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1
Vijayan, Bhagya, Manjeet Singh Nain, Rashmi Singh, and N. V. Kumbhare. "Socio-economic Transformation through RKVY-RAFTAAR in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka." INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXTENSION EDUCATION 58, no. 3 (2022): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58323.
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Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana- Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied Sector Rejuvenation (RKVY-RAFTAAR) is aimed at augmenting agri and allied sector income. A study was conducted to analyse the socio-economic changes generated by Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana rechristened as Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana- Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied Sector Rejuvenation (RKVY-RAFTAAR) in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka in 2022. 160 beneficiary farmers and 80 non-beneficiary farmers from both the states were personally interviewed to elicit the socio-economic changes generated by the programme. The socio-economic transformation was higher for beneficiary farmers in terms of annual income, entrepreneurial opportunity, occupational status, crop diversification, material possession and access to the programme than non-beneficiary farmers of both the states. Comparative analysis of socio-economic transformation of beneficiary farmers of Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh revealed significant changes in the socio economic indicators except entrepreneurial opportunity, education and access to RKVY RAFTAAR. The changes brought about by the programme, before and after its launch revealed significantly higher socio-economic impact on beneficiary farmers.
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Li, Ruisheng, Bin Huang, Shaoquan Liu, and Dingde Xu. "Land Transfer Contract and Farmers’ Straw-Returning Behavior: Evidence from Rural China." Land 13, no. 7 (2024): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13070905.
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Straw return is a crucial method for utilizing agricultural waste as a resource. Against the backdrop of increasing straw production in China, most scholars focus only on the behavioral decision of whether farmers choose to transfer land. However, few studies have touched on the specific content of the land transfer contract and its impact on farmers’ behavior. This paper innovatively starts from the perspective of land transfer contracts to explore the impact of land transfer contracts on straw return in terms of standardization, stability, and profitability and to make theoretical contributions to the rational use of straw and the protection of arable land resources. Using data from the 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) database, this study empirically analyzed the effects of different elements of land transfer contracts on straw returns to the field. The results show that: (1) Written transfer contracts are more effective than verbal contracts in encouraging farmers to adopt the straw return behavior. (2) Fixed-term contracts are more stable and can effectively promote farmers' adoption of straw return technology. (3) The remunerative transfer method is more profitable and can effectively encourage farmers to adopt straw return technology compared to the non-remunerative transfer method. (4) Farmers in mountainous areas or with smaller areas of farmland have a lower probability of adopting straw return technology. Therefore, the important role of remunerative, fixed-term, written land transfer contracts in the process of straw return should be emphasized, and the adoption rate of straw return should be increased through differentiated policy guidance and comprehensively promoting the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Sun, Rui, Jianing Mi, Shu Cao, and Xiao Gong. "Classifying Livelihood Strategies Adopting the Activity Choice Approach in Rural China." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (2019): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113019.
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The classification of livelihood strategies is important for designing effective and targeted poverty-reducing strategies. This paper classified livelihood strategies adopting the activity choice approach and compared differences among income levels, asset endowments, poverty rates, and poverty causes of different household clusters to provide bases for the identification of targeted poverty-reducing strategies. By making the two-step cluster analysis, 2042 households were divided into four clusters. Agricultural households get a relatively low income because of the reliance on agricultural production and the lack of required assets to enter more remunerative livelihood strategies. Self-employment is the most remunerative livelihood strategy and high physical and financial capital accumulations are the premise of adopting a self-employed strategy. Featured with a medium-level income and asset endowments, wage-employed households benefit from a more-educated labor force and shoulder a heavy burden caused by children’s education at the same time. Besides, rural households face a series of social issues from labor migration, especially self-employed and wage-employed households. Non-labor households have a low-level income and asset endowments with older family members and an unhealthier labor force caused mainly by the aging population and accompanying diseases and disabilities. The transfer income-oriented non-labor households are the main object of poverty alleviation.
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Manjunatha, G. R., P. A. Sangannavar, G. R. Halagundegowda, A. S. Nazeer, S. M. Moorthy, and V. Sivaprasad. "Comparative economics of vanya with mulberry cocoon production in India." Journal of Environmental Biology 44, no. 3(SI) (2023): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/3(si)/jeb-01.
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Aim: To compare the remunerativeness of Mulberry, Tasar, Eri and Muga based sericulture enterprises. Methodology: An empirical analysis was undertaken to compare the economics of mulberry and non-mulberry cocoon production in India, utilizing the available data from Central Silk Board using descriptive statistics and suitable ratios. Results: The study indicated that returns per rupee of investment in Mulberry (1.66), Tasar (1.60), Eri (1.88) and Muga (2.07) were higher compared to agriculture crop enterprises (National Silk Policy-2020), besides being of short duration with frequent assured income at least for three to six times in a year. Interpretation: The Mulberry and Eri silkworm cocoon production is highly remunerative enterprise and attracts the youths, because of its domesticated nature, short duration and women friendly enterprise. Key words: Cocoon production, Economics, Eco-friendly, Mulberry, Sericulture enterprises, Vanya
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Daniel Patrick, DIEHOU. "L’écriture comme religion?" Langues & Cultures 4, no. 01 (2023): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.62339/jlc.v4i01.187.
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L'étude entend démontrer le caractère sacerdotal du travail de l'écriture en le comparant à la pratique religieuse. L’objectif recherché est de voir le travail d’écriture comme vocation pour un monde plus intellectuel, en espérant notoriété et postérité et non un salaire mensuel, tel que le service de Dieu se fait par vocation pour une société plus morale, en espérant le salut de l’âme, sans aucune attente rémunératrice. L'activité littéraire, religieuse est différente des autres fonctions rémunératrices, et par conséquent ne doit pas être guidée par le souci d'argent ou doit être dissociée des termes « affaire », « projet », « salaire » qui peuvent décrire la posture comme typique du fonctionnaire. Il faut plutôt s’attendre aux aides et protection sociales. Tel que le religieux cupide corrompt son âme, l’écrivain partagé entre le double métier peut perdre la concentration, la régularité et l’efficacité de son art.AbstractThe study intends to demonstrate the sacerdotal character of the work of writing by comparing it to religious practice. The objective sought is to see the work of the writer as a vocation for a more intellectual world, hoping for notoriety and posterity, and not a monthly salary, such as the service of God is done by vocation for a more moral society, in hoping for the salvation of the soul, wthout any remunerative expectation. Lireraty, religious activity is different from other remunerative functions, and threfore should not be guided by the concern for money or should be dissociated from the terms ʺbusinessʺ, ʺprojectʺ, ʺsalaryʺ, which can describe the posture as typical of the civil servant. We should rather expect social aid and protection. Just as the greedy religious corrupts his soul, the writer torn between the double trade can lose the concentration, the regularity and the effectiveness of his art.
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S.K, Natarajan, Gowsalya R, Kathirvelan P, et al. "Exploring Castor Hybrid (YRCH 1) as an Alternate Crop in Mettur-noyyal Sub Basin of Tamil Nadu, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 37, no. 1 (2025): 280–87. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i15272.
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Aims: The aim of this study is to introduce castor hybrid as an alternative crop in gap areas to promote agricultural diversification and enhance productivity. Place and Duration of Study: Mettur-Noyyal confluence sub basin areas of Tamil Nadu by the Tapioca and Castor research Research station, Yethapur for the past five years (2019-2024). Methodology: The on farm demonstrations was carried out at Salem, Namakkal and Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu including thirteen villages with 302 farmers holdings covering the areas of 260 ha. Looming water crisis, paucity of agricultural labourers, higher cost of cultivation owing to escalating labour costs, fluctuating in market price of the produce, the search for remunerative alternative crop to enhance the profitability without deteriorating soil productivity. Results: The castor hybrid cultivation is gaining momentum in non-traditional area of Tamil Nadu. The advantages of castor over conventional crop are less demanding in terms of land, labour and water requirement, water deficit areas and problem soils, cost of cultivation is less with high profit, suitable for small and marginal farmers besides improving the soil health through addition of leaf litter and biological ploughing. By adopting castor hybrid as an alternative crop resulted in the highest yield of 1964 kg ha⁻¹, compared to the conventional method, which yielded 1376 kg ha⁻¹.The highest gross returns (Rs. 116287 ha-1), net return (Rs. 91827 ha-1) and BCR (3.68) were recorded in adoption of hybrid castor as alternate crop. Conclusion: Castor is highly remunerative crop during Kharif season as compared to traditional crops because of its steady marketing price throughout the year unlike other crops. This technology increase yield up to 31.5 per cent when compared to farmer practice
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Rajeev, Meenakshi, and Christoph Scherrer. "Smallholders’ Challenges: Realizing Peri-Urban Opportunities in Bengaluru." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810160.
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Urban expansion creates potential for increased incomes among previously rural smallholders from sources other than traditional agriculture. Harnessing this potential, however, requires investments into agricultural upgrading or non-farm activities. The article addresses the question concerning to what extent these investments are realised in the peri-urban space of Bengaluru. Its answers are based on a review of the literature and extensive field surveys in two differentially developed districts assessing the smallholders’ economic situation in 2019 and as a recall in 2009. Our findings are that only a few smallholders were able to realise the peri-urban opportunities. Household income increased in real terms only by a little, especially from farming. Instead of a traditional farm to non-farm production linkage, surpluses from the non-farm sector were seen to meet the working capital needs of the farm sector. While physical access to formal financial institutions has significantly improved, formal borrowing is dominated by small-sized loans from registered self-help groups or traditional priority sector loans. Only a few households took up non-farm activities as many others failed to obtain sufficient credit and lacked knowledge about remunerative non-farm projects. Overall, rising outlays for education and health services leave little resources for any productive investments.
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Latha Sri, Garikamukkala Asha. "Farmers’ Characteristics Effecting the Yield Gap in Oilseed Crops." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, no. 5 (2022): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/dec_spl/59-62.
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Frontline demonstrations (FLDs) are among the important technology transfer programs to illustrate the profi tability and productivity potential of improved technologies. FLDs are being conducted for the past many years in oilseed crops and signifi cant yield gaps between improved technology and farmers practice fi elds were reported. The yield gaps were due non-availability of critical inputs, labour intensive nature using technology, requirement of additional investment and non-remunerative prices for the crop itself apart from individual farmers’ characteristics which infl uence his adoption behaviour. Hence, it is important to evaluate the farmers’ characteristics aff ecting the yield gaps. The current study was carried out during the year 2021-22 in eight villages of the Prakasam and Raipur districts of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states, respectively with objectives to evaluate the yield gaps of the FLD and non-FLD farmers and understand the farmers’ characteristics aff ecting the yield gaps. The information was gathered from 160 randomly selected oilseeds cultivating farmers consisting of FLD and non-FLD farmers. There were signifi cant diff erences in yield gaps between the FLD and non-FLD farmers. The yield gap was aff ected by farmers’ characteristics such as education, annual income, innovativeness, social participation, mass media exposure, and extension participation.
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Mayaud, Isabelle, and Laurent Jeanpierre. "Destinies of artistic activity: visual artists' plural forms of employment and trade-offs in a French region." SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no. 157 (August 2020): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2020-157007.
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Based on a recent survey on the artistic work in a French region, the article consid-ers visual artists as a control population illustrating the possible destinies of low or poorly paid self-employment in contemporary capitalism. Artistic activities mainly attract graduates and people from the upper classes who nevertheless accept to be paid very little for their art and even, as entrepreneurs would do, to invest regularly in order to continue their activity. The maintenance of their artistic vocation then requires recourse to secondary income from social benefits, family resources or the development of complementary remunerative activities. Since all these possible combinations are not equally accessible, they determine variable regimes of artis-tic production, self-presentation and various articulations between salaried and non-salaried activities, the borderline case of which is the abandonment of crea-tion.
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Joshi, B. K., M. S. Tantia, Neelam Gupta, S. C. Gupta, and R. Sahai. "HARIANA - AN INDIAN CATTLE BREED IN ITS NATIVE ECOLOGY." Animal Genetic Resources Information 18 (April 1996): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000705.
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SUMMARYThe fast changing socio-economic levels of inhabitants, ecological profile and agricultural scenario in the native breeding.tract of Hariana cattle breed reveal several factors resulting in consistently a declining trend in the population as well as genetic deterioration in performance traits of the breed. The breed, once occupying pre eminent position in Indian farming throughout the entire rural households of North India for both draught power and milk production, isnow being gradually neglected and becoming economically non-remunerative because of intensive and more mechanized agriculture replacing draught animal power, shrinking grazing areas, over emphasis on crossbreeding with exotic cattle inheritance and emergence of buffalo as a commercial dairy animal. The authors emphasize the need to develop suitable strategies for planned genetic improvement and conservation programmes of the breed to resurrect it as an economical viable cattle breed for the posterity.
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SINGH, RAM, SHIV KUMAR, SUKHEIMON PASSAH, and S. M. FEROZE. "Determinants of organic turmeric (Curcuma longa) cultivation in hill states of India: A logit approach." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 2 (2022): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i2.122229.
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The study demonstrates the economic and social determinants in adoption of organic cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in the states of Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur and Sikkim. The turmeric production through organic method demonstrated high yield and returns. The yield and returns of turmeric crop were found significantly higher in the adopter state than non-adopter states of the region. The analysis of economic returns showed organic cultivation of turmeric to be economically feasible but it also suggested policy implications like post-harvest arrangements. The factor share analysis stressed on need of pre-harvest arrangements on the turmeric farm of adopter as well as non-adopter states to make the crop more remunerative across the states of NEHR. The ANOVA analysis of yield contrasts provided the way forward to the capability and ability of turmeric yield across the states in the region. The identified technical as well as social factors and determinants through logit analysis have provided the researchable issues to enhance the productivity and production of organic turmeric in the region.
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MALLA, ISSIFOU Adam, and A. Jacob YABI. "Determinants of the economic profitability of peasant enterprises in rural areas of Borgou, Benin." African Scientific Journal Vol 3, N° 16 (2023): 022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7567768.
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Résumé Cette étude menée auprès de 293 paysans ruraux dans le Borgou visant principalement à identifier les facteurs non économiques et techniques de la rentabilité économique des entreprises paysannes montre que l’innovation et de création de valeur, la recherche de marché rémunérateur influence positivement la rentabilité économique des paysans. Par contre, l’attitude du paysan à prendre moins de risque a une influence négative sur sa rentabilité. En d’autres termes, les paysans dont les entreprises sont les plus rentables sont ceux qui développent l’esprit de créativité, de recherche de marché rémunérateur et qui prennent plus de risque. Une collecte de données individuelles sur les variables sociodémographiques et de l'esprit entrepreneurial des paysans ruraux a permis de mener les différentes analyses statistiques ayant abouti à ces résultats. Il s'agit des méthodes de statistiques descriptives et celle du modèle de régression de type probit binaire. <strong>Mots clés :</strong> Entrepreneuriat rural, Entrepreneuriat agricole, Entreprise paysanne, Rentabilité <strong>Abstract </strong> This study of 293 rural farmers in Borgou, aimed primarily at identifying the non-economic and technical factors of the economic profitability of farmers' enterprises, shows that innovation and value creation, and the search for a remunerative market have a positive influence on the economic profitability of farmers. On the other hand, the farmer's attitude to take less risk has a negative influence on his profitability. In other words, the farmers whose enterprises are the most profitable are those who develop the spirit of creativity, search for a remunerative market and take more risks. Individual data collection on socio-demographic variables and the entrepreneurial spirit of rural farmers made it possible to conduct the various statistical analyses that led to these results. These analyses were based on descriptive statistics and the binary probit linear regression model. <strong>Keywords :</strong> Rural entrepreneurship, Agricultural entrepreneurship, Peasant enterprise, Profitability
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Jayashree, Shreeshail Jeratagi, and Madari2 Prof.D.M. "Digitalisation of Agriculture in India: A Case for Doubling Farmer's Income." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 4, no. 17 (2023): 114–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7936733.
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COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for more resilient, efficient, productive, remunerative and sustainable agriculture. Accordingly, the Government of India prioritised optimum utilisation of advanced technologies, to ensure uninterrupted food security and empower farmers by doubling their income. This paper explores the digitalisation of Indian agriculture to create value for the farming community and increase the opportunities to double farmers’ income. It highlights the application of different digital technologies to increase farm yield, improve farm-level decision-making, maximise resource use efficiency, and ultimately enhance the incomes of smallholder farmers. It is an analytical paper based on a survey of literature that utilises secondary sources such as books, research articles, and policy documents, reports published by various government and non-government organisations, online databases, and discussion papers. The paper suggests that policymakers focus on doubling the farmers’ income through different stages of food production and supply chain.
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Ranieri, A., M. Tura, R. Hurle, and A. Lembo. "Management of ureteral calculi and DRG." Urologia Journal 64, no. 1 (1997): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039706400112.
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Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and ureterolithotripsy (ULT) have dramatically changed the management of ureteral calculi. Since the new financial policy of public hospitals is now operative, we tried to evaluate if the management of ureteral calculi is conditioned by technical availability and by the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) payment system. Open surgery is still first-line treatment for renal calculi over 3 cm in diameter. ESWL is preferentially employed for the treatment of lumbar ureteral calculi, while ULT is preferred in distal ureteral stones. Non-analytical evaluation of costs in our Hospital showed that ESWL and ULT with an average of three days hospital stay were remunerative if DRG standards were applied. This was not the case if the same treatments were applied on a “day-hospital” basis or in one day of hospital stay. As far as therapeutical choice is concerned, in our and other urological divisions it was dictated by clinical and technical more than economic considerations.
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Singh, Shivam, Pawan Kumar Gupta, Shani Kumar Singh, Harish Chandra Singh, Rohit, and Abhijeet. "A Study on the Constraints faced by the Vegetable Growers in Mallawan Block of Hardoi District in Uttar Pradesh, India." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 42, no. 3 (2024): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i32376.
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Training is the analytical process for human resource development as well as also playsan essential role in hastening of particular attitude among human behaviours. Moreover, training is a tool for accomplishingintervention of thelevel of human resource, that becomesincreasingly and pivotalfor the development substantially in all fields with an extending satisfaction in technology. The present investigation was aimed to observe the constraints faced by the vegetable growers in the production of vegetable cultivation. The data of constraints were assembled and analysed by using Garret’s ranking methodology to develop a quantitative position of each constraint. Likewise, data findings were showed that thevegetable growersfacedtechnological, resource, market and miscellaneous constraints. Among technological constraints, lack of knowledge about improved varieties, seed rate including sowing time were prominent. Similarly,regarding resource constraints, high costs of pesticides were more dominant. Furthermore, in case of market constraints, non- remunerative price and poor marketing facilities results, high risk which wasdominant. And last one is miscellaneous constraint, non-availability of labour during peak season and high wages. Therefore, numerous field level constraints faced by the vegetable growers had been recognized as well as categorized into the circumstances for training needs.
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Kumar, Rakesh. "Attitude of Clusterbean Growers Toward Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 23, no. 2 (2023): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2023/apr_jun/24-29.
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ICTs can be broadly interpreted as technologies that facilitate communication and transmission of information by electronic means. In this study ICTs is operationalised as the use of communication devices or applications by the farmers encompassing mobile phone, Internet, Kisan Call Centres for obtaining information. ICTs can make agriculture more remunerative and a fruitful occupation by providing latest information. It saves money, time and eff orts and reduces dependency on so many factors in the chain of extension. The present study was conducted in Bikaner district of Rajasthan in year 2018 on 80 registered farmers (Users) on one of the ICT portal “mkisan.com” through Agriculture Research Station, Bikaner and 80 non-users. The sample was selected from three tehsils of Bikaner district namely Bikaner, Nokha and Kolayat out of total eight tehsils because these three tehsils having highest number of registered farmers under ICT portal “mkisan.com” and having good area under Clusterbean crop. Further two villages from each tehsil were selected and made a total sample size of 160.The study revealed that 93.75 percent users were found in moderately favourable to more favourable attitude. While 92.50 percent of non-users had moderately favourable to less favourable attitude towards use of ICTs.
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Patel, P. C., and Ghanshyam Prabhulal Sabapara. "Constraints faced by dairy farmers for adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices in Valsad district of Gujarat." Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management 37, no. 1 (2023): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijapm.2023.37.1.10.
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A field survey was conducted in Valsad district of Southern Gujarat to identify various constraints perceived by dairy animal owners in adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices. Information was collected from randomly selected 240 dairy animal owners through personal interview with the help of structured interview schedule. The study revealed that high construction cost (96.25%) and lack of own capital (85.83%) were major constraints in housing practices. Lack of awareness about treatment of poor-quality straw to improve its nutritive value (75.42%), non-availability of green fodder round the year (70.42%) and lack of knowledge of balanced ration (60.83%) were major constraints in feeding practices. Low genetic potential of local animals (89.17%), repeat breeding problems in dairy animals (86.67%) and low conception rate through A.I. (60.42%) were major constraints in breeding practices. Non-remunerative price for milk (90.83%), lack of knowledge in clean milk production (88.75%) and high production cost of milk (83.75%) were major constraints in milking practices. High cost of veterinary medicine (82.50%), lack of awareness of deworming of milch animals (63.75%) and lack of awareness about importance of vaccination (60.83%) were major constraints in adoption of improved health care practices. Hence, better extension services along with development of suitable plan could mitigate the constraints faced by the dairy farmers.
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Prasad, Niranjan, and S. Giri. "Status of Primary Processing of Gum Karaya (Exudate Gum) and scope of improvement." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 18, no. 3 (2011): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2011-v8n0of.
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Exudate gums occupy a prime place among Non-Wood Forest Produce (NWFP) and are known to mankind since time immemorial. Use of exudate gums for domestic consumption and sale to earn some cash is very common among the forest dwelling communities particularly tribals in India. Thousands of forest dwellers particularly in Central and Western Indian states depend on exudate gums as a viable source of income. Gum collectors collect exudate gums by scraping it from trees using locally available devices (i.e. knife, pruning knife and axe) in bamboo basket or bag. The collected gums are cleaned by removing the bark and other foreign matters adhered to it. The cleaned gum is then dried in sun followed by grading manually based on size and colour of gum tears. Forest dwellers either sell graded gums in local market or store it in bamboo basket for their consumption or for sale later when prices are remunerative. The paper discusses the methods and devices used in primary processing unit operation of exudate gums, problems associated in carrying out the unit operation and scope of improvement.
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Rafiqui, Aroos Rauf, and Omais Bin Ayoub. "Elucidation of Source - Sink Relationship in Mulberry (Morus spp.)." INDIAN JOURNAL OF PURE & APPLIED BIOSCIENCES 12, no. 4 (2024): 9–19. https://doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.9120.
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Sericulture is essentially an agro-based industry, and it has been practiced for ages, particularly in China and India. However, the industry has taken a back seat due to stiff competition with other agricultural crops. In order to make sericulture more remunerative and withstand this competition, value addition through fruit processing is a viable option. The fruit-bearing cultivars of mulberry can be effectively manipulated to sustain silkworm rearing while being simultaneously used to yield quality mulberry fruit. This will be a key factor in boosting the income of silkworm rearers and will transform sericulture from a household occupation to a vibrant commercial activity, opening a new vista of opportunities to the farmer community. The first step towards achieving this crop diversification is to understand the phenology and interaction between sources and sink in mulberry. By elucidating the flow of assimilates between sources (photosynthetic tissues) and sinks (non-photosynthetic tissues), the present article is an attempt to illuminate how this phenomenon can be harnessed to make sericulture a profitable practice.
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Arora, Dr. Niharika. "On Unpaid Labour: Trends in Indian Sociological Research and Time Use Surveys (TUS)." Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences Volume-XIV, Issue-4 (2025): 47–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14636337.
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<strong>Abstract: </strong>This paper examines the concept of unpaid labour with a focus on gendered dynamics and its socio-economic implications in Indian and global contexts. It critiques the traditional definitions of “work” that exclude non-remunerative activities, particularly unpaid domestic and care work, predominantly undertaken by women. Drawing on feminist and Marxist theories, the paper highlights the invisibility of unpaid labour in economic analyses and its impact on gender inequalities in labour markets. Using insights from Time Use Surveys (TUS) and policy discussions, the study emphasizes the need for methodological adaptations in developing countries, where activities like subsistence farming and fuel collection must be accounted for. The paper also evaluates political proposals, such as remunerating housewives, and explores the intersection of unpaid labour, well-being, and gender norms. Recommendations include challenging the naturalization of domestic roles, redistributing care work, and incorporating standpoint epistemology into future research. <strong>Keywords: </strong>Unpaid labour, gender inequality, care work, Time Use Surveys, domestic work, feminist economics, Marxist theory, labour market, well-being, patriarchy, policy analysis, India.
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Sadiq, M. S., I. P. Singh, and M. M. Ahmad. "INCOME DISCRIMINATION-A MANIFESTATION OF INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (IFAD) RICE PROGRAMME IN NIGERIA’S NIGER STATE: INVISIBLE OR INVINCIBLE." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 37, no. 1 (2021): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2021.37.1.8.
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The present study evaluated the income inequalities between IFAD and non-IFAD rice farmers in Nigeria’s Niger state. Undated data of 2018 cropping season elicited through structured questionnaire coupled with interview schedules from a total of 296 rice farmers (111 IFAD rice farmers and 185 non-IFAD rice farmers) through a multi-stage sampling technique. Tools viz. descriptive statistics, censored regression, Chow F-test statistics, Average treatment effect (ATE) and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition model were used for data analysis. The findings showed that the programme had effect on the farmers’ income in the short-run; while in the long-run, the non-remunerative product’s price has diffused the impact of the programme on the farmers’ income. However, it was observed that participation in the programme made the average income accumulation of the participated farmers to higher than that of the non-participants. The discrimination difference called programme participation accounts for more than 75% of the income gap, while endowment or characteristics difference accounts for less than 24% vis-à-vis the non-treated groups. Therefore, the programme should link the farmers with the appropriate off-takers in order to insulate them from adverse effect of market imperfection which tends to dampen the rice price during the boom season. Also, the farmers should engage in co-operative marketing and monitor price behavior using market information and intelligence. The scope of programme coverage should be expanded beyond the target group so as to enhance the farm families’ livelihoods; the rural, state and the national economies.
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SHARMA, S. C., S. K. PANDEY, and N. PRASAD. "Equipments for Manufacturing Lac Based Value Added Products." JOURNAL OF AGRISEARCH 9, no. 03 (2021): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i03.11010.
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Lac, a natural resin of insect origin, yields basically three useful materials i.e.resin, wax and dye and is an important source of livelihood for poor and tribal farmers in the lac growing regions. Lac growers harvest lac in form of lac stick and lac encrustations attached with sticks are then scraped which is known as sticklac. Sticklac contains impurities which need to be removed by converting sticklac in to seedlac through different unit operations under primary lac processing so that seedlac, a semi-refined product, can be further used in making lac based value added products i.e.shellac, button lac, bleached lac, aleuritic acid etc. Sticklac converted into seedlac can be stored like grain in jute/gunny bag or metal bin for longer period. Hence, lac grower can sell stored seedlac whenever they get remunerative price. Lac resin being natural, biodegradable and non-toxic, finds application in food, textile, furniture, electrical and pharmaceutical industries and provides immense employment opportunities. Regular demand for the materials derived from lac exists in the market due to global trend for use of natural products. Small scale lac processing unit can be established for conversion of sticklac in to seedlac in production catchment area at grower's level itself. Similarly, integrated small scale lac processing unit can also be utilized for conversion of sticklac in to seedlac with reduced man-power requirement and minimum drudgery. Equipments/machineries developed for manufacturing value added lac-based products may be encouraged in the country to reduce time of operation, drudgery and manpower requirement with enhanced capacity of value addition in lac and to promote entrepreneurship development which may further enhance employment generation. To ensure the quality of produce, traditional equipments/machineries needs replacement with new equipments/machineries made of food grade materials coupled with advanced automation system to the maximum possible extent. Value addition in lac could be promoted and migration of rural and tribal people to other states in search of employment could be minimized with adoption of improved equipment and machineries for value addition of lac at village level so that rural and tribal people may get remunerative price of their product. Hence, increase in sustainable livelihood of rural and tribal people might be possible with adoption of lac value addition sector
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Jaiswal, Nitu. "Quality of Informal Jobs in India’s Banking Sector: A Primary Study Through the “Decent Work” Framework." Indian Journal of Human Development 13, no. 1 (2019): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703019838108.
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“Decent Work” is International Labour Organization’s (ILO) umbrella strategy to promote the “quality of work/job” for all, which is aimed at more productive, well-remunerative and better quality jobs. However, the prevalence of informal employment and growing “informalization” of jobs indicate a general deterioration in the quality of work. The present study, based on a primary survey of employees in banking sector, shows that the “decent work” framework has had limited influence on the growing non-standard forms of employment (NSFE) in India. Even in a sector like banking, which is considered more formal and regulated, jobs fell short of “decent work” criteria. This article explores various indicators that have been used to gauge “quality of jobs” from the literature and shows how the prevailing NSFE in the Indian banking sector lack almost all of them. Analysis of the primary data shows that workers in NSFEs have lower levels of job satisfaction and receive low wages and minimal or no training. The findings of the study confirm that NSFEs do not ensure basic labour rights and decent standard of living and are also not desirable when compared to permanent jobs.
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Yuk-ha Tsang, Eileen. "Neither “Bad” nor “Dirty”: High-end Sex Work and Intimate Relationships in Urban China." China Quarterly 230 (May 17, 2017): 444–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741017000649.
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AbstractThe relationship between sex workers and their clients is generally characterized as being based entirely on the direct exchange of sexual favours for money. However, this received wisdom cannot account for a nation such as China which attaches significant value to “face,” social status and interpersonal dignity. This paper draws parallels with high-end sex workers elsewhere in Asia as well as globally. With a focus on the high-end sector, I examine how workers and their clients engage not only in pecuniary transactions but also in genuinely intimate and non-remunerative relationships. High-end sex workers make use of their earned economic capital to acquire cultural capital, and use online apps as marketing tools to target local elites and expats to forge longer-term intimate relationships. Male clients in more commercialized, post-industrial cities in China continue to seek diverse types of sexual experiences, with some clients seeking genuine intimacy. Furthermore, I explore how Chinese and foreign clients overcome social barriers to develop such relationships with sex workers. Building on this sociocultural perspective, this paper analyses ethnographically both sides of the female sex worker–client relationship in high-end karaoke lounges and bars in Dongguan, southern China.
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Saeed, Rashed, Arshed Bashir, Muhammad Qasim, and Sonila Hassan. "Gender Dimension And Disparity In Vegetable Picking." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (2015): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.216.
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Gender involvement in agriculture is becoming more asymmetrical in rural areas due to differences in wages of respective labour resultantly affecting health, wealth and decision making power of women engaged in agriculture. Study, therefore, was planned to investigate status of women engaged in vegetable picking and see constraints faced by them. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze primary data collected during year 2013. Results reveal that average monthly household income and expenditure were Rs. 10770 and Rs. 9291. Average daily earnings of males and females from vegetable picking were Rs. 333 and Rs.156 respectively which clearly shows disparity regarding wage rates. Female respondents were earning income also from other off-season sources in order to support family budget. Majority of female respondents (86%) were aware about harmful health effects of pesticides’ sprays on vegetables but they were still not using appropriate safety measures. They complained about different diseases while working in vegetable fields. It is suggested that training in other more remunerative non-farm/ off-season activities should be provided to females in order to improve wages on competitive basis. The pickers should be educated also about the importance of using safety precautions while working in vegetables fields.
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Jaiswal, A., K. Sharma, and K. Kumar. "Problems of lac growers in Jharkhand state." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 10, no. 1/2 (2003): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2003-vsagwf.
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Based on rating system, five problems which scored more than 50% ratings are : mortality of lac crop during fog especially on Ziziphus mauritiana (Ber) and Schleichera oleosa (Kusum) (72%), shortage of broodlac (62%), non-remunerative market price of lac (57%), spider net on host tree resulting into trapping of crawlers (53%), and lack of technical knowledge on lac cultivation (52%). Two problems, which have rating between 41-50%, are lac crop mortality on Butea monosperma (Palas) during rain after intense heat in summer (50%), dearth of capital for investment in lac cultivation (48%), damage of lac encrustation by squirrel (43%), lack of technical information on lac cultivation (42%), theft in form of broodlac and mature lac sticks (41%) and mortality of crop due to high temperature during summer on Z. mauritiana and B. monosperma (40%). Other problems, which have rating between 31-40%, are damage of lac crop during thunderstorm and peeling of bark of Z. mauritiana shoot by rat (31%), damage of lac crop by insect pests of lac (35%), and lack of information on market price of lac (33%). A few problems are widespread over a large area whereas others are localised to specific areas only.
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Kawalaga, Nitish, Bheemappa A, Mahesh Basappa Teli, and Vinod Kashetti. "Analysis of Man-Days Employed and Constraints Faced by Agricultural Labour Households of North Karnataka, India." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 31, no. 6 (2025): 966–71. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2025/v31i63190.
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The present study on man-days employed by agricultural labour households in north Karnataka was conducted during 2021-22, in the purposively selected Gadag and Belagavi districts of Karnataka wherein maximum number of agricultural labourers were reported. The ex-post facto research design was employed to collect data from a sample of 160 agricultural labour households randomly selected from agricultural labour households of predominant gram panchayats. Majority of casual labour households in rainfed region (68.75 %) found in low average man-days employed in a year (120-190 days) as compared to irrigated region labour households (67.50 %) noticed in high man-days employment (261-330 days). Higher per cent (10.00 %) of attached labour households in irrigated region and only 3.75 per cent in rainfed region were found to have high man-days employment. Discrimination in wages, addiction of family members to smoking, and consumption of tobacco and alcohol, irregular payment of wages, non-availability of institutional credit in time, lack of training or skill for getting remunerative labour works and lack of awareness of government schemes implemented for protecting livelihood security were expressed as the major constraints among the labour households in securing the livelihood.
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Rizvi, R., S. K. Dhyani, and Deepak Maurya. "Models for estimating Carbon stock in Stem wood biomass of Poplar trees in Agroforestry plantations in Tarai Plains of North-Western India." Indian Journal of Forestry 34, no. 3 (2011): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2011-5zx38u.
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Poplar (Populus deltoides) based Agroforestry Systems are prevalent in Saharanpur and Yamunanagar districts of North-Western India. These systems are not only remunerative to the farmers but also contributing in CO2 mitigation of environment through biomass accumulation in tree biomass. As stem wood biomass contributes maximum in total tree biomass and no direct method is available for estimating carbon stock in it, some models need to be developed. Primary data on Poplar trees from Agroforestry plantations of different ages was collected from the two districts. Two sets of data, one for boundary system and other for Agrisilvisulture System were used for developing models/equations. Linear and non-linear equations have been developed for carbon stock in stem wood biomass using height and diameter at breast height as explanatory variables. Fitted non-linear equations were found better than linear equations on the basis of adjusted R2 and mean square error for two systems. Thus, developed equations viz., C = -12.288+0.744D+0.139D2 (R2=0.998, MSE=1.219) for boundary system; C = 13.823+0.736D+0.143D2 (R2=0.998, MSE=0.719) for agrisilviculture system; and C = -12.645+0.719D+0.141D2 (R2=0.998, MSE=0.276) for pooled system; where C-carbon stock in stem wood biomass (kg/tree) and D-diameter at breast height (cm) are found good fit. Hence these models/equations may be used for estimating carbon stock in stem wood biomass of Poplar trees in Agroforestry plantations of tarai plains in North-Western India.
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R, Sangameswaran, Senthilkumar S, and Ramesh K. "Management Practices of Buffalo Farmers in Rural Areas of Tirunelveli Region of Tamil Nadu." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 42, no. 8 (2024): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i82529.
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The present study was conducted to identify the management practices followed by buffalo farmers in rural areas of Tirunelveli region, Tamil Nadu. A total of 31 buffalo farmers were interviewed by the pre-structured interview schedule and data were tabulated and discussed. The results of the study indicated that majority of the farmers were rearing non-descript buffaloes (77.42%) and practicing natural service to their buffaloes (90.32%). All the respondents surveyed were rearing their animals in extensive systems and allowing their animals to graze in common property resources (CPRs) and common range lands. But only, about 35.48 per cent of the respondents were providing green fodder to lactating buffaloes, 19.35 per cent were providing greed fodder to heifer and one-sixth of the respondents were providing green fodder to calves. About three- fourth of the respondents (74.19%) were not vaccinating the animals and 22.58 per cent of respondents were vaccinating the animals against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS). None of the respondents were taking precautionary steps against tick infestation. Inadequate veterinary services, lack of space for shed construction, high cost for availing treatment services from the service providers, non-remunerative price for the milk, management constraints during climatic variations and inadequate supply of inputs such as feed/ fodder seeds were the critical constraints perceived by the farmers. The study concludes that enhancing the efficiency of natural feed sourcing by developing forage resources in community land, strengthening the improvement of resilient buffalo breeds by community-based breeding programmes and developing calendar of prophylaxis will ensure sustenance in buffalo farming.
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Sabapara, G. P., and A. B. Fulsoundar. "ADOPTION LEVEL OF IMPROVED DAIRY HUSBANDRY PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS IN RURAL AREAS OF SURAT DISTRICT." Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management 31, no. 3-4 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijapm.31.2.1.
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The present study was conducted in the Surat district of Gujarat. Total 300 respondents were interviewed for the questionnaire prepared about improved dairy husbandry practices adopted by them and constraints in adoption of those practices. The findings indicated that majority of dairy farmers had medium adoption level on different component of improved dairy husbandry practices viz. 62.33% for housing, 65.33% for feeding, 57% for breeding, 62.34% for healthcare, 68.33% for milking management and 70% for calf rearing. The overall adoption levels of the respondents in improved dairy husbandry practices fall under low, medium and high categories are 9.33%, 75.34% and 15.33%, respectively. The adoption index of different aspect of improved dairy husbandry practices of housing, feeding, breeding, health care, milking and calf rearing were 44.97, 40.90, 64.98, 51.55, 50.60 and 50.85%, respectively and overall adoption index of improved dairy husbandry practices was 50.64% which indicated medium adoption level of dairy farmers in the study area. The majority of dairy farmers had high construction cost (94%), lack of own capital (64%), high cost of feed (97.33%), non-availability of green fodder round the year (85.33%), lack of awareness about treatment of poor quality straw to improve its nutritive value (68.67%), repeat breeding problems in dairy animals (88.67 %), non-remunerative price for milk (93.67%), lack of knowledge in clean milk production (71.33%), high cost of veterinary medicine (78.67%), problem of mastitis in dairy animals (71.33%) and inadequate knowledge of diseases and their control (67.33%) were major constraints in adoption ofimproved dairy husbandry practices.
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Kumar, Ranjit, Sanjiv Kumar, BS Yashavanth, et al. "Natural Farming Practices for Chemical-Free Agriculture: Implications for Crop Yield and Profitability." Agriculture 13, no. 3 (2023): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030647.
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The “Green Revolution” (GR) technology-induced agricultural intensification has transformed India from food scarcity to a food surplus country. However, this has also resulted into several adverse repercussions. Increased application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides with stagnating/declining crop productivity has dovetailed with uncertain market conditions and climate change effects which has resulted in un-remunerative agriculture. Consequently, farmers have fallen into the debt trap due to the rising cost of crop production apart from health hazards due to serious exposure to harmful chemical pesticides. Natural Farming (NF), an agro-ecological approach to farming is believed to be an effective way to counter some of these challenges. The present paper presents field-level farmers’ experiences of NF adoption in three states of India—Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. The study was conducted during February–March 2019 by surveying 295 NF adopted and 170 non-NF adopted farmers. It was found that NF practice has been followed by some farmers for more than 10 years but others have adopted during the recent past. There is variation in the practice followed by the NF farmers. There are farmers who are using Farm Yard Manure (FYM). A solid form of jeevamritha (liquid concoction of microbial inoculants) called as ghanajeevamritha was also found to be used by farmers in Andhra Pradesh. It was observed that non-NF yields are superior to NF yield without FYM. In most crops, however, NF with FYM had a greater yield than NF without FYM and non-NF farms. There has been a decrease in the variable cost and a marginal increase in the market price of NF produce. The study suggests that natural farming may be seen as one of the alternative practices which has potential to rejuvenate the agro-ecosystem, besides cost saving for the individual farmers.
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Eseyin, Oluwasegun, Elizabeth Oloni, Olufemi Ogunjobi, and Fadeke Abiodun. "Governance and Youth Unemployment in Nigeria." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 1 (2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n1p220.
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Numerous studies have observed that governance matters in economic growth and subsequently employment generation. Despite the overwhelming evidences on the importance of this variable, there is surprisingly little research on how to promote it effectively in many developing countries. The problems facing the youth in the labour market has become more intense as a result, youths turn to less productive and less remunerative work at the informal sector. This paper therefore investigates the link between Governance, Youth Employment, Gross Capital Formation and Economic Growth. It utilizes the Granger non-Causality technique to explore the connection between these factors in sets. The discoveries uncover that there is bi-directional causal connection among governance and economic growth and furthermore between Economic growth and youth employment in Nigeria. The causality between Economic growth and capital formation is uni-directional from gross capital formation to Economic growth. It is discovered that there is no causal connection among employment and governance; and among employment and gross capital. It is recommended that the government should put on policies to increase growth so as to increase youth employment. Since capital formation causes growth and growth in turn causes youth employment; this implies that more investment in the country will indirectly cause youth employment. Government policies aimed at boosting both public and private investments in the country should be formulated; consequently the challenges of youth unemployment would be addressed.
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Mallikarjun, M., M. Harini, K. Balaji Naik, E. Sireesha, V. Yugandhar, and C. Radha Kumari. "Enhancing Groundnut Productivity in Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh: Identifying Constraints and Developing Adaptation Strategies." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 42, no. 2 (2024): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i22370.
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India is a world leader in groundnut farming. A purposive and random sampling technique was used for the study and conducted in KVK operated mandals of Anantapur and Satya Sai district. Ten mandals of KVK operational area were selected purposively where Cluster Front-Line Demonstrations were conducted and from each mandal 2 villages were selected purposively by KVK. Eight farmers from each village were selected randomly, thus making a total of 160 respondents for this study. An ex-post facto research design was used and the data were collected by interview method and enquired about the constraints faced by them for low groundnut productivity and queried suggestions to overcome the constraints faced by them. From the study, it was revealed that major constraints of the farmers faced were uncertainty in rainfall during crop growth period (96.25) followed by lack of irrigation facility (92.5 %), shortage of labour during critical stages (88.75%), low production due to pest and disease infestation (87.5%) and non-availability of appropriate market price (86.25) as reported by the farmers. Among the suggestions offered by farmers it was the supply of inputs at subsidized rate (76.25 %) ranked first followed by remunerative price should be made available to the groundnut farmers during drought years (75.0%) ranked second and irrigation facilities should be made available (72.5%) ranked third.
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Mohd, Asif Shah. "Problems Faced by the Farmers while Availing the Loan Facilities from the Banks A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 1 (2017): 440–47. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd5976.
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In the present study, the researcher estimates the association between the different socioeconomic variables and the price fixing in case of selling of apple produce at the household level in Kulgam, one of the districts of Jammu and Kashmir. In the past few decades, agricultural sector in the whole state and particularly in the district of Kulgam has witnessed a heavy shift in the cropping pattern from food crops to non food crops cash crops . The horticultural sector has been playing an important role in the State, largely by contributing to the State Economy and turns to be the source of livelihood for nearly thirty three lakh people, but the paddy production on the other hand has shown an opposite trend. Paddy land is getting changed into the horticultural land, as the farmers find it to be more remunerative. Kulgam, which was once the major producer of rice in the State, and was known to be the "Rice Bowl of Kashmir", is now among the least producers of rice. Farmers witnessed that sticking only to the water intensive crops proved to be non beneficial and they willingly shifted to the cash crops, like apple, almond, and walnut. Correlation has been used to estimate the association between the different socioeconomic variables and the price fixing in case of selling of apple produce. Mohd Asif Shah "Problems Faced by the Farmers while Availing the Loan Facilities from the Banks - A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5976.pdf
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USMAN, Ahmed, Thomas, K., and Gambo, I. "Assessment Of Entrepreneurship Education As A Tool For Self-Reliance In Colleges Of Education In Adamawa State, Nigeria." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Management 1, no. 1 (2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54099/ijebm.v1i1.117.
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The study assessed entrepreneurship education as a tool for self-reliance in Colleges of Education in Adamawa state, Nigeria. It specifically determined the extent to which entrepreneurship education promote educational development, adequacy of resources and identified the constraints facing teaching and learning of entrepreneurship education. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to sample the respondents in the college of education, where a sampled 106 was drawn. The data obtained were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, rating and lickrt scale. The results revealed that entrepreneurship education encourages students to join businesses (mean score =.62), promotes economic development (mean score =.58) and self-reliance (mean score =4.55). it further revealed that there were inadequate staff (mean score =1.23) teaching environment (mean score =1.19) and materials for learning were inadequate (mean score =1.24). the major constraints facing teaching and learning of entrepreneurship education were inadequate materials for learning (mean score =2.82), skilled personals (mean score =2.78) poor remunerative to staff concern (mean score =2.67) and poor funding (mean score =2.63) it was concluded that education focuses on the overall development of students and the entrepreneurial curriculum system lays the foundation for the overall improvement of students and the entrepreneurial ability. The study recommended both governmental and non-governmental organizations should provide support to the institutions through the provision of funds, facilities and equipment and internship /houseman ship after graduation in entrepreneurship course as students’ industrial work experience scheme programme for all students should be made
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C, Sudhalakshmi, Rani S, and Geethalakshmi V. "EVALUATION OF RICE BASED CROPPING SEQUENCES FOR WATER SCARCE CONDITIONS OF PARAMBIKULAM ALIYAR COMMAND AREA OF TAMIL NADU." Madras Agricultural Journal 108, june (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000510.
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Field experiments were conducted at Coconut Research Station, Aliyarnagar during 2016 – 2019 to assess the performance of rice-based cropping sequences for water-scarce conditions of the Parambikulam Aliyar Project Command area of Tamil Nadu. Five cropping sequences viz., rice–sesame (T1), rice–groundnut (T2), rice– sunflower (T3), rice–castor (T4) and rice–black gram (T5) were experimented adopting Randomized Block Design with each sequence replicated four times. Results revealed that compared to the other non-legume sequences experimented, the contents of KMnO4-N and organic carbon in the post harvest soil, productivity of rice and economic efficiency were higher in rice–black gram followed by rice–groundnut sequence. Rice– castor sequence recorded the highest land utilization efficiency of 76.7 % and was the lowest in rice–black gram sequence (53.4 %). Rice equivalent yield was the highest on sequential cropping with sunflower (5755 kg ha-1) followed by groundnut (5028 kg ha-1). Production efficiency was the highest in rice– groundnut (47.5 kg ha-1 day-1) followed by rice–castor (42.5 kg ha-1 day- 1) systems. Net returns and benefit-cost ratio were higher in rice–sunflower and rice–black gram sequences followed by rice–groundnut and was the lowest in rice–sesame sequence. In terms of soil fertility, system productivity and economic returns, rice–sunflower, rice–black gram and rice–groundnut systems are highly remunerative for water-scarce conditions of Parambikulam Aliyar Command Area of Tamil Nadu.
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Khalil Ahmed. "GROWTH PERORMANCE OF TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica L.) SEEDLINGS TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALINITY AND SODICITY." Agricultural Sciences Journal 5, no. 2 (2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56520/asj.v5i2.176.
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Agroforestry is a viable land-use option of salt affected soils which ensure the remunerative use of this valuable resource. A two years pot study was carried out to evaluate salinity tolerance of tamarind fruit plant against different levels of salinity and sodicity. Treatments included were: T1 = ECe, 1.17 dS m-1 + SAR, 10.87, T2 = ECe, 6 dS m-1 + SAR, 25, T3 = ECe, 6 dS m-1 + SAR, 35, T4 = ECe, 6 dS m-1 + SAR, 45, T5 = ECe, 8 dS m-1 + SAR, 25, T6 = ECe, 8 dS m-1 + SAR, 35, T7 = ECe, 8 dS m-1 + SAR, 45, T8 = ECe, 10 dS m-1 + SAR, 25, T9 = ECe, 10 dS m-1 + SAR, 35, T10 = ECe, 10 dS m-1 + SAR, 45. Results revealed that no plant was survived at higher level of salinity (10 dS m-1) and sodicity (SAR 45) and complete cessation and mortality was observed in this treatment. Data of survived plants at the end of study showed that salinity and sodicity arrested the growth variables of tamarind seedlings and increasing levels of salinity-sodicity led a reduction of 3.52% to 82.47% in plant height, 1.53% to 84.61% in stem girth, 5.63% to 88.26% in number of leaves and 7.44 to 90.77 in number of branches over control (non-stress) treatment. Therefore, it was concluded that tamarind seedling can withstand and survive at salinity and sodicity level of 10 dS m-1 and SAR 35.
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Rekha, V. "Role of Kudumbasree Micro-Lending on Women"s Economic Empowerment in Kerala – A Case Study." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 4, no. 2 (2019): 563–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2580272.
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Kudumbasree is an innovative mission to eliminate the Poverty founded by Kerala on the strong platform of the „Shree" of the family that is women in 1998. As the name itself indicates, it indicates „prosperity of the family" through women empowerment.It seeks to capitalize through small saving mobilization and micro enterprises. This paper examined the role of Kudumbaree"s micro-credit for capability development and economic empowerment of women in KoduvayurPanchayat, Kerala, India,and also examine the socio economic conditions of the members their saving and borrowing capability, and the major issues and benefits experienced by the members. Study was based on primary survey conducted among64 poor women in rural areas of KoduvayurPanchayat, Kerala. For the purpose of analysis simple average, ratios, percentage, paired t test and garret ranking method were used. The findings revealed that sample respondents are from poor socio-economic background. Majority of them were engaged in traditional and less remunerative non-farm activities. Access of Kudumbasree credit significantly improved their employment opportunity, annual income, and saving during the post-credit period. Loan mainly used for unproductive uses. Their major problems werework not regular, low price, low profits, marketing problem, insufficient loan amount, and competition from mechanized products. They benefited from easy access of credit facility. The study concluded that Kudumbasree helps the rural women for economic empowerment but still the economic inclusion strategy combined with capabilities development among rural women should go a long way in the study area.
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Singh, K., and P. Rathore. "Planting geometry and nutrient levels affecting seed cotton yield, productivity indices and economic parameters of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)." Journal of Environmental Biology 41, no. 6 (2020): 1550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/41/6/mrn-1425.
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Aim: Lack of location specific information on nutrition requirement and planting geometry needs of Bt cotton hybrids is creating confusion among farmers. Growing Bt hybrids with traditional knowledge or to try different combinations of nutrition and planting geometries is often non-remunerative. Therefore, studies were initiated to find out the optimum combination of planting geometry and nutritional level for better yield to be advocated among farmers. Methodology: A field experiment comprising of 4 planting geometries (PG1 :67.5 cm x 60 cm, PG2: 67.5 cm x 75 cm, PG3:100 cm x 45 cm and PG4: 100 cm x 60 cm) in main and 3 nutrient levels {NL1 :150:30:50:25 (N: P :K :Zn in kg ha-1), NL2:150:40:20:24 and NL3 :175:60:60:25} in sub plots of split plot design was conducted during 2016 and 2017 at Faridkot. Results: Among planting geometries, PG3 (3303 kg ha-1) recorded the highest seed cotton yield (SCY), while PG4 (2728 kg ha-1) recorded least despite highest bolls per plant. Though nutrition levels varied non-significantly for SCY, yet NL2 exhibited better fertilizer use efficiency (FUE), i.e., 13.64, indicative of its advantages over NL1 (11.93) and NL3 (9.77). Interpretation: Thus, based on the present study a PG of 67.5x75 cm and NL of 150:40:20:24 ( N: P :K :Zn in kg ha-1) is recommended. Productivity indices as well as economic parameters elucidate that nutrition rates could be further reduced by 86 kg ha-1 (i.e., 25:20:40:1 kg of N, P, K and Zn) which amount to 33 $ ha-1 from what farmers (NL3) are applying, without any yield loss. Present findings can reduce fertilizer cost and could save 0.13 million ton of fertilizer in ~1.54 million ha of north India alone.
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Komkov, S. A. "On the question of the subject of social security law." Siberian Law Herald 1 (2024): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2024.1.59.
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It is noted that Russia, being a social state, guarantees a decent standard of living for a person and the free development of the individual. It is indicated that social security is divided into state and non-state social security systems. It is noted that traditionally the subject of social security law includes only social relations arising in the state social security system. An example is given when none of the parties to the social security relationship is a public agent - a government body, a local government body, a state or municipal institution, etc. Cases are highlighted when the subject of social security law includes social relations that are fully remunerative for the authorized person. It is indicated that one of the defining principles of social security law should be ensuring a decent standard of living for citizens. The ways in which the Russian state is trying to resolve the crisis of the social security system are analyzed. The need is established to include the non-state social security system in the system of social security law. There is a close relationship between social security law and such private-public branch of law as labor law. It is indicated that in economically developed countries, social support measures have long been of a mixed public-private nature. The difficulties of using foreign experience in the legal regulation of social security relations are noted. The reasons why the Russian state periodically carries out pension reforms are indicated. The conclusion is substantiated that in order to level out crisis phenomena in the social security system, a comprehensive solution to the socio-economic problems of the domestic state and society is necessary, including private legal regulation of social relations that constitute the subject of social security law.
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SHARMA, O. P., V. RACHAPPA, SUHAS YELSHETTY, HARISCHANDRA NAIK, J. B. GOPALI, and MANISH RANJAN SAINI. "Validation and implementation of principles of the Integrated Pest Management concept - sustainability and current challenges in pest endemic pulse bowl of India." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 3 (2023): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i3.78729.
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Insect pests and vascular diseases are the major constraints to pigeonpea production in Karnataka and primarily responsible for lower productivity. There is no substantial host plant resistance to key insect pests in currently adopted cultivars, however effective utilization of other components of pest management led to development of various integrated pest management (IPM) to minimize yield losses and protect the environment. In present studies, it is a total “system approach” to sustainable pest management involving seed treatment with microbials, synchronized sowing, modification in landscape and application of need-based pesticide spray. Spray schedule was combined with online pest monitoring system for the plant protection related advisories for the target region. The resultant IPM package implemented through farmer-managed operational scale plots and compared with non-IPM (normal farmer practices) across 7 taluks of Gulbarga district for 4 years (2010–2013 seasons). A total of 2197 farmer-managed demonstrations were conducted, giving a 5–104% yield advantage (district means) of IPM over farmers’ practice. Pest incidence data in IPM vis-à-vis non-IPM clearly indicates that pest can be managed by adopting IPM technology. Number of spray of pesticides could be reduced from 6 to 4. Pesticide residue analysis for 102 chemical pesticides for representative soil, water and grain samples drawn from IPM as well as non-IPM (farmers’ practice) fields, indicates their presence within the prescribed limits. Grain yields in IPM plots were generally 15–20% higher than in FP. Even with all the available inputs, the production is subject to residual production risk due to abiotic constraints (rainfall), diseases and insect pests, which often large farmers are able to bear. Here in present studies it has been clearly demonstrated that strategies are friendly and adoptable by the small and marginal farmers. Effective implementation of IPM practices by participating farmers demonstrated that remunerative and reliable yields could be obtained in this pest-prone environment and helps mitigate climate induced threat to agricultural development having relevance to other pigeonpea growing regions prone to similar pest pests.
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MANDEEP KAUR, VIRENDER SARDANA, and PUSHP SHARMA. "Performance of canola oilseed rape (Brassica napus), Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) and Indian rape (Brassica rapa) in the intercropping system." Indian Journal of Agronomy 62, no. 2 (2001): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v62i2.4283.
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A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab, during the winter (rabi) season of 201415, to study the production potential of Indian rape (Brassica rapa var. toria), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and Ethiopian mus- tard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) in different row spacings and row proportions in the intercropping systems. The experiment comprised 14 treatments which were replicated thrice as per randomized complete-block design. Plant height at maturity and dry-matter accumulation (DMA) at 90 days after sowing by component crops decreased sig- nificantly in intercropping as compared to their sole crops and such reduction in plant height was more for the nar- row row spacing, and for DMA with increasing row spacing. Number of siliquae/plant and 1,000- seed weight of In- dian rape and Ethiopian mustard, and number of seeds/siliqua of Ethiopian mustard were not influenced by the in- tercropping. The highest seed yield given by Indian rape (1.16 t/ha) in Ethiopian mustard + Indian rape intercrop- ping system (1:2, 22.5 cm) was 80.5% of its sole crop yield. Seed yield of non-canola oilseed rape when inter- cropped with Indian rape (1:1, 22.5 cm) was 45.7% lower than its sole crop yield (1.85 t/ha). However, oilseed rape-equivalent yield produced by non-canola oilseed rape + Indian rape (1 : 1, 22.5 cm) was 22.9% higher than sole non canola oilseed rape. Similarly, sole crop of canola oilseed rape (1.63 t/ha) gave 91.0, 60.2 and 35.3% higher seed yield than its yield under intercropping with Indian rape in different row proportions and spacing. Oil- seed rape- equivalent yield in the canola oilseed rape + Indian rape sown in 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 row proportion at 22.5 cm row spacing was 16.9 and 20.1% higher than sole canola oilseed rape (1.63 t/ha). Similar to seed yields, sto- ver yields of component crops were significantly decreased in the intercropping system (ICS). Canola/ non-canola oilseed rape based intercropping system (ICS) resulted in higher net returns than sole crops, whereas Ethiopian mustard sown as sole crop was more remunerative than its intercropping with Indian rape.
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Melketo, Tagesse A., Endrias Geta, and Stefan Sieber. "Understanding Livelihood Diversification Patterns among Smallholder Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, no. 1 (2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n1p26.
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Smallholder farm households face an increasing need of looking for alternative income sources to supplement their small scale on-farm incomes. However, livelihood diversification is a complex phenomenon and it involves different forms. This study, therefore, delves to realize the patterns of livelihood diversification strategies adopted by the smallholder farmers at Kembata-Tembaro zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on cross-sectional survey data from 384 farm households that were selected through a combination of three-stages: cluster, simple random, and proportional to the size of population sampling techniques. A mix of instruments including interview- schedule, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were used to acquire primary data. Descriptive statistics in combination with multidimensional approaches involving cluster analysis were used to analyze the quantitative data. The qualitative data were analyzed using word descriptions and verbatim discussions. It was found that the diversification patterns of the smallholder farm households in the study area took different forms involving alteration of land use patterns, intensification of crops and livestock productions, and non/off-farm activities. Superiority order of livelihood strategies in terms of the average annual cash income obtained by the households was set. Accordingly, commercial crop stands first followed by livestock rearing and subsistence crop production as second and third, respectively. It was suggested that livelihood diversification can only be a viable strategy to achieve sustainable rural livelihoods if the farmers are capacitated so that they can choose the right remunerative livelihood strategy among the existing options.
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Berry, Albert. "The Potential Role of the SME Sector in Pakistan in a World of Increasing International Trade (The Quaid-i-Azam Memorial Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4I (1998): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4ipp.25-49.
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A major challenge to economic policy in Pakistan at this time is to energise the private SME sector of the economy. This follows in part from the fact that other sectors are unlikely, under present circumstances, to provide the needed growth either of output or of reasonably remunerative employment; in fact, there will be a major employment challenge over the coming years as labour supply continues to expand rapidly and as neither the large-scale private sector nor the public sector are poised to create significant numbers of jobs, and though agriculture and the non-agricultural microenterprise sector can and probably will do so the levels of productivity and hence of remuneration are likely to be unattractively low. By contrast, the SME sector does have substantial untapped potential to contribute to those objectives; both economic logic and the experiences of other developing countries point to that potential, as well as providing evidence on how it may be achieved. A dynamic SME sector is an important complement to a more open economy; in most of the countries which appear to have reaped major benefits from export orientation the SME sector has been importantly involved in that process. Achieving the maximum contribution from SME, however, will require significant improvements in the support system. If achieved it will not only constitute an important source of dynamism in and of itself, but will also complement efficient large enterprise, strengthen the demand for agricultural products, and make it easier for microenterprise to graduate into the SME size range.
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Khan, F. A. Shah, M. A. Islam, A. A. Gatoo, et al. "Factors Promoting and Impeding Diversification of Forestry Resource-based Livelihoods in the Leh Himalaya of Ladakh Union Territory, India." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 9 (2024): 804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i92877.
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Livelihood diversification through strengthening forestry resource-based interventions is an effective strategy for poverty alleviation and socioeconomic upliftment for downtrodden people. The study investigated the promoting and impeding factors that are crucial for the diversification of forestry resource-based livelihoods in Leh Himalaya of Ladakh Union Territory. The study is based on personal interviews with the selected 185 respondents through a structured interview schedule and non-participant observations carried out in the 9 sample villages of 5 blocks using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, average, and simple ranking technique, were used to analyze the data. The findings based on their weighted mean score (WMS) and percentage score (PS) revealed that among the factors promoting the diversification of forestry resource-based livelihoods, forest resource self-sufficiency (WMS-1.98, PS-12.28%) was perceived as the most effective, while utilization of free time (WMS-0.73, PS-4.53%) was considered the least effective. Conversely, the most effective impeding factor for the diversification of forestry resource-based livelihoods considered among the people was labor-intensive and less remunerative livelihoods (WMS-1.96, PS-11.80%), while lack of cold storage facilities (WMS-0.74, PS-4.46%) was opined as the least effective. The insights into the promoting and impeding factors for diversification of forestry-based livelihoods highlighted in the study will be the basis for the planning and implementation of forestry programmes for forestry resource production and livelihood diversification in the Leh district of Ladakh. To make forestry-based livelihoods sustainable and reduce vulnerability, the prominent promoting and impeding factors must be exploited efficiently.
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MAHALIK, SANTOSH KUMAR, AKASH BIHARI PATI, and KANISHKA DAS. "Loss of interest for training in paediatric surgery in India." National Medical Journal of India 35 (February 16, 2023): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/nmji_304_21.
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Background Despite the sizeable Indian paediatric population, few students have opted for postdoctoral (Magister Chirurgiae [MCh]/Diplomate of the National Board of Examinations [DNB]) courses in the past decade. We analyse the apparent loss of interest for training in paediatric surgery in India and suggest remedies. Methods We did a combination of an online questionnaire-based survey and several interviews among students, teachers and practitioners of paediatric surgery. The results were collated and analysed. Results Information from 238 questionnaires, 35 interviews and 75 feedbacks were distilled. About 83% of respondents agreed to a definite loss of interest among students in paediatric surgery, largely because of poor exposure during undergraduate/postgraduate courses and absence of a department in medical colleges. The blanket increase in seats has led to vacancies. The low saleability of paediatric surgery is linked to high personnel and infrastructure investment, modest remunerative potential and poor insurance cover for patients. Besides increasing public awareness, strategic governmental patronage in postdoctoral training (e.g. establishing a department in medical colleges, moderating the number of seats, encouraging performing training centres and rationalizing the bond after the training course) and facilitation of patient care (e.g. insurance cover for congenital conditions and paediatric surgeon in neonatal care units in district hospitals) is suggested. Conclusions The loss of interest in paediatric surgery among medical trainees is real and urgently requires a multipronged strategy by the medical fraternity, professional organizations and regulatory bodies across government and non-governmental sectors to facilitate a revival and cater to the sick surgical child in the future.
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Singhania, Monica, and Sanjeev Sharma. "Financial turnaround of Indian Railways (A)." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 2, no. 8 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621211289485.
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Subject area Financial management, strategic management. Study level/applicability The study can be used by business schools, companies/organizations, individuals, students of business management, in the area of financial and strategic management to study and analyse management strategies by a Government organization that has to balance social objectives and commercial viability. Case overview Indian Railways (IR) is one of the world's largest employers and there was a significant improvement in its financial performance during the period 2004-2008 without any reductions in its workforce. The main reasons for the poor performance of IR prior to this period were attributed to severe competition from other modes of transport, rigid pricing, investment in un-remunerative projects and other such practices. Various recommendations, including restructuring/corporatizing, reorganization, increasing passenger fares, unbundling of non-core activities, downsizing, and outsourcing, had been suggested by various management experts and it was declared that only major reform could rescue IR. However, IR met the challenges and attained unprecedented growth in traffic and earnings through certain strategic decisions. The study analyzes the strategies adopted by IR to improve its poor financial performance. Expected learning outcomes These include: understanding the challenge of sustaining the current market growth and capturing additional traffic by IR with its peculiar product-mix (transport mix) and limited resources; understanding the main reason for the downtrend of IR finances; acquiring an understanding of the advantage of adopting a volume-focused strategy by IR instead of the existing tariff-focused policy of revenue generation; and understanding the turnaround phase of IR and innovative strategies to get back to the path of growth. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available; please consult your librarian for access.
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R, GURUPRASAD,, RAJESHWARI, Y. B, NAVEENKUMAR, S, and SHILPA, V. T. "Assessment of Constraints Associated with Sheep Production Practices in Hassan District of Karnataka, India." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 47, no. 5 (2025): 152–60. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i53405.
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The present study explores constraints associated with sheep production practices in Hassan District of Karnataka, India. Sheep farming has been facing dynamic shortcomings of varied nature and is still on the positive front. In order to document such constraints of sheep production in Hassan district of Karnataka, a study was undertaken. A pre-tested structured interview schedule method was adopted to collect information from 150 sheep farmers selected by stratified multistage random sampling method. These constraints were analyzed using Garrett’s ranking and Likert’s scale technique, which revealed that the major constraint faced by sheep farmers was feeding of sheep and it ranked at the top of constraints with a mean score of 65.06 followed by production-related constraints with a mean score of 54.23, marketing (41.67), general constraints (41.50) and healthcare-related constraints ranked the bottom of the list with a mean score of 36.96 as per the Garrett’s ranking scores. Each major constraint was analyzed by Likert’s Scale technique and the component constraint within the major five constraints were listed in order of severity. The disinterest in sheep farming was another major constraint wherein the younger generation perceived other less labour intensive livelihood activities more remunerative rather than the labour intensive sheep farming owing to many of the above constraints. Decline/non-availability of productive grazing land due to utilization of land for other commercial purposes, high cost of labor, feed ingredients, mortality of lambs, susceptibility to diseases and reproductive problems surfaced as major obstacles in profitable sheep husbandry. Consequent to these facts there was a growing trend of disinterest especially among the younger generation towards sheep farming.
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Mena, Yolanda, Eduardo Morales-Jerrett, Marta Soler-Montiel, David Pérez-Neira, and Juan Manuel Mancilla-Leytón. "Energetic and Monetary Analysis of Efficiency in Family-Owned Dairy Goat Production Systems in Andalusia (Southern Spain)." Animals 14, no. 1 (2023): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14010104.
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The family-owned dairy goat sector in Andalusia presents great diversity. Taking into account the particularities of their economic strategies, which are focused on generating net value added and a stable long-term remuneration for family labor, this work aims to expand the scarce existing knowledge on the energetic and economic profiles of the different caprine management systems in a context of climate and energy crisis. For this purpose, twenty-one farms, representatives of the four typologies of the Andalusian dairy goat system, were monitored for one year: pastoral systems, grazing systems with high feed supply, indoor systems with associated crops, and indoor systems without associated crops. Technical-economic information was obtained that allowed the calculation of energy and economic indicators. In terms of socialized output, the differences found were due to the energy derived from milk sales, which was clearly lower in pastoral systems. The higher proportion of energy output obtained from manure with respect to edible products (milk and meat) highlights the importance of the former in energetic terms. High values for external inputs are found in the intensive group (111.22 GJ LSU−1), while the lowest results correspond to the pastoral group (36.96 GJ LSU−1). The main external input is the energy proceeding from purchased feed, which accounts for over 79% of the total external energy input in all four groups. The highest energy efficiency corresponds to the pastoral group, which is also the most efficient one in the use of non-renewable energy to produce milk and meat. Additionally, the level of eco-efficiency is higher in pastoral systems. Common Agricultural Policy funds contribute to increasing the remuneration of family work in pastoral systems, assimilating it to the rest of the systems. Therefore, intensification does not imply an absolute monetary advantage in all cases, while extensification can be remunerative for family-owned dairy farming.
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P, Sani T., Baba K. M, Abubakar U. K, and Abdullahi S. "ANALYSIS OF FARM HOUSEHOLD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG YAM FARMERS IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA." FUOYE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN ECOLOGY 4, no. 2 (2022): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.62923/fuojahe.v4i2.145.
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 This study examined income diversification among yam farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. The study adopted a three-stage random sampling technique in the selection of respondents. In the first stage, three Local Government Areas were selected randomly from agro-ecological zone II of the State based on the preponderance of yam production in these Local Government Areas located in the zone. The second stage involved the random selection of three villages from each of the selected Local Government Areas summing up to nine villages. The third stage involved the random selection of yam farmers from each of the villages using stratified sampling technique. Data were collected through the aid of structured questionnaire. To analyse the collected data, the study employed Diversification Index and Farm Budgeting Techniques. . The study showed that 90% of the respondents were male and 45% were within the age range of 40-49 years, with a mean age of 43years. 91% of the respondents were married while about 44% had average household size of 8 members. 42% of respondents had no formal education. 58% sourced their funds from personal savings. The decomposition of the overall income between farm and off-farm income, revealed that the farm income accounted for 76.68% while off-farm income accounted for 23.32%. .The mean income diversification index was found to be 2.41. The study recommended that since there is poor access to credit facilities among respondents inhibiting livelihood diversification, there is a need to revamp rural financial systems.. Targeted education and skill development trainings could help enhance livelihood diversification strategies among respondents.. Efforts should be made at enhancing access to remunerative non-farm opportunities among the rural households. This includes the development of rural infrastructure in terms of road, market, electrification, telecommunication and storage facilities.