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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-physical barrier'
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Macedo, Nelson Luiz de, Luís Guilherme Scavone de Macedo, Fábio da Silva Matuda, Suzana Martins Ouchi, Adriana Socorro Ferreira Monteiro, and Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho. "Guided bone regeneration with subperiosteal implants of PTFE and hydroxyapatite physical barriers in rats." Brazilian Dental Journal 14, no. 2 (2003): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402003000200009.
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Regeneration of periodontal and alveolar ridge defects utilizing membranes is a well-established procedure in reconstructive surgery. Biomaterial characteristics and membrane design employed in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) techniques play an important role in good results. The purpose of this histologic experimental study in rats was to compare the use of two physical barriers in the osteopromotion by using GTR principles in bone defects created in tibias. Fifteen animals divided into 3groups were used: group I (non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) barrier), group II (coral hydroxyapatite (HA) blocks), and group III (defects that received no physical barrier). Histological examination showed varied amounts of newly formed bone beneath both types of barriers. The non-porous PTFE barrier showed better results than the HA group. The results of this study suggest that bone regeneration can be successfully enhanced by a submerged membrane technique.
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Noatch, Matthew R., and Cory D. Suski. "Non-physical barriers to deter fish movements." Environmental Reviews 20, no. 1 (2012): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a2012-001.
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Anthropogenic modifications to aquatic ecosystems have altered connecting pathways within, and in some cases, between watersheds. Human structures, such as hydroelectric facilities, often impede fish migrations and may inflict heavy mortality on fish that become impinged or entrained. Conversely, an increase in connectivity between two waterways (e.g., through the construction of shipping canals, increased boat traffic) often results in an elevated risk of invasive species introductions. Non-physical barriers, which obstruct fish from an undesirable location without influencing the waterway, are one management approach to protecting valuable fish stocks and deterring biological invasions. Because many methods of behavioral deterrence have been employed against fish, there is a need to summarize and compare existing and developing technologies. This review details the use and application of electrical, visual, acoustic, chemical, and hydrological deterrence techniques that may be used to prevent fish movements. Site requirements are discussed, and a critical assessment of benefits and limitations to each technique are given. Because no single method of fish deterrence is “one size fits all”, this review to non-physical fish barrier technology will benefit managers and researchers attempting to develop a best-fit strategy on a case-by-case basis.
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Carter, Shaunna, Cindy Wolff, Jean Schuldberg, and Keiko Goto. "Perceived Barriers to Recommended Diet and Physical Activity Patterns Among Ethnically Diverse Middle School Students." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 5, no. 4 (2007): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v5i4.1265.
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The purpose of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to examine perceived barriers to the adoption of recommended dietary and physical activity behaviors in low income ethnically diverse middle school students. Respondents completed surveys in sixth and eighth grade (n=289): 37% (n=100) of whom were Hmong, 34% (n=92) White, and 18% (n=57) Non-Asian, Non-White (NANW). Chi square and ANOVA were used to test the hypothesis that there were significant differences in perceived barriers for the adoption of recommended dietary and physical activity behaviors among ethnic groups. At 46%, significantly more Hmong versus White (12%) and NANW (16%) students indicated that cost was a significant barrier to fruit and vegetable availability at home (p=.001). In addition, 51% of Hmong students versus 33% of White and 34% of NANW students indicated that peer pressure was a barrier to the consumption of fruits and vegetables (p=.002). At 33%, significantly fewer Hmong students reported meeting the guidelines for physical activity compared to White students (52%, p=.016). Furthermore, Hmong students believed that being physically active every day was less important to their family members compared to non-Hmong students (p=.004). These results indicate that there is a need for culturally specific nutrition education and physical activity promotion with a particular focus on reducing obstacles to the adoption of recommended dietary patterns and physical activity for Hmong middle school students.
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Bullen, C. R., and T. J. Carlson. "Non-physical fish barrier systems: their development and potential applications to marine ranching." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 13, no. 2 (2003): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:rfbf.0000019481.10670.94.
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Darlenski, R., S. Sassning, N. Tsankov, and J. W. Fluhr. "Non-invasive in vivo methods for investigation of the skin barrier physical properties." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 72, no. 2 (2009): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.11.013.
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Ivanov, Pavel A., Alexander S. Potapov, and Tat'yana P. Samsonova. "Analysis of Forward Current-Voltage Characteristics of Non-Ideal Ti/4H-SiC Schottky Barriers." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.431.
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Forward current-voltage characteristics of non-ideal Ti / 4H-SiC Schottky barriers with ideality factor n = 1.1 - 1.2 have been analyzed. The non-ideality is considered as a result of formation of a thin intermediate dielectric layer between the deposited titanium layer and 4H-SiC. Using experimental current-voltage characteristics, the electro-physical characteristics of Ti contacts such as the energy barrier height, the thickness of the intermediate layer and the energy distribution of the interface trap density are determined.
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Kim, Jaewoo, Caitlyn Bondy, Catherine M. Chandler, and Nicholas E. Mandrak. "Behavioural Response of Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Juvenile Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Strobe Light." Fishes 4, no. 2 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020029.
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The movement of fish can be regulated by behavioural manipulation through non-physical barrier systems. Aquatic invasive species are becoming one of the major management issues in North America, and threaten native aquatic ecosystems, including freshwater fish. Placements of non-physical barriers in waterways can help disrupt the movement of invasive fish. This study examined the effect of a strobe-light stimulus on the avoidance behaviour of two proxy species, juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), in a controlled laboratory environment. For each species, three sequential treatments of pre-stimulus, strobe-light stimulus, and post-stimulus for 30 min periods were recorded on acclimated groups of 5 juvenile common carp and 5 juvenile channel catfish using 15 and 13 replicates, respectively. The distribution of juvenile common carp individuals throughout the tank did not change significantly with treatment, nor did cohesive grouping behaviour. Similarly, there were no significant differences across experimental treatments in average location/distance of juvenile channel catfish relative to the strobe light or degree of cohesion in response to the strobe light. Non-physical barriers have been widely reported to vary between species and environmental conditions. These results suggest that strobe lights evoke no avoidance or attractive responses in juvenile common carp and juvenile channel catfish, and will likely not be an effective barrier to inhibit movements of juvenile invasive fishes.
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Portela-Pino, Iago, Myriam Alvariñas-Villaverde, Javier Martínez-Torres, and Margarita Pino-Juste. "Influence of the Perception of Barriers in Practice of PA in Adolescents: Explanatory Model." Healthcare 9, no. 4 (2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040380.
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Background: Sedentarism is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases. To avoid it, it is necessary to establish the barriers which influence a low level of practice of Physical Activity. Methods: This study, conducted with 833 students, aims to describe a model to explain the barriers determining the level of practice of Physical Activity in adolescents according to age, school year, BMI and gender. The inclusion of the analyzed barriers followed the tetra-factorial model: Body image/physical and social anxiety; Tiredness/laziness; Responsibilities/lack of time and Environment/facilities. Results: The barriers to Physical Activity in adolescents are fatigue and sloth, and temporary obligations. The barrier that least influences the practice of Physical Activity is the environment and body image. It is determined that the subjects with the lowest Physical Activity index were those with a high fatigue and laziness score and higher age. The level of physical activity of this population is medium (95% CI, 2.8274–2.9418). Conclusions: It is necessary to overcome tiredness or apathy towards the practice of Physical Activity, especially in those under 16 years of age.
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Ranaweera, Thilini Thakshila, Desha Rajni Fernando, and Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana. "Physical activity level and participation in strength training (ST) activities among undergraduate female students." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 4, no. 1 (2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.4107.
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Background: Insufficient physical activity has been identified as a leading risk factor for Non-Communicable Diseases and global mortality. Healthy adults should be involved in Strength Training (ST) activities to be in Health Enhancing Physical Activities (HEPA) level. Undergraduates are physically fit and in finest age to understand importance of physical activities. However, most of undergraduates in worldwide were found to be inactive and highest were women. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the physical activity level, participation in ST activities and perceived benefits and barriers for ST activities among female undergraduates. Methodology: Two hundred female undergraduates of Faculty of Science, University of Colombo were randomly selected to conduct this descriptive cross-sectional study. Interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Physical activity level was assessed by the first part of the questionnaire. Section one of the second part of the questionnaire focused on individual perception of benefits and barriers to ST activities while section two was used to determine barrier scores. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0. Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.66. Majority (63.0%; n= 121) was physically inactive, 33.3% (n=64) were minimally active and only 3.6% (n=7) were in HEPA category. Fifty one participants (26.6%) showed zero MET min/week for walking, 64 participants (33.3%) for moderate activities and more than half (68.8%; n=132) for vigorous activities. Majority (89.1%; n= 171) were not ST participants and 87.5% (n= 168) perceived ST as an important activity. Health benefits were perceived as the most important benefit of ST by 44.8% (n=86). Lack of time was the mostly (30.7%; n=59) perceived restricting barrier for ST activities. Barrier scores were different in at least one physical activity level (p< 0.01). Conclusion: These undergraduates appeared to be having a sedentary life style. Improved awareness on importance of ST and HEPA and time management skills will increase participation in ST which results increase the physical level of undergraduates.
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Britan, A., A. V. Karpov, E. I. Vasilev, O. Igra, G. Ben-Dor, and E. Shapiro. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Shock Wave Interaction with Perforated Plates." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 3 (2004): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1758264.
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The flow developed behind shock wave transmitted through a screen or a perforated plat is initially highly unsteady and nonuniform. It contains multiple shock reflections and interactions with vortices shed from the open spaces of the barrier. The present paper studies experimentally and theoretically/numerically the flow and wave pattern resulted from the interaction of an incident shock wave with a few different types of barriers, all having the same porosity but different geometries. It is shown that in all investigated cases the flow downstream of the barrier can be divided into two different zones. Due immediately behind the barrier, where the flow is highly unsteady and nonuniform in the other, placed further downstream from the barrier, the flow approaches a steady and uniform state. It is also shown that most of the attenuation experienced by the transmitted shock wave occurs in the zone where the flow is highly unsteady. When solving the flow developed behind the shock wave transmitted through the barrier while ignoring energy losses (i.e., assuming the fluid to be a perfect fluid and therefore employing the Euler equation instead of the Navier-Stokes equation) leads to non-physical results in the unsteady flow zone.
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Teng, Hung-Jin, Yu-Hsuan Chen, Jr-Jie Tsai, Nguyen Dang Chien, Chenhsin Lien, and Chun-Hsing Shih. "Transverse Scaling of Schottky Barrier Charge-Trapping Cells for Energy-Efficient Applications." Crystals 10, no. 11 (2020): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111036.
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This work numerically elucidates the effects of transverse scaling on Schottky barrier charge-trapping cells for energy-efficient applications. Together with the scaled gate structures and charge-trapping dielectrics, variations in bias conditions on source-side injection are considered for properly operating Schottky barrier cells in low-power or high-efficiency applications. A gate voltage of 5 to 9 V with a drain voltage of 1 to 3 V was employed to program the Schottky barrier cells. Both the non-planar double-gate gate structure and scaled dielectric layers effectively improve the source-side programming. When the gate voltage of 5 V was operated, there were roughly two orders of magnitude greater injected gate currents observed in the ONO-scaled double-gate cells. Five successive programming-trapping iterations were employed to consider the coupling of trapped charges and Schottky barriers, examining the differences in physical mechanisms between different design options. The gate structures, dielectric layers, and gate/drain voltages are key factors in designing transverse scaled Schottky barrier charge-trapping cells for low-power and high-efficiency applications.
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Suski, Cory D. "Development of Carbon Dioxide Barriers to Deter Invasive Fishes: Insights and Lessons Learned from Bigheaded Carp." Fishes 5, no. 3 (2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030025.
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Invasive species are a threat to biodiversity in freshwater. Removing an aquatic invasive species following arrival is almost impossible, and preventing introduction is a more viable management option. Bigheaded carp are an invasive fish spreading throughout the Midwestern United States and are threatening to enter the Great Lakes. This review outlines the development of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) as a non-physical barrier that can be used to deter the movement of fish and prevent further spread. Carbon dioxide gas could be used as a deterrent either to cause avoidance (i.e., fish swim away from zones of high CO2), or by inducing equilibrium loss due to the anesthetic properties of CO2 (i.e., tolerance). The development of CO2 as a fish deterrent started with controlled laboratory experiments demonstrating stress and avoidance, and then progressed to larger field applications demonstrating avoidance at scales that approach real-world scenarios. In addition, factors that influence the effectiveness of CO2 as a fish barrier are discussed, outlining conditions that could make CO2 less effective in the field; these factors that influence efficacy would be of interest to managers using CO2 to target other fish species, or those using other non-physical barriers for fish.
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Ye, Bi Hua, Jia Hao Su, Guo Dong Sun, et al. "Fabrication of Asymmetric Polysaccharide Composite Membranes for Prevention of Post-Surgical Peritoneal Adhesion." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.518.
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The prevention of undesired abdominal wall adhesion after surgery was investigated using asymmetric polysaccharide composite membranes as physical barriers. The hyaluronate (HA) and chitosan (CS) based asymmetric composite membranes were prepared with one smooth surface to inhibit fibroblasts and one porous surface to improve the tissue cells. With adaption of the reaction temperature, pH and component ratios, a series crosslinked membranes were processed with different appearance, mechanical strength and swelling ratios. Cell culture results showed the fibroblasts were inhibited on the composite membranes with comparison of that on petri dish. The osteoblasts proliferated obviously on the porous surface. The composite membranes resulted in less post-operative adhesion of the peritoneum and cecum than shown by non-treated rats without physical barriers, which could be used as a physical barrier to prevent abdominal post-operative adhesion during healing.
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Al-Mohannadi, Abdulla Saeed, Abdulla M. Albuflasa, Suzan Sayegh, Ahmad Salman, and Abdulaziz Farooq. "A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Motivators and Barriers to Physical Activity Participation Among Hospital Workers." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 9 (2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n9p76.
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The workplace is an ideal setting to implement an effective health-promoting program. Insufficient information exists regarding the motivators and barriers to physical activity among working adults in Qatar. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the motivators and barriers to physical activity among adults in a healthcare setting. This cross-sectional study was conducted in an orthopaedic and sports medicine hospital. The participants were Qatari and non-Qatari adult staff (n = 100), who were recruited by word of mouth. They filled out self-administered questionnaires consisting of questions on age, gender, nationality, medical conditions, and the motivators (external, health/medical, and engagement) and barriers (personal, perceptual, and time constraint) to participating in physical activity. The characteristics of participants were: Age (&lt;35 years, 50.5%; &ge;35 years, 49.5%), Gender (men, 47.5%; women, 52.5%), Nationality (Qatari, 51%; non-Qatari, 49%), and health status (healthy, 53%; &ge;1 medical condition, 47%). Common motivators particularly among workers &lt;35 years, were the desire to maintain weight/shape (83.5%), participating in a sport (67.7%), and getting out of the house (64.2%). Common barriers to exercise were weather (84.9%) and family responsibilities (84.4%). Other barriers, particularly among women, were difficulty in maintaining a routine (82.1%) and finding physical activity uninteresting (52.7%). The most common motivator to physical activity was the desire to maintain weight/shape and the main perceived barrier was the usual hot weather conditions most part of the year). Employers may need to consider the influence of these and other factors to improve the success of a physical activity program implemented in a workplace.
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Bergougnan, Carolin, Daniela C. Dittlein, Elke Hümmer, et al. "Physical and immunological barrier of human primary nasal epithelial cells from non-allergic and allergic donors." World Allergy Organization Journal 13, no. 3 (2020): 100109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100109.
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Dennis, Clark E., Adam W. Wright, and Cory D. Suski. "Potential for carbon dioxide to act as a non-physical barrier for invasive sea lamprey movement." Journal of Great Lakes Research 42, no. 1 (2016): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.10.013.
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de Senna, Priscylla Nunes, Léder Leal Xavier, Pamela Brambilla Bagatini, et al. "Physical training improves non-spatial memory, locomotor skills and the blood brain barrier in diabetic rats." Brain Research 1618 (August 2015): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.026.
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Murchy, K. A., A. R. Cupp, J. J. Amberg, et al. "Potential implications of acoustic stimuli as a non-physical barrier to silver carp and bighead carp." Fisheries Management and Ecology 24, no. 3 (2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fme.12220.
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LeMoine, Michael Thomas, and Leo Richard Bodensteiner. "Barriers to upstream passage by two migratory sculpins, prickly sculpin (Cottus asper) and coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus), in northern Puget Sound lowland streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 11 (2014): 1758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0029.
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We identified and characterized barriers to the upstream distribution by prickly sculpin (Cottus asper) and coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus), based on their longitudinal distribution in 11 streams in the Puget Sound lowlands of Washington State. Eight streams had upstream limits associated with particular instream structures, and these were compared to distinguish features of barriers and non-barriers. In seven streams perch height greater than 15 cm resulted in a complete barrier. In one stream water velocity >4 m·s−1 created a partial barrier. Five of the eight barriers were one- or two-step fish ladders installed to facilitate upstream passage of Pacific salmon and trout. Water quality, physical habitat, and the presence of other fishes were not related to the presence or absence of sculpin species. Fish passage criteria in western North American streams are based on the swimming abilities of Pacific salmon and trout, without consideration for other, less motile native fishes. Structures installed to surmount previously identified impediments to upstream migration continue to inhibit sculpin movement, resulting in loss of upstream habitats for adults, with potential consequences to population size and trophic dynamics.
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Pristavu, Gheorghe, Gheorghe Brezeanu, Marian Badila, Florin Draghici, Razvan Pascu, and Florea Craciunoiu. "An Investigation of SiC Schottky Contact Barrier Inhomogeneity for Temperature Sensing Applications." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.577.
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This paper proposes a method of characterizing silicon carbide Schottky diodes with inhomogeneous contacts in temperature sensing applications. Using the energy activation technique, temperature intervals where the effective barrier height is constant are determined. Unlike the conventional barrier which increases with temperature for inhomogeneous diodes, the effective barrier has physical meaning and can be used for sensor performance evaluation. The utility of effective barrier analysis is confirmed on fabricated Ni/4H-SiC Schottky diodes with different annealing conditions and different degrees of barrier non-uniformity. The good agreement between calculated and experimental data proves the suitable behavior of inhomogeneous diodes as sensors for different temperature ranges.
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Yusoh, Nirman Noor Afiqi Mat, and Tuan Zainun Tuan Mat. "Environmental Management Accounting Adoption Barriers Among Malaysian Hotel Companies." International Journal of Financial Research 11, no. 3 (2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n3p31.
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Environmental management has become a main concern to the hotel industry with regards to waste reduction, energy savings and water conservation. The hotel industry is frequently accompanied by many adverse environmental impacts as hotel companies extensively consume large amounts of energy, water and non-durable products. Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) is tools that can be used to assist these companies to trace, collect, and analyse physical and monetary environmental information for decision-making purpose and consequently, improves financial and environmental performances. However, there are barriers to EMA adoption. This study aims to examine level of EMA adoption among the hotel companies and the barriers influencing EMA adoption. This study utilises the quantitative research design; using questionnaire survey. A total of 212 usable questionnaires were collected from the hotel companies in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Multiple regression analysis was conducted for hypotheses testing. The results of this study show that EMA has yet to be extensively adopted among the hotel companies in Malaysia. The result also shows that the adoption level of both Physical EMA (PEMA) and Monetary EMA (MEMA) are still low. The result further indicates that the low adoption of EMA is caused by the lack of institutional pressures. Specifically, this study shows that financial barrier, informational barrier and institutional barrier significantly influence EMA adoption among the hotel companies in Malaysia. This study is significant to the hotel managers, government authorities and environmental regulatory agencies in understanding the level of EMA adoption in the Malaysian hotel industry. In addition, this study provides valuable contributions to the existing literature by providing useful insights on the barriers influencing EMA adoption in the hotel industry in developing countries.
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IJsbrandy, Charlotte, Wim H. van Harten, Winald R. Gerritsen, Rosella P. M. G. Hermens, and Petronella B. Ottevanger. "Healthcare professionals’ perspectives of barriers and facilitators in implementing physical activity programmes delivered to cancer survivors in a shared-care model: a qualitative study." Supportive Care in Cancer 28, no. 7 (2019): 3429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-05108-1.
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Abstract Background The positive impact of physical activity programmes has been recognised, but the current uptake is low. Authorities believe delivering these programmes in a shared-care model is a future perspective. The present study aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators affecting physical activity programme implementation in a shared-care model delivered with the cooperation of all the types of healthcare professionals involved. Methods Thirty-one individual interviews with primary healthcare professionals (PHPs) and four focus group interviews with 39 secondary healthcare professionals (SHPs) were undertaken. We used Grol and Flottorp’s theoretical models to identify barriers and facilitators in six domains: (1) physical activity programmes, (2) patients, (3) healthcare professionals, (4) social setting, (5) organisation and (6) law and governance. Results In the domain of physical activity programmes, those physical activity programmes that were non-tailored to the patients’ needs impeded successful implementation. In the domain of healthcare professionals, the knowledge and skills pertaining to physical activity programmes and non-commitment of healthcare professionals impeded implementation. HCPs expressed their concerns about the negative influence of the patient’s social network. Most barriers occurred in the domain of organisation. The PHPs and SHPs raised concerns about ineffective collaboration and networks between hospitals. Only the PHPs raised concerns about poor communication, indeterminate roles, and lack of collaboration with SHPs. Insufficient and unclear insurance coverage of physical activity programmes was a barrier in the domain of law and governance. Conclusions Improving the domain of organisation seems the most challenging because the collaboration, communication, networks, and interactive roles between the PHPs and SHPs are all inadequate. Survivor care plans, more use of health information technology, improved rehabilitation guidelines, and better networks might benefit implementing physical activity programmes.
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Lee, Byeong Wook, Jihye Seo, Woo-Sun Park, and Deokhee Won. "A Hydraulic Experimental Study of a Movable Barrier on a Revetment to Block Wave Overtopping." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010089.
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This paper presents a design for a movable barrier on the revetment of the Haeundae Marine City in Busan, the Korea. This movable barrier was developed to use as a tourist deck in a normal state and to block wave overtopping in an abnormal state. To carry out the physical experiment in a wave flume, the model structure was reduced to a scale of 1/36 compared to the field structure. The discharge of the wave overtopping, the uplift pressure acting on the under surface of a non-standing barrier, and the wave pressure acting in front of a standing barrier were measured to analyze the hydraulic characteristics of the movable barrier. The results show that the impulsive pressure acts on the movable barrier, although the overtopping discharge is less than the allowable limit. When designing a movable barrier at a full scale, engineers should consider the impulsive pressure to secure the barrier’s stability on the target site.
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Wingood, Mariana, Nancy Gell, Denise Peters, and Tiffany Hutchins. "The Inventory of Physical Activity Barriers: Development and Preliminary Validation." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.617.
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Abstract Inactivity levels among community-dwelling adults 50 years and older is a healthcare concern, particularly when examining the association between increasing age, inactivity, and risk of non-communicable diseases. To confront this concern, healthcare providers need to address the reasons for inactivity. Unfortunately, limited tools exist to address barriers of physical activity (PA). The purpose of our study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a PA barrier scale for adults 50 years and older. The scale is called the Inventory of Physical Activity Barriers (IPAB) and it was developed, refined, and evaluated using a cross-sectional and a modified Delphi study. We had two groups of participants: 39 adults (50 years and older) provided survey pilot data for psychometric evaluation, and nine interprofessional PA experts assisted with finalizing the scale. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, Physical Activity Vital Sign questionnaire, and IPAB. The IPAB’s refinement was guided by item-scale correlations, descriptive statistics, and consensus among the PA experts. Construct validity was examined by comparing mean IPAB scores of inactive and active participants via independent t-test. Internal consistency was assessed via Cronbach Alpha. The IPAB was refined from 172 items to 40 items and found to be internally consistent (α=.97) and able to differentiate individuals who do and do not meet the recommended 150 minutes of weekly PA (p=0.01). These preliminary results show the IPAB is a reliable assessment of PA barriers for adults 50 years and older, and are promising for the scale’s construct validity and support further psychometric evaluation of the tool.
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Kariyat, Rupesh R., Jason D. Smith, Andrew G. Stephenson, Consuelo M. De Moraes, and Mark C. Mescher. "Non-glandular trichomes of Solanum carolinense deter feeding by Manduca sexta caterpillars and cause damage to the gut peritrophic matrix." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1849 (2017): 20162323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2323.
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Plant trichomes constitute a first line of defence against insect herbivores. The pre- and post-ingestive defensive functions of glandular trichomes are well documented and include direct toxicity, adhesion, antinutrition and defence gene induction. By contrast, the defensive functions of non-glandular trichomes are less well characterized, although these structures are thought to serve as physical barriers that impede herbivore feeding and movement. We experimentally varied the density of stellate non-glandular trichomes in several ways to explore their pre- and post-ingestive effects on herbivores. Larvae of Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) initiated feeding faster and gained more weight on Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae) leaves having lower trichome densities (or experimentally removed trichomes) than on leaves having higher trichome densities. Adding trichomes to artificial diet also deterred feeding and adversely affected caterpillar growth relative to controls. Scanning electron and light microscopy revealed that the ingestion of stellate trichomes by M. sexta caterpillars caused extensive damage to the peritrophic membrane, a gut lining that is essential to digestion and pathogen isolation. These findings suggest that, in addition to acting as a physical barrier to deter feeding, trichomes can inhibit caterpillar growth and development via post-ingestive effects.
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Callahan, William A. "The politics of walls: Barriers, flows, and the sublime." Review of International Studies 44, no. 3 (2018): 456–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210517000638.
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AbstractAs Donald Trump’s presidential campaign showed, walls are a hot topic. While ‘globalisation’, with its free flow of capital and goods, characterised world politics after the end of the Cold War, the twenty-first century has witnessed a reassertion of cultural, legal, and physical barriers. It is common to criticise such post-Cold War walls, especially the US-Mexico Barrier and Israel’s West Bank Barrier, as ineffective and immoral. This article problematises such critical discourse by using unlikely juxtapositions (the Great Wall of China) and new conceptual frameworks (gaps, critical aesthetics) to explore: (1) how walls can be a rational security policy; (2) how they are not simply barriers, but can be complex sites of flows; and (3) how walls are not simply texts waiting to be decoded: they are also sites of non-narrative affective experience that can even excite the sublime. This critical juxtaposition of walls first explores what they can tell us about the politics of borders, identity, and foreign policy, and then considers how walls, as concrete visual artefacts, can be examples not simply of ideology, but also of affect. The article aims to understand walls in a different register as active embodiments of political debate – and of political resistance.
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Khaustov, Aleksandr, and Margarita Redina. "Geochemical barriers as structural components of the geochemical systems evolution." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801026.
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The term “geochemical barrier” (GCB) has been widely used in the Russian geochemical literature as a key concept of the distribution of elements and substances theory (incl. pollutions)although in the world research practice this term is not particularly represented. The assessment of the functional role of the geochemical barriers in relation to the properties and evolution of the geochemical systems (GCS)is demonstrated.The foundations of Haken synergy, the foundations of self-organization of systems and non-equilibrium (non-linear) thermodynamics of I. Prigogine and his school are used as a methodological framework. From the authors’ point of view, GCB are considered as self-organizing components of GCS, in which physical and chemical processes are activated, leading to the transformation of atomic and molecular structures, chemical associations and individual chemical elements under the impact of active media (processes). They can be the defining phenomenon of the emergence and evolution of GCS. The concept of geochemical barriers is the foundation for technologies that are actively implemented for cleaning and protecting soils, groundwater and surface water, and the geological environment in general.
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Ricci, Giampaolo, Elisabetta Calamelli, and Francesca Cipriani. "Immune Alterations in IgE and Non IgE-Associated Atopic Dermatitis." Open Dermatology Journal 8, no. 1 (2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874372201408010060.
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Atopic dermatitis is a complex disease in which a strong interaction between alterations of skin barrier and the adaptive immune system coexists. In the recent years, new findings have underlined the importance of skin proteins, especially filaggrin, which participate to the outmost layers of the skin. To strengthen this physical barrier, many factors are available, such as antimicrobial peptides, chemokines and cytokines produced by keratinocytes. Skin disruption can easily allow the allergen penetration and the local keratinocytes can promote the adaptive immune response toward a Th2 phenotype. On the other side, allergic Th2 cytokines may downregulate the production of skin barrier proteins, facilitating the penetration of allergens. Moreover, data on murine models show the absolute relevance of the systemic immune system to develop clinical skin reaction. Since the clinical aspect of patients with AD does not show different patterns whatever is the prevalent underlying mechanism, in clinical practice it is difficult to translate the different endotypes beside the IgE and non IgE associated forms. The aim of this review is to point out to the most recent knowledge in this field, which makes AD more difficult to frame in a unique clinical entity.
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Dixit, Sumeet, Shailendra Pratap Singh, Peeyush Kariwala, Arvind Kumar Singh, and Sunil Dutt Kandpal. "Barriers to being physically active: An exploratory study among medical students." Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 8, no. 2 (2021): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfcm.2021.022.
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: The health benefits of physical activity are well established. In India, it is estimated that overall, 392 million individuals are physically inactive. This is a staggering figure and implies a huge population, which is at risk for developing diabetes and other non-communicable diseases. Identification of barriers for physical activity among youngsters would help in development of plans for boosting physical activity among young population. The present study is an attempt to explore various barriers for being active among medical undergraduates. : The study was conducted at a medical college in Uttar Pradesh. Sample was drawn using convenience sampling. The data collection was done based on “CDC questionnaire on barriers to being active” using self-administered questionnaire. All the participants fulfilling inclusion criteria were asked to fill the forms honestly by choosing the best option describing their barrier for physical activity against each question in the proforma. A total of 203 MBBS students participated in the study, comprising of 108 males 95 females. The mean age of the participants was 22.02 years (Range 18 years-26 years). The factor which was perceived as the most significant determinant for physical inactivity was “lack of willpower”. Other significant contributors were “lack of resources”, “lack of energy”, “social influence”, “lack of skills” and “fear of injury” in decreasing order of importance. The sum scores of seven barriers studied were significantly correlated (p&#60;0.01) to each other with strong correlations. The highest correlations were noted between “Lack of will power and Social Influence” (0.682) and “Lack of skills and Social influence” (0.630) and weakest correlation was noted between “Fear of Injury” and Lack of will power” (0.218).
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Zhang, Yan, Bo Zhao, and Jing Lin Tong. "Surface Wettability of Polypropylene Non-Woven Using Atmospheric Pressure N2 Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma." Key Engineering Materials 455 (December 2010): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.455.472.
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In this thesis, the atmospheric pressure nitrogen dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma modified polyproylene (PP) melt blown non-woven surface wettability are investigated. The change of surfaces physical and chemical properties are studied by water contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before and after plasma treatment. The experimental results indicate the surface hydrophilic can be greatly improved when the PP simples is treated by atmospheric pressure nitrogen DBD plasma for a short time. And a large number of oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing functional groups are inplanted on the PP non-woven sample surface.
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Di Paola, Mario, and Christian Bucher. "Ideal and physical barrier problems for non-linear systems driven by normal and Poissonian white noise via path integral method." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 81 (May 2016): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2016.01.008.
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Góral, Marek, Tadeusz Kubaszek, Marcin Drajewicz, and Przemyslaw Borowski. "Thermal Barrier Coatings for Molybdenum Produced Using Nanopowders." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.487.
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The molybdenum is one of the most important refractory metals used in aerospace industry. The main disadvantage of Mo is low oxidation resistance at elevated temperature and the using of protective coatings is necessary. In present article the new types of protective coatings produced by slurry method were developed. The slurries contained Al nanopowder and Si powder as well as non-organic binder (H2CrO4 and water). After immersion and drying the samples with slurries were heat treated at 1000°C in Ar atmosphere. The thickness of obtained coatings was in range 10-20 μm. The presences of phases form Mo-Al as well Mo-Si systems was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The developed coatings were used as a bond coat for ceramic layer produced by plasma spray physical vapour deposition method (PS-PVD). In this process the columnar ceramic layer contains yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was obtained wit thickness above 100 μm. The obtained results showed that it is possible to obtain TBC coating on molybdenum contained Al-Si bond coat and outer YSZ ceramic layer. The proposed coating can be used in aerospace applications.
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Elnesr, Mohammad N., and Abdurrahman A. Alazba. "The effects of three techniques that change the wetting patterns over subsurface drip-irrigated potatoes." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 3 (2015): e1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015133-7102.
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<p> </p><p>Wetting pattern enhancement is one of the goals of irrigation designers and researchers. In this study, we addressed three techniques (dual-lateral drip, intermittent flow and physical barrier methods) that change the wetting pattern of subsurface drip irrigation. To study their effect on the yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) of potatoes, field experiments were conducted for four seasons, during which the soil-water balance was continuously monitored using a set of capacitance probes. The results of the soil water patterns showed that both the dual-lateral and intermittent techniques increased lateral water movement and eliminated deep percolation, whereas the physical barrier had a limited effect on the top soil layer. The crop results indicated that the yield and WUE increased significantly in response to the application of the dual-lateral drip (up to 30%); the intermittent application also positively affected the yield (~10%) and the WUE (~14%), but these effects were not statistically significant according to the statistical model. The physical barrier showed a non-significant negative effect on the yield and WUE. These findings suggest the following recommended practices: the use of dual-lateral drip technique due to its beneficial results and its potential for increasing yields and reducing water consumption; the application of intermittent flow with more than three surges; and restricting the use of physical barriers to soils with high permeability.</p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"><br style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" /></span></p>
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Katiyar, Kritika S., Abraham Lin, Alexander Fridman, Carolyn E. Keating, D. Kacy Cullen, and Vandana Miller. "Non-Thermal Plasma Accelerates Astrocyte Regrowth and Neurite Regeneration Following Physical Trauma In Vitro." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (2019): 3747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183747.
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Non-thermal plasma (NTP), defined as a partially ionized gas, is an emerging technology with several biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration. In particular, NTP treatment has been shown to activate endogenous biological processes to promote cell regrowth, differentiation, and proliferation in multiple cell types. However, the effects of this therapy on nervous system regeneration have not yet been established. Accordingly, the current study explored the effects of a nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma on neural regeneration. Following mechanical trauma in vitro, plasma was applied either directly to (1) astrocytes alone, (2) neurons alone, or (3) neurons or astrocytes in a non-contact co-culture. Remarkably, we identified NTP treatment intensities that accelerated both neurite regeneration and astrocyte regrowth. In astrocyte cultures alone, an exposure of 20–90 mJ accelerated astrocyte re-growth up to three days post-injury, while neurons required lower treatment intensities (≤20 mJ) to achieve sub-lethal outgrowth. Following injury to neurons in non-contact co-culture with astrocytes, 20 mJ exposure of plasma to only neurons or astrocytes resulted in increased neurite regeneration at three days post-treatment compared to the untreated, but no enhancement was observed when both cell types were treated. At day seven, although regeneration further increased, NTP did not elicit a significant increase from the control. However, plasma exposure at higher intensities was found to be injurious, underscoring the need to optimize exposure levels. These results suggest that growth-promoting physiological responses may be elicited via properly calibrated NTP treatment to neurons and/or astrocytes. This could be exploited to accelerate neurite re-growth and modulate neuron-astrocyte interactions, thereby hastening nervous system regeneration.
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Rosalino Jr., Estevão, Allan Jonathan Silva, Jack Baczynski, and Dorival Leão. "Exact Barrier Option Valuation with Arbitrary Functions for the Volatility." TEMA (São Carlos) 16, no. 1 (2015): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tema.2015.016.01.0061.
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Focus, in the past four decades, has been obtaining closed-form expressions for the no-arbitrage prices and hedges of modified versions of the Europeanoptions, allowing the dynamic of the underlying assets to have non-constant pa-rameters.In this paper, we obtain a closed-form expression for the price and hedge of an up-and-out European barrier option, assuming that the volatility in the dynamicof the risky asset is an arbitrary deterministic function of time. Setting a con-stant volatility, the formulas recover the Black and Scholes results, which suggestsminimum computational effort.We introduce a novel concept of relative standard deviation for measuring the ex-posure of the practitioner to risk (enforced by a strategy). The notion that is found in the literature is different and looses the correct physical interpreta-tion. The measure serves aiding the practitioner to adjust the number of rebalancesduring the option’s lifetime.
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Daws, Tessa. "Obtaining consent for non-psychiatric treatment of persons detained under mental health legislation in Australia and New Zealand: is there cross-jurisdictional consistency?" Australasian Psychiatry 26, no. 5 (2018): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856218797444.
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Objective: It is increasingly recognised that persons with mental illness experience physical health issues at greater rates than the general population and that there are significant barriers to accessing appropriate treatment. One less obvious barrier to appropriate care may be the law. This review examines the legal regimes within Australia and New Zealand that regulate consent for medical and surgical treatment for persons detained under mental health legislation. The review begins with a brief overview of concepts of consent and capacity then examines the law with regards to consent for non-psychiatric treatment for persons detained in psychiatric facilities. The complexity and cross-jurisdictional consistency is considered and potential future directions and possibilities for reform are discussed. Conclusion: Examination of the different laws regarding consent for medical or surgical treatment for persons admitted to psychiatric facilities are complex and demonstrate lack of consistency across jurisdictions. Reform in this area might be considered to achieve greater consistency and clarity for both health professionals and consumers.
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Shi, Yue, Liang He, Fangcao Guang, Luhai Li, Zhiqing Xin, and Ruping Liu. "A Review: Preparation, Performance, and Applications of Silicon Oxynitride Film." Micromachines 10, no. 8 (2019): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10080552.
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Silicon oxynitride (SiNxOy) is a highly promising functional material for its luminescence performance and tunable refractive index, which has wide applications in optical devices, non-volatile memory, barrier layer, and scratch-resistant coatings. This review presents recent developments, and discusses the preparation methods, performance, and applications of SiNxOy film. In particular, the preparation of SiNxOy film by chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and oxynitridation is elaborated in details.
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Yu, Zeyang, Yue Ji, Violette Bourg, Mustafa Bilgen, and J. Carson Meredith. "Chitin- and cellulose-based sustainable barrier materials: a review." Emergent Materials 3, no. 6 (2020): 919–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42247-020-00147-5.
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AbstractThe accumulation of synthetic plastics used in packaging applications in landfills and the environment is a serious problem. This challenge is driving research efforts to develop biodegradable, compostable, or recyclable barrier materials derived from renewable sources. Cellulose, chitin/chitosan, and their combinations are versatile biobased packaging materials because of their diverse biological properties (biocompatibility, biodegradability, antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activity, non-toxicity, and less immunogenic compared to protein), superior physical properties (high surface area, good barrier properties, and mechanical properties), and they can be assembled into different forms and shapes (powders, fibers, films, beads, sponges, gels, and solutions). They can be either assembled into packaging films or used as fillers to improve the properties of other biobased polymers. Methods such as preparation of composites, multilayer coating, and alignment control are used to further improve their barrier, mechanical properties, and ameliorate their moisture sensitivity. With the growing application of cellulose and chitin-based packaging materials, their biodegradability and recyclability are also discussed in this review paper. The future trends of these biobased materials in packaging applications and the possibility of gradually replacing petroleum-based plastics are analyzed in the “Conclusions” section.
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Li, Zhi, Ye Tian, Chao Teng, and Hai Cao. "Recent Advances in Barrier Layer of Cu Interconnects." Materials 13, no. 21 (2020): 5049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13215049.
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The barrier layer in Cu technology is essential to prevent Cu from diffusing into the dielectric layer at high temperatures; therefore, it must have a high stability and good adhesion to both Cu and the dielectric layer. In the past three decades, tantalum/tantalum nitride (Ta/TaN) has been widely used as an inter-layer to separate the dielectric layer and the Cu. However, to fulfill the demand for continuous down-scaling of the Cu technology node, traditional materials and technical processes are being challenged. Direct electrochemical deposition of Cu on top of Ta/TaN is not realistic, due to its high resistivity. Therefore, pre-deposition of a Cu seed layer by physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is necessary, but the non-uniformity of the Cu seed layer has a devastating effect on the defect-free fill of modern sub-20 or even sub-10 nm Cu technology nodes. New Cu diffusion barrier materials having ultra-thin size, high resistivity and stability are needed for the successful super-fill of trenches at the nanometer scale. In this review, we briefly summarize recent advances in the development of Cu diffusion-proof materials, including metals, metal alloys, self-assembled molecular layers (SAMs), two-dimensional (2D) materials and high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Also, challenges are highlighted and future research directions are suggested.
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Perry, R. W., J. G. Romine, N. S. Adams, et al. "USING A NON-PHYSICAL BEHAVIOURAL BARRIER TO ALTER MIGRATION ROUTING OF JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON IN THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN RIVER DELTA." River Research and Applications 30, no. 2 (2012): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.2628.
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Losinski, Genna, Alex Laffer, Hilary Hicks, and Amber Watts. "Assessing Alzheimer’s Disease Specific Barriers to Enrollment in an Observational Actigraphy Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.904.
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Abstract There are unique challenges to recruit and enroll individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) into research studies, and typical barriers to participation include the need for study partner involvement, use of invasive procedures (e.g., lumbar punctures), and lack of awareness of ongoing research. Failure to enroll this population impacts generalizability and external validity of results. The current study sought to explore reasons for non-participation in individuals with AD enrolled in the University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center (ADC) Registry. Participants were approached at their annual registry visit and asked to participate in an observational sub-study that utilized wrist-worn actigraphy to measure physical activity and sleep over a one-week period. Of the thirty-six non-participation encounters that were recorded over a 2.5 year data collection period, 28% were never recruited due to appointment cancellation, rescheduling, or no-show. Of the remaining encounters, the three most common reasons for non-participation included: physical limitations of individuals with AD (15%), unknown (28%), and study partner concerns regarding use of technology in individuals with impaired cognition due to AD (25%). Multiple study partners were concerned that the individual with AD would lose the watch, remove the watch from the wrist, or become irritated while wearing it. Findings suggest that the use of technology such as actigraphy presents an additional barrier to enrollment that is unique to individuals with AD. Future studies should consider potential interventions to address study partner concerns regarding use of technology in individuals with AD.
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Quiroga, M. Paula, Lucia Castello, Vilma Quipildor, and Andrea C. Premoli. "Biogeographically significant units in conservation: a new integrative concept for conserving ecological and evolutionary processes." Environmental Conservation 46, no. 4 (2019): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000286.
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SummaryWe combined tools of phylogeography, population genetics and biogeographical interpretation to analyse a group of phylogenetically independent lineages (animals and plants) that coexist within the same geographical region, yet under markedly different environments, in order to identify generalized barriers for gene flow. We tested the hypothesis that major geographic features have produced a concordant genetic structure in phylogenetically independent lineages. A rigorous bibliographic search was performed, selecting available molecular information from six taxa occupying distinct southern biomes of South America: Yungas, Prepuna, Puna and northern Monte. We estimated within-population genetic diversity, the genetic structure and haplotype phylogenies to assemble distribution maps of genetic barriers for each species. We found a strong association between genetic variation and latitudinal distribution of populations. We detected a major barrier for six taxa at 27°S latitude and a second one for a group of three species at 25–26°S. Two alternative non-exclusive hypotheses – geology and/or climate – explain concordant genetic barriers in divergent lineages. We suggest that the term ‘biogeographically significant units’ portrays a group of populations of phylogenetically unrelated taxa that inhabit the same geographic region that have been similarly impacted by major physical events, which can be used to identify priority areas in landscape conservation.
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Limam, Soukayna, Michael Kirkpatrick, and Emmanuel Odic. "Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment of Contaminated Surfaces: Remote Exposure to Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Effluent." Advanced Materials Research 324 (August 2011): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.324.469.
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Iatrogenic infections due to contaminated medical devices are significant problem in the field of medicine, and have motivated the search for alternative surface disinfection/sterilization methods and technologies. During the last decade, a strong effort has been made in the field of non-thermal plasmas, including fundamental work from a physical, but also biological point of view. Non-thermal plasmas are used in industry for the modification of surface properties such as to improve wettability and adherence, and also for the deposition of thin films. The present work considers the treatment of surfaces contaminated by either bacteria or proteins with the effluent gas exiting from an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge. The discharge reactor consisted of a coaxial cylindrical geometry DBD reactor energized by a 30 kHz applied voltage. The effluent gas was used to treat surfaces contaminated with Escherichia coli (strain DH10B) or RNAse A (124 amino acids, 13.7kDa, known to be thermal-resistant). Results show that the decontamination of surfaces by the effluent gas from a humid argon DBD is effective, and that the effectiveness is greater the closer the biological samples are placed to the DBD source. The results also indicate that the mechanism of bacterial inactivation is based on a combination of stable oxidative species such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide as well as shorter lived species such as hydroxyl radical.
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Plaza-Díaz, Julio, Patricio Solís-Urra, Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez, et al. "The Gut Barrier, Intestinal Microbiota, and Liver Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Strategies to Manage." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (2020): 8351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218351.
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Liver disease encompasses pathologies as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcohol liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Nowadays, underlying mechanisms associating gut permeability and liver disease development are not well understood, although evidence points to the involvement of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. Animal studies have shown alterations in Toll-like receptor signaling related to the leaky gut syndrome by the action of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In humans, modifications of the intestinal microbiota in intestinal permeability have also been related to liver disease. Some of these changes were observed in bacterial species belonging Roseburia, Streptococcus, and Rothia. Currently, numerous strategies to treat liver disease are being assessed. This review summarizes and discusses studies addressed to determine mechanisms associated with the microbiota able to alter the intestinal barrier complementing the progress and advancement of liver disease, as well as the main strategies under development to manage these pathologies. We highlight those approaches that have shown improvement in intestinal microbiota and barrier function, namely lifestyle changes (diet and physical activity) and probiotics intervention. Nevertheless, knowledge about how such modifications are beneficial is still limited and specific mechanisms involved are not clear. Thus, further in-vitro, animal, and human studies are needed.
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Sharma, Kavita, Lynn Tepper, and Carol Kunzel. "BARRIERS TO ORAL HEALTH IN THE OLDER POPULATION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3218.
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Abstract A strong challenge is posed for patients and their caretakers by the growing need for promoting oral healthcare for this population, as research substantiates the connection between oral health and systemic health. This study identified the major barriers to providing optimal oral care to the older population. Fifty patients aged 60 and over visiting the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine Clinic were administered a questionnaire which reflected possible barriers to oral health care. Statistical analysis of data revealed that the top three barriers in order of relevance were the (1) cost of treatment, (2) anxiety, and (3) transportation. The youngest old (60-69) indicated that the lack of time and conflict with work schedules were additional barriers, while the older sample (70+) experienced obstacles due to disability and illness. When gender differences were analyzed, transportation was the most significant as a barrier among males, and fear/anxiety was most significant for females. Ethnically, non-Hispanics indicated that (1) shortage of time, (2) anxiety, and (3) lack of social/physical support were significant barriers. Findings indicated that even those with Medicaid insurance coverage believed that the cost of dental treatment and caregiving responsibilitieswere major barriers to seeking care. Conversely, even those without dental insurance indicated that disability and illness were barriers to seeking care. This pilot study highlighted various barriers to oral health care and highlighted the need for intervention to address barriers, such as social services, expanded Medicaid coverage, and transportation assistance, to ultimately improve access to optimal oral health care.
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Wang, Xueli, See-Lok Ho, Chung-Yan Poon, Ting Yan, Hung-Wing Li та Man Shing Wong. "Amyloid-β Aggregation Inhibitory and Neuroprotective Effects of Xanthohumol and its Derivatives for Alzheimer’s Diseases". Current Alzheimer Research 16, № 9 (2019): 836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190827123222.
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Background: Xanthohumol has been reported to have cytoprotection through activation of Nrf2−ARE signaling pathway and; it has capability of scavenging free radicals, suggesting its potential for the prevention of neurodegeneration. However, the bio-incompatibility and blood-brain barrier impermeability of xanthohumol hindered its in vivo efficacy potential for treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: We designed and prepared a series of xanthohumol derivatives to enhance the desirable physical, biological and pharmacological properties in particular the blood-brain barrier permeability for intervention of AD. Methods: We designed and synthesized a novel series of 9 xanthohumol derivatives. Their inhibitory effect on amyloid-β (1-42), Aβ1-42, oligomerization and fibrillation as well as neuroprotection against amyloid-β induced toxicities, were explored. Results: Among the 9 xanthohumol derivatives, some of them exhibited a moderate to high inhibitory effect on Aβ1-42 oligomerization and fibrillation. They were biocompatible and neuroprotective to the SH-SY5Y cells by reducing the ROS generation and calcium uploading that were induced by the amyloid- β. Importantly, two of the derivatives were found to be blood-brain barrier permeable showing promising potential for AD treatment. Conclusion: Two derivatives have been identified to be biocompatible, non-toxic, neuroprotective against Aβ-induced toxicities and blood-brain barrier permeable highlighting their promising potential as AD drug candidates for future clinical use.
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Baum, Dale M., Ranjith K. Jayasekara, and Enzo A. Palombo. "Environmentally-friendly biodegradable packaging products." Microbiology Australia 29, no. 1 (2008): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma08035.
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The rise of industrialisation and widespread use of petrochemicals brought with it many useful products. One of these products was plastic, a highly polymerised hydrocarbon mainly used for its physical strength and effective microbial barrier properties. While oil is a productive and inexpensive way to produce chemicals, stocks are beginning to be depleted. Therefore, alternative ways to produce such products must be pursued. However, sustainability is becoming a necessary part of environmental management and important steps are now being made towards reduced use of non-biodegradable materials. Where old packaging was once made from polystyrene foam and CFC-containing materials, a shift back towards paper and starch based products is occurring. In the case where packaging materials are susceptible to moisture and other microbial attack, it is necessary to develop novel materials with increased barrier properties for use in such items as meat packaging.
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Kawanishi, Kunio. "Mesothelial cell transplantation: history, challenges and future directions." Pleura and Peritoneum 1, no. 3 (2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pp-2016-0014.
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AbstractMesothelial cells line the surface of the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum and internal reproductive organs. One of their main functions is to act as a non-adhesive barrier to protect against physical damage, however, over the past decades their physiological and pathological properties have been revealed in association with a variety of conditions and diseases. Mesothelium has been used in surgical operations in clinical settings, such as omental patching for perforated peptic ulcers and in glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium for aortic valve reconstruction. Various methods for mesothelial cell transplantation have also been established and developed, particularly within the area of tissue engineering, including scaffold and non-scaffold cell sheet technologies. However, the use of mesothelial cell transplantation in patients remains challenging, as it requires additional operations under general anesthesia in order to obtain enough intact cells for culture. Moreover, the current methods of mesothelial cell transplantation are expensive and are not yet available in clinical practice. This review firstly summarizes the history of the use of mesothelial cell transplantation in tissue engineering, and then critically discusses the barriers for the clinical application of mesothelial cell transplantation. Finally, the recent developments in xenotransplantation technologies are discussed to evaluate other feasible alternatives to mesothelial cell transplantation.
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Sherman, Ledric D., and Joni S. Williams. "Perspectives of Fear as a Barrier to Self-Management in Non-Hispanic Black Men With Type 2 Diabetes." Health Education & Behavior 45, no. 6 (2018): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198118763938.
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Background. Self-managing type 2 diabetes (T2D) is critical but often challenging for non-Hispanic Black (NHB) men. Fears may contribute to poor self-management; however, the evidence is sparse. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between fear and diabetes self-management in NHB men from the southern United States. Methods. Nineteen NHB men with T2D were recruited from barbershops and churches. Interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview guide. Transcripts were analyzed using a phenomenological approach and focused on identifying common themes describing the perceptions of fear as a barrier to self-managing T2D in the study participants. Results. More than 68% of the sample was >55 years of age, where 42% reported an annual income of ≥$100,000, 74% were married, and 26% had a college degree. Fifty-three percent expressed fear with diabetes management, while 47% reported no fears with diabetes management. Direct fears associated with self-management included the use of needles and syringes for self-monitoring and medication adherence, respectively. Indirect fears were associated with the development of adverse complications resulting in poor mental and physical quality of life. No fears were reported secondary to diabetes knowledge, perceived control, and social support. Conclusions. In this sample of NHB men, fear was perceived by many as a direct barrier to self-management and an indirect barrier to optimal quality of life. These findings suggest the need to address the fears of NHB men when guiding treatment and developing research interventions to improve self-management skills.
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Cheng, Zefei, Jiasheng Yang, Fang Shao, et al. "Thermal Stability of YSZ Coatings Deposited by Plasma Spray–Physical Vapor Deposition." Coatings 9, no. 8 (2019): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080464.
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The plasma spray–physical vapor deposition (PS–PVD) process has received considerable attention due to its non-line of sight deposition ability, high deposition rates, and cost efficiency. Compared with electron beam–physical vapor deposition (EB–PVD), PS–PVD can also prepare thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with columnar microstructures. In this paper, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings were fabricated by PS–PVD. Results showed that the as-deposited coating presented a typical columnar structure and was mainly composed of metastable tetragonal (t′-ZrO2) phase. With thermal exposure, the initial t′ phase of YSZ evolved gradually into monoclinic (m-ZrO2) phase. Significant increase in hardness (H) and the Young’s modulus (E) of the coating was attributed to the sintering effect of the coating during the thermal exposure, dependent on exposure temperature and time. However, the values of H and E decreased in the coatings thermally treated at 1300–1500 °C for 24 h, which is mainly affected by the formation of m-ZrO2 phase.