Academic literature on the topic 'Non-physical barrier'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-physical barrier"
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Macedo, Nelson Luiz de, Luís Guilherme Scavone de Macedo, Fábio da Silva Matuda, Suzana Martins Ouchi, Adriana Socorro Ferreira Monteiro, and Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho. "Guided bone regeneration with subperiosteal implants of PTFE and hydroxyapatite physical barriers in rats." Brazilian Dental Journal 14, no. 2 (2003): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402003000200009.
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Regeneration of periodontal and alveolar ridge defects utilizing membranes is a well-established procedure in reconstructive surgery. Biomaterial characteristics and membrane design employed in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) techniques play an important role in good results. The purpose of this histologic experimental study in rats was to compare the use of two physical barriers in the osteopromotion by using GTR principles in bone defects created in tibias. Fifteen animals divided into 3groups were used: group I (non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) barrier), group II (coral hydroxyapatite (HA) blocks), and group III (defects that received no physical barrier). Histological examination showed varied amounts of newly formed bone beneath both types of barriers. The non-porous PTFE barrier showed better results than the HA group. The results of this study suggest that bone regeneration can be successfully enhanced by a submerged membrane technique.
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Noatch, Matthew R., and Cory D. Suski. "Non-physical barriers to deter fish movements." Environmental Reviews 20, no. 1 (2012): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a2012-001.
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Anthropogenic modifications to aquatic ecosystems have altered connecting pathways within, and in some cases, between watersheds. Human structures, such as hydroelectric facilities, often impede fish migrations and may inflict heavy mortality on fish that become impinged or entrained. Conversely, an increase in connectivity between two waterways (e.g., through the construction of shipping canals, increased boat traffic) often results in an elevated risk of invasive species introductions. Non-physical barriers, which obstruct fish from an undesirable location without influencing the waterway, are one management approach to protecting valuable fish stocks and deterring biological invasions. Because many methods of behavioral deterrence have been employed against fish, there is a need to summarize and compare existing and developing technologies. This review details the use and application of electrical, visual, acoustic, chemical, and hydrological deterrence techniques that may be used to prevent fish movements. Site requirements are discussed, and a critical assessment of benefits and limitations to each technique are given. Because no single method of fish deterrence is “one size fits all”, this review to non-physical fish barrier technology will benefit managers and researchers attempting to develop a best-fit strategy on a case-by-case basis.
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Carter, Shaunna, Cindy Wolff, Jean Schuldberg, and Keiko Goto. "Perceived Barriers to Recommended Diet and Physical Activity Patterns Among Ethnically Diverse Middle School Students." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 5, no. 4 (2007): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v5i4.1265.
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The purpose of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to examine perceived barriers to the adoption of recommended dietary and physical activity behaviors in low income ethnically diverse middle school students. Respondents completed surveys in sixth and eighth grade (n=289): 37% (n=100) of whom were Hmong, 34% (n=92) White, and 18% (n=57) Non-Asian, Non-White (NANW). Chi square and ANOVA were used to test the hypothesis that there were significant differences in perceived barriers for the adoption of recommended dietary and physical activity behaviors among ethnic groups. At 46%, significantly more Hmong versus White (12%) and NANW (16%) students indicated that cost was a significant barrier to fruit and vegetable availability at home (p=.001). In addition, 51% of Hmong students versus 33% of White and 34% of NANW students indicated that peer pressure was a barrier to the consumption of fruits and vegetables (p=.002). At 33%, significantly fewer Hmong students reported meeting the guidelines for physical activity compared to White students (52%, p=.016). Furthermore, Hmong students believed that being physically active every day was less important to their family members compared to non-Hmong students (p=.004). These results indicate that there is a need for culturally specific nutrition education and physical activity promotion with a particular focus on reducing obstacles to the adoption of recommended dietary patterns and physical activity for Hmong middle school students.
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Bullen, C. R., and T. J. Carlson. "Non-physical fish barrier systems: their development and potential applications to marine ranching." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 13, no. 2 (2003): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:rfbf.0000019481.10670.94.
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Darlenski, R., S. Sassning, N. Tsankov, and J. W. Fluhr. "Non-invasive in vivo methods for investigation of the skin barrier physical properties." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 72, no. 2 (2009): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.11.013.
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Ivanov, Pavel A., Alexander S. Potapov, and Tat'yana P. Samsonova. "Analysis of Forward Current-Voltage Characteristics of Non-Ideal Ti/4H-SiC Schottky Barriers." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.431.
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Forward current-voltage characteristics of non-ideal Ti / 4H-SiC Schottky barriers with ideality factor n = 1.1 - 1.2 have been analyzed. The non-ideality is considered as a result of formation of a thin intermediate dielectric layer between the deposited titanium layer and 4H-SiC. Using experimental current-voltage characteristics, the electro-physical characteristics of Ti contacts such as the energy barrier height, the thickness of the intermediate layer and the energy distribution of the interface trap density are determined.
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Kim, Jaewoo, Caitlyn Bondy, Catherine M. Chandler, and Nicholas E. Mandrak. "Behavioural Response of Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Juvenile Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Strobe Light." Fishes 4, no. 2 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020029.
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The movement of fish can be regulated by behavioural manipulation through non-physical barrier systems. Aquatic invasive species are becoming one of the major management issues in North America, and threaten native aquatic ecosystems, including freshwater fish. Placements of non-physical barriers in waterways can help disrupt the movement of invasive fish. This study examined the effect of a strobe-light stimulus on the avoidance behaviour of two proxy species, juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), in a controlled laboratory environment. For each species, three sequential treatments of pre-stimulus, strobe-light stimulus, and post-stimulus for 30 min periods were recorded on acclimated groups of 5 juvenile common carp and 5 juvenile channel catfish using 15 and 13 replicates, respectively. The distribution of juvenile common carp individuals throughout the tank did not change significantly with treatment, nor did cohesive grouping behaviour. Similarly, there were no significant differences across experimental treatments in average location/distance of juvenile channel catfish relative to the strobe light or degree of cohesion in response to the strobe light. Non-physical barriers have been widely reported to vary between species and environmental conditions. These results suggest that strobe lights evoke no avoidance or attractive responses in juvenile common carp and juvenile channel catfish, and will likely not be an effective barrier to inhibit movements of juvenile invasive fishes.
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Portela-Pino, Iago, Myriam Alvariñas-Villaverde, Javier Martínez-Torres, and Margarita Pino-Juste. "Influence of the Perception of Barriers in Practice of PA in Adolescents: Explanatory Model." Healthcare 9, no. 4 (2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040380.
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Background: Sedentarism is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases. To avoid it, it is necessary to establish the barriers which influence a low level of practice of Physical Activity. Methods: This study, conducted with 833 students, aims to describe a model to explain the barriers determining the level of practice of Physical Activity in adolescents according to age, school year, BMI and gender. The inclusion of the analyzed barriers followed the tetra-factorial model: Body image/physical and social anxiety; Tiredness/laziness; Responsibilities/lack of time and Environment/facilities. Results: The barriers to Physical Activity in adolescents are fatigue and sloth, and temporary obligations. The barrier that least influences the practice of Physical Activity is the environment and body image. It is determined that the subjects with the lowest Physical Activity index were those with a high fatigue and laziness score and higher age. The level of physical activity of this population is medium (95% CI, 2.8274–2.9418). Conclusions: It is necessary to overcome tiredness or apathy towards the practice of Physical Activity, especially in those under 16 years of age.
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Ranaweera, Thilini Thakshila, Desha Rajni Fernando, and Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana. "Physical activity level and participation in strength training (ST) activities among undergraduate female students." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 4, no. 1 (2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.4107.
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Background: Insufficient physical activity has been identified as a leading risk factor for Non-Communicable Diseases and global mortality. Healthy adults should be involved in Strength Training (ST) activities to be in Health Enhancing Physical Activities (HEPA) level. Undergraduates are physically fit and in finest age to understand importance of physical activities. However, most of undergraduates in worldwide were found to be inactive and highest were women. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the physical activity level, participation in ST activities and perceived benefits and barriers for ST activities among female undergraduates. Methodology: Two hundred female undergraduates of Faculty of Science, University of Colombo were randomly selected to conduct this descriptive cross-sectional study. Interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Physical activity level was assessed by the first part of the questionnaire. Section one of the second part of the questionnaire focused on individual perception of benefits and barriers to ST activities while section two was used to determine barrier scores. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0. Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.66. Majority (63.0%; n= 121) was physically inactive, 33.3% (n=64) were minimally active and only 3.6% (n=7) were in HEPA category. Fifty one participants (26.6%) showed zero MET min/week for walking, 64 participants (33.3%) for moderate activities and more than half (68.8%; n=132) for vigorous activities. Majority (89.1%; n= 171) were not ST participants and 87.5% (n= 168) perceived ST as an important activity. Health benefits were perceived as the most important benefit of ST by 44.8% (n=86). Lack of time was the mostly (30.7%; n=59) perceived restricting barrier for ST activities. Barrier scores were different in at least one physical activity level (p< 0.01). Conclusion: These undergraduates appeared to be having a sedentary life style. Improved awareness on importance of ST and HEPA and time management skills will increase participation in ST which results increase the physical level of undergraduates.
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Britan, A., A. V. Karpov, E. I. Vasilev, O. Igra, G. Ben-Dor, and E. Shapiro. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Shock Wave Interaction with Perforated Plates." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 3 (2004): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1758264.
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The flow developed behind shock wave transmitted through a screen or a perforated plat is initially highly unsteady and nonuniform. It contains multiple shock reflections and interactions with vortices shed from the open spaces of the barrier. The present paper studies experimentally and theoretically/numerically the flow and wave pattern resulted from the interaction of an incident shock wave with a few different types of barriers, all having the same porosity but different geometries. It is shown that in all investigated cases the flow downstream of the barrier can be divided into two different zones. Due immediately behind the barrier, where the flow is highly unsteady and nonuniform in the other, placed further downstream from the barrier, the flow approaches a steady and uniform state. It is also shown that most of the attenuation experienced by the transmitted shock wave occurs in the zone where the flow is highly unsteady. When solving the flow developed behind the shock wave transmitted through the barrier while ignoring energy losses (i.e., assuming the fluid to be a perfect fluid and therefore employing the Euler equation instead of the Navier-Stokes equation) leads to non-physical results in the unsteady flow zone.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-physical barrier"
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Nordin, Jonathan. "Highway To Hell: Can a bubble barrier guide descending salmonid kelt to safety?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174689.
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Loss of connectivity in riverine systems due to construction of hydropower dams has resulted in a worldwide decline of anadromous salmonid species such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta L.). The future of these species depend on the presence of available spawning habitat in freshwater river systems. Modern research and mitigation efforts mainly focus on ensuring a successful upstream passage past dams e.g. fish ladders. Atlantic salmon and sea trout are iteroparous, and are thus able to spawn repeatedly during their lifetime. Individuals surviving upstream migration and spawning generally face a hazardous journey back to their marine feeding grounds. In this large scale natural field study I evaluate the possibility of using a bubble barrier as a non-physical structure to guide downstream migrating kelt past the turbines at a large hydropower station in northern Sweden. Results from this study clearly show that kelt effectively can be diverted using a bubble barrier in daylight conditions with a mean water velocity of 1.1 m s-1 (p=0,01). From a fishway managers perspective, increasing survival of salmonid kelt is a substantial step towards achieving a viable population with increased numbers of repeat spawners and large individuals. This study presents new results in a sparsely explored subject; the diversion of post-spawn salmonid migrants using non-physical barriers.
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Sheehe, Suzanne Marie Lanier. "Heat Release Studies by pure Rotational Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Spectroscopy in Plasma Assisted Combustion Systems excited by nanosecond Discharges." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1401377491.
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Bergström, Julia, and Felicia Särnö. "Inkludering av nya motionärer på motionsanläggningar : Motionärers föreställningar om människor som inte motionerar." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-22615.
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Syfte Syftet var att undersöka vad aktiva-motionärer anser om vardags-motionärer avseende livsstil, karaktärsdrag och hälsostatus. Metod För att inkludera vardags-motionärer på motionsanläggningar där motionärer finns bör man lösa upp barriärer till motion. Det kan därför vara av nytta att ta reda på om och i så fall vad aktiva-motionärer anser om vardags-motionärer. Detta för att kunna veta om förändringen ska ske hos aktiva-motionärer eller vardags-motionärer för att möjliggöra inkludering av vardagsmotionärer på motionsanläggningar där aktiva-motionärer finns. Detta genomfördes med en kvalitativt inriktad undersökning genom en intervjustudie i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultat Respondenterna anger att hälsa är en upplevd balans såväl psykiskt som fysiskt. I motsats till detta innebär ohälsa obalans. Konsekvenserna av denna obalans nämnde respondenterna som trötthet, sämre koncentration, övervikt, lättare att drabbas av sjukdomar samt försämrad livskvalité. Det respondenterna nämnde om en vardags-motionär är att denna individ sällan gör mer än vad det behöver i vardagen, är ohälsosamma, innehar obalans och kan drabbas av konsekvenserna som nämns ovan. Slutsats Undersökningen visar att det finns åsikter hos aktiva-motionärer om vardags-motionärer. Dock uttalar sig aktiva-motionärer ogärna om hur vardags-motionärer är som personer, men beskriver enklare deras leverne. Det undersökningen därmed kan konstatera är att andras åsikter är en befogad barriär till varför motion inte bedrivs. Om denna barriär är något som syns utåt på anläggningarna är dock svårt att säga.<br>Purpose The main purpose of this study was to research the practitioners of physical exercise (PPE) opinions about non-practitioners of physical exercise (NPPE), regarding their health, lifestyle and characteristics. Method To enable inclusion of NPPE to training facilities where PPE attend, knowledge of the PPEs’ opinions about NPPE are needed. NPPE often mention that the opinions of PPE discourage them from start to perform physical exercise at training facilities. Therefore, it was necessary to research if these opinions make an actual barrier for the start of exercise in NPPEs. To contribute this knowledge of opinions this study was a qualitative interview study with semi structured interviews. Result The respondents described health as a state of experienced balance between physical and physiological health. Unhealthiness was described by the opposite; imbalance. The consequences of this described imbalance are mentioned as fatigue, lack in concentration, overweight, high risk in diseases and decreased quality of life. What the respondents mentioned about a NPPE as an individual, were that they only did what's necessary, are unhealthy, lead an unbalanced lifestyle and suffer a higher risk of afflict the consequences mentioned above. Conclusion This study shows that the PPE do have opinions about NPPE. What is shown most clearly is that the respondents are more confident describing unhealthiness or the lifestyle choices associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, rather than describing the characteristics of unhealthy individuals. The study examines that the PPEs’ opinions about NPPE could be an actual barrier for NPPE to start performing physical exercise at training facilities where PPE perform their physical exercise. If these opinions are reflected in the environment of the training facilities, is not defined through this study and would require further research.
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Ahmed, Tarannum. "Physical Activity of Swedish Immigrants and Their Health Outcomes, Barriers and Facilitators To Be Physically Active: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55807.
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Immigrants of Sweden are suffering from various non-communicable diseases more than Swedish natives which becomes a major public health concern nowadays. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the physical activity level of Swedish immigrants compare to Swedish-born, their physical and mental health outcomes, and barriers and facilitators of being physically active. Electronic database CINAHL PLUS, PUBMED, EBSCOhost, SWEPUB was searched and 17 articles were included which was peer-reviewed, English language, based on physical activity of immigrants living in Sweden. Findings of these articles revealed that immigrants had a higher prevalence of non-communicable, anxiety, depression more than Swedish natives. Lack of motivation, weather, cultural and language barriers, environmental, infrastructure, and economic barriers are identified as barriers. Self-motivation, family and social support, culturally appropriate strategies, government-induced programs, community support are identified as facilitators of being physically active. The quality of evidence of outcomes scored by using GRADE. In conclusion, the available evidence support that immigrants are less physically active than Swedish-born and lack physical activity associated with their physical and mental health outcomes and there are several barriers and facilitators for being physically active.
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Jacquard, Catherine. "Etude experimentale d'une barriere capillaire avec un modele de laboratoire." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0097.
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Velasquez, Katherine Elizabeth Serna 1961. "Relation of acculturation, perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy, social support, and beliefs about physical activity to physical activity levels of college-aged Hispanic and non-Hispanic women." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-2786.
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Two overall national health goals are to increase the quality and years of healthy life and to eliminate health disparities. Physical inactivity is a leading cause of disability and death due to its relationship with overweight and chronic disease. Hispanic women are less physically active than Hispanic men and Anglo women in leisure time physical activity and recommended levels of physical activity (PA). From a developmental perspective, understanding prevalence and correlates of PA in emerging adulthood may make a significant contribution to increasing PA as women move into full adulthood. The Health Promotion Model (HPM) advanced by Pender provided the framework for examining beliefs about PA and other correlates of PA. This study also developed and tested a scale measuring beliefs about PA (BPA) that tried to access cultural differences between non-Hispanic and Hispanic women. The study was carried out by electronic solicitation to randomly selected non-Hispanic and Hispanic students from 3 southwestern universities and yielded 237 complete online surveys. Instruments comprising the survey included the Short-version of the International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ), Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale (EBBS), Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE), Social Support for Exercise Survey for Family and Friends (SSFA, SSFR), BPA, the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA II), and questions about SES. Statistical procedures included factor analysis, t-tests, and multi-sample path analysis. Respondents included 80 non-Hispanic and 157 Hispanic women, aged 18-27. Factor analysis of the BPA produced 7 subscales accounting for 68% of the explained variance (spirituality, role enhancement, socialization preferences, personal benefits, cultural beliefs, exercise difficulty, and women’s roles). Independent sample t-tests indicated group means for spirituality and cultural beliefs significantly differed, as did total BPA, acculturation, & SES. Path analysis provided evidence for a model with good fit for both groups. Significant path coefficients to vigorous PA included benefits, SE, and SSFA. Total indirect effects for SES to vigorous PA through SE and SSFA were significant. Acculturation, SES, SSFR, and BPA were not significant predictors of vigorous PA.<br>text
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Carreira, Eliana Azinheira. "Estágio realizado no Instituto Português de Reumatologia : osteoartrose da anca e do joelho." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14012.
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As Doenças Reumáticas são doenças que podem afetar sobretudo o sistema músculo-esquelético e que, podem ser classificadas como inflamatórias ou mecânicas de acordo com o ritmo da dor. O principal sintoma destas doenças é a dor, que surge geralmente acompanhada por um declínio da capacidade funcional do indivíduo e consequente comprometimento da sua qualidade de vida.
A Osteoartrose é uma das doenças reumáticas com mais prevalência em todo o mundo sendo que a anca e o joelho são as articulações mais afetadas. O tratamento requer uma combinação farmacológica e não farmacológica, em que o não farmacológico consiste sobretudo na educação, autogestão e exercício. Sendo esta uma patologia crónica que tanto afeta a sociedade, o seu tratamento consiste sobretudo no alívio da dor e no aumento da mobilidade da articulação afetada de forma que a capacidade funcional seja melhorada.
O estágio curricular decorreu no IPR onde foi aplicado um programa de exercício domiciliário aos indivíduos internados. Os principais objetivos do estágio consistiram: aquisição de conhecimentos e competências teóricos e práticos sobre as doenças reumáticas no geral, focando mais especificamente a Osteoartrose da Anca e do Joelho, aquisição de competências práticas para o aconselhamento do exercício em indivíduos com doenças reumáticas e aplicação de programas de exercício, avaliação da aptidão física funcional e avaliação subjetiva da dor e do estado emocional através de questionários, superação de barreiras e criação de estratégias.
Verificaram-se diferenças significativas na velocidade de marcha, força de membros inferiores e flexibilidade dos membros inferiores nos indivíduos com OA, sendo que, nos restantes testes de aptidão física também se verificaram melhorias. Foram, também, observadas diferenças significativas no nível de qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com OA. Desta forma, o programa de intervenção domiciliária teve efeitos positivos na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos da amostra.<br>Rheumatic Diseases are diseases that can affect especially musculoskeletal system and that can be classified as inflammatory or mechanical according to the rhythm of the pain. The main symptom of these diseases is pain, which usually accompanies a decline in the individual's functional capacity and consequent impairment of their quality of life.
Osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent rheumatic diseases in the world with the hip and knee being the most affected joints. Treatment requires a non-pharmacological and pharmacological combination, in which the non-pharmacological consists primarily in education, self-management and exercise. As this is a chronic pathology that affects society as a whole, its treatment consists primarily in pain relief and increased mobility of the affected joint so that functional capacity is improved.
The curriculum internship took place at the IPR where a home exercise program was applied to inpatients. The main objectives of the training consisted of acquiring theoretical and practical knowledge and skills about rheumatic diseases in general, focusing more specifically on hip and knee osteoarthrosis, acquiring practical skills to advise exercise in individuals with rheumatic diseases and applying Exercise programs, evaluation of functional physical fitness and subjective evaluation of pain and emotional state through questionnaires, overcoming barriers and creating strategies.
There were significant differences in gait velocity, lower limb strength and lower limb flexibility in individuals with OA, and in the other physical fitness tests, there were also improvements. Significant differences were also observed in the level of quality of life of individuals with OA. In this way, the home intervention program had positive effects on the quality of life of the individuals in the sample.
Books on the topic "Non-physical barrier"
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade. Reviewing Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): Hearing before the Subcommitee on International Trade of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, April 15, 1991. U.S. G.P.O., 1991.
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Trade, United States Congress Senate Committee on Finance Subcommittee on International. United States-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Trade of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session. U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade. United States-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Trade of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session. U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade. United States-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): Hearings before the Subcommittee on International Trade of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session. U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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Trade, United States Congress Senate Committee on Finance Subcommittee on International. United States-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Trade of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session. U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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Trade, United States Congress Senate Committee on Finance Subcommittee on International. United States-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Trade of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session. U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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Predicting outcomes in United States-Japan trade negotiations: The political process of the structural impediments initiative. Quorum, 1996.
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Blaser, Annika Reintam, and Adam M. Deane. Normal physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0172.
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The gastrointestinal (GI) system is responsible for digestion and absorption, but also has important endocrine, immune and barrier functions. Additionally, the GI system plays a major role in fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The GI system is regulated by complex myogenic, neural and humoral mechanisms, and, in health, these are affected by the presence of luminal nutrient, thereby modulating function of the GI system. Accordingly, GI function varies depending on whether a person is fasted or in the postprandial state. Adequate fasting and postprandial perfusion, motility and exocrine secretion are required for ‘normal’ functioning. The protective mechanisms of the GI system consist of physical (intact gut mucosa), non-immune (gastric acid, intestinal mucin, bile and peristalsis) and immune (gut-associated lymphoid tissue, GALT) elements. Disruption of GI protection is a putative mechanism underlying the development of multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. Maintenance of GI function is increasingly recognised as an important factor underlying survival in critical illness.
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Regional technical assistance to the greater Mekong subregion for the mitigation of non-physical barriers to cross-border movement of goods and people: Completion report. Asian Development Bank, 1996.
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Bhole, Malini. Functions of the immune system. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0293.
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This chapter reviews the functions of the immune system, which has evolved to provide a defence mechanism against microbial challenges, and is divided into two main branches, innate and adaptive. In addition, there are physical and chemical barriers, including skin, mucous membrane, mucous secretions, saliva, and various enzymes, and these contribute to the first line of defence against pathogens. The innate immune system provides the initial quick response for rapid recognition and elimination of pathogens, as opposed to the adaptive immune system, which has evolved to provide a more definitive and finely tuned response. The common central feature of both of these systems is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. The recognition of non-self or ‘foreign’ pathogens and the subsequent immune response is orchestrated by a whole range of cells and soluble (humoral) factors in both innate and adaptive immune systems.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-physical barrier"
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Ferriday, Ursula T., and I. S. Foulds. "Dermatological disorders." In Fitness for Work. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199643240.003.0022.
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The skin acts as a protective barrier against a number of hazards within our environment. These hazards can be: chemical, e.g. acids, alkalis, solvents, cutting, or soluble oils; biological, e.g. bacteria, plant allergens, or raw food; or physical, e.g. ultraviolet light, or mechanical shearing forces. In some situations the defensive properties of the skin are exceeded resulting in cuts, grazes, inflammation, ulceration, infection, and occasionally malignant change. The risk factors for breakdown of skin defences can be categorized as: (i) occupational—common at-risk groups are cleaners, food handlers, hairdressers, and workers in contact with cutting fluids; and (ii) non-occupational—where genetic predisposition to skin disorders is an important factor. Workers with non-occupational skin disorders can suffer exacerbations of their underlying dermatological condition in workplaces where the environment is hot and humid or extremely cold or dry.
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Hameed, Mehvish, Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Dig Vijay Singh, and Mohammad Aneesul Mehmood. "White Pollution." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0031-6.ch004.
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Plastic derived from the petrochemical industry with a high molecular weight constitutes about 9-13% of total solid waste. Since the industrial revolution, the use of plastic has increased manifold without improving its adequate management as a waste. Most of the plastic waste produced in the world is mainly from packaging industry followed by building and construction. Plastic is a non-degradable deadly pollutant to degrade environmental quality and are known to remain in water and soil for years without making any change in their structure. Due to enormous generation, open burning of plastic is also preferred due to the lack of resource in the developing countries thus releasing toxic gases thereby causing air pollution. Plastic disturbs the balance of the environment by acting as physical barrier leading to the drainage of the drains, degrading soil properties, and are often ingested by the organisms ultimately leading to their death. Thus, it becomes more important to manage the plastic pollution keeping in view its detrimental impacts on the environment.
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Hanson, Robin. "Business." In The Age of Em. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.003.0022.
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We tend to think of the future as a place full of new technology, but to many, only physical and software devices count as “technology.” However, economic growth results from innovation not only in physical and software devices, but also in social practices and institutions. Scholars in economics, finance, business, and law have long identified many simple changes to business and social practices that seem to improve efficiency, but that are rarely adopted, and that tend to generate little interest when explained to potential adoptees. For example, economists tend to consistently recommend charging non-zero prices for scarce resources like parking and road use, and recommend weakening import tariff s, immigration restrictions, rent control, mortgage subsidies, taxes on products where both supply and demand are elastic, and penalties for victimless crimes such as drug use or prostitution. While clever scholars can often invent auxiliary hypotheses to explain why these polices are useful, contrary to appearance, it is far from obvious that such hypotheses are the real reasons for disinterest in these policies. We have six reasons to expect ems to adopt such improvements more often than they are adopted today. First, the much larger em economy has more resources to explore and develop the many complementary adaptations usually required to make general good ideas effective in particular contexts. Second, a more competitive economy should less often reject cost-saving changes merely because they seem strange or repugnant. When efficiency gives a competitive advantage, more competition should lead to more efficiency. Third, as ems can more easily obtain trustworthy strategic advice on personal choices from their clan, their behavior should more closely approximate the rational agent models on which scholarly advice tends to be based. Fourth, as em clans will know their members very well, such clans can provide high levels of insurance to members while suffering much less from the usual disadvantages of insurance, such as insurance reducing incentives to be careful, and people with hidden higher risks buying more insurance. While today risk-aversion is often a barrier to institutional efficiency, riskaversion is much less of a barrier for ems.
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Bricken, William, and Geoffrey Coco. "VEOS: The Virtual Environment Operating Shell." In Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195075557.003.0011.
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Computer technology has only recently become advanced enough to solve the problems it creates with its own interface. One solution, virtual reality (VR), immediately raises fundamental issues in both semantics and epistcmology. Broadly, virtual reality is that aspect of reality which people construct from information, a reality which is potentially orthogonal to the reality of mass. Within computer science, VR refers to interaction with computer-generated spatial environments, environments constructed to include and immerse those who enter them. VR affords non-symbolic experience within a symbolic environment Since people evolve in a spatial environment, our knowledge skills are anchored to interactions within spatial environments. VR design techniques, such as scientific visualization, map digital information onto spatial concepts. When our senses are immersed in stimuli from the virtual world, our minds construct a closure to create the experience of inclusion. Participant inclusion is the defining characteristic of VR. (Participation within information is often called immersion.) Inclusion is measured by the degree of presence a participant experiences in a virtual environment. We currently use computers as symbol processors, interacting with them through a layer of symbolic mediation. The computer user, just like the reader of books, must provide cognitive effort to convert the screen’s representations into the user’s meanings. VR systems, in contrast, provide interface tools which support natural behavior as input and direct perceptual recognition of output. The idea is to access digital data in the form most easy for our comprehension; this generally implies using representations that look and feel like the thing they represent. A physical pendulum, for example, might be represented by an accurate three-dimensional digital model of a pendulum which supports direct spatial interaction and dynamically behaves as would an actual pendulum. Immersive environments redefine the relationship between experience and representation, in effect eliminating the syntax-semantics barrier. Reading, writing, and arithmetic are cast out of the computer interface, replaced by direct, non-symbolic environmental experience. Before we can explore the deeper issues of experience in virtual environments, we must develop an infrastructure of hardware and software to support “tricking the senses” into believing that representation is reality. The VEOS project was designed to provide a rapid prototyping infrastructure for exploring virtual environments.
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Leon Vegas, Carolina. "Migrants and Other Others in 2020 by Javier Moreno." In Narratives Crossing Borders: The Dynamics of Cultural Interaction. Stockholm University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16993/bbj.c.
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The aim of this chapter is to study the representation of different borders and its role in the portrayal of otherness in 2020 by Javier Moreno. 2020 is a novel built on the thoughts and voices of a series of characters. Amongst these, we can find Nabil, a young man of Saharawi origin; Jorge, a homeless man with Asperger’s; Josefina, a rich young anorexic woman; and her father, Gowan, a successful businessman of Scottish origin, who has disappeared and is involved in the creation of a mystic revolutionary movement. We explore the ways in which the novel builds a dystopic society through the representation of dysfunctional characters embodying different kinds of otherness and the way in which spatiality and the body are key to understanding how this otherness is created and reinforced. With the help of the notions of limbo, non-places, hybridity, simulacrum and the dichotomy center-periphery we examine how borders are raised in the novel and how these affect the characters and the depiction of a society in decline. The notions of void and ruins recur as topics in the novel, and are an obsession for Gowan, who is both an observer and a creator of ruins through a series of actions that represent a wider economic reality where objects are bought, sold and trashed. We study how the body, which in a way is the first barrier between the characters and the outside, plays a significant role in the novel as a marker of ethnicity, physical illness or, as with Josefina, as the recipient and target of an obsession for corporal void, latent in her eating disorder. Decay, in terms of both the character’s bodies and the spaces around them, functions in 2020 as a metaphor of a dysfunctional socio-economic system that is collapsing.
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Raff, Lionel, Ranga Komanduri, Martin Hagan, and Satish Bukkapatnam. "Empirical Potential-Energy Surfaces Fitting Using Feed forward Neural Networks." In Neural Networks in Chemical Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199765652.003.0012.
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When the system of interest becomes too complex to permit the use of ab initio methods to obtain the system potential-energy surfaces (PES), empirical potential surfaces are frequently employed to represent the force fields present in the system under investigation. In most cases, the functional forms present in these potentials are selected on the basis of chemical and physical intuitions. The parameters of the surface are frequently adjusted to fit a very small set of experimental data that comprise bond energies, equilibrium bond distances and angles, fundamental vibrational frequencies, and perhaps measured barrier heights to reactions of interest. Such potentials generally yield only qualitative or semiquantitative descriptions of the system dynamics. Several research groups have significantly improved the accuracy of the values of the experimental properties computed using empirical potential surfaces by fitting the chosen functional form for the potential to the force fields obtained from trajectories using ab initio Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations. The fitting to the force fields is usually done using a least-squares fitting approach. This method has been employed by Izvekov et al. to obtain effective non-polarizable three-site force fields for liquid water. Carré et al. have employed such a procedure to obtain a new pair potential for silica. In their investigation, the vector of potential parameters was fitted using an iterative Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Tangney and Scandolo have also developed an interatomic force field for liquid SiO2 in which the parameters were fitted to the forces, stresses, and energies obtained from ab initio calculations. Ercolessi and Adams have used a quasi-Newtonian procedure to fit an empirical potential for aluminum to data obtained from first-principals computations. Empirical potentials can be improved by making the parameters parameterized functions of the coordinates defining the instantaneous positions of the atoms of the system. This approach has been successfully employed by numerous investigators The difficulty with this procedure is that the number of parameters that must be adjusted increases rapidly. Appropriate fitting of these parameters requires a much more extensive database. Finally, the actual fitting process can often be tedious, difficult, and time-consuming.
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Ross, Kristin C. "Creating Dialogical Spaces in Blended Environments." In Online Course Management. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5472-1.ch022.
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This chapter presents a case study of two English literature courses (one graduate course taught in the Spring 2010 semester and one undergraduate course in the Fall 2011 semester) at Troy University's Dothan, AL, campus analyzing student engagement in relation to the learning environment. Both of these courses presented challenges in facilitating classroom discussion inhibited by the physical design of the learning space. To compensate for these physical limitations, both courses incorporated blended learning. One course was moved outdoors, thereby blending the traditional classroom with a non-traditional learning space, while the other incorporated a blended learning approach that used an online discussion board. Although such “relocations” of the learning space overcame initial barriers to student engagement and success, even the blended approach suggests that further research and investment in classroom design would improve student engagement in both traditional and blended classes by promoting dialogism in the classroom.
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Ross, Kristin C. "Creating Dialogical Spaces in Blended Environments." In Practical Applications and Experiences in K-20 Blended Learning Environments. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4912-5.ch019.
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This chapter presents a case study of two English literature courses (one graduate course taught in the Spring 2010 semester and one undergraduate course in the Fall 2011 semester) at Troy University’s Dothan, AL, campus analyzing student engagement in relation to the learning environment. Both of these courses presented challenges in facilitating classroom discussion inhibited by the physical design of the learning space. To compensate for these physical limitations, both courses incorporated blended learning. One course was moved outdoors, thereby blending the traditional classroom with a non-traditional learning space, while the other incorporated a blended learning approach that used an online discussion board. Although such “relocations” of the learning space overcame initial barriers to student engagement and success, even the blended approach suggests that further research and investment in classroom design would improve student engagement in both traditional and blended classes by promoting dialogism in the classroom.
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Amanik, Allan. "“A Beautiful Garden Consecrated to the Lord”: Marriage, Death, and Local Constructions of Citizenship in New York’s Nineteenth-Century Jewish Rural Cemeteries." In Till Death Do Us Part. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496827883.003.0002.
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This chapter explores immigration, race, and religion through the nation’s first Jewish rural cemeteries of the 1850s. These grounds embodied an important duality for Jewish New Yorkers’ social belonging to an emerging white middle class while also safeguarding Jewish particularity and continuity. Still recent Jewish immigrants eagerly participated in the Rural Cemetery Movement, laying out lavish cemeteries and embracing its universalism by setting those grounds in closer proximity than ever before to non-sectarian Christian counterparts. Conversely, Jews of all stripes made sure to cluster together behind clear physical barriers, and nearly all synagogues and Jewish fraternities prohibited Christian burial and maintained old links between interment rights and intermarriage. Aware of increasing acceptance in the United States, Jewish New Yorkers celebrated their costly new cemeteries as symbols of mobility and belonging. At the same time, they doubled down on physical, ritual, and intangible divisions within them to temper that integration.
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Klapper, Melissa R. "Think Pink." In Ballet Class. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908683.003.0011.
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Ballet has come to be an important part of girl culture, in part because so many girls in the United States take ballet at some point in their lives. Consumer products like dolls and music boxes have brought ballet into girls’ homes and reinforce a problematic link between ballet and femininity, though real girls who take ballet class are often quite thoughtful about the way ballet empowers them. Books for children, both non-fiction and fiction, have been important examples of the intersection between ballet and girl culture since the early twentieth century. Children’s ballet books deal with artistic expression, physical challenges, competition, gender, sexuality, racial and ethnic diversity, class barriers, and many other elements of real girls’ experiences with ballet class.
Conference papers on the topic "Non-physical barrier"
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Wilt, K. R., T. J. Lawry, H. A. Scarton, et al. "Mechanical Design Implications on Power Transfer Through Thick Metallic Barriers Using Piezoelectric Transducers." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38671.
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Traditionally, power transfer through thick metallic barriers has required physical penetrations and wire feed-throughs, which reduces structural integrity and limits the environmental isolation provided by the barrier. The Faraday shielding presented by these barriers, however, prevents efficient transfer of electromagnetic power, limiting many RF coupling techniques. More recently, the use of ultrasound has been shown as an effective non-destructive technique for transmitting large amounts of power (100s of watts) through solid metallic mediums. By using two coaxially aligned piezoelectric transducers loaded onto opposite sides of the barrier through an acoustic couplant, an ultrasonic channel is formed through which efficient power delivery is possible. This work presents finite element modeling and simulations that help characterize the impacts of many mechanical design factors on the power transfer efficiency of these ultrasonic channels, including: transducer-wall coupling effects, transducer and wall resonance modes, transducer dimensions, and barrier composition and dimensions. Physical channel measurements are also presented to show the strong correlation between the finite element simulations and the systems modeled.
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Bakirov, M., V. Potapov, N. Zabruskov, I. Vystavkin, and V. Levchuk. "Elaboration and Introduction of the Methodics of Non-Destructive Inspection (Control) of Physical-Mechanical Properties of NPP Pressure Vessels." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3060.
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Resource of reactor with PWR is defined, in the first instance, by foundation of integrity of the third physical barrier of safety. The third physical barrier of safety provides a reliable keeping of the coolant in the boundaries of NPP primary circuit. More than thirty year history shows, that reactor vessel is a weak spot in this barrier, the metal of the pressure vessel is subjected to intensive irradiation. The mechanism of operational damage of pressure vessel steel is represented in Fig. 1. This article describes the works, which were conducted by VNIIAES during the last years in the field of elaboration of specimen-free methods and means of inspection (control) of physical-mechanical properties of pressure vessels welds metal of NPPs with PWR. On the base of analysis of that factors, which exercise the most substantial influence on the irradiation embrittlement of pressure vessel materials and on the base of distribution of these factors by degree of significance, there were selected the most appropriate specimen-free methods of inspection: kinetic indentation and kinetic magnetising. It was presented the description of the specimen-free methods, devices and of the results of laboratory measurements, and also the description of the manufacturing procedure and the procedure of certification of the methods on full-scale slabs from WWER-1000 pressure vessel. In the article also is described the example of using of the specimen-free methodics by full-scale inspection (control) of the metal of reactor internal components and of pressure vessel of WWER-1000 of Rostov NPP Unit 1.
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Tannenbaum, J. M., K. Lee, B. S. J. Kang, and M. A. Alvin. "Non-Destructive Thermal Barrier Coating Spallation Prediction by a Load-Based Micro-Indentation Technique." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37696.
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Currently, the durability and life cycle of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) applied to gas turbine blades and combustor components are limiting the maximum temperature and subsequent efficiency at which gas turbine engines operate. The development of new materials, coating technologies and evaluation techniques is required if enhanced efficiency is to be achieved. Of the current ceramic coating materials used in gas turbine engines, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is most prevalent, its low thermal conductivity, high thermal expansion coefficient and outstanding mechanical strength make it ideal for use in TBC systems. However, residual stresses caused by coefficients of thermal expansion mismatches within the TBC system and unstable thermally grown oxides are considered the primary causes for its premature and erratic spallation failure. Through finite element simulations, it is shown that the residual stresses generated within the thermally grown oxide (TGO), bond coat (BC), YSZ and their interfaces create slight variations in indentation unloading surface stiffness response prior to spallation failure. In this research, seven air plasma sprayed and one electron beam physical vapor deposition yttria partially stabilized zirconia TBCs were subjected to isothermal and cyclic loadings at 1100°C. The associated coating degradation was evaluated using a non-destructive multiple partial unloading micro-indentation procedure. The results show that the proposed non-destructive micro-indentation evaluation technique can be an effective and specimen-independent TBC failure prediction tool capable of determining the location of initial spallation failure prior to its actual occurrence.
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Jayaraj, B., B. Franke, S. Laxman, et al. "Evolution of Photostimulated Luminescence During Thermal Cycling of Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposited Thermal Barrier Coatings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-69121.
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Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely used for thermal protection of hot section components in turbines for propulsion and power generation. Development of a robust non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique for TBCs is essential for quality control, life assessment and health monitoring that will facilitate reliable application, efficient maintenance and prevention of catastrophic failure. In this study, degradation of TBCs was non-destructively evaluated by photostimulated luminsecence (PSLS) and microstructurally examined as a function of furnace thermal cycling carried out in air with 10-minute heat-up, 1-, and 10-hour dwell duration at 2050°F (1121°C), and 10-minute forced-air quench. TBCs examined in this study consisted of electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) on grit-blasted (Ni,Pt)Al or as-coated (Ni,Pt)Al or shot-peened NiCoCrAlY bond coats and various superalloy substrates. Characteristics of subcritical-subsurface damage near the thermally grown oxide (TGO) were documented by cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy. Mechanisms of damage varied as a function of TBC type and thermal cycling dwell time, and included preferential grain boundary oxidation after ridge-induced micro-cracking, racheting and undulation of TGO/bond coat interface, internal oxidation of bond coats, and formation of Ni/Co-rich oxides. These microstructural observations are correlated to the evolution in compressive residual stress in the TGO scale determined by photostimulated luminescence shift, including stress-relief associated with subcritical cracking in the TGO scale, and stress-relaxation associated with racheting of the TGO/bond coat interface. Correlations between the microstructural development and the photostimulated luminescence from the TGO scale are discussed as a function of TBC type and thermal cycling dwell time.
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Almeida, Giana, and Patrick Perre. "Non-Fickian diffusion in biomaterials." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7943.
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The knowledge of water vapour diffusion in materials is very important in several fields of application (drying, building materials, biofilms…). Regarding the drying process, the value of mass diffusivity, as well as its variations with moisture content, governs the second drying period, which is the most important in terms of drying time, energy consumption and product quality. In the case of biomaterials used for building insulation, this parameter is essential for transformation processes, including drying, but also for the proper design and use of buildings. Concerning biofilms, barrier properties are one of the most important physical properties of these materials to properly ensure a good end use. Nevertheless, experimental data of mass uptake of some biomaterials showed that did not follow the standard Fickian model. The precise determination of this non-Fickian behaviour showed to be a difficult task since the physical phenomena responsible for such behaviours depend on the biomaterial structure and physical properties. In particular, the abnormal macroscopic behaviour could result from the pore morphology (dual-scale effects), from the nano-structure, from the molecular reorganisation, or a combination of these spatial scales. This conference proposes a new methodology to quantify the non-Fickian diffusion. Based on a macroscopic formulation of coupled heat and mass transfer with kernel functions, the model parameters, intrinsic characteristic of the product of interest are determined by inverse analysis. Several complementary transient experiments can be analysed simultaneously, which insures the method robustness. Application examples are proposed for different products, including lignocellulosic materials and nanostructured biofilms.
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Agu, Ogad, Ravinder Diwan, Patrick F. Mensah, Monica B. Silva, and S. M. Guo. "Porosity and Thermal Cycling Behavior of Plasma Sprayed and EBPVD Thermal Barrier Coatings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22433.
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Traditionally, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used in gas turbine engines to create an insulation layer between the metallic components and the gases in the hot section. Atmospheric plasma spray (APS) is a common method used to produce TBCs. The goal of this study is to study the porosity and thermal cycling behavior of standard (STD) and vertically cracked (VC) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) fabricated by Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS) for two different thicknesses, 300 and 600 μm respectively. Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EBPVD) coatings with 300 micron thickness prepared under tumbled and non-tumbled conditions were studied. For this study, mercury porosimeter equipment (POREMASTER 33) by Quantachrome Instruments was used to measure porosity, and pore size distribution. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were obtained for all the samples. The images showed clear microstructural difference between the APS and EBPVD coatings. All the coatings were thermal cycled to 1200°C and the conventional APS-STD (300μm) performed the best followed by APS-VC coatings and EBPVD coatings which performed similarly.
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Busollo, Carlo, Stefano Mauro, Andrea Nesci, Leonardo Sabatino Scimmi, and Emanuele Baronio. "Development of a Digital Twin for Well Integrity Management in Underground Gas Storage Fields." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206252-ms.
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Abstract Objective Digitalization is offering several chances to improve performance and reliability of Underground Gas Storage (UGS) infrastructures, especially in those sites where ageing would require investment improvement for maintenance and monitoring. In that context, well integrity management can benefit from the implementation of a well digital twin, integrated with real time monitoring. The work proposes a digital model of the well that can provide a valuable tool to analyse its non stationary states in order to evaluate the integrity of the barriers and its health state. Methods, Procedures, Process The key points on well integrity management are barriers testing/qualification and annular pressure monitoring, and in UGS operations it’s crucial the selection of the timing of barrier assessment and of diagnostic test execution to correctly evaluates the results. The digital model can provide a tool to help the well engineer to understand the health state of the well and to plan maintenance activities. It considers a physical model of the well composed by gas and liquid filled chambers in the annuluses and in the tubing case and all the potential leak paths that could connect the annuluses, the tubing case, and the reservoir to the external environment. Each chamber is modelled considering its mass and energy balance, while fluid resistances describe fluid leakage across the barriers. Appropriate models, selected according to the geometry and type of each well barrier, describe each fluid resistance. The input parameters are the well architecture, flowing tubing temperature and pressure and gas flow rate. The model provides pressure and temperatures trends and estimates of leak rates trends or annular liquid level movements during the observation time window. The fine tuning of the model of each well is carried out by seeking for the values of the parameters that best describe each single leak path, such as size and position of the leaking point, with a genetic algorithm. Results, Observations, Conclusions The model has been customised and validated over several wells, some of which with perfect integrity status and others with some integrity issues. Results showed a very good fit with field data, as well as high precision in identifying leak position and size. The tool can also be applied to forecast well behaviour after the application of mitigating action or to simulate the evolution of the leak. Example applications are the evaluation of the correct time to top up a casing with liquid or nitrogen or the effect on annular pressure of limiting withdrawal or injection flow rate.
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Goedjen, J. G., and G. P. Wagner. "Evaluation of Commercial Coatings on MarM-002, IN-939 and CM-247 Substrates." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-458.
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As part of the U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Turbine Systems Program, the performance of Chromalloy RT122, RT122 over RT69 and the Howmet 150L bond coats were evaluated for use in the next generation of Westinghouse combustion turbines. Air plasma sprayed and electron beam physical vapor deposition 8% yttria stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings were applied to the bond coats. The coating systems were evaluated in air at 2102°F (1150°C), cooling to room temperature once per day. The life-limiting failure mode in both air plasma sprayed (APS) and electron beam - physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) coating systems is the oxidation of the bond coat. The coating life is related to the growth rate and morphology of the thermally grown oxide. The superior performance of RT122 on MarM-002, the duplex bond coat system of RT122 over RT69 on MarM-002 and Howmet 150L on MarM-002 can be related to the development of a uniform, slow growing oxide scale. The development of a non-uniform oxidation front contributes to the reduced life of RT122 on IN-939 and CM-247.
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Bond, Gary, A. Halman, H. Eccles, et al. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MICROWAVE AND BARRIER DISCHARGE PLASMA FOR THE REGENERATION OF SPENT ZEOLITE CATALYSTS." In Ampere 2019. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9936.
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Due to their acid characteristics and pore structure, which can induce high product selectivity; zeolite catalysts are used extensively in industry to catalyse reactions involving hydrocarbons. However, these catalysts can suffer from deactivation due to cracking reactions that result in the deposition of carbon leading to poisoning of the acid sites and blocking of the pores [1]. Depending upon the reaction and the particular catalyst involved this deactivation may take place over several months or even years but in some cases occurs in minutes. Therefore, zeolite catalysts are frequently reactivated / regenerated. This generally involves a thermal treatment involving air which results in oxidation of the carbon [2]. However, the oxidation of carbon is highly exothermic, and if not carefully controlled, results in the generation of exceedingly high localized temperatures which can destroy the zeolite structure and result in subsequent loss of catalyst activity. More conservative thermal treatments can result in incomplete regeneration and again a catalyst displaying inferior activity. This paper explores the use of non-thermal plasma which had been either generated using microwaves or via a barrier discharge to regenerate spent zeolite catalysts. The catalyst, H-mordenite, was tested for the disproportionation of toluene (Figure 1) using conventional heating. The spent catalyst was then regenerated using a plasma or conventional thermal treatment before having its activity re-evaluated for the toluene disproportionation reaction as previous. Fig. 1. Reaction Scheme for Toluene Disproportionation. Interestingly, not only is plasma regeneration highly effective but also catalysts can be regenerated in greatly reduced times. There is an additional advantage in that plasma regeneration can impart physical properties that result in a zeolite that is resistant to further deactivation. However, the results are highly dependent upon the experimental conditions involved for plasma regeneration. References Wu J, Leu L., Appl. Catal., 1983; 7:283-294. M. Guisnet and P. Magnoux, Deactivation of Zeolites by Coking. Prevention of Deactivation and Regeneration. In: Zeolite Microporous Solids: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. E.G. Derouane, F Lemos, C. Naccache, F. Ramôa Ribeiro, Eds. Pages 437-456. Springer 1992.
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Chirkov, Alexei, and Sergey Kaskov. "Kinetics of Fast Component and Energy Balance of the Plasma in Gas Dynamic System With Solenoidal Magnetic Field." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22539.
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Numerical model of ion kinetics is considered for the axially symmetrical magnetic trap. Magnetic system of the trap consists of long solenoid and two end coils which constrict magnetic field lines and form so-called magnetic mirrors reflecting charged particles. The trap contains warm Maxwellian plasma and strongly non-Maxwellian high-energy (fast) ions. Steady-state fast ion population supported by the ionization of high-energy neutral atoms injected into the plasma. Physical model is based on the kinetic equation with two-dimensional Fokker–Planck collision operator in the velocity phase space. Regimes of plasma exhaust trough the mirrors are considered taking into account possibility of electrostatic barrier formation. Such regimes essentially differ from gas dynamic exhaust of the warm Maxwellian plasma. Parameters of power balance for the system under consideration are discussed.
Reports on the topic "Non-physical barrier"
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Bell, Andrew, David Smith, and Matthew Farthing. Simulation of a non-physical barrier in the Brandon Road Lock and Dam approach channel. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/25972.
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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, et al. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.
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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.