Journal articles: 'Non-pharmacological pain relief'

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Leslie, Andrew, and Neil Marlow. "Non-pharmacological pain relief." Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 11, no. 4 (August 2006): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2006.02.005.

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Aljudaibi, Suha, and Brett Duane. "Non-pharmacological pain relief during orthodontic treatment." Evidence-Based Dentistry 19, no. 2 (June 2018): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6401305.

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Hosseni, Seideh Fatemeh, Motahare Pilevarzadeh, and Habieh Vazirinasab. "Non-Pharmacological Strategies on Pain Relief During Labor." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2016): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2087.

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Chantigian, Robert C. "Non-pharmacological Methods for Pain Relief in Obstetrics." Clinics in Anaesthesiology 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-9881(21)00286-x.

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Grizhymalskyi, Ye V., A. I. Harha, and Ye V. Sulimenko. "A modern approach to pain relief in labour." Pain medicine 5, no. 4 (March 11, 2021): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/pmjua.v5i4.6.

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Until now, there are opposite points of view on the problem of pain in labour. The side effects of pain during labour can significantly affect the general condition of the woman and the fetus, the course of labour, and the prognosis. Pain relief in labour is based on the use of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods that reduce the level of psychological anxiety, relieve tension, and also block the conduction of pain impulse. For pain relief in labour, the full range of currently available pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods cannot be used, since many of them, simultaneously with pain relief, negatively affect the fetus and the process of childbirth. The use of neuraxial analgesia with local anaesthetic solutions at low concentrations is a safe method of pain relief during labour.

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Czech, Iwona, Piotr Fuchs, Anna Fuchs, Miłosz Lorek, Dominika Tobolska-Lorek, Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop, and Jerzy Sikora. "Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Methods of Labour Pain Relief—Establishment of Effectiveness and Comparison." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2018): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122792.

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Background: To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods and to compare them. Materials and methods: 258 women were included in the study and interviewed using a questionnaire and the visual analogue scale for pain. They were divided into six groups depending on chosen method of labour pain relief: epidural anaesthesia (EA; n = 42), water immersion and water birth (WB; n = 40), nitrous oxide gas for pain control (G; n = 40), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) (n = 50), multiple management (MM; n = 42), none (N; n = 44). Results: The average age of the women was 29.4 ± 3.74 years and 60.47% of them were nulliparous (n = 156). Mean values of labour pain intensity were 6.81 ± 2.26 during the first stage of labour; 7.86 ± 2.06 during the second stage, and 3.22 ± 2.46 during the third stage. There was no significant difference in pain level between epidural analgesia and gas groups in the first stage of labour (p = 0.74). Nevertheless, epidural analgesia reduced pain level during the second and third stage (both p < 0.01). The highest satisfaction level pertains to water immersion (n = 38; 95%). Conclusion: Epidural analgesia is the gold standard of labour pain relief, however water birth was found to be associated with the highest satisfaction level of the parturient women. The contentment of childbirth depends not only on the level of experienced pain, but also on the care provided to the parturient during pregnancy and labour.

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Coutaux, Anne. "Non-pharmacological treatments for pain relief: TENS and acupuncture." Joint Bone Spine 84, no. 6 (December 2017): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.02.005.

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Fernández-Peña, Carlos, and Felix Viana. "Targeting TRPM8 for Pain Relief." Open Pain Journal 6, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876386301306010154.

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Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a non-selective cation channel activated by cold temperature and cooling agents. TRPM8 is expressed in peripheral cold thermoreceptors and plays a fundamental role in sensing mild, cool temperatures. In addition, cumulative evidence obtained in humans and different animals models, combined with pharmacological and gene silencing techniques, suggest that TRPM8 may also play a role in cold discomfort and the pathophysiology of cold pain. This article reviews the available evidence in a critical fashion. In addition, the article reviews the possible role of TRPM8 in basal tearing, cold urticaria and airway irritation. Collectively, these results suggest that pharmacological modulators of TRPM8 could have potential indications in a variety of conditions, including dry eye disease, airway irritation, teeth hypersensitivity, migraine and neuropathic pain. However, additional studies, especially in humans, are needed to verify these preliminary observations. The paucity of potent, specific pharmacological TRPM8 antagonists available is a current limitation for further progress in this field.

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Pietrzak, Jakub, Wioletta Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska, and Jolanta Olszewska. "Non-pharmacological methods of relieving delivery pain." BÓL 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5924.

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The control of labor pain and the prevention of suffering are the main problems of doctors and midwives in the care of a woman giving birth. The aim of the study was to review the literature on the use and use of non-pharmacological methods to relieve pain in labor. Numerous non-pharmacological methods of pain relief can be initiated during labor. Midwives must be ready to provide comprehensive childbirth education that introduces women to various pain management options. Promoting comfort and satisfaction to women are among the most important tasks of care providers, who should value the physiological birth and the appropriate use of technology, prioritizing humane care providers who should value the physiological birth and the appropriate use of technology, prioritizing humane

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Singh, Manpreet, Rashid M. Khan, S. Bano, Wasimul Huda, Seema Hakim, and Namita Grover. "Non-pharmacological relief of acute pain following total abdominal hysterectomy." Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie 49, no. 5 (May 2002): 530–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03017944.

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Mamčenkovaitė, Evelina, and Aušra Lekauskaitė. "The opinion of breast cancer patients on the non-pharmacological pain-relief methods." Slauga. Mokslas ir praktika 2, no. 6 (294) (June 15, 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47458/slauga.2021.2.12.

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Aim. To determine the opinions of II and III stage breast cancer patients on the non-pharmacological pain-relief methods. Methods. The research was performed from November 2019 to January 2020 in the Oncology and Hematology department of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics. Patients completed a survey of 25 questions. 33 surveys were analysed. Statistical data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 and Microsoft Excel 2016 software packages. Results. Almost half of the survey participants were unaware of the pain-relief methods, had not tried any of physical pain-relief methods and did not know or have an opinion about their effectiveness. Half of the survey participants thought that music, spiritual and cognitive behavioral therapies can relieve the pain. Also, more than half of the participants had not tried any psychological pain-relief methods and did not know or have an opinion about their effectiveness. More than half of the participants did not know if it is possible to reduce pain using medical marijuana, virtual reality glasses and hypnosis.

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Riemma, G., A. Schiattarella, N. Colacurci, S. G. Vitale, S. Cianci, A. Cianci, and P. De Franciscis. "Pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief for office hysteroscopy: an up-to-date review." Climacteric 23, no. 4 (May 12, 2020): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2020.1754388.

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Mangat, Avneet, Ju-Lee Oei, Kerry Chen, Im Quah-Smith, and Georg Schmölzer. "A Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Pain Management in Newborn Infants." Children 5, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children5100130.

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Pain is a major problem in sick newborn infants, especially for those needing intensive care. Pharmacological pain relief is the most commonly used, but might be ineffective and has side effects, including long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. The effectiveness and safety of alternative analgesic methods are ambiguous. The objective was to review the effectiveness and safety of non-pharmacological methods of pain relief in newborn infants and to identify those that are the most effective. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the terms: “infant”, “premature”, “pain”, “acupuncture”, “skin-to-skin contact”, “sucrose”, “massage”, “musical therapy” and ‘breastfeeding’. We included 24 studies assessing different methods of non-pharmacological analgesic techniques. Most resulted in some degree of analgesia but many were ineffective and some were even detrimental. Sucrose, for example, was often ineffective but was more effective than music therapy, massage, breast milk (for extremely premature infants) or non-invasive electrical stimulation acupuncture. There were also conflicting results for acupuncture, skin-to-skin care and musical therapy. Most non-pharmacological methods of analgesia provide a modicum of relief for preterm infants, but none are completely effective and there is no clearly superior method. Study is also required to assess potential long-term consequences of any of these methods.

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Dhakal, Amshu, Shrooti Shah, and Babita Singh. "Assessment of knowledge on non-pharmacological methods of pain relief during labour among nurses working in maternity and children hospital, Nepal." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v7i3.23691.

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Background: Labor pain is a universal phenomenon and it is associated with the contraction of uterus. Rather than making the pain disappear with pharmacotherapy, the nurses can assist the laboring women to cope up with, build their self-confidence and maintain a sense of mastery of well-being. Thus, nurses must have knowledge to assess pain to implement pain relief strategies. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 52 nurses of Siddhartha Women and Children Hospital, Butwal, Nepal to assess Knowledge about Non-pharmacological Methods of Pain Relief during Labor using structured self-administered questionnaire. The reliability of the tool after pretesting was 0.883. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Results: Among 52 nurses, 36.5% were 18-22 years of age, 46.2% of them had qualification of Proficiency certificate level Nursing, 40.4% had experience of 3 years- 6 years. In this study, 46.2% had satisfactory knowledge about non-pharmacological methods of pain relief during labor, 32.6% had fair knowledge and remaining 21.2% had poor knowledge. Conclusion: This study concluded that less than half of the nurses had satisfactory knowledge about non-pharmacological methods of pain relief during labor. Since, there is an increased risk of complications resulting from pain and anxiety during labor, management of pain is very essential thus nurse’s knowledge on these methods is crucial. Hence, the nurses should be encouraged to enhance knowledge related to management of labor pain.

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Freiwald, Jürgen, Alberto Magni, Pablo Fanlo-Mazas, Ema Paulino, Luís Sequeira de Medeiros, Biagio Moretti, Robert Schleip, and Giuseppe Solarino. "A Role for Superficial Heat Therapy in the Management of Non-Specific, Mild-to-Moderate Low Back Pain in Current Clinical Practice: A Narrative Review." Life 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11080780.

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Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability. It significantly impacts the patient’s quality of life, limits their daily living activities, and reduces their work productivity. To reduce the burden of LBP, several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options are available. This review summarizes the role of superficial heat therapy in the management of non-specific mild-to-moderate LBP. First, we outline the common causes of LBP, then discuss the general mechanisms of heat therapy on (LBP), and finally review the published evidence regarding the impact of superficial heat therapy in patients with acute or chronic non-specific LBP. This review demonstrates that continuous, low-level heat therapy provides pain relief, improves muscular strength, and increases flexibility. Therefore, this effective, safe, easy-to-use, and cost-effective non-pharmacological pain relief option is relevant for the management of non-specific mild or moderate low back pain in current clinical practice.

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Rodionova, Svetlana S., Levan Yu Darchia, and Umedzhon R. Khakimov. "Acute and chronic pain in vertebral fractures as systemic osteoporosis complication. Literature review." Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases 20, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/osteo2017122-25.

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A literature review is devoted to acute and chronic pain mechanisms in vertebral fractures complicating osteoporosis. The data of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of pain relief for vertebral bodies fractures, which precede the pathogenetic therapy of osteoporosis or could be combined with it.

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Oktriani, Tuti, Ermawati Ermawati, and Hafni Bachtiar. "The Difference Of Pain Labour Level With Counter Pressure And Abdominal Lifting On Primigravida In Active Phase of First Stage Labor." Journal of Midwifery 3, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jom.3.2.45-52.2018.

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Nowadays many methods are offered to reduce pain in labor, both pharmacological (using drugs) and non pharmacological methods. If possible the choice of non-pharmacologic therapy for the management of pain in pregnancy and labor should be considered before using analgesic drugs. One of an effective non-pharmacological method to reduce pain is with massage. The basis of this theory is the gate control theory proposed by Melzak and Wall (Lliadou, 2009).This study aimed to analyze diference of pain relief on active phase of labour with Counter Pressure and abdominal Lifting. This was an experimental with pre test and post test design. The samples were 42 women on their active phase of labor, 21 women for counter Pressure technic and 21 women for Abdominal Lifting technic. Counter Pressure technic decreased pain of labor with a P-value 0.015 (p<0.05) and abdominal lifting technic significantly decreased pain of labour with a P-value 0.001. Abdominal lifting technic (P 0,001) more effective than counter pressure technic (P 0,015) for pain relief in active phase of labour.

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Moraes, Maísa Suares Teixeira, Lariane Thays Albuquerque Rolim, Bertha Cruz Enders, Glaucea Maciel de Farias, and Rejane Marie Barbosa Davim. "Applicability of non-pharmacological strategies for pain relief in parturient: integrative review." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 4, no. 3 (May 17, 2010): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.916-7948-2.0403esp201018.

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He, Hong-Gu, Tarja Polkki, Katri Vehvilainen-Julkunen, and Anna-Maija Pietila. "Chinese nurses' use of non-pharmacological methods in children's postoperative pain relief." Journal of Advanced Nursing 51, no. 4 (August 2005): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03505.x.

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Lin, Lewei Allison, Amy S. B. Bohnert, Mary Jannausch, Jenna Goesling, and Mark A. Ilgen. "Use of non-pharmacological strategies for pain relief in addiction treatment patients with chronic pain." American Journal on Addictions 26, no. 6 (August 11, 2017): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12600.

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Manevich, T. M., and E. A. Mkhitaryan. "Pain in dementia." Russian neurological journal 26, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2658-7947-2021-26-3-15-22.

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Increasing life expectancy of the world’s population is accompanied by increasing number of elderly patients with dementia. According to various studies, the prevalence of pain syndrome in elderly patients with dementia ranges from 35.3% to 63.5%. The review represents data on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, methods of diagnosis and treatment of pain syndrome in patients with dementia. Medicinal and non-pharmacological methods of pain relief are discussed.

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Kosińska, Barbara, Paweł Turczyn, Krzysztof Wesołowski, Beata Tarnacka, and Małgorzata Malec-Milewska. "Central sensitization in chronic lumbar spine pain – possibilities of therapeutic interventions." BÓL 21, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5098.

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Patients with chronic low back pain are a heterogeneous group. Therapeutic management of these patients should address the underlying mechanism of pain, which can be revealed after performing diagnostic tests. The management of patients with the predominant central sensitization component of includes multimodal therapy consisting of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. An important element is also the identification and exclusion of the most important pathophysiological factors affecting the maintenance of central sensitization mechanisms in each patient. The paper describes pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options in patients with central sensitization component, considering that these methods may differ significantly in the patients. It should be stated that despite the individualized, multimodal therapy based on pain mechanisms, in some patients substantial pain relief may not be achieved.

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Rocha, Amanda de Fatima Portugal, Amanda Mota Pacciulio Sposito, Paula Saud de Bortoli, Fernanda Machado Silva-Rodrigues, Regina Aparecida Garcia de Lima, and Lucila Castanheira Nascimento. "Oncologic pain relief: strategies told by adolescents with cancer." Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem 24, no. 1 (March 2015): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072015002120013.

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In view of the negative impact of pain on the quality of life of cancer patients, identifying and stimulating the use of effective strategies to minimize these painful feelings is highly relevant for care. The aim of this study was to identify painful experiences of adolescents with cancer and to get to know their strategies for pain relief. This is an exploratory research, using qualitative data analysis. Semistructured interviews were held with nine adolescents with cancer, who reported on acute, recurring and chronic, physical and emotional painful experiences. To relieve these pains, they described pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies, including: distraction, presence of relatives, bed positioning, cooperation to accomplish procedures and keeping up positive thinking. Therefore, it is essential for health professionals to know available evidence for pain relief and to develop skills to articulate this knowledge with their professional experience and with the patients' own strategies.

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Davim, Rejane Marie Barbosa, Gilson de Vasconcelos Torres, and Eva Saldanha de Melo. "Non-pharmacological strategies on pain relief during labor: pre-testing of an instrument." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 15, no. 6 (December 2007): 1150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692007000600015.

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This descriptive study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Strategies (NFS) on pain relief of parturients as part of a research instrument to be utilized in a Doctoral Dissertation. In order to evaluate the NFS, the Analogous Visual Scale (AVS) was used on 30 parturients attended at the Humanized Labor Unit of a school-maternity hospital in Natal, RN, Brazil. Of the six NFS (respiratory exercises, muscular relaxation, lumbossacral massage, shower washing, deambulation and pelvic swing), two were excluded post-test (deambulation and pelvic swing) for not being accepted by the parturients. The remaining NFS (respiratory exercises, muscular relaxation, lumbossacral massage, and shower washing) which reached satisfactory acceptation and applicability rates, were found to be effective in relieving pain of these parturients, and thus deemed adequate for use in the Doctoral Dissertation data collection process.

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Svendsen, Edel Jannecke, and Ida Torunn Bjørk. "Experienced Nurses' Use of Non-Pharmacological Approaches Comprise More Than Relief From Pain." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 29, no. 4 (July 2014): e19-e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2014.01.015.

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Koivisto, Ari, Niina Jalava, Raymond Bratty, and Antti Pertovaara. "TRPA1 Antagonists for Pain Relief." Pharmaceuticals 11, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph11040117.

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Here, we review the literature assessing the role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel, in various types of pain conditions. In the nervous system, TRPA1 is expressed in a subpopulation of nociceptive primary sensory neurons, astroglia, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. In peripheral terminals of nociceptive primary sensory neurons, it is involved in the transduction of potentially harmful stimuli and in their central terminals it is involved in amplification of nociceptive transmission. TRPA1 is a final common pathway for a large number of chemically diverse pronociceptive agonists generated in various pathophysiological pain conditions. Thereby, pain therapy using TRPA1 antagonists can be expected to be a superior approach when compared with many other drugs targeting single nociceptive signaling pathways. In experimental animal studies, pharmacological or genetic blocking of TRPA1 has effectively attenuated mechanical and cold pain hypersensitivity in various experimental models of pathophysiological pain, with only minor side effects, if any. TRPA1 antagonists acting peripherally are likely to be optimal for attenuating primary hyperalgesia (such as inflammation-induced sensitization of peripheral nerve terminals), while centrally acting TRPA1 antagonists are expected to be optimal for attenuating pain conditions in which central amplification of transmission plays a role (such as secondary hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia caused by various types of peripheral injuries). In an experimental model of peripheral diabetic neuropathy, prolonged blocking of TRPA1 has delayed the loss of nociceptive nerve endings and their function, thereby promising to provide a disease-modifying treatment.

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Boţan, Adriana, Monica Chiş, and Sanda-Maria Copotoiu. "Musculoskeletal Pain Evaluation: McGill Pain Questionnaire Versus Multidimensional Pain Evaluation Scale." Acta Medica Transilvanica 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amtsb-2020-0043.

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AbstractThe first and most important step in pain management is to correctly assess it. Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2(SF-MPQ-2) and Multidimensional Pain Evaluation Scale (MPES) are valid and reliable tools used in clinical practice and research. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments applied for pain relief. 27 patients were included in the study, of which 12 were outpatients and 15 were inpatients. Statistical and clinical significant differences were obtained only for the inpatient group on the MPES (p=0.00, difference between means=3.07) and for 3 out of 4 domains of the SF-MPQ-2 (p=0.01, 0.01 and 0.00 and the difference between means=2.60, 2.00 and 2.20 for continuous pain, neuropathic pain and affective descriptors, respectively). Outcomes of pain management are better for inpatients due to a combination of analgesic drugs with physical medicine and rehabilitation procedures and a strict monitoring during their hospitalization.

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Martorella, Geraldine. "Characteristics of Nonpharmacological Interventions for Pain Management in the ICU: A Scoping Review." AACN Advanced Critical Care 30, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2019281.

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Pain relief in the intensive care unit (ICU) is of particular concern since patients are exposed to multiple painful stimuli associated with care procedures. Considering the adverse effects of pharmacological approaches, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, the use of non-pharmacological interventions has recently been recommended in the context of critical care. The main goal of this scoping review was to systematically map the research done on non-pharmacological interventions for pain management in ICU adults and describe the characteristics of these interventions. A wide variety of non-pharmacological interventions have been tested, with music and massage therapies being the most frequently used. An interesting new trend is the use of combined or bundle interventions. Lastly, it was observed that these interventions have not been studied in specific subgroups, such as the elderly, women, and patients unable to self-report.

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Cordeiro, Raquel Alves, and Roberta Costa. "Non-pharmacological methods for relief of discomfort and pain in newborns: a collective nursing construction." Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem 23, no. 1 (March 2014): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-07072014000100022.

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This is a convergent care study with the aim to build, together with the nursing staff, a proposal for care protocol based on non-pharmacological methods for discomfort and pain management in newborns admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. The study was carried out in a neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital with 16 nursing staff professionals. Data were collected in two stages: first, a reflective-educational process was performed and, afterwards, a participant observation during the different work shifts of the nursing staff. The care protocol proposal will enable the standardization of care strategies for pain management in newborns using non-pharmacological methods. Furthermore, it will contribute to provide better care in the neonatal unit, reducing pain and discomfort experienced during hospitalization, as well as resulting in fewer consequences and better quality of life for the newborns and their families.

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Paley, Carole A., and Mark I. Johnson. "Acupuncture for the Relief of Chronic Pain: A Synthesis of Systematic Reviews." Medicina 56, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56010006.

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Background and Objectives: It is estimated that 28 million people in the UK live with chronic pain. A biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain is recommended which combines pharmacological interventions with behavioural and non-pharmacological treatments. Acupuncture represents one of a number of non-pharmacological interventions for pain. In the current climate of difficult commissioning decisions and constantly changing national guidance, the quest for strong supporting evidence has never been more important. Although hundreds of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses have been conducted, most have been inconclusive, and this has created uncertainty in clinical policy and practice. There is a need to bring all the evidence together for different pain conditions. The aim of this review is to synthesise SRs of RCTs evaluating the clinical efficacy of acupuncture to alleviate chronic pain and to consider the quality and adequacy of the evidence, including RCT design. Materials and Methods: Electronic databases were searched for English language SRs and meta-analyses on acupuncture for chronic pain. The SRs were scrutinised for methodology, risk of bias and judgement of efficacy. Results: A total of 177 reviews of acupuncture from 1989 to 2019 met our eligibility criteria. The majority of SRs found that RCTs of acupuncture had methodological shortcomings, including inadequate statistical power with a high risk of bias. Heterogeneity between RCTs was such that meta-analysis was often inappropriate. Conclusions: The large quantity of RCTs on acupuncture for chronic pain contained within systematic reviews provide evidence that is conflicting and inconclusive, due in part to recurring methodological shortcomings of RCTs. We suggest that an enriched enrolment with randomised withdrawal design may overcome some of these methodological shortcomings. It is essential that the quality of evidence is improved so that healthcare providers and commissioners can make informed choices on the interventions which can legitimately be provided to patients living with chronic pain.

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Gesteira, Elaine Rodrigues, Eduardo Souza Junior, Ilmar Mendes Gomes, Luana Costa Albino, and Wilma Lodi Perseguin. "Neonate pain assessment and non-pharmacological methods of pain relief utilized by nurses in a Neonatal ICU." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 5, no. 4 (May 22, 2011): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.1302-9310-1-le.0504201122.

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ABSTRACTObjective: to identify how nurses in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) recognize the signs of pain in neonates and the nonpharmacological methods utilized in their nursing practice. Method: this is about an exploratory and descriptive study from quantitative approach. After approval by the Research Ethics Board (protocol no. 011009), questionnaires were applied to twelve nurses in the NICU of a Hospital in São Paulo from September to October 2009, and subsequently the data collected were quantitatively analyzed. Results: all the nurses use the NIPS pain scale (an assessment scale of neonate behavioral responses to pain) and assess some signs of response to pain by means of observation of vital signs, crying and facial expression. As regards nonpharmacological methods, 12 (34.3%) of the nurses use the nonnutritive sucking method and 11 (32.4%) use sucrose. Conclusion: it was possible to identify that nurses use the NIPS for pain assessment, signaling the need to get to know other pain assessment methods and to validate them for use in our nursing practice. With relation to nonpharmacological methods, nurses utilize different interventions to relieve and prevent neonate pain. Descriptors: newborn; pain; pediatric nursing.RESUMOObjetivo: identificar como os enfermeiros de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) reconhecem os sinais da dor no recém-nascido e os métodos não farmacológicos utilizados em suas práticas profissionais. Método: estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. Após a aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (número do protocolo 011009), foram aplicados questionários junto aos doze enfermeiros que atuam na UTIN de um Hospital em São Paulo nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2009. Em seguida, os dados foram analisados quantitativamente. Resultados: todos os enfermeiros utilizam a escala de avaliação da dor tipo NIPS (Escala comportamental de dor para recém-nascidos) e avaliam alguns sinais de reação dolorosa por meio da observação de sinais vitais, do choro e da expressão facial. No quesito métodos não farmacológicos 12 (34,3%) dos enfermeiros aplicam o método da sucção não-nutritiva e 11 (32,4%) o uso da sacarose. Conclusão: foi possível identificar que os enfermeiros utilizam a escala de avaliação tipo NIPS, o que sinaliza a necessidade de conhecer outros métodos de avaliação e validá-los em nossa prática profissional. Em relação aos métodos não farmacológicos, os enfermeiros utilizam diferentes intervenções no alívio e na prevenção da dor neonatal. Descritores: recém-nascido; dor; enfermagem pediátrica.RESUMENObjetivo: identificar como los enfermeros de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal (UCIN) reconocen las señales del dolor en el recién nacido y los métodos no farmacológicos utilizados en sus prácticas de Enfermería. Método: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, con abordaje cuantitativo. Después de aprobación por el Comité de Ética de Pesquisa (protocolo número 011009), se aplicaron cuestionarios a 12 enfermeros que actuan en la UCIN de un Hospital en São Paulo, de septiembre y octubre de 2009 y, en seguida, los datos recogidos fueron analizados cuantitativamente. Resultados: todos los enfermeros utilizan la escala de dolor NIPS (escala de evaluación del comportamiento de los recién nacidos ante el dolor) y evaluan algunas señales de respuesta al dolor por medio de la observación de los señales vitales, del llanto y de la expresión facial. Al respecto de los métodos no farmacológicos, 12 (34,3%) de los enfermeros utilizan el método de la succión no nutritiva y 11 (32,4%), el de la sacarosa. Conclusión: es posible identificar que los enfermeros utilizan la escala NIPS, apuntándose la necesidad de conocer otros métodos de evaluación y de validarlos para uso en la práctica de enfermería. Relativo a los métodos no farmacológicos, los enfermeros realizan diversas intervenciones para el alivio y la prevención del dolor neonatal. Descriptores: recién nacido; dolor; enfermería pediátrica.

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Marzec, Izabela, Kinga Grabska, Marta M. Fudalej, and Anna M. Badowska-Kozakiewicz. "Cancer pain as a meaningful aspect of the oncological treatment." OncoReview 10, no. 4(40) (January 10, 2021): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24292/01.or.420080121.

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Introduction and objective: Pain is the most common and universal symptom among all patients with the oncological disease. Pain significantly reduces the quality of life, hinders decent functioning, and plays a significant role in the deterioration of the mental health of the patient and his close relatives. The study aimed to discuss the mainstreaming of effective pain treatment and to review various assessments and scales (including Brief Pain Inventory, Illness Perception Questionnaire and Numeric Rating Scale) concerning the psychological aspect of pain in selected neoplastic diseases.State of knowledge: We can distinguish various treatments for pain that can be divided into pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Latest studies revealed that pain treatment appears to be more and more meaningful. Various factors might influence pain perception and response to the applied treatment. Among all malignancies, special attention is paid to the pain issue in following cancers: colon cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer, that were described in this paper.Conclusions: Effective pain relief presents a positive effect, both on the physical and mental state of the patient. It also helps to maintain calm mental health among relatives. Nowadays, integration of the best methods for pain relief that are characterized as humanitarian, easily accessible and effective, seems to be one of the biggest challenges for both oncological and palliative health workers.

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ApaydÄ±n CÄ±rÄ±k, Vildan, and Bahar Aksoy. "Painful procedures experienced by preterm newborns and evidence-based non-pharmacological methods." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Health Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijeths.

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Preterm newborns are defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. Prolonged or frequent pain in the early stages of life can prevent the babyâ€™s behaviour, feeding patterns, adaptation to the outside world, as well as changes in brain development and adversely affect growth. Preterm newborns are known to be more sensitive to pain due to immature pain mechanisms. Therefore, preterm newborns need more support during painful procedures. The aim of this review is to provide information about the painful procedures encountered by preterm newborns in neonatal intensive care units and the evidence-based non-pharmacological methods for these painful procedures. This study used Englishâ€“Turkish language articles and a search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar, using a combination of key words like â€˜painful proceduresâ€™, â€˜preterm newbornâ€™, â€˜non-pharmacological methodsâ€™ and â€˜pain and newbornâ€™. These terms are frequently used in non-pharmacological methods as well as pharmacological methods in pain relief. Non-pharmacologic methods used in pain management in preterm neonates are massage, kangaroo care, music, oral sucrose, pacifier, aromatherapy, swaddling, facilitated tucking, prone position, motherâ€™s touch, motherâ€™s voice and smell and breastfeeding method. Facilitated tucking, kangaroo care, swaddling, breast milk and oral sucrose are effective in heel blood collection and venous blood collection in newborns. It has been reported in the literature that the smell of glucose, breast milk, vanilla and lavender reduces pain. It is stated in the literature that breast milk, sucrose and kangaroo care used during the retinopathy of premature retinopathy reduces pain during and after the procedure. The aim of newborn pain management is to help reduce pain and help the baby cope with pain. Therefore, further research on evidence-based non-pharmacological methods is essential, and it is essential for all health professionals to be aware, know and practice non-pharmacological methods. Keywords: Newborn; pain; non-pharmacological methods; preterm;

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Efe, Emine, Derya Özcan, Şevkiye Dikmen, and Nuray Altaş. "Turkish Pediatric Nurses’ Use of Non-Pharmacological Methods for Postoperative Pain Relief in 6 to 12 Year Old Children." Open Pain Journal 10, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876386301710010056.

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Objective: This descriptive study was conducted for the purpose of describing the Turkish pediatric nurses’ use of non-pharmacological methods for relieving 6 to 12-year-old children’s postoperative pain. Method: This research was conducted with 92 pediatric nurses working at 17 university hospitals located in Turkey. Data were collected using a web based questionnaire and had to be completed electronically. Results: It was determined that the majority of the nurses give information about postoperative observation (79.3%), and postoperative pain (76.1%). In addition, it was determined that they have been encouraging children to ask about misconceptions (69.6%). Conclusion: Based on these results, the Turkish pediatric surgical nurses used versatile non-pharmacological methods in children’s postoperative pain relief.

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LINHARES, Maria Beatriz Martins, and Cláudia Maria GASPARDO. "Non-pharmacological management of neonatal pain: Research and clinical practice in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 34, no. 3 (September 2017): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752017000300003.

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Abstract According to the World Health Organization and the International Association for the Study of Pain, pain is a relevant worldwide problem in the healthcare field. The present study aimed to describe the definition of pediatric pain and the main characteristics, and to examine the findings regarding the impact of pain on the development of the child. The best clinical practices in Neonatal Intensive Care Units should include developmental care and specifically implement pain management, aiming to protect the health and development of the infants. The efficacious non-pharmacological management of neonatal pain includes breastfeeding, skin-to-skin, non-nutritive sucking, facilitated-tucking and swaddling. Sweet solutions also have pain relief effects. Psychologists could actively participate in the implementation of non-pharmacological interventions and in the whole process to sensitize and train the professional teams, to alert parents to protection against pain and to support policymakers in the implementation of pain guidelines in the hospital.

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Vaganova, Yanina A., Galina A. Suslova, and Sergei N. Gaiducov. "Non-pharmacological pain-relieving treatment in pregnant women with dorsopathies." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 10, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped10263-68.

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The present study assesses the effectiveness of the relief of pain syndrome in pregnant women with dorsopathies by using an isometric kinesitherapy complex. The analyzed groups differed in the type of the performed exercise, with the first group attending a course of isometric kinesitherapy procedures (group 1) or the second group undertaking a course of therapeutic gymnastics in pregnant women with dorsopathies. The duration of each course was 7.5 hours (3 times a week for a period of 5 weeks, a total of 15 procedures), classes were conducted under the supervision by a doctor of therapeutic physical training. 170 pregnant women were examined with the average age of: Me = 31 (LQ = 26; UQ = 38) years (р > 0.05 between the groups). The low back pain (LBP) was assessed using the Oswestry questionnaire, the EuroQol 5-D questionnaire, the visual analogue scale (VAS), the verbal rating scale, the McGill short questionnaire and a medico-social form. The level of disability was assessed by using the results of the Oswestry questionnaire. Completing the questionnaires and the scales was made before the first kinesitherapy procedure (a complex of isometric exercises) and therapeutic gymnastics and completing it again after the last procedure, respectively. A prospective non-randomized controlled study was conducted in which p = 0.05 was taken as the value of statistical significance level for this study (p). The data analysis yielded statistically significant results confirming the effectiveness of the complex of isometric exercises aiming at relieving the pain in pregnant women with dorsopathies. In group 1, a decrease of the low back pain (LBP) was detected 2.47 times more often than in group 2 with p = 0.001.

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Souza, Érica Lays Rodrigues de, Raquel Sousa Santos, Bruma Fagundes de Carvalho, Rayane Da Silva Dias, Patrícia Moreno Pereira, and Glaucia Pereira de Lucena. "Recursos não farmacológicos de alívio da dor no processo de parturição." Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 10, no. 30 (June 30, 2020): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2020.10.30.235-244.

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Identificar através da literatura, os métodos não farmacológicos mais utilizados para alívio da dor durante o processo de parturição. Estudo de revisão integrativa por meio de pesquisa nas bases de dados LILACS, SCIELO e BVS. Na literatura levantada incluem-se 11 estudos publicados entre os anos de 2009 a 2019. Os métodos não farmacológicos de alívio da dor mais utilizados no processo de parturição são: banhos, massagens, uso da bola suíça, deambulação, aromaterapia, posições e o cavalinho. Esses métodos quando combinados proporcionam um maior resultado no alívio da dor, além de promover um bem-estar e relaxamento para a parturiente.Descritores: Dor no Parto, Parturientes, Trabalho de Parto. Non-pharmacological resources of pain relief in the parturition processAbstract: To identify through the literature, the most used non-pharmacological methods for pain relief during parturition process. An integrative review study by means of researchs in database LILACS, SCIELO and BVS. In the literature, it was included 11 studies published between 2009 to 2019. The most used non-pharmacological methods of pain relief during labor are: baths, massages, use of swiss ball, ambulation, aromatherapy, positions at the "seat horse". These methods when combined provide greater results in the pain relief, besides promoting a welfare and relaxation for the parturient.Descriptors: Pain in Labor, Parturients, Labor Delivery. Recursos no farmacológicos de alivio del dolor en el proceso del partoResumen: Identificar a través de la literatura, los métodos no farmacológicos más utilizados para el alivio deldolor durante elproceso del parto. Estudio de revisióncompleta a través de lainvestigaciónenlas bases de datos LILACS, SCIELO y BVS. La literatura encuestada incluye 11 estudios publicados entre 2009 y 2019. Los métodos no farmacológicos más utilizados para aliviar eldolorson: baños, masajes, uso de la pelota suiza, deambulación, aromaterapia, posturas y caballito. Estos métodos, cuando se combinan, producemunmayor resultado enel alivio deldolor, ademáspromovemelbienestar y la relajación para las mujeres en proceso del parto.Descriptores: Dolor en el parto, Parturienta, Trabajo de parto.

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Simons, Joan. "Children’s experience of postoperative pain relief: children, parents and nurses use various pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, particularly distraction." Evidence Based Nursing 17, no. 3 (October 17, 2013): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/eb-2013-101417.

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Choudhary, Suman, Prasuna Jelly, Prakash Mahala, and Amali Mery. "Effect of back massage on relieving pain during labour: a systemic review." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20212194.

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Managing labour pain is a challenging concern for nurses who involved in care of mothers during labour and child birth. Massage is a primordial method that has been generally employed during labour, however, relatively little study has been assumed examining the effects of massage on women during labour. The study insistent pain allied with labour may negatively impact mother further transforming to foetus, frequently varying the childbirth course. The techniques of health care humanisation mention that women in labour should have the chance to relieve their pain with pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. The systemic review examines literature on effectiveness of back massage to relieve labour pain from 2013 to 2019. The electronic database reviewed for the systemic review included PubMed, Medline, nursing health journal, Google scholar etc by including relevant key words. Ten studies were included in the systemic review. The available literature on non-pharmacological method provides evidence as a back massage is effective to reduce labour pain. The aim of the present review is to examine the effect of back massage as a method to relieve labour pain and give comfort to mother. The experience of labour pain is different in women and it is affected by several psychological and physiological factors and its intensity may vary significantly. During labour majority of women need pain relief. Strategies of pain management include pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention. Evidence suggests that non pharmacological methods are helpful to reduce labour pain. We identified 10 reviews out of 110 for inclusion within this review. All studies on back massages show that it is effective to relieve pain during labour.

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Leng, H. Y., X. L. Zheng, X. H. Zhang, H. Y. He, G. F. Tu, Q. Fu, S. N. Shi, and L. Yan. "Combined non-pharmacological interventions for newborn pain relief in two degrees of pain procedures: A randomized clinical trial." European Journal of Pain 20, no. 6 (December 18, 2015): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.824.

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Gupta, Mayank, Nebojsa Nick Knezevic, Alaa Abd-Elsayed, Mahoua Ray, Kiran Patel, and Bhavika Chowdhury. "Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy—A Narrative Review of Pharmacological and Interventional Approaches." Biomedicines 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050573.

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Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that is associated with a significant decline in quality of life. Like other painful neuropathic conditions, PDN is difficult to manage clinically, and a variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological options are available for this condition. Recommended pharmacotherapies include anticonvulsive agents, antidepressant drugs, and topical capsaicin; and tapentadol, which combines opioid agonism and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, has also recently been approved for use. Additionally, several neuromodulation therapies have been successfully used for pain relief in PDN, including intrathecal therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Recently, 10 kHz SCS has been shown to provide clinically meaningful pain relief for patients refractory to conventional medical management, with a subset of patients demonstrating improvement in neurological function. This literature review is intended to discuss the dosage and prospective data associated with pain management therapies for PDN.

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Fan, Meifen, and Zheying Chen. "A systematic review of non‑pharmacological interventions used for pain relief after orthopedic surgical procedures." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9163.

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Cignacco, E., A. Axelin, L. Stoffel, G. Sellam, KJS Anand, and S. Engberg. "Facilitated tucking as a non-pharmacological intervention for neonatal pain relief: is it clinically feasible?" Acta Paediatrica 99, no. 12 (July 6, 2010): 1763–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01941.x.

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Mutia Nadra Maulida. "Effleurage Massage for Pain Relief in Pregnant Women." Conferences of Medical Sciences Dies Natalis Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sriwijaya 2, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/dies.v2i1.54.

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Pregnancy is an event that begins with conception and ends with the onset of labor. Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, the first trimester (0-12 weeks), the second trimester (13-27 weeks), and the third trimester (28-40 weeks). During the pregnancy process will cause various changes in all body systems, both physiological changes and psychological changes that can cause discomfort to pregnant women. Physiological changes that often occur in pregnant women such as dyspnea, insomnia, gingivitis, frequent urination, pressure and discomfort in the perineum, back pain, constipation, varicose veins, fatigue, Braxton hicks contractions, leg cramps, ankle edema. Not only physiologically, changes in pregnant women also occur psychologically such as changes in mood and increased anxiety.One of the physiological changes that pregnant women often complain about is back pain. According to Ratih (2016), the results of research on pregnant women in various regions of Indonesia reached 60-80% of people who experience back pain in their pregnancy. The reported prevalence of back pain in pregnancy varies from 50% in the UK and Scandinavia to 70% in Australia. Back pain experienced by pregnant women will peak at week 24 to week 28, just before abdominal growth reaches its maximum point. Most back pain during pregnancy occurs due to changes in the spinal muscles, as much as 70%.Back pain in pregnant women can be treated both pharmacologically and non pharmacologically. One of the non-pharmacological therapies that can be given is Effleurage Massage, which provides a gentle, slow and uninterrupted massage on the back of pregnant women so that it can cause relaxation and reduce pain.

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Figueiredo, Juliana Vieira, Ana Virgínia de Melo Fialho, Glícia Mesquita Martiniano Mendonça, Dafne Paiva Rodrigues, and Lúcia de Fátima da Silva. "Pain in the immediate puerperium: nursing care contribution." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, suppl 3 (2018): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0345.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the contribution of clinical nursing care to the mother who has recently given birth with immediate postpartum pain based on the Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort. Method: qualitative study by the research-care method. Three nurses, who provided care for women in the immediate puerperium as caregiver-researchers and 30 postpartum women, were admitted to a public maternity hospital. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection, from which the thematic analysis of the content was carried out. Results: nursing care with influences from the biomedical model was observed, but it expresses concern when being cared for. It offers administration of medications, guidelines and non-pharmacological measures for pain relief. Final considerations: nursing care based on the Theory of Comfort contributed to pain relief in the immediate puerperium.

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Ibrahim, Hekmat, Youssria Elsayed Yousef, Eman Ezz Elrigal, and Manal Mohamed Ahmed Ayed. "Effect of Using Non Pharmacological Methods on Relief of Pain and Fear among Children Undergoing Venipuncture." Egyptian Journal of Health Care 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2017.19530.

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O'Donnell, J. J. "Emergency analgesia in the paediatric population. Part III Non-pharmacological measures of pain relief and anxiolysis." Emergency Medicine Journal 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.19.3.195.

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de Jong, A. E. E., E. Middelkoop, A. W. Faber, and N. E. E. Van Loey. "Non-pharmacological nursing interventions for procedural pain relief in adults with burns: A systematic literature review." Burns 33, no. 7 (November 2007): 811–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2007.01.005.

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Probowati, Etri, Ariawan Soejoenoes, Sri Wahyuni M, Donny Kristanto Mulyantoro, Melyana Nurul Widyawati, and Diyah Fatmasari. "EFFECTIVENESS OF BREASTFEEDING AND NON-NUTRITIVE SUCKING ON PAIN RELIEF IN INFANT IMMUNIZATION." Belitung Nursing Journal 3, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33546/bnj.70.

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Background:Immunization in infants is an action that can cause trauma due to injection of the immunization that can cause pain. Breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking are considered to be non-pharmacologic strategy of pain management.Objective: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking on pain relief in infant immunizationMethods: This was a quasy experimental study with posttest only control group. This study was conducted on 26 October till 30 November 2016 at hree Community Health Centers (Puskesmas), namely Puskesmas Cilacap Utara I, Puskesmas Cilacap Tengah, and Puskesmas Cilacap Selatan I. The population was infants aged 2-4 months who got immunization of DPT-HB-Hib 1. Samples were recruited using consecutive sampling technique. There were 69 samples in this study, which were divided into three groups. 1) The group was given a breastfeeding intervention (23 respondents), 2) The second group was given a non Nutritive sucking intervention (23 respondents), and 3) The control group (23 respondents). Data were analyzed using ANOVA.Results: The pain response of the three groups was groups was 2.74 in breastfeeding group, 1.87 in non-nutritive sucking group, and 3.26 in control group. There was a significant difference between non-nutritive sucking and control group with p-value = 0,000, and also the significant difference between breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking with p-value = 0.016. However, there was no difference between breastfeeding and control group with p value = 0.142.Conclusion: Breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking were effective in reducing pain during infant immunization. It is suggested that midwives could administer these interventions to reduce pain in infant immunization, and it could be applied as non-pharmacological strategy in pain management in the Community Health Center in Indonesia.

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Ożarowski, Marcin, Przemysław Ł. Mikolajczak, Anna Bogacz, Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, Radosław Kujawski, Marian Majchrzycki, Karolina Wielgus, Agnieszka Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, and Bogusław Czerny. "Progress in study of Cannabis sativa leaves extracts without psychotropic cannabinoids in animal model of neuropathic pain." Journal of Medical Science 83, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.e88.

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Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Current therapy for this pain includes the use of pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods but due to the fact that a lot of therapy does not produce the analgesic results, it is necessary to search for new and more effective pharmacological strategy in relief of this type of pain. One of the interesting natural sources of compounds against this type of pain is extract of Cannabis sativa without psychotropic cannabinoids. Medicinal properties of C. sativa have been explored for centuries. It is well established that active compounds of this herb act through two cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2) as endocannabinoid system in the central nervous system. The present review addresses the recent advances in the study of pharmacological mechanisms on cellular and receptor level underlying non-hallucinogenic cannabinoid analgesic effect. In recent years, results of studies allow to state that special plant extract of C. sativa (without psychotropic cannabinoids) may be a promising source of drug used to relieve neuropathic pain.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-pharmacological pain relief'

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