Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Non-performance of contract'

Cette thèse contribue à rendre le marché de la rénovation énergétique durable et autonome. L’objectif est de contribuer à quantifier le risque de non atteinte de la performance énergétique après rénovation. Tout d’abord, nous analysons les facteurs psychologiques des ménages à prendre en compte pour améliorer les modèles de prédictions de consommation d’énergie. Via le programme Je rénove BBC, nous mettons en évidence quatre biais cognitifs impactant l’écart de la consommation d’énergie réelle et prédite. Puis, nous étudions les structures de contrats les plus appropriés pour améliorer le déroulement des chantiers, incitant les artisans à mieux travailler. D’une part, nous déterminons des contrats pour un Agent devant effectuer deux tâches et sous-estimant l’impact de l’une d’entre elles sur la performance du bâtiment. D’autre part, nous testons des incitations individuelles et collectives sur la capacité de plusieurs artisans à se coordonner selon leur formation initiale (DORéMI, …)
This thesis aims at contributing to make the energy renovation market long-lasting and self-sustaining. To achieve this, our objective is to quantify the risk of not achieving energy performance after renovation. First, we analyze households’ psychological factors that should be considered to improve energy consumption prediction models. Drawing on the Je rénove BBC program, we highlight four cognitive biases that negatively impact the difference between actual and predicted energy consumption. We then study the most appropriate contract structures improving the flow and quality of renovation projects, encouraging craftsmen to work better. On one hand, we determine optimal contracts for an Agent who has to perform two tasks and underestimates the impact of one of them on the building's performance. On the other hand, we test individual-based and group-based incentives on the ability of several real Agents (craftsmen) to coordinate, according to their initial training (DORéMI, …)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 129 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: D. Lynn Forster, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-129).

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'histoire de la clause générale de responsabilité en droit français et à son impact sur les rapports entre les régimes de responsabilité délictuelle et contractuelle. La généralité de la clause entraîne sa nécessaire subsidiarité par rapport aux règles de la responsabilité contractuelle, dans un rapport qui rappelle celui entre le droit commun et le droit spécial. Il s'ensuit que la responsabilité délictuelle doit être exclue du contrat, et que cette exclusion est d'autant plus forte et définitive que l'on se rapproche du cœur du contrat et de la fonction propre de la responsabilité contractuelle, à savoir la satisfaction par équivalent du créancier lésé. Cette subsidiarité est également à l'origine de la présence de la clause générale de responsabilité tout autour du contrat, pour régir les marges du contrat, les situations para-contractuelles. Si la nature de la responsabilité dans ces marges ne sera plus débattue, ses effets devront être tempérés pour s'adapter à la présence du contrat
This thesis focuses on the history of the general liability clause in French law, and its impact on the relationship between the regimes of delictual and contractual liability. The generality of the clause leads to its necessary subsidiarity in relation to the rules governing contractual liability, in a relationship reminiscent of that between ordinary law and special law. It follows that delictual liability must be excluded from the contract, and that this exclusion becomes stronger and more definitive the nearer one gets to the heart of the contract, and to the function proper to contractual liability, that of satisfying by equivalent the injured creditor. This subsidiarity also gives rise to the presence of the general liability clause all around the contract, to govern the margins of the contract, the para-contractual situations. While the nature of liability in these margins will no longer be debated so much, its effects will have to be tempered in order to adapt to the presence of the contract

Le contrat de travail fonde la relation de travail et institue le rapport de subordination qui se concrétise par la concession d’un pouvoir à l’employeur. C’est donc aux parties qu’il revient de définir l’étendue, le domaine et les limites du pouvoir patronal. Le salarié ne consent qu’à une subordination strictement définie et encadrée par le contrat. Une analyse objective de la volonté implicite des contractants, au regard de leurs attentes légitimes et de la finalité du pouvoir institué, et à la lumière des exigences du droit commun des contrats (notamment l’exigence de détermination de l’objet des obligations) et des droits fondamentaux (en premier lieu le droit à la protection de la santé) permet d’identifier leurs droits et obligations réciproques : quelles sont les prérogatives que l’employeur est habilité à exercer ? Quelles sont les données du rapport d’emploi qui ne peuvent être remises en cause unilatéralement ? Par ailleurs, le salarié tire du contrat plusieurs pouvoirs d’initiative (exception d’inexécution, prise d’acte) lui permettant de réagir à un manquement de l’employeur. Ceux-ci concourent à l’effectivité des prévisions contractuelles et témoignent d’une réhabilitation du salarié en tant que contractant : contractant subordonné, certes, mais contractant à part entière avant tout
The employment agreement establishes the work relationship and institutes the relation of subordination which is reflected by a grant of power to the employer. It is thus up to the parties to define the extent, scope and limits of the employer’s authority. The employee only consents to a subordination strictly defined and controlled by the contract. An objective analysis of the implicit will of the contracting parties, with regard to their legitimate expectations and the finality of the authority instituted, and in light of requirements of contract law (notably the requirement to determine the object of obligations) and fundamental rights (primarily the right to health protection) enables to identify their mutual rights and obligations: which prerogatives the employer is entitled to exercise ? Which elements of the employment relationship cannot be altered unilaterally ? Besides, there are several powers of initiatives which the employee derives from the contract (exception of non-performance, constructive dismissal) allowing the employee to react to a breach by the employer. These contribute to the effectiveness of the contractual provisions and reflect a reinstatement of the employee as contractor : a subordinate contracting party, certainly, but a contracting party in its own right first and foremost

Esta tese tem como tema o inadimplemento antecipado do contrato no direito civil brasileiro. O ponto de partida para o estudo consiste na análise de jurisprudência que originariamente utilizou a figura, desprovida de consagração legal expressa. Posteriormente, é examinada a doutrina. Diante deste material, propõe-se um modelo teórico para o entendimento do inadimplemento antecipado do contrato, ajustando-o às categorias básicas do direito das obrigações brasileiro. São apresentados seus pressupostos, elementos constitutivos e efeitos. No decorrer do trabalho, são abordados aspectos do compromisso de compra e venda, a relação obrigacional complexa, deveres acessórios e laterais, fim contratual, inadimplemento, culpa e imputabilidade, impossibilidade, perda da função social, exceção de contrato não cumprido, resolução, indenização e demanda de cumprimento.
This work has as its theme the anticipatory breach of contract in the Brazilian civil law. The starting point for the study is the analysis of cases that originally used the figure, devoid of explicit legal recognition. Subsequently, the doctrine is examined. Faced with this material, we propose a theoretical model for understanding the anticipatory breach of contract, adjusting it to the basic categories of Brazilian law of obligations. Their assumptions, constitutive elements and effects are presented. Throughout his work, aspects of purchase and sale, the complex obligatory relationship, accessories and side duties, contractual order, breach of contract, non-performance, responsability, frustration, loss of social function, termination, rescission, and action for damages.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A Excecao De Contrato Nao Cumprido.pdf: 1345371 bytes, checksum: 73c36f140b59c41fe96bcf28a38b69c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-16
Inspired by the recent constitutional focus on private law, without, however, dismissing long-standing doctrinal construction, this paper addresses the various aspects of exceptio non adimpleti contractus and its related rules, notably exceptio non rite adimpleti contractus and pleas of insecurity. In addition to recovering traditional doctrine, which is undeniably valuable, it also seeks to revisit the rules in light of the Civil Code. The study begins with a contextualized analysis of exceptio non adimpleti contractus within the sphere of the different types of exceptio. After this analysis, it seeks to clearly define the central notion of the rule in question and its sub-products, distinguishing them from other similar ones in the name of greater technical accuracy, while also establishing the requisites for application, the effects of its use, and the respective forms of dismissal. Once grounds for the rules have been established, attention is then turned to reconciling the legal exceptions in question with the new view of contracts as a social phenomenon, under the influence of contracts social function. All this is done, in the end, to conclude that there is a need to broaden the concept of party or, correspondingly, to narrow the notion of third party in both the general theory of contracts and the rules analyzed. This shall occur whenever, even in the absence of an expressed agreement, there are contracts united under a common cause; that is, part of an economic transaction and placed under the same supra-contractual cause. This as a means of seeking contractual justice, the ultimate scope of the social function of contracts, by loosening the ties that bind contractual theory to the blind cult of free will
Inspirado pela nova orientação jusprivatista de matiz constitucional, mas sem descuidar da milenar construção doutrinária de referência, este trabalho aborda os diversos aspectos da exceção de contrato não cumprido e de seus institutos correlatos, nomeadamente, exceção de contrato cumprido insatisfatoriamente e exceção de insegurança. Além de retomar a valiosa doutrina tradicional, visou-se à releitura dos institutos à luz do Código Civil. O estudo partiu da análise contextualizada da exceção de contrato não cumprido no universo das diferentes espécies de exceção. Superada esta etapa, procurou-se delimitar a noção nuclear do instituto sob enfoque e de seus subprodutos, distinguindo-os de outros congêneres, em nome de uma maior precisão técnica, estabelecendo-se, ainda, os requisitos de incidência, os efeitos de sua oposição e as respectivas formas de extinção. Postos os fundamentos dos institutos, as atenções foram voltadas à harmonização das exceções escrutinadas à nova visão do contrato enquanto fenômeno social, sob o influxo da função social do contrato. Tudo para, enfim, concluir pela necessidade de alargamento do conceito de parte ou do correspondente estreitamento da noção de terceiro assim na teoria geral dos contratos, como nos institutos analisados. Tal se dará quando, mesmo à míngua de convenção expressa, existam contratos coligados por uma causa comum, isto é, inseridos numa operação econômica e postos sob a mesma causa supracontratual. Isso, como forma de buscar a justiça contratual, escopo último da função social do contrato, pelo afrouxamento da amarras que prendiam a teoria contratual tradicional ao culto cego da autonomia da vontade

Diese Dissertation enthält vier Aufsätze zur Theorie der Anreizsetzung bei nicht-verifizierbaren Leistungsmaßen. Es werden positive Dominanzanalysen für Anreizmechanismen durchgeführt, die in realen wirtschaftlichen Situationen Anwendung finden. Der erste Aufsatz analysiert zwei Bonus-Wettbewerbe in Unternehmen. Der Prinzipal kann entweder einen Bonuspool festlegen, dessen Aufteilung von der Leistung der Agenten abhängt, oder bereits ex ante die Höhe der Boni fixieren. Eine höhere Präzision der Leistungsmessung führt nur im zweiten Fall zu stärkeren Anreizen. Die optimale Wahl des Wettbewerbs hängt von den Präferenzen der Agenten, ihren Liquiditätsbeschränkungen und den Kosten der Leistungsmessung ab. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die optimale Zuordnung von Aufgaben auf Stellen wenn relationale Verträge basierend auf subjektiven Leistungsmaßen explizite Anreizverträge ergänzen können. Die Spaltung von Aufgaben ist optimal, wenn die glaubhafte Bindung an relationale Verträge nicht möglich ist. Dagegen sollten Aufgaben immer dann gebündelt werden, wenn relationale Verträge bereits bestehen. Im dritten Aufsatz möchte ein Käufer eine Innovation erwerben. Um qualitätssteigernde Investitionen bei potentiellen Anbietern zu induzieren, kann der Käufer entweder einen fixen Preis ausschreiben oder einen Auktionsmechanismus nutzen. Obwohl Investitionen unter der Auktion immer höher sind, bevorzugt der Käufer einen fixen Preis wenn die Grenzkosten der Qualitätsmessung hoch sind oder die Produktionstechnologie starken Zufallseinflüssen unterliegt. Im letzten Aufsatz möchte ein Prinzipal das Produktionsergebnis zweier Agenten maximieren, die vor der Produktion in eine kostenreduzierende Innovation investieren können. Dabei kommt es zu Spillover-Effekten. Bei einer allgemeinen Preissubvention sind Investitionen stets zu gering, während ein Innovationswettbewerb zu Unter- und Überinvestitionen führen kann. Der Prinzipal bevorzugt eine Preissubvention bei starken Spillover-Effekten.
This thesis consists of four self-contained essays that compare real-world incentive schemes used to mitigate moral hazard problems under non-verifiable performance. The first essay contrasts the impact of the precision of performance measurement on wage costs in U- and J-type tournaments. In U-type tournaments prizes are fixed. In J-type tournaments only an overall wage sum is specified. The principal prefers a U-type tournament if workers receive a rent under limited liability and the costs of increasing precision are low. However, if workers are inequity-averse and have unlimited liability, the J-type tournament leads to lower wage costs. The second essay analyzes optimal job design when there is only one contractible and imperfect performance measure for all tasks whose contribution to firm value is non-verifiable. Task splitting is optimal when relational contracts based on firm value are not feasible. By contrast, if an agent who performs a given set of tasks receives an implicit bonus, the principal always benefits from assigning an additional task to this agent. The third essay compares an auction and a tournament in a procurement setting with non-contractible quality signals. Signals are affected by firms' non-observable investments in R&D and the procurer's precision of quality measurement. Although investments are always higher with the auction, the procurer may prefer the tournament if marginal costs of quality measurement are high or the production technology for quality is highly random. In the last essay, a principal wants to induce two agents to produce an output. Agents can undertake non-contractible investments to reduce production cost of the output. Part of this "innovation" spills over and also reduces production cost of the other agent. Agents always underinvest with a general output price subsidy, while they may or may not do so with an innovation tournament. Strong spillovers tend to favor a general output price subsidy.

L’étude renouvelée de l’exception d’inexécution présente un intérêt certain après sa consécration générale dans le Code civil. L’Ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations a introduit deux applications de l’exception d’inexécution en droit commun des contrats. La première présente une teneur « classique ». Elle permet à une partie de refuser d’exécuter son obligation tant que l’autre partie n’exécute pas la sienne (nouvel article 1219 du Code civil). La seconde est plus innovante en ce qu’elle confère une fonction anticipative à l’exception d’inexécution (nouvel article 1220 du Code civil). Le droit légal des contrats se dote ainsi d’un moyen de sanction au service de l’efficacité économique du droit. L’approche comparative de l’exception d’inexécution révèle que le droit français s’aligne avec la plupart des pays européens. L’analyse critique des nouveaux articles 1219 et 1220 du Code civil met en évidence que ces textes sont relativement incomplets et imprécis. L’étude présente vise à démontrer que la consécration de l’exception d’inexécution dans le Code civil ne permet pas de dissiper les incertitudes et les lacunes du droit jurisprudentiel antérieur. L’approche pratique renouvelée du mécanisme révèle que les juges disposent d’une importante marge de manoeuvre, donc ils pourraient décider de reprendre les solutions prétoriennes antérieures. Après la réforme du droit des contrats, les praticiens devront se référer àl’interprétation qui sera faite par les juges. L’étude propose une grille de lecture de ces nouvelles dispositions
A renewed study of the exception of non-fulfilment is of definite interest after its general recognition in the Civil Code. The Ordonnance No. 2016-131 of February 10th, 2016 reforming the contract law, the general regime and the proof of obligations introduced two applications of the exception of non-fulfilment in the common law of contracts. The first one is “classic”. It allows a party to refuse to perform its obligation as long as the other party does not perform its obligation (article 1219 Civil Code). The second is more innovative in that it confers an anticipatory function with the exception of non-fulfilment (article 1220 Civil Code). The legal law of contracts thus provides a means of penalty for the economic efficiency of the law. The comparative approach of the exception of non-fulfilment reveals that French law is in line with most European countries.The critical analysis shows that the new Articles 1219 and 1220 of the Civil Code are relatively incomplete and unclear. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that recognition of the exception of non-fulfilment in the Civil Code does not dispel uncertainties and shortcomings of previous case law. The renewed practical approach of the mechanism reveals that judges have considerable flexibility, so they could decide to take up the previous case law. The study proposes a reading grid of these new texts. After the contract law reform of 2016, practitioners will have to refer to the interpretation of the new texts that will be made by judges

This study examines how CEO characteristics influence the decision to use non-financial performance measures (NFPM) in compensation contracts. Specifically, I examine the CEO characteristics: gender, age, tenure, risk-aversion, overconfidence, and sensitivity of wealth. Using trait theory and the extant literature examining NFPM, females, age, tenure, and risk-aversion are expected to be positively associated with the use of NFPM while competing hypotheses are presented for overconfidence and sensitivity of wealth. Employing a two-way fixed effects method, controlling for fixed effects at the firm and year level, I find that female CEOs are positively associated with the use of NFPM because of increased risk-aversion. The short-term horizon perspective of younger and older CEOs lead to less preference for NFPM. Increasing tenure is associated with the power to self-select into contracts that include NFPM. Moreover, tenure is incrementally more important than age and gender. The results for overconfidence are inconclusive. Finally, risk-aversion and sensitivity of wealth are both positively associated with weight of NFPM. The results of this study further the understanding for the use of NFPM and provide information regarding the specific managerial fixed effects that influence compensation decisions.

Mestrado em Finanças
A atividade de cobertura de risco na ausência de liquidez nos mercados de contratos de futuros e de opções financeiras implica ou a utilização de instrumentos "Over-the-Counter" assumindo-se o risco de contra-parte associado, ou em alternativa a aplicação de técnicas de cobertura de risco indiretas, "cross-hedging", implicando nesta caso risco de correlação. Esta temática é de extrema importância para os "index-trackers" que necessitam de cobrir o risco das suas exposições na situação em que não existem contratos de futuros relevantes (como é o caso dos correspondentes aos índices ASE, BEL20 e CYSMMAPA). Mesmo quando estes contratos existem, os insuficientes níveis de liquidez (como é o caso dos índices ATX e PSI20) tornam a cobertura de risco por esta via não eficiente, especialmente no "hedging" de curto-prazo. Consequentemente nestes casos, a cobertura de risco indireta normalmente definida como "cross-hedging", pode ser uma alternativa viável. Esta dissertação estuda a eficiência da aplicação de técnicas de "cross-hedging" na cobertura de risco de carteiras que integram Índices Europeus (alguns dos não principais) utilizando contratos de futuros mais líquidos, isto é, os que existem sobre os principais índices europeus. Concluímos que nos casos estudados a eficiência da cobertura de risco indireta depende da técnica de "cross-hedging" aplicada bem como da medida de eficiência utilizada. Adicionalmente testa-se empiricamente a hipótese explicativa entre os resultados encontrados e a integração das economias respetivas.
The exercise of hedging in the absence of a liquid futures or options market requires either the use of over-the-counter contracts with counterparty risk, or the practice of cross-hedging with mature and liquid contracts associated with correlation risk. This is a significant issue for index trackers that need to hedge their exposure while facing no relevant futures contract on the underlying stock index they are long (such as ASE,BEL20, and CYSMMAPA). Even if they exist, the severe illiquidity of these contracts (such as the ones written on ATX and PSI20) turns the exercise of opening and closing positions on a short period of time, into higher troubles than the simple speculation. Therefore, cross-hedging could with stock index futures on other markets be a possible solution. This thesis explores the goodness of cross-hedging in Europe for non-main stock indices using liquid contracts written on the main European indices. We found that the hedging performance depends on the hedging technique under scope as well as on the hedging effectiveness measure undertaken. We also hypothesize if the findings are related with the economic integration of the economies in the cross-hedge exercise.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

La clause résolutoire est une disposition contractuelle permettant aux contractants de rompre unilatéralement le contrat en cas d’inexécution, en dehors de tout recours au juge. Elle peut être prévue au sein de nombreux contrats, l’avantage de rapidité et de prévisibilité de la sanction opérant en dehors du juge, constituant l’intérêt d’une telle clause. Cependant, le juge n’est pas totalement exclu du mécanisme de la clause résolutoire, il interviendra a posteriori pour constater la résolution et le changement de situation juridique. L’intérêt de cette clause en matière de bail commercial se fait d’autant plus ressentir que le droit au bail du preneur est fortement protégé par le législateur à travers notamment le droit au renouvellement illimité du bail. Par ailleurs, la clause résolutoire insérée au bail commercial est abordée par une disposition impérative du statut des baux commerciaux destinée à encadrer son exercice. La présente étude se concentrera ainsi sur le rôle du juge dans l’application de la clause résolutoire dans le bail commercial statutaire. Le bailleur pourra au moyen de la clause résolutoire, rédigée en général dans son seul intérêt, anticiper et organiser la sanction de l’inexécution du preneur sans avoir à souffrir de l’appréciation du juge. Exclu a priori du processus de résolution, le juge appelé à constater postérieurement la mise en œuvre régulière de la clause opérera un contrôle de légalité strict. En parallèle, il disposera également de moyens issus du droit du bail commercial, du droit des entreprises en difficultés et du droit commun des contrats, lui permettant de réaliser un véritable contrôle d’opportunité éloignant ainsi la clause résolutoire de son essence et la rapprochant fortement de la résolution judiciaire. D’une éviction du juge par le contrat, nous assistons à un retour du juge par la loi remettant en cause l’efficience de la clause résolutoire insérée au bail commercial statutaire
The resolutory clause is a contractual provision allowing contractors to unilaterally terminate the contract in the event of non-performance, without recourse to the court. It may be provided in many contracts, the advantages of the speed and predictability of the sanction operating outside the court, constituting the interest of such a clause. However, the judge is not totally excluded from the mechanism of the resolutory clause, he will intervene a posteriori to note the resolution and the change of legal situation. The interest of this clause in the matter of commercial lease is all the more evident since the lessee’s right to lease is strongly protected by the legislator through the right to unlimited renewal of the lease. In addition, the subsequent clause inserted in the commercial lease is addressed by a mandatory provision in the statute of commercial leases to govern its exercise. The present study will thus focus on the role of the judge in the application of the subsequent clause in the statutory commercial lease. The lessor may, by means of the subsequent clause, generally drafted in his sole interest, anticipate and organize the penalty for the lessee’s non-performance without having to suffer from the judge’s judgment. Excluded a priori from the resolution process, the judge called upon to ascertain later the regular implementation of the clause will carry out a strict review of legality. At the same time, it will also have means derived from the law of commercial lease, the law of companies in difficulty and the common law of contracts, allowing it to carry out a real opportunity check, thus removing the subsequent clause from its essence and bringing it very close to the judicial resolution. From an eviction of the judge by the contract, we are witnessing a return of the judge by law questioning the efficiency of the resolutory clause inserted in the statutory commercial lease

Sous l’impulsion du droit de l’Union européenne, les contrats publics d’affaires ont vocation à promouvoir l’innovation technologique. Les objectifs multiples qui leur sont assignés, particulièrement l’ouverture à la concurrence, les empêche néanmoins d’être des vecteurs efficaces d’innovation, au stade de leur formation. Il appartient en revanche aux parties de construire leur relation contractuelle en tenant compte des caractéristiques de l’innovation, telles que l’évolutivité et la performance. C’est donc le contrat, comme instrument de prévision, qui représente un moyen efficace d’encouragement à innover
Under the influence of European Union law, the « business public contracts » (i.e. contracts known as public procurement and concession contracts in EU law) are supposed to be a means of fostering technological innovation. However, the multiplicity of objectives assigned to these contracts, in particular the obligation of maintaining an open competition in awarding them, does not allow them to be an efficient tool for promoting innovation at their formation stage. It is the responsibility of the parties to take into account the main charasteristics of innovation, such as evolutivity and performance, to define their contractual relationships. The contract, taken as a means of anticipation, thus represents an efficient tool for promoting innovation

Il presente studio affronta gli argomenti della concorrenza e delle invenzioni nel rapporto di lavoro subordinato statunitense. L’attività di ricerca è stata svolta in parte presso la School of Law della Boston University, USA, sotto la supervisione di Micheal C. Harper, professore di diritto del lavoro. L’argomento presenta una crescente rilevanza, considerato che nella nuova organizzazione produttiva, fondata in gran parte sulla conoscenza globalizzata, al lavoro dipendente si chiede ormai sempre maggiore professionalità, innovazione e creatività. La scelta di esaminare questa tematica dalla prospettiva del “laboratorio USA”, è dovuta al primato di cui tale nazione gode a livello internazionale sul piano economico, scientifico e dell’innovazione dei processi lavorativi, che fanno emergere criticità in altri Paesi probabilmente ancora non avvertite. Al fine di inquadrare gli istituti giudici menzionati nel modello statunitense, si è reso opportuno dare conto del sistema delle fonti normative negli USA, con particolare focus sul Restatement of Employment Law, cioè la raccolta di principi fondamentali elaborati negli anni dal common law in materia di rapporto di lavoro. All'esame delle fonti segue la definizione del concetto di lavoratore subordinato (employee) e lavoratore autonomo (independent contractor), necessario per l’inquadramento del campo di applicazione degli obblighi scaturenti dal rapporto di lavoro subordinato, tra cui il duty of loyalty, implicato nel rapporto fiduciario. In tale ambito, si è osservata l’evoluzione giurisprudenziale che ha condotto all'adozione dei criteri relativi alla distinzione in esame, prevalentemente concernenti il giudizio sulla rilevanza degli elementi fattuali determinanti per l’accertamento della subordinazione. Delineati i contorni della fattispecie di lavoro subordinato, il presente studio affronta la tematica della tipica forma del contratto di lavoro statunitense, il c.d. employment-at-will, cioè il rapporto a libera recedibilità. Tale peculiarità scaturisce dal principio fondamentale per cui le parti non sono vincolate ad alcun obbligo di fornire la motivazione per il licenziamento. La terza parte del lavoro ha ad oggetto la disciplina della concorrenza del lavoratore effettuata sulla base delle conoscenze acquisite, legalmente o illegalmente, durante il rapporto e le relative tecniche di tutela del datore di lavoro, a fronte della violazione del duty of loyalty, quale obbligo del lavoratore subordinato di esecuzione della prestazione lavorativa nell'interesse esclusivo dell’imprenditore e, conseguentemente, di astensione dal porre in essere condotte pregiudizievoli nei confronti di quest’ultimo. Quanto alle tecniche di tutela esperibili in caso di violazione degli obblighi esaminati, vengono illustrati i rimedi legali e equitativi che il diritto statunitense offre al datore di lavoro. La parte finale del presente studio si occupa della disciplina relativa alla titolarità dei diritti scaturenti dalle invenzioni sviluppate dai dipendenti nel corso del rapporto di lavoro. In questo senso si sono esaminate le definizioni di “invenzione” e “brevetto” ed il loro rapporto nel contesto della regolamentazione giuslavoristica; si è posta in rilievo la differenza tra invenzione come opera di ingegno e proprietà intellettuale tutelata dal diritto d’autore. Inoltre, si sono osservati i meccanismi sottesi alle norme fondamentali che regolano la materia e la loro convivenza con la libertà contrattuale delle parti e il loro potere di disporre dei suddetti diritti.
This work addresses the issues of competition and inventions in the U.S. employment relationships. The research was carried out in part at the Boston University School of Law of, under the supervision of Micheal C. Harper, professor of Labour Law. The selection of the topic is justified in the light of its importance, given that in the new production organization, based largely on globalized knowledge, employees are now increasingly being asked for professionalism, innovation and creativity. The decision to examine this issue from the perspective of the "U.S. laboratory" is due to the primacy that this nation holds at international level on the economic, scientific and innovation of work processes, which bring out critical issues that in other Countries probably have not yet been raised. In order to frame the above-mentioned topics, it has become appropriate to give an account of the system of regulatory sources in the USA, with particular focus on the Restatement of Employment Law, i.e. the collection of fundamental principles developed over the years by common law in the field of employment relationships. The examination of the sources is followed by the definition of the concept of employee and self-employed worker (independent contractor), necessary for the assessment of the application of the obligations arising from the employment relationships, including the duty of loyalty, involved in the fiduciary law. In this context, the evolution of the case law has been observed, as well as the examination of the criteria relating to the distinction between employees and independent contractors, mainly concerning the judgement on the relevance of the factual elements determining the assessment of the existence of an employment relationship. Subsequently, this study addresses the issue of the typical form of the U.S. employment contract, the so-called employment-at-will. This peculiarity is originated from the principle that the parties are not bound by any obligation to provide reasons for termination. The third part of the work has as its object the discipline of competition of the worker carried out on the basis of the knowledge acquired, legally or illegally, during the relationship and the relative legal remedies for the employer, against the violation of the duty of loyalty, intended as an obligation of the employee to perform the work in the exclusive interest of the entrepreneur and, consequently, to refrain from engaging in prejudicial conduct against the company. About the remedies available in the event of breach of the obligations examined, the legal and equitable remedies that U.S. law offers the employer have been explained. The final part of this study deals with the rules governing the ownership of rights arising from inventions developed by employees in the course of their employment. The definitions of "invention" and "patent" and their relationship in the context of employment law has been examined and the difference between invention as a work of genius and intellectual property protected by copyright has been highlighted. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the basic rules governing the subject matter and their coexistence with the contractual freedom of the parties and their power to dispose of these rights have been observed.

Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.
Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
104
Although the Governing Council of UNIDROIT promulgated in 1994, amended and adopted the third edition of Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) in 2004 and 2010, the aforesaid Principles are not legally binding instrument under international agreement. However, the Principles above-mentioned affect many countries while drafting and revising their contract laws, and have been actually applied in daily practice. Growing with an ever-important role, the Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts. They shall be applicable when the parties have agreed in their contract as governing principles. These Principles can be used to interpret or supplement uniform law, international or domestic. In the meantime, they can serve as a model for national and international legislators. Further, the said Principles may be employed as course materials in universities and law schools, thereby promoting the teaching of contract law on a truly comparative basis. Referring to United Nation Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), Germany has revised her Law of Obligations. Following the new international trends, Japan has also revised her Law of Obligations. Our contemporary civil law study has made reference to German, Japanese as well as other international commercial contracts instruments. This paper mainly discusses the non-performance part under UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts in contrast to the relevant provisions of our Civil Code. The author hopes to furnish her suggestions towards the development of our civil law. Recent development of the contract law in international law has been towards the abrogation those three systems of impossibility of performance, delay in performance and incomplete performance of obligation. Instead, the core aims to breach of contract or violation of obligations, and such discussions towards remedial relief based on the essentiality and uncontrollable events with regard to imputed grounds, such as the recognition of force majeure.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
106
With respect to the sale contract in case the object is restricted by public law, most domestic researches focus on violating norms and regulations announced by the government. For example, if a house sale contract is not conformity with the building norms whether the parties concerned shall claim compensation and related legal effects. However, it may happen that the object of sale contract is in conformity with norms and regulations issued by the government. For example, in the transaction of real estate, the norms that are announced by the government to prohibit architecture or restrict the height of building do not meet the expectations or the purpose of the buyer while the sale contract concluding. At this moment, it shall be considered that the parties shall claim based on the sale contract. In fact, there are still controversies in domestic judgements. Actually, this issue is regarding the allocation of risk between seller and buyer caused by the restrictions of the norms of public law. It also involves the scope of disclosure obligations of the seller and the investigation obligations of the buyer. This paper mainly study during the stage from contract concluding until contract performance, the existence time of the restriction or prohibition norms of public law may take effect on the validity of sale contracts, and discusses possibilities and disputes on whether the parties concerned have the responsibility for warranty of defect or non-performance. Furthermore, focusing on the study theme and drawing views from international principles on transnational business relationship, it is expected to be a reference for resolving related problems in our country.

Tematem rozprawy doktorskiej jest problematyka zadośćuczynienia pieniężnego za szkodę niemajątkową wynikającą z niewykonania lub nienależytego wykonania umowy. W pracy doktorskiej poddano analizie dostępne w obowiązującym porządku prawnym instrumenty indemnizacji uszczerbków niematerialnych w ramach kontraktowej odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej. Podstawowym celem badań było jednak ustalenie optymalnego modelu ochrony interesów niemajątkowych w stosunkach kontraktowych. Wypowiedzi wyrażane we współczesnej literaturze oraz rozwiązania wynikające z prawa Unii Europejskiej nie pozostawiają wątpliwości co do potrzeby zmiany obowiązującej regulacji. Zasadnicze znaczenie ma zatem, nie tyle określenie możliwości kompensacji szkody niemajątkowej w ramach kontraktowej odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej de lege lata, co sformułowanie wniosków pozwalających na odpowiednie rozwiązanie tego problemu w przyszłości. Praca doktorska składa się z dwóch podstawowych części. Pierwsza część (obejmująca rozdział pierwszy, drugi i trzeci) ma charakter deskryptywny. Rozdział pierwszy został poświęcony wyjaśnieniu podstawowych pojęć i zasad istotnych z perspektywy tematu rozprawy. Analizie poddane zostało pojęcie szkody oraz charakter zadośćuczynienia pieniężnego, jak również zakres zastosowania zasady pełnej kompensacji szkody oraz zasady restytucji. W drugim rozdziale omówiony został rozwój instytucji zadośćuczynienia pieniężnego za szkodę niemajątkową wynikającą z niewykonania umowy. Przedstawione rozważania dotyczą zarówno zagranicznych systemów prawnych, jak i prawa polskiego. W rozdziale trzecim analizie została poddana dopuszczalność zasądzenia zadośćuczynienia pieniężnego za szkodę niemajątkową wynikającą z niewykonania lub nienależytego wykonania umowy de lege lata. W tej kwestii omówione zostało zagadnienie zbiegu roszczeń odszkodowawczych, możliwość umownego rozszerzenia zakresu szkody prawnie relewantnej na szkodę niemajątkową, instytucja kary umownej oraz dopuszczalność przyznawania zadośćuczynienia pieniężnego za szkodę niemajątkową wynikającą z niewykonania umowy o podróż. Druga część pracy (obejmująca rozdział czwarty) ma na celu ustalenie optymalnego modelu kompensacji szkody niemajątkowej w kontraktowym reżimie odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej. W pierwszej kolejności ocenie poddano argumenty wysuwane przeciwko możliwości dochodzenia zadośćuczynienia pieniężnego w ramach odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej ex contractu. Następnie wyodrębnione zostały kategorie sytuacji, w których szkoda niemajątkowa powstała w wyniku niewykonania umowy przez dłużnika powinna podlegać kompensacji. Klasyfikacja przypadków, w których niewykonanie umowy może doprowadzić do powstania szkody niemajątkowej pozwoliła na zidentyfikowanie optymalnych zasad przyznawania zadośćuczynienia pieniężnego w ramach kontraktowej odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej.
The subject matter of the dissertation is the issue of damages for non-pecuniary loss caused by non-performance of a contract. The dissertation examined the methods of protection of non-pecuniary interests currently available in contract law. However, the main purpose of the research was to ascertain the optimal model of compensation for immaterial loss caused by a breach of contract. Statements expressed in legal writings as well as solutions adopted in the EU law leave no doubt that there is a need to change the law in force. Hence, the essential part of the thesis concerned de lege ferenda conclusions rather than currently available methods of protection of non-pecuniary interests of the parties. The dissertation is composed of two parts. The first part (comprising the first, the second, and the third chapter) has a descriptive character. In the first chapter, I explained the basic concepts and rules significant for further considerations. In this respect, I analysed for instance the meaning of loss and the legal character of damages for non-pecuniary loss as well as the scope of the principle of full compensation and the ne quis ex damno suo lucrum faciat dictum. In the second chapter, I investigated the historical development of compensation for non-pecuniary damage in contract law in European jurisdictions. In the third chapter, I examined the methods of protection of non-pecuniary interests in contract law de lege lata. The analysis concerned the issue of concurrence of delictual and contractual claims, the possibility to modify the scope of compensable loss in a contract, the possibility to protect non-pecuniary interests by a penalty clause, and the possibility to claim damages for non-pecuniary loss under Article 11a of the Tourism Act 1997. The second part of the dissertation (comprising the fourth chapter) is aimed at ascertaining the optimal model of compensation for non-pecuniary loss in contract law. In this regard, I firstly evaluated the arguments against a broader protection of non-pecuniary interests in contract law expressed in legal writings. Secondly, I examined the formal aspects of future regulation, such as its place in the structure of the Civil Code. Subsequently, I investigated the categories of cases in which the problem of compensation for non-pecuniary loss caused by a breach of contract may arise. The examination of relevant cases allowed me to identify the optimal rules for awarding damages for non-pecuniary loss in contract law. I then confronted the established optimal model of regulation with de lege ferenda proposals suggested so far by the doctrine.

This thesis uses laboratory experiments to develop a methodology to estimate the expected welfare benefits of insurance for individuals, conditional on their risk preferences. This methodology is then applied to study the welfare effects of issues that impact microinsurance, or insurance for the poor. The first result is that insurance take-up not a good proxy for the expected welfare gain of an individual’s choice to purchase or not to purchase insurance. The second result is that basis risk reduces the welfare obtained from index insurance. This welfare is significantly improved by having greater behavioral consistency with the Reduction of Compound Lotteries axiom. Finally, the risk of contract non-performance from the insurer significantly reduces the welfare obtained from insurance purchase decisions.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
101
In contract law, a breach of contract is committed when a party without lawful excuse fails or refuses to perform what is due from him under the contract, or performs defectively or incapacitates himself from performing. About the breach mentioned is stated in the following: 1.The question whether or not a particular contract has been breached depends upon the precise construction of the terms of the contract. Many contractual duties are stict. 2.A breach of contract does not automatically bring a contract to an end. A breach of contract gives to the innocent party a right to claim damages and it may give him the additional right to terminate performance of the contract. 3.One contracting party may inform the other party, before the time fixed for performance under the contract, that he will not perform his obligations under the contract. This is called an anticipatory breach of contract, which entitles the innocent party to terminate performance of the contract immediately. Unidroit principles of international commercial contracts 2010，about non-performance mentioned are as follows: 1.Non-performance is defined so as to include all forms of defective performance as well as complete failure to perform. In addition, non-performance includes both non-excused and excused non-performance. 2.In accordance with the general principle of the binding character of the contract, each party should as a rule be entitled to require performance by the other party not only of monetary, but also of non-monetary obligations, assumed by that party. While this is not controversial in civil law countries, common law systems allow enforcement of non-monetary obligations only in special circumstances. 3. Right to terminate the contract dependent on fundamental non-performance, whether in a case of non-performance by one party the other party should have the right to terminate the contract depends upon the weighing of a number of considerations. On the one hand, performance may be so late or so defective that the aggrieved party cannot use it for its intended purpose, or the behaviour of the non-performing party may in other respects be such that the aggrieved party should be permitted to terminate the contract. 4. Right to damages like other remedies, arises from the sole fact of non-performance. It is enough for the aggrieved party simply to prove the non-performance, i.e. that it has not received what it was promised. In particular, it is not necessary in addition to prove that the non-performance was due to the fault of the non-performing party. The degree of difficulty in proving the non-performance will depend upon the content of the obligation and in particular on whether the obligation is one of best efforts or one to achieve a specific result. In the research method, this study was done by "article analysis" and the "depth interview" to find out the theoretical basis of this study, analyzed and summarized, sorting out the findings and recommendations to the purpose. The results obtained in this study through the analysis and comparison are organized as the following recommendations and can be used in future reference . It could be used as a reference for better changes or improvements in contract.