.05) high arched palate (GI: 10.2%; GII: 35.4%), anterior open bite (GI: 14.2%; GII: 35.4%) and mouth breathing (GI: 6.1%; GII: 29.1%). It was concluded that the infant program is more effective than the spontaneous demand program, reaching the goal of oral health maintenance in the child population.
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Tarek, Yasmine, Shymah AlMubarak, Zahraa Aljassem, Sajidah Al_Aliwi, and Maryam Albagshi. "AWARENESS OF MOTHER WITH BABY PACIFIER." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 07 (2021): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13150.

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Introduction: Pacifiers consist of a latex or silicone nipple with a firm plastic shield and handle and are available in different forms and sizes. This is used in infant for colling and calming effect on infant however, it is related to many disadvantage and side effect on teeth of the infants. In this study we aimed to a Assess the interrelation between different on-nutritive sucking habits, pacifier use and thumb/digit sucking. Besides, Investigate the relationships between various non-nutritive sucking habits and occlusion in the primary dentition. Methodology: Following a comprehensive literature review, the questionnaire was designed and used for data collection. Then, a cross‐sectional survey was distributed throughout the internet for two months (October - November 2019) to 200 mothers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The mothers answered 16 questions, where 5 of them were self-administered, while the others followed the pacifier and their effect on Breastfeeding and teeth. Initially, the participants have answered inquiries about the demographic information. Results: The results of our study include 202 mothers in which 55.9 % were between 18 -30 years old while 88.6 % of married while 6.4 % were widowed and the rest were divorced. Moreover, 67.3 % of mothers in this study started breast feeding but stopped it, while 15.3 % still breast feeding partially, 12.9 % still breasting feeding exclusively and 4.5 % never breast fed during the process of the survey. 58.9 % of mothers agree about the use of pacifier with their infants where younger mothers were more intended to agree about using of pacifier. Considering the reason behind using of pacifier, mothers reported that 74.3 % of mothers using pacifier because of its comfort or soothing effect. Moreover, 47.1 % of the sample thought that best time to start using pacifiers is from first week of birth and 49 % of mothers in this study thought that pacifier should be used for 4 hours per day. Finally, most of mother thought that the ideal time of pacifier cessation before the first year (45%). Conclusion: As with all infant care practices, there may be multiple factors influencing the parental decision to use or not use a pacifier for the infant. Some of these factors (e.g., concerns about nipple confusion, dental concerns) may be the result of misinformation. As pacifier use has been associated with a reduced risk for SIDS, it is important for health care providers to understand and be able to address the concerns that parents may have about pacifier use. In the hospital setting, providers should be aware that parents may have strong preferences about getting educated regarding pacifier use and its consequences.
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Yonezu, Takuro, and Masashi Yakushiji. "Longitudinal Study on Influence of Prolonged Non-nutritive Sucking Habits on Dental Caries in Japanese Children from 1.5 to 3 Years of Age." Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College 49, no. 2 (2008): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2209/tdcpublication.49.59.

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33

Carcavalli, Larissa, Carolina Castro Martins, Iury Almeida Rocha, Erika Maria Parlato, and Júnia Maria Serra-Negra. "Preterm Birth, Pacifier use and Breastfeeding: is there a Relationship?" Brazilian Dental Journal 29, no. 4 (2018): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201801962.

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Abstract The immaturity of born to preterm infants may predispose to sucking difficulties. This research aimed to evaluate if pacifier use is associated with preterm birth and influenced in type of infant feeding. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil and evaluated 250 children aged 3 to 5 years. As a sample, two groups were established: the normal term children group (n=125) was selected at a day-care centre and the group of preterm children (125) was identified at a public university hospital with a preterm care project from birth to seven years of age. To collect data, a pre-tested questionnaire regarding information on gestational age, infant development, infant feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was used for both groups. Bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression was used for the statistical analysis. Pacifier use was more prevalent in the preterm group (PR=1.20, 95% CI=1.02-1.42) who used the bottle (PR=1.38, 95% CI=1.15-1.64) and were breastfed for less than six months (PR=1.19, 95% CI=1.01-1.41). The majority of breastfed infants were of normal term birth (PR=1.14, 95% CI=1.04-1.20) and had monthly family income greater than USD 450.28 (RP= 1.10, 95% CI=1.01-1.20). In this study, pacifier use was more prevalent among preterm infants and associated with less than six months of breastfeeding and used of bottle. Monthly family income was associated with a prevalence of breastfeeding.
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34

Magalhães, Luiza do Nascimento Cezar, Maria José Rodrigues, Mônica Vilela Heimer, and André Suliano de Alencar. "Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and its relation with anterior open bite in children seen in the Odontopediatric Clinic of the University of Pernambuco." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 17, no. 2 (2012): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512012000200021.

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35

Festila, Dana. "SUCKLING AND NON-NUTRITIVE SUCKING HABIT: WHAT SHOULD WE KNOW?" Clujul Medical 87, no. 1 (2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjm.2014.8872.871.df1mg2.

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36

Ainayyah, Aulia Anindita, Rika Damayanti Syarif, Donald R. Nahusona, and Mansjur Nasir. "Sucking habit and malocclusion in children: a literature review." Makassar Dental Journal 10, no. 3 (2021): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35856/mdj.v10i3.461.

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Malocclusion is an occlusion that deviates from normal conditions, there is irregularity tooth or incorrect placement of dental arches outside the normal curve. Malocclusion can be caused by various factors, such as sucking habit. Sucking habit is divided into nutritive sucking habit and non-nutritive sucking habit. This literature review is aimed to describe the roles of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habit on malocclusion. Eleven articles were obtained through articles search engines such as Google Scho-lar and PubMed. From the literature search, it was found that breast feeding and bottle feeding do not cause malocclusion, but several studies stated that bottle feeding can cause malocclusion. Meanwhile, finger sucking and pacifying are considered to cause malocclusion. Nutritive sucking habit and non-nutritive sucking habit are also related, children who do not breastfeed di-rectly from their mother or breastfeed less than 6 months are more likely to use pacifier or suck their fingers.
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Chrisostomo, Daniela Alvim, and Robson Frederico Cunha. "Association between breastfeeding profile and malocclusion of children in a preventive program." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 5 (2022): e30011528218. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.28218.

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Purpose: To analyze the influence of the breastfeeding profile on the occlusal characteristics of the primary dentition in children participating and not participating in an educational-preventive dental program as well as its influence in these aspects. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out using a questionnaire filled in by the guardians combined with the examination of the occlusal characteristics of 400 children aged between 27 and 48 months, divided into 2 groups, 200 participants of a preventive dental program, Baby Clinic (BC), and 200 from schools from the city, not participating in a preventive dental program. The questionnaire included retrospective information on duration, type and form of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSH). Clinical evaluation of dental occlusion was also performed, using the malocclusion index recommended by the World Health Organization. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: In both groups, a high percentage of mothers breastfed their children (90% BC; 84.5% schools); high percentage of children had NNSH (64.5% BC; 57.5% schools), as well as a high rate of dental malocclusion (63% BC; 58% schools), the main one being anterior open bite (20.5% BC; 15% schools). In both groups, a lower occurrence of malocclusion was observed in children who were exclusively breastfed for up to six months (29.5% BC; 16.5% schools). Conclusions: our results indicated that children who were breastfed up to 6 months had a lower occurrence of malocclusion compared to those who were weaned early.
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38

Rosenberg, Maris D. "Thumbsucking." Pediatrics In Review 16, no. 2 (1995): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.16.2.73.

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Thumbsucking is a form of non-nutritive sucking occurring as early as the 29th week of gestation; it is seen commonly in infants and peaks at 18 to 21 months of age. Developmentally normal children possess an inherent biological drive for sucking, the explanation for which can be found in both psychoanalytic and learning theory. Psychoanalytic theory contends that non-nutritive sucking represents a biological drive resulting from pleasurable stimulation of the lips and mouth; learning theory proposes that the infant learns to associate sucking with pleasurable feelings such as satiety or being held. Whatever the theoretical basis, thumbsucking generally is viewed as a biological drive that develops into a habit, which in the majority of cases resolves by age 4 years, but can persist much longer.
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U., Deepika, Krishnaveni L., Susmita Murmu, Kanika Chopra, Prasanna Kumar Sahoo, and Prayas Ray. "A UNIQUE HABIT-BREAKING THERAPY: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH (PKS APPROACH)." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 11 (2021): 896–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13818.

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Digit/Finger sucking is a non-nutritive habit resulting in malocclusion. This habit is considered to be normal till the third decade of life. Both the parent and the child need to understand the etiology, nature, and manifestation of the habit. Along with the habit-breaking appliance, counseling also plays an important role in quitting the habit. This paper discloses, an innovative habit-breaking appliance which is chair-sided, less complicated than other habit-breaking appliance used.
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Maia, M., F. P. Figueiredo, M. A. Barbieri, A. A. M. Silva, S. R. Loureiro, and H. Bettiol. "P-281 - Prolonged non-nutritive suckling habits are associated with emotional and behavioral problems in school-age children." European Psychiatry 27 (January 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(12)74448-6.

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41

Coimbra de Paula, Cristiane, Louize Belém de Lima Barros, Jerry Luiz Seki, Rhayanne Edith de Assis, and Walkiria Shimoya-Bittencourt. "Structural and Microbiological Analysis of Children’s Pacifiers Served in Public Health Service and Nursery." Journal of Health Sciences 22, no. 4 (2020): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2020v22n4p286-288.

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AbstractDespite the advances and advantages of breastfeeding, the non-nutritive sucking habit, especially that represented by the use of pacifiers, is still common in Brazilian children. It is estimated that two thirds of children will receive bottles and pacifiers at some point in the first year of life. The frequency of use and the possibility of contamination by harmful microorganisms may lead to the development of opportunistic infections affecting the children’s health. The objective of the study was to conduct a microbiological and structural analysis of pacifiers for children treated in public services and daycare centers. A cross-sectional study was carried out with pacifiers for children aged 6 to 36 months. The collected pacifier was placed in a sterile individualized container and transferred to the laboratory for analysis. The children’s pacifiers who are cared for in public health services and day care centers are contaminated not only the dirty ones but also the visually clean ones. The potentially pathogenic microorganisms found were mainly fungi and bacteria, Candida, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, respectively.
 Keywords: Pacifiers. Microbiology. Child Health.
 ResumoApesar dos avanços e vantagens da amamentação, o hábito de sucção não nutritiva, principalmente o representado pelo uso de chupetas, ainda é comum nas crianças Brasileiras. Estima-se que dois terços das crianças receberão mamadeiras e chupetas em algum momento no primeiro ano de vida. À frequência de uso e a possibilidade de contaminação por microrganismos nocivos podem levar ao desenvolvimento de infecções oportunistas prejudicando a saúde das crianças. O Objetivo do estudo doi fazer análise microbiológica e estrutural das chupetas de crianças atendidas em serviços públicos e creches. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com chupetas de crianças na faixa etária entre 6 a 36 meses de idade. A chupeta recolhida foi acondicionada em recipiente individualizado estéril e transferida ao laboratório para analises. As chupetas das crianças que são atendidas em serviços de saúde pública e creches estão contaminadas tanto as sujas quanto as visualmente limpas. Os microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos encontrados foram principalmente fungos e bactérias, respectivamente Candida, Streptocuccus e Pseudomonas.
 Palavras-chave: Chupetas. Microbiologia. Saúde da Criança.
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42

Erum Behroz Khan, Ayesha Bibi, Hunny, Danish Ali Mottani, and Sarvaich Kumar. "Relationship of early weaning and non-nutritive sucking habits with facial development." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, January 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.3249.

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Objective: To determine the frequency of malocclusion features, convex facial profile and non-nutritive sucking habits among children with and without early weaning. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, from June to December 2020, and comprised of either gender aged 3-6 years. The subjects were clinically examined, and details of lactation period, bottle feeding, thumb and pacifiers sucking were gathered from the parents to assess association with malocclusion. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 180 subjects, 100(55.5%) were boys and 80(45.5%) were girls. There was significant association of early weaning with non-nutritive sucking habits, absent primate spaces, deviated midlines, and complete overbite (p<0.05). Breastfeeding <2 years was significantly associated with anterior crossbite (p<0.05). Early weaning had no association with convex facial profile, distoclusion, anterior and posterior crossbite and increased overjet (p>0.05). Non-nutritive sucking habits had significant relationship with deviated dental midlines (p>0.05). Conclusion: Early weaning was found to be a factor in establishing non-nutritive sucking habits, and was strongly associated with crowding, disturbed vertical overlapping of incisors and developing decreased facial height. Breastfeeding for less than the recommended duration had a tendency to lead to anterior cross-bite. Key Words: Weaning, Non-nutritive sucking habits, Malocclusion, Crowding, Overbite.
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43

"Oral Habits – Part 1: The dental effects and management of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking Oral Habits – Part 2: Beyond nutritive and non-nutritive sucking." British Dental Journal 218, no. 10 (2015): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.399.

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44

Ling, Hiu Tung Bonnie, Fung Hou Kumoi Mineaki Howard Sum, Linkun Zhang, et al. "The association between nutritive, non-nutritive sucking habits and primary dental occlusion." BMC Oral Health 18, no. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-018-0610-7.

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45

Borrie, Felicity RP, David R. Bearn, Nicola PT Innes, and Zipporah Iheozor-Ejiofor. "Interventions for the cessation of non-nutritive sucking habits in children." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, March 31, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd008694.pub2.

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46

Pavanlakshmi GP, Sapna Jyoti. "Nutritive And Non-Nutritive Sucking Habits Effect On The Developing Oro-Facial Complex; A Review." Dentistry 04, no. 03 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1122.1000203.

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47

Lopes-Freire, Gabriela Mesquita, Abel Belizario Cahuana Cárdenas, José Enrique Espasa Suarez de Deza, Josep Maria Ustrell-Torrent, Luciana Butini Oliveira, and Joan Ramon Boj Quesada JR. "Exploring the association between feeding habits, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusions in the deciduous dentition." Progress in Orthodontics 16, no. 1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40510-015-0113-x.

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48

Messayke, S., P. Franco, A. Forhan, M. N. Dufourg, M. A. Charles, and S. Plancoulaine. "Sleep habits and sleep characteristics at 1 year-old in the ELFE birth cohort study." European Journal of Public Health 29, Supplement_4 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.607.

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Abstract Infant sleep plays a critical role in his/her normal development. Sleep problems, including sleep onset difficulties (SOD) and night waking (NW), ranges from 20% to 30% in infants and young children and are partially persistent over time up to adulthood. French young children seem to have longer sleep durations and less sleep troubles than their counterparts worldwide. We here aimed at describing infants sleep characteristics (duration/24h (TST), NW, and SOD) and associated sleep habits in infants aged 1 year old from the French nationwide birth cohort ELFE. This study included 11,571 infants with information on both sleep characteristics and sleep habits (parental presence when falling asleep, eating to fall asleep, sucking pacifier or finger to sleep and the location where the infant falls asleep and ends his/her sleep). Associations were studied using multinomial logistic regressions adjusted for familial and infant characteristics. Mean TST was 13hrs36 including 2hrs54 of naps, 20% of the infants had TST ≤12hrs/24h. About 46% did not present SOD or NW, while 16% had frequent SOD and 22% had NW > 1 night over 2. Parental presence, feeding to fall asleep and infants sleep location were more frequent in infants having short sleep duration (≤12h/24h), NW and SOD. Non-nutritive sucking was associated with NW, SOD and TST>14h/24h. This work provides new information regarding infant sleep location and non-nutritive sucking that should be accounted for when considering sleep behaviors. In addition, most of identified sleep habits associated with poor sleep characteristics are accessible to prevention. Key messages French infants present better sleep characteristics than their counterparts. Most sleep habits associated with poor sleep are accessible to prevention.
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Maia-Nader, Marcela, Camilla Silva de Araujo Figueiredo, Felipe Pinheiro de Figueiredo, et al. "Factors associated with prolonged non-nutritive sucking habits in two cohorts of Brazilian children." BMC Public Health 14, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-743.

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50

Shah, Rupal, Paul Ashley, Maya Amlani, and Joseph Noar. "Non-nutritive sucking habits in a child: A clinical protocol to their prevention and management." Journal of Orthodontics, February 16, 2021, 146531252199481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465312521994815.

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Patients presenting with anterior open bites can be challenging to manage. This paper discusses the clinical features and aetiology of anterior open bites caused by non-nutritive sucking habits in a young child. It explores how these should be recognised and how certain interventions can be effective in their management. Whilst further high quality research is needed into the different methods and their effectiveness, the aim of the article is to provide a practical guide for general dental practitioners, orthodontists and paediatric dentists, who are involved in monitoring the developing dentitions of these patients.
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