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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-residential room'
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1
Schünemann, Christoph, David Schiela, and Regine Ortlepp. "Guidelines to Calibrate a Multi-Residential Building Simulation Model Addressing Overheating Evaluation and Residents’ Influence." Buildings 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060242.
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Can building performance simulation reproduce measured summertime indoor conditions of a multi-residential building in good conformity? This question is answered by calibrating simulated to monitored room temperatures of several rooms of a multi-residential building for an entire summer in two process steps. First, we did a calibration for several days without the residents being present to validate the building physics of the 3D simulation model. Second, the simulations were calibrated for the entire summer period, including the residents’ impact on evolving room temperature and overheating. As a result, a high degree of conformity between simulation and measurement could be achieved for all monitored rooms. The credibility of our results was secured by a detailed sensitivity analysis under varying meteorological conditions, shading situations, and window ventilation or room use in the simulation model. For top floor dwellings, a high overheating intensity was evoked by a combination of insufficient use of night-time window ventilation and non-heat-adapted residential behavior in combination with high solar gains and low heat storage capacities. Finally, the overall findings were merged into a process guideline to describe how a step-by-step calibration of residential building simulation models can be done. This guideline is intended to be a starting point for future discussions about the validity of the simplified boundary conditions which are often used in present-day standard overheating assessment.
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Wilson, D. L., C. S. Dudney, and R. B. Gammage. "An Interim Protocol for the Mitigation of Radon in Non-Residential Buildings." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1994): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082411.
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Abstract To date, the US Environmental Protection Agency has not published guidance for radon testing, diagnostics, or mitigation within large, non-residential buildings. Current research indicates that large buildings may contain construction features or mechanical systems that could inhibit the installation or operation of a mitigation system. Health and safety issues such as asbestos and fire codes may further interfere with the installation process. Studies also show that elevated radon can be restricted to a particular area or room within a building and not be uniformly distributed. A four-step, sequential protocol has been developed to address these issues and facilitate large building radon mitigation.
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Pieterse-Quirijns, E. J., E. J. M. Blokker, E. van der Blom, and J. H. G. Vreeburg. "Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements and surveys." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 6, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-6-99-2013.
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Abstract. Existing Dutch guidelines for the design of the drinking water and hot water system of non-residential buildings are based on outdated assumptions on peak water demand or on unfounded assumptions on hot water demand. They generally overestimate peak demand values required for the design of an efficient and reliable water system. Recently, a procedure was developed based on the end-use model SIMDEUM to derive design-demand-equations for peak demand values of both cold and hot water during various time steps for several types and sizes of non-residential buildings, viz. offices, hotels and nursing homes. In this paper, the design-demand-equations are validated with measurements of cold and hot water patterns on a per second base and with surveys. The good correlation between the simulated water demand patterns and the measured patterns indicates that the basis of the design-demand-equations, the SIMDEUM simulated standardised buildings, is solid. Surveys were held to investigate whether the construction of the standardised buildings based on the dominant variable corresponds with practice. Surveys show that it is difficult to find relationships to equip the standardised buildings with users and appliances. However, the validation proves that with a proper estimation of the number of users and appliances in only the dominant functional room of the standardised buildings, SIMDEUM renders a realistic cold and hot water diurnal demand pattern. Furthermore, the new design-demand-equations based on these standardised buildings give a better prediction of the measured peak values for cold water flow than the existing guidelines. Moreover, the new design-demand-equations can predict hot water use well. In this paper it is illustrated that the new design-demand-equations lead to reliable and improved designs of building installations and water heater capacity, resulting in more hygienic and economical installations.
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Stativko, R. W., and E. P. Kolomytseva. "DEVELOPMENT OF ALGORITHMS TO DETERMINE WHEN TO USE GENERIC MODELS OF THE SENSORS." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 6 (March 27, 2019): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-6-118-126.
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The aim of this work is to develop approaches to automate the process of installing sensors for monitoring "smart home". The article briefly describes the emergence of the smart home system and the further spread of this system in Russia. “Smart Home” is a home control system that provides automatic and well-coordinated operation of a whole complex of systems, in particular, lighting control, which requires the use of correct placement of sensors. Such a system can provide benefits for people with disabilities. The sensor layout will optimize energy consumption. The paper gives a brief description of the classic sensor sets for a smart home. A classic set for a smart home are: control center, cameras, modules in the socket, wall switches, control modules and various sensors. The classification of sensors according to various characteristics and the method of connection is given. The article focuses on the placement of motion and light sensors, which are often the basis of a “smart home” and are used to control various devices. This paper describes the classic smart home circuit and lists its main components. An algorithm is proposed for determining the need for using standard models of motion and illumination sensors and their quantitative ratio from the room analysis, namely: the type of room (residential, non-residential), the size of the room, the presence of window and door openings. The presented algorithm contains the following steps: preliminary analysis of the room in which it is necessary to install motion and light sensors, take into account the characteristics of the sensors. Brief results of testing are given. This work shows that it is quite possible to arrange a “smart home” complex in an individual residential structure.
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Jiang, Da Hua, An Gui Li, Fa En Shi, and Ru Shan Ren. "Mineral Sepiolite Energy-Saving Residential Materials." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.185.
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Mineral sepiolite as inorganic carrier, lauric acid(LA)-stearic acid(SA)as binary PCM(phase change material), CTAB as modifier, ethanol as solvent, mineral energy storage residential composite was prepared by intercalation, and the properties of composites were characterized using thermogravimetry(TG)/differential thermal analysis(DTA),scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD).Orthogo-nal experimental results show that the optimum proportion of composite materials is A3B2C1D3, the initial phase change temperature is 31.44 °C, phase transition peak temperature is 35.25°C, a wide range of endothermic peak is between 30.0~40.0°C, scope of phase change temperature is 3.81. LA-SA eutectic mixture could be retained by adding into 42.3 wt% porous sepiolite, treated at 80 °C. The weight loss of the composites is no more than 2% when melting/freezing cycling within 100°C, so it has good thermal reliability when applied to building material. Mainly due to relatively high content of mineral impurity, high temperature and CTAB can significantly help improve adsorption rate of mineral sepiolite. Sepiolite as a carrier material has features with low cost, broad sources, non-toxic and non-pollution. The composite material is a healthy residential energy-saving material, and it provides a good prospect for the realization of building energy efficiency, regulating room temperature in summer, and improving human comfort.
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Yao, Xingbo, Shuo Han, and Bart Julien Dewancker. "Study on the Combined Effect of Multiple Passive Energy-Saving Methods for Rural Houses with Cold Alleys." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 5636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125636.
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China’s rural houses are mostly courtyard-style independent houses. Such houses have certain characteristics, e.g., small mutual influences between houses, strong transformation flexibility, and an easier approach to using the natural environment to develop passive energy-saving characteristics. Therefore, rural houses have large energy-saving potential. In this study, for the first time, the cold alleys between buildings were used as an energy source for passive cooling and ventilation. Traditional houses in Shuhe, China, were used as a case study. The cold alleys in the settlements were used to compensate for the natural conditions in summer, and the cold air in the cold alley was introduced into each room using hot-press ventilation and by employing an accumulation effect from a corresponding patio. The room was ventilated and cooled, and air ducts were used to connect the rooms on both sides of the patio to improve the cooling efficiency. The research variables included the existence or non-existence of wall heat radiation (WHR), and the importance and influence of the WHR on the indoor conditions were verified. The cold air trapped in the new system formed an air partition wall, effectively blocking the direct influence of solar radiation on the room, reducing the heat transfer rate of the residential wall, and consuming part of the heat. In winter, based on using air ducts as supporting members, a glass roof was added to the patio, which improved the heat storage capacity of the patio and turned it into a constant-temperature heater for heating the building interior. Based on calculations, in the new system without WHR, the annual cooling load reduction was 55,417.33 kWh. With WHR, the annual cooling load reduction was 28,537.57 kWh. The annual cooling load of the air insulation wall of the new system was reduced to 1133.7 kWh. In winter, using the glass roof to increase the heat storage capacity of the patio reduced the heating load to 54,537.78 kWh.
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Hack-Polay, Dieu, Paul Agu Igwe, and Ugochukwu Chinonso Okolie. "Room for improvement: A study of overconfidence in numerical skills among British graduates." Industry and Higher Education 34, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950422219864004.
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The experiment tested overconfidence in number skills among British graduates and non-graduates. The data were collected at a residential management training programme for part-time professional students. The aim of the research was to test whether graduate professionals, due to their higher qualifications, overstated their numeracy abilities compared to non-graduates. The experiment, conducted using E-prime, showed a significant interaction between the level of qualification and the overstatement of numerical abilities. The results support the hypotheses and showed that graduates rated themselves higher than their actual abilities: their test performance was not consistent with their confidence estimates. The findings are significant in relation to rethinking higher education curricula, which are currently under pressure to align with the needs of the economy. The authors advocate more inclusive and interpretive research for a greater understanding of the relevant issues to offer useful policy data and help higher education institutions prepare their graduates for task fulfilment and decision-making in a dynamic workplace. To date, few experiments have tested the numeracy level of graduates to corroborate the narrative communicated by employers. This study, despite the limited sample, is a first attempt and will serve as a reference for future, wider studies.
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Mai, Ronny, Ralph Krause, and Christian Friebe. "Enhancement of ventilation efficiency in residential buildings by pulsating air-flow." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106067.
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Contrary to conventional air-conditioning systems in non-residential buildings, the air-flow conditions are almost never considered in ventilation systems for residential buildings. Both the air inlets and the outlets are usually located at unfavourable places. This situation culminates in large buildings with many flats, where simplest supply-air apertures are installed with respect to cost restrictions. With small air flow rates, the ventilation efficiency is very poor due to a lack of air mixture. In order to improve the situation, a new supply air aperture has been developed recently. The air flow rate is designed to vary with time, with a low auxiliary energy requirement, with clear maxima and otherwise reduced flow rate. Hence, the corresponding momentum was expected to improve the air mixture in the room. First measurements confirm that the transient flow conditions allow high intrusion depths and a good mixing of the air. The pulsating airflow reduces the risk of draughts and increases both ventilation efficiency and thermal comfort in the living area. Moreover, the energy efficiency is improved as the average air-flow rate can be reduced.
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Megri, Ahmed Cherif, and Yao Yu. "Study of residential underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems using a new modelling approach." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x15597544.
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Although single/multi-zone thermal models have their own advantages, like simple and fast computations of building energy demand, the accuracy of these models is problematic. The assumption of a uniform room temperature reduces the accuracy of the final energy demand results. In fact, the single/multi-zone thermal models are not able to predict indoor thermal behaviours or building energy demands accurately, if a non-uniform environment in a room or building is created by a single or multiple heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, i.e. an underfloor air distribution (UFAD) system. The research described in this article investigated the use of a new approach to improve the computational quality and accuracy of the heating energy demands of UFAD systems using an integrated zonal/multi-zone model. Several case studies were carried out, and the results demonstrate not only the advantages of UFAD systems used in a residential house in terms of energy saving, but also the importance of thermostat location in the prediction of building energy consumption. Additionally, the results indicate that the conventional single/multi-zone models are not appropriate to use for UFAD systems in the building energy demand predictions.
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Fitriani, Hirda Ulis. "The Differences of Ventilation Quality, Natural Lighting and House Wall Conditions to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Incidence in The Working Area of Sidomulyo Health Center, Kediri Regency." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i1.2020.39-47.
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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) was a disease that causes by the manifestation infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a contagious disease, TB causes high morbidity and mortality. Determinant factors that influence the number of TB incidents in the community were the physical environment. This study aims to analyze the differences in environmental conditions for the TB incident at the working area of the Sidomulyo Health Center, Kediri Regency. Method: This study was an observational research with a case-control study design. A total respondent in this study was 44 respondents, divided into two groups: 22 case group respondents and 22 control group respondents. Respondent chosen by a simple random sampling method. Data collection was done through observation and interview activities. Data analysis using the Mann Whitney test. There were differences in physical environment conditions between the two groups (p <0.05) which consisted of ventilation quality, natural lighting, and wall conditions. Result and Discussion: There was no difference in room occupancy density, room air temperature, room air humidity and room floor conditions in patients with pulmonary TB and non-pulmonary TB. Conclusion: Therefore, there was need socialization to provide information about the importance of healthy homes to the community especially about the presence of ventilation, natural lighting, conditions of residential density and wall conditions.
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Foteinaki, Kyriaki, Rongling Li, Alfred Heller, Morten Herget Christensen, and Carsten Rode. "Dynamic thermal response of low-energy residential buildings based on in-wall measurements." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104002.
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This study analysed the dynamic thermal response of a low-energy building using measurement data from an apartment block in Copenhagen, Denmark. Measurements were collected during February and July 2018 on space heating energy use, set-points, room air temperature and temperature from sensors integrated inside concrete elements, i.e. internal walls and ceiling, at different heights and depths. The heating system was controlled by the occupants. During February, there were unusually high set-points for some days and a regular heating pattern for some other days. Overheating was observed during July. A considerable effect of solar gain was observed both during winter and summer months. The room air temperature fluctuations were observed at a certain extent inside the concrete elements; higher in the non-load-bearing internal wall, followed by the load-bearing internal wall and lastly by the ceiling. The phenomenon of delayed thermal response of the concrete elements was observed. All internal concrete masses examined may be regarded as active elements and can contribute to the physically available heat storage potential of the building. The study provides deep insight into the thermal response of concrete elements in low-energy residential buildings, which should be considered when planning a flexible space heating energy use.
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Valdiserri, Paolo, Silvia Cesari, Maddalena Coccagna, Pasquale Romio, and Sante Mazzacane. "Experimental Data and Simulations of Performance and Thermal Comfort in a Patient Room Equipped with Radiant Ceiling Panels." Buildings 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120235.
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Hospitals require the highest energy demands in non-residential buildings. They provide healthcare 24/7/365 and, at the same time, they ensure indoor air quality, thermal comfort and sterility. However, several studies reveal that high indoor temperatures and low relative humidity (RH) are often perceived in patient rooms during the heating season, suggesting an important energy saving potential. Against this background, radiant ceiling panel (RCP) systems result to be one of the most appropriate solutions as they allow to achieve significant energy savings while providing the highest level of thermal and acoustic comfort, as well as of infection control. In the present study the microclimatic survey of a patient room at Maggiore Hospital in Bologna, Italy, equipped with an air conditioning system integrated with RCP, has reported occupant thermal discomfort. Experimental data were used to calibrate a building model and dynamic building energy simulations were carried out to analyse indoor air temperature, relative humidity, predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) indexes under different inlet air temperatures, to identify the best design conditions for energy efficiency and thermal comfort improvement. It was found that the highest advantages can be obtained when neutral air is supplied.
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Cajias, Marcelo. "Is there room for another hedonic model?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 11, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 204–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-07-2017-0025.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the in-sample explanatory and out-of-sample forecasting accuracy of the generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) model in contrast to the GAM method in Munich’s residential market. Design/methodology/approach The paper explores the in-sample explanatory results via comparison of coefficients and a graphical analysis of non-linear effects. The out-of-sample forecasting accuracy focusses on 50 loops of three models excluding 10 per cent of the observations randomly. Afterwards, it obtains the predicted functional forms and predicts the remaining 10 per cent. The forecasting performance is measured via error variance, root mean squared error, mean absolute error and the mean percentage error. Findings The results show that the complexity of asking rents in Munich is more accurately captured by the GAMLSS approach than the GAM as shown by an outperformance in the in-sample explanatory accuracy. The results further show that the theoretical and empirical complexities do pay off in view of the increased out-of-sample forecasting power of the GAMLSS approach. Research limitations/implications The computational requirements necessary to estimate GAMLSS models in terms of number of cores and RAM are high and might constitute one of the limiting factors for (institutional) researchers. Moreover, large and detailed knowledge on statistical inference and programming is necessary. Practical implications The usage of the GAMLSS approach would lead policymakers to better understand the local factors affecting rents. Institutional researchers, instead, would clearly aim at calibrating the forecasting accuracy of the model to better forecast rents in investment strategies. Finally, future researchers are encouraged to exploit the large potential of the GAMLSS framework and its modelling flexibility. Originality/value The GAMLSS approach is widely recognised and used by international institutions such as the World Health Organisation, the International Monetary Fund and the European Commission. This is the first study to the best of the author’s knowledge to assess the properties of the GAMLSS approach in applied real estate research from a statistical asymptotic perspective by using a unique data basis with more than 38,000 observations.
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Vicente, E. D., A. Vicente, T. Nunes, A. Calvo, C. del Blanco-Alegre, F. Oduber, A. Castro, R. Fraile, F. Amato, and C. Alves. "Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120785.
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Residential dust is recognized as a major source of environmental contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and plasticizers, such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs). A sampling campaign was carried out to characterize the dust fraction of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10), using an in situ resuspension chamber in three rooms (kitchen, living room, and bedroom) of four Spanish houses. Two samples per room were collected with, at least, a one-week interval. The PM10 samples were analyzed for their carbonaceous content by a thermo-optical technique and, after solvent extraction, for 20 PAHs, 8 PAEs and one non-phthalate plasticizer (DEHA) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In general, higher dust loads were observed for parquet flooring as compared with tile. The highest dust loads were obtained for rugs. Total carbon accounted for 9.3 to 51 wt% of the PM10 mass. Plasticizer mass fractions varied from 5 µg g−1 to 17 mg g−1 PM10, whereas lower contributions were registered for PAHs (0.98 to 116 µg g−1). The plasticizer and PAH daily intakes for children and adults via dust ingestion were estimated to be three to four orders of magnitude higher than those via inhalation and dermal contact. The thoracic fraction of household dust was estimated to contribute to an excess of 7.2 to 14 per million people new cancer cases, which exceeds the acceptable risk of one per million.
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Jędrzejuk, Hanna, and Dorota Chwieduk. "Possibilities of Upgrading Warsaw Existing Residential Area to Status of Positive Energy Districts." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 5984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185984.
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This paper analyses possibilities of refurbishment of Warsaw’s residential buildings towards standards of the Positive Energy District. The annual final energy consumption in the city in 2019 for the district heating was 8668 GWh, gas (pipelines) was 5300 GWh, electricity from the grid was 7500 GWh, while the emission of the carbon dioxide was 5.62 × 109 kg. The city consists of 18 districts, which are heterogeneous in terms of typology and structure of buildings. The great variety of buildings can be seen, for example, by the annual final energy demand for space heating and hot water preparation per unit of room area. This annual index ranges from over 400 kWh/m2 in historic buildings to 60 kWh/m2 in modern buildings. A reduction in the consumption of non-renewable energy sources and carbon dioxide emissions can be achieved by improving the energy standard of residential buildings and by using renewable energy sources: solar energy, geothermal energy and biogas. The potential barriers for achieving the status of a positive energy district, for example, problems connected with ownership, financing new investments and refurbishment and legal boundaries, have been identified. Moreover, changing the existing electrical grid and district heating systems in urban areas in Warsaw requires comprehensive modernization of practically the entire city’s infrastructure.
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Nóżka, Marcjanna. "Rethinking home. Home space from the perspective of homeless people’s opinions and practices." Praca Socjalna 35, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1181.
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Home as a space with its own material and non-material markers is defined, among other things, by social and culturally recognised standards for using and arranging space, which are usually reproduced, mediated and redefined in the everyday living practices of the homeless. Thus, although a flat is perceived as a rare good, a privilege, from which the homeless are excluded, by constituting an important element of human life, also in the situation of homelessness it is acquired through spatial location, the arrangement of adapted- originally not residential – space, or ways of practicing neighbourhood. The article discusses factors or circumstances which in the conditions of homelessness constitute “home – room”, “home – space of housing activity”, “home – space for relations and neighbouring”, and which have been determined by reference to the opinions and practices of the homeless.
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Jeong, Jeong-Ho. "Prediction and Evaluation of Emergency Broadcasting Sound and Speech Intelligibility for Safety Zones in High-rise Buildings." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.91d2fd5b.
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As construction of high-rise buildings is increasing, the installation of a fire safety zone for the safe evacuation of residents has become mandatory. Even for building complexes with an underground connection between 30 and 49 stories, a fire safety zone must be installed when the residential density exceeds 1.5 people per square meter. In the fire safety zone, an automatic fire detection system and a system to assist radio communication must be installed. In addition, an emergency broadcasting system must be installed to announce the fire situation and to guide the safe evacuation of the residents. The fire safety zone was constructed with non-combustible material to minimize flames or smoke and was furnished to maintain a very low fire load. However, non-combustible materials have very low sound absorption characteristics; therefore, they usually reflect the sound energy into the spaces. In spaces consisting of sound reflective materials, the emergency broadcasting sounds reverberated, making it difficult to understand the meaning of the broadcasted sound. In this study, the room acoustics characteristics for fire safety zones in a high-rise building, represented as reverberation time and speech transmission index, were predicted using a certified room acoustics simulation method and evaluation of speech intelligibility. As a result of predicting the acoustic characteristics of the safety zone, it was found that the space had quite long reverberation and speech intelligibility was low, making it difficult to clearly transmit the emergency broadcast sound. When a safety zone was set up in a part of the machinery room, it was confirmed that it was difficult to clearly transmit the emergency broadcast sound, even when the background noise level was louder than 70 dB(A). To deliver a clear emergency broadcast sound in the safety zone, it is necessary to use inorganic sound-absorbing materials and to properly block noise in the machine room. In addition, it is necessary to establish guidelines for regulation of the speech transmission index for emergency broadcasting systems.
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Samarin, Oleg D. "The calculation of building cooling under emergency conditions to ensure their heating reliability." Vestnik MGSU, no. 4 (April 2019): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.4.496-501.
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Introduction. Continuation of research in the area of premise cooling rate calculation with the aim of obtaining dependencies, which are sufficiently accurate and take into account the most of the factors essential for the problem, but at the same time having an engineering form, is still relevant. The purpose of the study is the search for a dependence of the temperature in the building premises on time in the initial period after heat supply shutdown at emergency mode. Exponential nature of this dependence is considered as a scientific hypothesis. Materials and methods. The basic equations connecting the most important components of a heat flow in a cooling room under condition of the termination of heat supply from heating devices are used and analysed in the study. A numerical model of non-stationary thermal regime of the ventilated room is implemented on the base of the solution of a differential equations system of heat conduction and heat transfer on the surfaces of the room. Results. An analytical expression is obtained for the room cooling rate when the heat supply is disconnected, which has the form of an exponential function of square root of time since the accident. The cooling time before the condensation on the inner surface of the enclosure is determined by the example of a currently existing residential building under climatic conditions of Moscow, accounting the structural characteristics of the building and normalized fresh-air flow rate. Conclusions. It is shown that the building cooling in the initial period is influenced mainly by the ratio of the heat flux associated with unorganized air exchange and the heat loss to the environment through “light” enclosure. It was found that the decrease of natural air exchange in the building cooling process leads to a certain slowdown in the decrease of temperature, but it is not decisive. It is understood that the use of airtight light opening fillers, for example, in plastic casement, under normal conditions aggravating the sanitary and hygienic situation in the premises, under emergency conditions increases the available time interval for the restoration of heat supply.
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Hu, Tao, Han Yue, Changzhen Wang, Bing She, Xinyue Ye, Regina Liu, Xinyan Zhu, Weihe Wendy Guan, and Shuming Bao. "Racial Segregation, Testing Site Access, and COVID-19 Incidence Rate in Massachusetts, USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249528.
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The U.S. has merely 4% of the world population, but contains 25% of the world’s COVID-19 cases. Since the COVID-19 outbreak in the U.S., Massachusetts has been leading other states in the total number of COVID-19 cases. Racial residential segregation is a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Moreover, disparities of access to health care have a large impact on COVID-19 cases. Thus, this study estimates racial segregation and disparities in testing site access and employs economic, demographic, and transportation variables at the city/town level in Massachusetts. Spatial regression models are applied to evaluate the relationships between COVID-19 incidence rate and related variables. This is the first study to apply spatial analysis methods across neighborhoods in the U.S. to examine the COVID-19 incidence rate. The findings are: (1) Residential segregations of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black/African Americans have a significantly positive association with COVID-19 incidence rate, indicating the higher susceptibility of COVID-19 infections among minority groups. (2) Non-Hispanic Black/African Americans have the shortest drive time to testing sites, followed by Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Asians, and Non-Hispanic Whites. The drive time to testing sites is significantly negatively associated with the COVID-19 incidence rate, implying the importance of the accessibility of testing sites by all populations. (3) Poverty rate and road density are significant explanatory variables. Importantly, overcrowding represented by more than one person per room is a significant variable found to be positively associated with COVID-19 incidence rate, suggesting the effectiveness of social distancing for reducing infection. (4) Different from the findings of previous studies, the elderly population rate is not statistically significantly correlated with the incidence rate because the elderly population in Massachusetts is less distributed in the hotspot regions of COVID-19 infections. The findings in this study provide useful insights for policymakers to propose new strategies to contain the COVID-19 transmissions in Massachusetts.
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Gao, Jie, Haichao Wang, Xiaozhou Wu, Fenghao Wang, and Zhen Tian. "Indoor air distribution in a room with underfloor air distribution and chilled ceiling: Effect of ceiling surface temperature and supply air velocity." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 2 (June 9, 2019): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19853605.
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An underfloor air distribution (UFAD) system integrated with a chilled ceiling (CC) cooling system may be a potential advanced heating, ventilation and air conditioning system in modern non-residential buildings with high sensible cooling loads. This article presents an experimental study concerning the effect of ceiling surface temperature and supply air velocity on the indoor air distribution in a room with UFAD as the internal and external sensible cooling loads change. The vertical distributions of indoor air temperature, air velocity and contaminant (CO2) concentration were evaluated by vertical air temperature difference (VATD), turbulence intensity (TI) and contaminant removal effectiveness (CRE), respectively. The results showed that the average VATD, TI and CRE levels were 0.5°C–1.0°C, 31%–41% and 0.85–1.06 when both internal and external sensible cooling loads were 41.5 W/m2. These evaluation indices varied clearly when the external sensible cooling load increased from 41.5 W/m2 to 69.5 W/m2, whereas they remained almost the same when the internal sensible cooling load increased from 41.5 W/m2 to 69.5 W/m2. The maximum TI coincided with the minimum CRE under the condition of a constant sensible cooling load. Moreover, an air diffusion performance index clearly reduced with an increase in the heat removal effectiveness. It is recommended that it is important to balance the indoor air quality and energy consumption in a room with UFAD + CC.
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Krajčík, Michal, Lucia Kudiváni, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Energy Saving Potential of Personalized Ventilation Applied in an Open Space Office under Winter Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.417.
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Mixing and displacement air distribution are the main ventilation principles applied in both residential and non-residential buildings. Recently, personalized ventilation when the fresh air is delivered directly to the occupants at a high ventilation effectiveness has become an alternative. Despite of this fact, little research has been carried out to quantify the energy saving potential of personalized ventilation. This study aimed to quantify the effect of ventilation effectiveness and control strategy on the energy performance and thermal comfort for an open plan office equipped by different types of ventilation systems, including mixing ventilation with constant air volume, demand control ventilation and personalized ventilation. A model was created in a program for dynamic energy simulations TRNSYS, representing one floor of a typical office building divided into four zones with different orientations and a core. Space heating and cooling were provided by ceiling fancoil units recirculating the room air, thus the tasks of ventilation and air conditioning were provided by two separate systems. The potential of personalized ventilation to save energy for fans and for the heating coil of the ventilation system presented about 70% compared to constant air volume mixing ventilation, however, the overall saving was only 20% when also the energy demand for space heating was considered. The energy benefit of demand control ventilation and personalized ventilation depends on the energy need for space heating and cooling, system configuration and operation, and occupancy.
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Zhang, Liwei, Xiaotian Liu, and Jingbiao Zhang. "Regulation capability evaluation of individual electric heating load based on Radial basis Function neural network." Thermal Science 23, no. 5 Part A (2019): 2821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190104196z.
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As a time-shifting load that is gradually popularized in the northern region, electric heating load has great adjustment potential. Because the electric heating operation characteristics are affected by many non-linear factors, the traditional equivalent thermal parameters model cannot accurately evaluate the regulation capability of individual electric heating load. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes an evaluation method for the regulation capability of individual electric heating load based on radial basis function neural network. Firstly, electric heating load control experiments were carried out in a typical room of a residential quarter in winter and relevant experimental data were collected. Then, based on the operation data, the radial basis function neural network is used to evaluate the regulation capability of the individual electric heating load. Finally, the evaluation results based on radial basis function neural network are compared with those based on back propagation neural network and equivalent thermal parameters model. The results show that the proposed method has the least evaluation error and can more accurately evaluate the regulation capability of individual electric heating load.
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Samarin, Oleg D. "The calculation of the thermal mode of a room with automatic regulation of climate systems." Vestnik MGSU, no. 4 (April 2020): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.4.585-591.
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Introduction. The ongoing research of the indoor temperature, regulated by automatically operating climate systems, remains relevant if focused on identification of dependencies which are sufficiently accurate with regard for the majority of essential factors and represented in the engineering format. The mission of the research is to identify a dependency between indoor temperature and time in case of irregular heat supply in the context of prorated heat flow regulation by indoor climate systems. The exponential nature of this dependency serves as the research hypothesis.
Materials and methods. The author has employed and analyzed the principal equations connecting the most important constituents of a heat flow in a room that has automated climate systems in the context of discontinuous changes. The author has employed a computational model of a non-steady temperature environment of a ventilated room. The proposed model is based on the solution of a system of differential equations describing heat conductivity and transfer on indoor surfaces. The author has composed and analytically solved the general differential equation describing the indoor thermal balance with regard for the climate system’s feedback.
Results. The author has developed an analytical expression describing the indoor space heating rate in case of prorated temperature regulation by the climate system and irregular heat supply. The analytical expression represents an exponential function of the square root of the time span starting from the moment of a heat supply spike. The author used a residential house in Moscow to analyze the nature of indoor temperature fluctuations with and without heat regulation.
Conclusions. The author has proven that an indoor temperature rate is mainly driven by the relation between the transmission coefficient of a climate system and the thermal inertia of “massive” building envelopes in case of irregular thermal exposure. The author makes the point that a simplified analytical solution is proven true by the results of the analysis performed with the help of a numerical model. It’s been identified that the ultimate value of an indoor temperature increment is determined as the relation between the heat gain value and the parameter which is proportionate to the transfer coefficient.
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Kremer, Martin, Paul Mathis, and Dirk Müller. "Moisture Recovery – A Dynamic Modelling Approach." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101099.
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With rising insulation standards, the use of mechanical ventilation, especially in non-residential buildings, is becoming increasingly relevant. To ensure thermal comfort and avoid health problems for people in the room, cost- and energy-intensive humidification of the supply air is necessary. The use of moisture recovery systems can thus significantly reduce the energy consumption of ventilation systems. Despite this energy-saving potential, moisture recovery systems are rarely used in ventilation systems. To forecast the efficiency of moisture recovery systems in partial load operation and under different climatic conditions, a dynamic model of a membrane-based enthalpy exchanger was developed in the object-oriented modelling language Modelica. The model is based on the solution diffusion model, a quite common approach. In contrast to the models found in the literature, the sorption process is not assumed to be in equilibrium state. Rather, as a first approach the membrane’s permeance, consisting of the solubility and diffusion coefficient, is modelled with a linear dependency on the moisture difference between the two incoming airflows. A parameter fitting has been carried out with experimental data to determine the unknown material parameters. The model containing the fitted parameter set was validated using different experimental data.
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Leshukov, Timofey, Aleksey Larionov, Konstantin Legoshchin, Yuriy Lesin, and Svetlana Yakovleva. "The Assessment of Radon Emissions as Results of the Soil Technogenic Disturbance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 9268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249268.
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222Rn is a specific indoor-type pollutant that represents a primary radiological hazard as a main source of ionizing radiation (IR) for humans. Coal mining creates new sources of gas that are formed over mines. This process can significantly increase the density of radon flux. Therefore, the concentration of radon in a room can increase. We investigated the territory of the Leninsk-Kuznetsky district of the Kemerovo region, which is subject to underground mining. Two groups of residential locations and measuring points of radon flux density were selected to identify the higher emanation relationship of radon and mining-affected areas. The first group (Case group) included subjects located within the territory of the underground mine; the other (Control group) included subjects in an area without mining. Radon flux density in coal mining areas was significantly higher than in the rest of the territory; moreover, the percentage of values in the Case group that had a radon flux density above 80 mBq·m−2·s−1 was 64.53%. For the Case group, 20.62% of residential buildings had a radon concentration above 200 Bq/m3. For the studied area, the radon flux density correlates positively (r = 0.79, p = 0.002) with indoor radon. Additional clastogenic/aneugenic effects are also found in dwellings with increased volume activity of radon (VAR) within the territories of underground mines. Ring chromosomes are positively correlated with radon levels in smoker groups but not in non-smokers. An increased frequency of binucleated (BN) cells with micronuclei (MN) is also positively correlated with VAR regardless of smoking status. It has been concluded that reducing the total exposure level of a population to radon can be achieved by monitoring areas with underground mines where radon is emitted heavily.
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Laksmitasari Rahayu, Rita, Huri Suhendri, Rimsa Rusmiland, and Indah Yuliasari. "Correspondence Between Reliability of Rental Flat Building and Space Needs." Journal of Innovation and Technology 1, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/jit.v1i2.3168.
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Flats for rent need to be designed so that residents move comfortably and can save themselves in times of disaster. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the spaces needed by the occupants by taking into account the reliability of the building-safety and comfort. Some aspects of building reliability are motion comfort and safety. Data was collected by an online questionnaire, which was distributed to residents using non-random sampling. The collected text data was analyzed by content analysis. From the results of the analysis revealed that residents tend to be comfortable moving in rental residential units. Residents need a secondary space that is a shelf and work space. Storage space represents the meaning of storage of small items. Work, study and storage of equipment represent the meaning of workspace needs. Residents need some secondary space in a residential unit that has aspects of motion comfort and security during disaster evacuation. Motion comfort mainly represents a little furniture, has storage space, and doesn't interfere with activities like sitting and watching television. The number of residents felt safe moving when disaster evacuation in vertical housing was almost the same as the number of residents who felt the evacuation route was not ideal. Easy access is achieved, wide circulation room, near the emergency stairs is represented by the meaning of feeling safe moving during a disaster evacuation. There is no special emergency ladder, narrow circulation space, the condition of a damaged staircase at the time of disaster evacuation is represented by meaning not ideal. This study found a significant relationship between the reasons for motion comfort and the presence of space requirements. There is no significant relationship between disaster evacuation security and secondary space requirements.
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Basok, B., M. Novitska, and S. Goncharuk. "Numerical simulation and study of thermal characteristics of a lightweight floor heating system." Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply 35 (December 27, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2020.35.15-20.
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The use of underfloor heating systems is an effective way to achieve thermal comfort for users in energy-efficient buildings. There are two kinds of such systems: traditional and dry-assembled. The first type is researched more deeply than the second one. The paper presents theoretical studies of the thermotechnical parameters of a water underfloor dry-assembled heating system. The design of the underfloor dry-assembled heating system, considered in the work, consists of a heat insulation (expanded polystyrene), on which the pipes of the heating system are located, in contact with an aluminum heat distribution plate. The system is covered with floor finishing. The calculation for a stationary operating mode of the floor heating system was carried out on the basis of a system of equations for momentum and energy. The model was validated using the results of experimental studies. The calculation results cause some overestimation of the experimental data, possibly, beecause of deviations in thermotechnical characteristics of materials. But the simulation model correctly estimates the behaviour of the system at change of its parameters. The paper concludes that this configuration of the underfloor heating system can be used in heating systems for residential and non-residential premises. The aluminum heat distribution plate significantly affects the heat transfer processes in the system. Due to the plate, the heat flux is made uniform in the plane of the floor surface, which has a positive effect on heat distribution and reduces thermal tension in the finish coating. The use of ceramic tiles increases the overall heat exchange efficiency of the system with the room air. An increase in the thickness of the expanded polystyrene board increases the value of the heat flux from the surface of the heated floor. An increase in the flow rate and temperature of the heat carrier also cause an increase in the density of heat flux from the floor surface.
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Lee, Ji-Eun. "Stronger Impact of Interpersonal Aspects of Satisfaction Versus Tangible Aspects on Sustainable Level of Resident Loyalty in Continuing Care Retirement Community: A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 8756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218756.
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The objectives of the study were to examine the impact of interpersonal and tangible aspects of resident satisfaction on word-of-mouth (WOM) intention in community-embedded third places with long-duration service experiences and to investigate the mediating effect of interpersonal aspects on the relationship between tangible resident satisfaction and WOM intention. Paper-based survey questionnaires and postage-paid envelopes were mailed to 293 continuing care retirement community (CCRC) residents. Reliability and validity of the multidimensional construct of resident satisfaction were ensured through confirmatory factor analysis. Hierarchical regression analysis and MANOVA were used to test the hypotheses. A total of 157 completed surveys were received. Analysis showed that two categories of resident satisfaction were statistically distinct. Interpersonal aspects of resident satisfaction (resident involvement, social interaction, and staff care) positively impacted WOM intention more than the tangible aspects (room, home, and meals service). The relationship between tangible resident satisfaction and WOM intention was mediated by interpersonal aspects of resident satisfaction. This study contributes to the literature by (1) examining the mediating effect of interpersonal resident satisfaction between tangible satisfaction and WOM intention in community embedded third places and by (2) exploring the role of non-traditional third places, (i.e., third places nested within residential community settings) as opposed to conventional types (i.e., individual commercial settings). Thus, it addresses the call for research on permanent residents with long-duration service experiences and the effect of one location nested within another.
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Dzhambov, Angel M., Mariya P. Tokmakova, Penka D. Gatseva, Nikolai G. Zdravkov, Dolina G. Gencheva, Nevena G. Ivanova, Krasimir I. Karastanev, Stefka V. Vladeva, Aleksandar T. Donchev, and Svetlan M. Dermendzhiev. "Community Noise Exposure and its Effect on Blood Pressure and Renal Function in Patients with Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease." Folia Medica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2017-0045.
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AbstractBackground:Road traffic noise (RTN) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension; however, few studies have looked into its association with blood pressure (BP) and renal function in patients with prior CVD.Aim:This study aimed to explore the effect of residential RTN exposure on BP and renal function in patients with CVD from Plovdiv Province.Materials and methods:We included 217 patients with ischemic heart disease and/or hypertension from three tertiary hospitals in the city of Plovdiv (March – May 2016). Patients’ medical history, medical documentation, and medication regimen were reviewed, and blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were taken. Blood samples were analyzed for creatinine, total cholesterol, and blood glucose. Participants also filled a questionnaire. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. All participants were asked about their annoyance by different noise sources at home, and those living in the city of Plovdiv (n = 132) were assigned noise map Ldenand Lnightexposure. The effects of noise exposure on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were explored using mixed linear models.Results:Traffic noise annoyance was associated with higher SBP in the total sample. The other noise indicators were associated with non-significant elevation in SBP and reduction in eGFR. The effect of Ldenwas more pronounced in patients with prior ischemic heart disease/stroke, diabetes, obesity, not taking Ca-channel blockers, and using solid fuel/gas at home. Lnighthad stronger effect among those not taking statins, sleeping in a bedroom with noisy façade, having a living room with quiet façade, and spending more time at home. The increase in Ldenwas associated with a significant decrease in eGFR among men, patients with ischemic heart disease/stroke, and those exposed to lower air pollution. Regarding Lnight, there was significant effect modification by gender, diabetes, obesity, and time spent at home. In some subgroups, the effect of RTN was statistically significant.Conclusions:Given that generic risk factors for poor progression of cardiovascular diseases cannot be controlled sufficiently at individual level, environmental interventions to reduce residential noise exposure might result in some improvement in the management of blood pressure and kidney function in patients with CVD.
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McKenzie, Stefan, Zoe Kwan, and Velusamy Sivakumar. "Management of inappropriate sexual behaviour in frontotemporal dementia: a case study." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S117—S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.343.
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ObjectiveTo present a case of a 79-year-old male with frontal lobe dementia (following a cerebral abscess) who was referred due to inappropriate sexualised behaviour (ISB) in a care home setting.To discuss the evidence base for the management of ISB in frontotemporal dementia.Case report79-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with frontal lobe dementia, following a craniotomy to aspirate and evacuate a cerebral abscess which affected the left frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. He then started to exhibit sexualised behaviour; he was using sexualised language towards female residents and care workers in the residential home, and was inviting residents to his room and asking them to touch him. This behaviour was felt to be due to inappropriate sexual behaviour which forms part of the spectrum of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Non-pharmacological interventions were tried but failed to manage his symptoms. He was started on Paroxetine which treated the symptoms for approximately 12 months. The symptoms reocurred and he was switched to Amisulpride which had a positive effect on his symptoms.DiscussionISB is a behavioural and psychological symptom of dementia and may be seen in 7% to 25% of patients with dementia. ISB is distressing for the caregivers and also presents considerable challenges for the treating clinician. ISB presents with behaviour such as sexual language, implied sexual acts, and overt sexual acts. A differentiation should be made between whether the act was one of intimacy-seeking or disinhibition. However, there is a need to intervene when there are risks to the wellbeing and safeguards of the patient and also caregivers and residents. ISB can be difficult to treat, and there is limited evidence on the subject. It is often better managed by non-pharmacological interventions if possible, due to patients often being less responsive to psychoactive therapies and the risks involved with using medication. Non-pharmacological interventions include environmental, behavioural and educational approaches, and examples of these are discussed. Pharmacological interventions are also discussed, but there is a lack of evidence in this area; currently the evidence is from case series and case reports. The variety of drug classes illustrate the non specific nature of drug therapy.ConclusionManaging and treating ISB is difficult and complex.The evidence suggests using non-pharmacological approaches as first line before considering pharmacological interventions.However, there is a need for further research to develop robust non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions in the treatment of ISB.
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Novais, C., M. Marinho, M. Mota Oliveira, M. Bragança, A. Côrte-Real, and S. Fonseca. "Misdiagnose bipolar disorder: About a case report." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.393.
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IntroductionEarly stages of bipolar disorder are sometimes misdiagnosed as depressive disorders. This symptomatology can lead to misinterpretation and under diagnosis of bipolar disorders.Objectives/aimsTo describe a patient with a new diagnosis of bipolar disorder after 23 years of psychiatric care.MethodsWe report a case of a 66-year-old man, with a previous psychiatric diagnosis of recurrent depressive disorder for the last 23 years, after a hospitalization in a psychiatric inpatient unit because of a major depressive episode. In subsequent years, he was regularly followed in psychiatric consultation with description of recurrent long periods of depressed mood requiring therapeutic setting, alternating with brief remarks of not valued slightly maladjusted behaviour. At 65, he came to the emergency room presenting with observable expansive and elevated mood, disinhibited behaviour, grandiose ideas and overspending, leading to his hospitalization with the diagnosis of a manic episode. In the inpatient unit care, we performed blood tests, cranial-computed tomography (CT) and a cognitive assessment. His medication has also been adjusted.ResultsLaboratory investigations were unremarkable. Cranial-CT showed some subcortical atrophy of frontotemporal predominance, without corroboration by the neuropsychological evaluation. The patient was posteriorly transferred to a residential unit for stabilization, where he evolved with major depressive symptoms that needed new therapeutic adjustment. Later he was discharged with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder.ConclusionsOur case elucidates the importance of ruling out bipolar disorder in patients presenting with depressive symptoms alternating with non-specific maladjusted behaviour, which sometimes can be a challenging task.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Beshir, M., M. Mohamed, S. Welch, and D. Rush. "Modelling the Effects of Boundary Walls on the Fire Dynamics of Informal Settlement Dwellings." Fire Technology 57, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 1753–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-01086-7.
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AbstractCharacterising the risk of the fire spread in informal settlements relies on the ability to understand compartment fires with boundary conditions that are significantly different to normal residential compartments. Informal settlement dwellings frequently have thermally thin and leaky boundaries. Due to the unique design of these compartments, detailed experimental studies were conducted to understand their fire dynamics. This paper presents the ability of FDS to model these under-ventilated steel sheeted fire tests. Four compartment fire tests were modelled with different wall boundary conditions, namely sealed walls (no leakage), non-sealed walls (leaky), leaky walls with cardboard lining, and highly insulated walls; with wood cribs as fuel and ISO-9705 room dimensions. FDS managed to capture the main fire dynamics and trends both qualitatively and quantitatively. However, using a cell size of 6 cm, the ability of FDS to accurately model the combustion at locations with high turbulent flows (using the infinitely fast chemistry mixing controlled combustion model), and the effect of leakage, was relatively poor and both factors should be further studied with finer LES filter width. Using the validated FDS models, new flashover criteria for thermally thin compartments were defined as a combination of critical hot gas layer and wall temperatures. Additionally, a parametric study was conducted to propose an empirical correlation to estimate the onset Heat Release Rate required for flashover, as current knowledge fails to account properly for large scale compartments with thermally thin boundaries. The empirical correlation is demonstrated to have an accuracy of ≈ ± 10% compared with the FDS models.
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Zhukov, Alexey D., Karapet A. Ter-Zakaryan, Igor V. Bessonov, Vyacheslav S. Semenov, and Alexey V. Starostin. "Insulation Systems of Frame Cottages." Scientific journal “ACADEMIA. ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION”, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2077-9038-2019-1-122-127.
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The article presents studies of the exploitation characteristics of the material, the results of a full-scale survey of a residential private house insulated with expanded polyethylene, as well as the main design solutions for the insulation of a frame cottage.
The features of insulation systems of low-rise buildings, including those with a frame-bearing carrier system, are considered. It has been substantiated that the use as thermal insulation of mineral-wool plates used on non-loaded structures assumes the mandatory placement of vapor barrier (usually plastic film) from the inside of the insulated surface and the windproof membrane outside. The use of a rolled foamed polyethylene as an insulating material makes it possible to realize an insulating sheath without additional layers.
Experimental determinations of diffusion moisture absorption, water absorption upon partial immersion in water, water absorption upon full immersion in water, tensile strength in the longitudinal direction, and adhesion strength of the adhesive layer to metal were performed. It was established that the diffusion moisture absorption of samples of expanded polyethylene is 0.51-0.75%, and taking into account the weld it is 0.70-0.75%. Water absorption of samples when fully immersed in water does not exceed 0.96% by volume. The tensile strength in the longitudinal direction for products with a metallized coating is 80-92 kPa, without a metallized coating - 80-87 kPa, and for a weld - 29-32 kPa.
A field survey showed that the humidity of the pine timber is within the normative. The expediency of warming only the outer coating of expanded polyethylene of the calculated thickness without filling the frame is justified, which, with standard air exchange and observance of the conditioning conditions, will be sufficient to maintain the microclimate in the room.
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Adimagistra, Tiasa, and Wahjoerini Wahjoerini. "IDENTIFIKASI MORFOLOGI KAWASAN PESISIR PANTAI DI KOTA SEMARANG DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA (STUDI KASUS : PANTAI MARINA)." Indonesian Journal of Spatial Planning 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/ijsp.v1i1.1897.
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<p><em>The city and its development is one of the complex things that occurs in the arrangement of spatial activities. The city's shape and dynamic city developments are influenced by physical and non-physical aspects such as social, economic, cultural, and technological evolving over time and following human needs. The change in the city form called the morphology of the city will never finish and become perfect such as building architecture, circulation system, open space, and urban infrastructure facilities. The city's morphological approach in identifying and identifying the shape of the city is not only covering the physical appearance, but also involves non-physical elements that contribute to the process of changing the city.</em></p><p><em>The city of Semarang as a big city in Java Island is included in the coastal areas whose morphological development from time to time is very dynamic which grows expanding to the surrounding area. It is no exception at Marina Beach which located at PRPP Complex, Tawangsari district. This area is a residential development and settlement area planned by the developer and is now an important area for the economic growth of Semarang, with the new international airport, the airport Ahmad Yani International So this area is interesting to do a study of morphological identification and how it develops. The purpose of this research is to identify the morphology and architecture of the city in the coastal areas of Semarang in the pre-independence period, post-independence to the present. </em></p><p><em>The step that will be done is to identify the pattern of the Marina coastal area based on satellite imagery and then three methods of analysis, namely the historical analysis of the region, the analysis of the area pattern, the analysis of the City room product City image analysis, townscape analysis, and building style analysis and building type. From the results of the analysis will be conducted morphological identification and how the development of coastal areas of Semarang especially in Marina beach.</em></p><p><em> </em></p>
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Seppänen, Olli, Jorma Säteri, and Mervi Ahola. "Finnish Guidelines of Ventilation Rates for Non-residential Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102015.
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The new Finnish Decree on the Indoor Climate and Ventilation of New Buildings 1009/2017 [1] is part of the implementation of Energy Performance of Buildings Directive in the EU. The new Decree specifies the minimum design ventilation rate to be 6 dm3/s, person (outdoor air). The Decree also specifies that the ventilation shall be controlled by demand when feasible. These requirements in the Decree were considered to be too plain and inadequate for practical design. FINVAC carried out an investigation [2,3] regarding the experience on the old ventilation regulation [4]. Based on the result of these investigations new guidelines were prepared and published in 2018. Majority of the experts considered 6 dm3/s, person as an appropriate value of the minimum ventilation rate. The investigations revealed that in many cases the old recommended values (dm3/s, m2) were either too high or too low. This has led to poor air quality in some cases and excess energy use in some cases. Too high ventilation rates were used for corridors, restaurants, cafeterias, supermarkets, department stores, shops, hotel rooms, auditoriums, halls, and washing rooms. The total air flow was also too high for day care centres, and for some apartments. Too low ventilation rates were given for elderly homes, classrooms, fitness centres, sports halls, residential kitchen hoods, operation rooms in hospitals, and for some apartments. Detailed guidelines were prepared and structured by building type (offices, schools, hospitals, elderly homes, restaurants, hotels, stores, sports facilities, barracks, theatres, industrial working places, kitchens, spaces for personal hygiene and technical rooms). Separate guidelines were prepared for residential buildings [5]. Both guidelines were published in the beginning of the year 2018.
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Mis, Namrata Bhattacharya, Rotimi Joseph, David Proverbs, and Jessica Lamond. "Grass-root preparedness against potential flood risk among residential and commercial property holders." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 6, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2014-0059.
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Purpose – This study aims to investigate the level of preparedness among property owners who had experienced flood damage to their properties in two cities in England following the summer floods of 2007. Flooding can have a variety of impacts on residential properties and businesses that may be unprepared and therefore vulnerable to both direct and indirect effects. Research suggests that the focus in analysis of damage to flood plain population (residential and commercial) tends to be on the direct tangible impacts, limiting their ability to recognize the true costs of flooding, thereby leading to unpreparedness to future flooding. Greater understanding of the level of preparedness against different types of flood impacts is likely to contribute towards increased knowledge of the likely resilience of residential and commercial property occupiers. Design/methodology/approach – Primary data obtained through self-administered postal questionnaire survey of floodplain residential and commercial residents provide the basis for the research analysis and findings. The rationale behind choosing the locations for the research was based on the need to investigate areas where a sizeable number of residential and commercial properties were affected during the 2007 event, in this case, Sheffield and Wakefield in the northern part of England were chosen. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Findings – The result of the analysis revealed that non-structural measures have been implemented by more people when compared to other measures, which can be linked to the fact that non-structural measures, in most, cases do not have financial implication to the property owners. The uptake of the other measures (resistance and resilience) is very low. It can be concluded from the findings that the level of implementation of measures to reduce damage from potential future flooding among the flood plain residents is relatively low and mainly focussed towards reducing the direct effects of flooding. Practical implications – The study argues that increased resilience can be sustainable only by developing integrated attitude towards risk reduction not only by enhancing coping strategy by reducing direct impacts of flooding but also equally focussing on indirect effects. Originality/value – There have been previous studies towards investigating the impacts of flooding on residential and commercial property owners as a separate entity. It is believed that this is the first time in which both residential and commercial properties will be investigated together as one body of research.
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Bro, Henning. "Kollektivhuse – Hovedstaden på forkant." Kulturstudier 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2010): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v1i1.3885.
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Selv om der blev etableret visse fælles foranstaltninger i noget af det filantropiske byggeri, der skød frem i 1850'erne og 60'erne, hørte det egentlige kollektivhus det 20. århundrede til: En boligbebyggelse med selvstændige lejligheder, i nogle tilfælde for grupper med særlige boligbehov, med tilknyttede fællesfaciliteter for beboerne. I udgangspunktet centralkøkken med spisesal og restaurant, andre aflastende servicetilbud for den daglige husførelse, daginstitution, indkøbsmuligheder og senere tillige selskabslokaler, gæstehotel, hobbylokaler m.m.<br /><br />Abstract<br />As one of the first places in Europe, cooperative housing was built on Frederiksberg in 1903 by a philanthropic building society under the management of principal Otte Fick. During the years 1916-1930, the Danish Welfare State's housing policy was established. In this connection, the municipality of Copenhagen stood behind the policy by subsidizing eight blocks of cooperative housing - in all<br />1,125 flats - through a considerable amount of public funds. In Copenhagen itself and on Frederiksberg, non-profit housing associations as well as entrepreneurs supported this policy.<br />While most of the cooperative housing had central kitchens with dining rooms, some had a number of common facilities such as day-care centres, domestic help and/or modern washers and dryers. Some of the cooperative housing also had a local grocery store for the residents and the surrounding neighbourhood.<br />The cooperative housing was planned by some of the leading architects of that era and the majority of the flats had a room with a box bed, a small kitchen and an entrance hall; and all the flats had a toilet, a shower, and central heating. There was also a plan which encompassed flats facing out to corridors. The design of the cooperative housing included closed or open courtyards, L-shaped houses,<br />or blocks of flats surrounded by small gardens. Furthermore, it was considered innovative to build residential properties intended for certain social groups that had specific housing requirements. On the housing market, it was particularly troublesome to acquire self-contained flats for single parents with children and<br />elderly women - primarily people from the working class and the lower middle class.<br />In 1930, the Danish capital, comprised of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, was on the forefront of housing development compared to the rest of Denmark and internationally. It would also create an important foundation for widespread building construction of cooperative housing in the future. However, this type of housing never really caught on in the ordinary construction business in the<br />20th century. On the other hand, it succeeded in positioning itself as an essential means of housing especially for both handicapped and elderly people.<br />
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Lu, Ming, Yan Zhang, Jun Xing, and Wenda Ma. "Assessing the Solar Radiation Quantity of High-Rise Residential Areas in Typical Layout Patterns: A Case in North-East China." Buildings 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8110148.
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With the development of energy-saving and emission-reduction, solar energy as a clean energy with excellent characteristics has bright prospects for development and application in residential environment with high energy consumption. With the intensification of land use, there are more and more high-rise residential areas in the city. If the residential construction becomes more compact, the solar radiation of the buildings will be in loss. Therefore, there may exist some restrictive relationship between the residential layout patterns and the solar radiation quantity. Through the multiple response frequency analysis method of SPSS, the study summarizes three typical high-rise residential layout patterns, which are parallel determinant, non-parallel determinant and three-sided enclosure. The Autodesk Ecotect is used to simulate the solar radiation quantity of each building roof and south facade. Last, obtain the relationship between the residential layout index and the solar radiation quantity. The results show that there actually exists certain correlativity between solar radiation quantity and floor area ratio, building density and building height; meanwhile, each annual solar radiation quantity changed by residential layout index has its own variable curve. The results also indicate that three-sided enclosure layout pattern has greater solar radiation potential than parallel determinant and non-parallel determinant. By summarizing the corresponding conclusions, the optimal mode of high-rise settlements with high solar radiation is explored, which can provide reference for further residential planning.
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Patil, Prakash. "Performance Analysis Methods of Non-directed IR Wireless Channel Preparation of Papers for Short Range Inside the Building." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, no. 2 (S) (July 10, 2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.icsesd201713.
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Nowadays due to the tremendous growth of residential and commercial buildings it is very much essential to design and simulate IR Wireless channel inside the building. Here we need to consider the room configurations and several techniques such as FFT and wavelet analysis for the estimation of received power signal strength. Also, it is required to ensure high speed, short range and secured optical wireless communication inside the building by considering different obstacles and using IR transmitter and receiver for the improved BER.
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Băbălau, Anişoara. "Tax Rules of Buildings from Craiova in 2019." Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (February 2020): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.371.
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Taxes have a mandatory character, they are paid in money form by taxable subjects (natural, legal persons and entities without legal personality) for the realized income, the provision of services and the goods they own. Taxes can be collected using several methods: stop at source (the tax is transferred to the state budget by a third person); the method of applying and canceling mobile tax stamps; offsetting the amounts paid in addition; the method of claiming compensation for legal facilities; contesting the revenues illegally collected. According to the Decision no.533 / 2018 adopted by the Local Council of Craiova, for residential buildings and annex buildings owned by natural persons, the tax rate on buildings is 0.08% on the taxable value of the building. For non-residential buildings owned by natural persons, the tax rate is 0.4% applied to the taxable value of the building. In the case of buildings owned by legal entities, the tax rate on buildings for residential ones is 0.2%, and for non-residential ones 1.3% on the taxable value of the building. Also, tax exemptions were granted for the following categories of buildings: buildings which, according to the law, are considered historical, architectural or archaeological monuments, except for the rooms that are used for economic activities; buildings used for the provision of social services by non-governmental organizations and social enterprises as providers of social services; buildings used by non-profit organizations, used exclusively for non-profit activities, etc.
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Custódio and Ghisi. "Assessing the Potential for Potable Water Savings in the Residential Sector of a City: A Case Study of Joinville City." Water 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2019): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102074.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of Joinville, a city located in southern Brazil. Data on roof areas of residential buildings were obtained from the Joinville city council. By considering the roof areas and typologies of residential buildings, representative models were created. The following parameters were used to determine the rainwater tank capacity: the number of dwellers; the total daily water demand per capita; and the rainwater demand. To carry out the simulations for determining the optimal rainwater tank sizes and potential for potable water savings, the computer program Netuno was used to run 33,720 different scenarios. By considering the occurrence percentage for each representative building model (weighted average), the average potential for potable water savings by using rainwater was calculated. The average potential in the central region of Joinville was 18.5% when there is rainwater use only in toilets, and 40.8% when there is rainwater use in toilets and washing machines. The rainwater harvesting system showed a better performance for a rainwater demand equal to 20% of the total daily water demand. The results indicate the necessity to properly size rainwater tank capacities to meet water demands, thereby encouraging more people to adopt rainwater harvesting as an alternative source for non-potable water in buildings. The demand for rainwater should be carefully evaluated, especially in multi-story residential buildings, due to the low availability of roof areas.
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Alam, S. M. Mahfuz, and Mohd Hasan Ali. "Equation Based New Methods for Residential Load Forecasting." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 6378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236378.
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This work proposes two non-linear and one linear equation-based system for residential load forecasting considering heating degree days, cooling degree days, occupancy, and day type, which are applicable to any residential building with small sets of smart meter data. The coefficients of the proposed nonlinear and linear equations are tuned by particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the multiple linear regression method, respectively. For the purpose of comparison, a subtractive clustering based adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), random forests, gradient boosting trees, and long-term short memory neural network, conventional and modified support vector regression methods were considered. Simulations have been performed in MATLAB environment, and all the methods were tested with randomly chosen 30 days data of a residential building in Memphis City for energy consumption prediction. The absolute average error, root mean square error, and mean average percentage errors are tabulated and considered as performance indices. The efficacy of the proposed systems for residential load forecasting over the other systems have been validated by both simulation results and performance indices, which indicate that the proposed equation-based systems have the lowest absolute average errors, root mean square errors, and mean average percentage errors compared to the other methods. In addition, the proposed systems can be easily practically implemented.
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PEACE, SHEILA, and CAROLINE HOLLAND. "Homely Residential Care: A Contradiction in Terms?" Journal of Social Policy 30, no. 3 (July 2001): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940100633x.
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Accommodation and care for older people is commonly thought of in relation to residential care homes: the collective settings with communal lounges and dining rooms, where older people may live what seems to be a fine balance between individual and group routines. Yet, while there have been changes to the living arrangements of people in relatively large collective groups, the ideal put forward as a basis for care settings has remained that of ‘home’, with the family model still central. With the tensions between public and private, domestic and institutional living, regulated and non-regulated settings, all too obvious, this article uses a pilot study in Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire of registered small homes with less than four residential places, often run by the proprietor and her family, to consider whether residential homes may replicate a homely environment, or whether the model has run its course.
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Tóth, Stanislav, and Jaroslav Vojtuš. "Monitoring and Analysis of Fungal Organisms in Building Structures." Advanced Materials Research 969 (June 2014): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.969.265.
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The project listed in the acknowledgment focused on monitoring the occurrence of various fungus genera within building constructions of residential, non-residential and historic buildings. Fungoid organisms found on the indoor surface of building constructions create a serious aesthetic and constructional/structural disadvantage with an enormous impact on the interior environments exploitable space [2,3]. They can be found not only in rooms of old buildings, but also in newly built or reconstructed areas, where one would least expect them. Greater amounts of fungoid organisms occurring in artificial environments are harmful to humans. Therefore professional information provided to the public concerning their harmful impact not only on construction materials but also on human health, is very necessary.
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Sluggett, Janet K., Samanta Lalic, Sarah M. Hosking, Brett Ritchie, Jennifer McLoughlin, Terry Shortt, Leonie Robson, et al. "Root Cause Analysis to Identify Medication and Non-Medication Strategies to Prevent Infection-Related Hospitalizations from Australian Residential Aged Care Services." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093282.
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Infections are leading causes of hospitalizations from residential aged care services (RACS), which provide supported accommodation for people with care needs that can no longer be met at home. Preventing infections and early and effective management are important to avoid unnecessary hospital transfers, particularly in the Australian setting where new quality standards require RACS to minimize infection-related risks. The objective of this study was to examine root causes of infection-related hospitalizations from RACS and identify strategies to limit infections and avoid unnecessary hospitalizations. An aggregate root cause analysis (RCA) was undertaken using a structured local framework. A clinical nurse auditor and clinical pharmacist undertook a comprehensive review of 49 consecutive infection-related hospitalizations from 6 RACS. Data were collected from nursing progress notes, medical records, medication charts, hospital summaries, and incident reports using a purpose-built collection tool. The research team then utilized a structured classification system to guide the identification of root causes of hospital transfers. A multidisciplinary clinical panel assessed the root causes and formulated strategies to limit infections and hospitalizations. Overall, 59.2% of hospitalizations were for respiratory, 28.6% for urinary, and 10.2% for skin infections. Potential root causes of infections included medications that may increase infection risk and resident vaccination status. Potential contributors to hospital transfers included possible suboptimal selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy, inability of RACS staff to establish on-site intravenous access for antimicrobial administration, and the need to access subsidized medical services not provided in the RACS (e.g., radiology and pathology). Strategies identified by the panel included medication review, targeted bundles of care, additional antimicrobial stewardship initiatives, earlier identification of infection, and models of care that facilitate timely access to medical services. The RCA and clinical panel findings provide a roadmap to assist targeting services to prevent infection and limit unnecessary hospital transfers from RACS.
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Tsai, Jiun-Horng, Yen-Ting Lu, I.-I. Chung, and Hung-Lung Chiang. "Traffic-Related Airborne VOC Profiles Variation on Road Sites and Residential Area within a Microscale in Urban Area in Southern Taiwan." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11091015.
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The sampling sites, including roadsides and residential areas, were set up to collect ambient air and determine the volatile organic species it contained. For the roadside air, the average VOCs (volatile organic compounds) abundant at rush hour periods was two times that at non-rush hour periods. In the residential area, the VOC concentrationswere106 and 129 ppb during rush hour periods. The VOC concentration ratios of roadside and residential areas were in the range of 1.08–1.75 and the traffic emissions were related to the VOCs abundant in air. The highest VOC concentration was 168 ppb at midnight at residential sites and the VOC abundance could be two times that of roadside sites. This level of concentration could be attributed to the application of solvents and to human activity in a nearby motorcycle/vehicle maintenance plant, laundry rooms, etc. High abundant species were similar in both the roadside and residential air samples. These highly abundant species included toluene, acetone, acetonitrile, m,p-xylene and n-pentane, all of which can be emitted from traffic exhaust. Benzene, acrolein, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride and 1,3-butadiene were the main species with health impacts collected at both sites. In the micro-scale environment, the residential ambient air was affected by traffic flow from morning to night. In the midnight period, some local activities (a motorcycle/vehicle maintenance shop and laundry shops) affected the concentrations of certain VOCs (acetonitrile, toluene, hexane, 2-methylpentane, methyl cyclopentane and 3-methylpentane). The traffic and motor vehicles’ effects were determined, which could be useful for air quality management and strategy development in an urban area.
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Chen, Chiou Chuan, and Soen Han Lee. "Research of Artificial Sites Green Roof for Energy-Saving Efficiency in Taiwan Taichung." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1342.
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In this study, set the empirical plane pilot area planting the groove (long 425cm × width 300cm × Height 20cm ) in the Taichung City residential area on the second floor roof, planting the groove bottom-up sequence laying frame high-rise, water proof layer, drainage layer,filter layer (non-woven, water-pottery-stone), the medium layer and planting of layer, planting the groove around the hollow brick interval income side to lighten the load. Noon hours exposed roof temperature of 25.49-37.56°C, green roofs surface only at 16.45-24.69°C, 17.74-24.79°C indoor temperature on the second floor, effectively prevent the roof surface temperature rise, and thus reduce the interior roof of the second temperature7.75-12.77°C. Building green roofs to cooling, mainly to reduce the building temperature, reducing air conditioning electricity consumption , accomplish cooling and energy-saving benefits.Compare different annual electricity consumption in the same period, extensive green roof to total electricity consumption of 860 K.Watts/hours , exposed roof to total electricity consumption in 1767 K.Watts/hours, 48.67% of the electricity consumption savings, to achieve energy efficiency.
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Farhan, Syed Ahmad, Fouad Ismail Ismail, Osamah Kiwan, Nasir Shafiq, Azni Zain-Ahmed, Nadzhratul Husna, and Afif Izwan Abd Hamid. "Effect of Roof Tile Colour on Heat Conduction Transfer, Roof-Top Surface Temperature and Cooling Load in Modern Residential Buildings under the Tropical Climate of Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094665.
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Modern residential roofs in Malaysia mainly employ red and brown roof tiles due to aesthetic factors and the ability of the roof surface to reflect or retard heat transfer is typically not considered the main priority. The present article reveals the findings of a study on the effect of roof tile colour on heat conduction transfer through roof tiles and ceiling boards, roof-top surface temperature and cooling load. Findings suggest that the selection of white roof tiles significantly reduces the peaks of heat conduction transfer and roof-top surface temperature as well as the values of heat conduction transfer and roof-top surface temperature throughout diurnal profiles, which consequently reduces hours of indoor thermal discomfort and use of air-conditioners in indoor spaces. A decline in peak roof-top surface temperature of up to 16.00 °C that results in annual energy savings of up to 13.14% can be achieved when the roof tile colour is changed from red to white. Further research on the development of solar-reflective paint or coating products that can significantly increase the solar reflectance values of non-white roof tiles are essential to overcome issues related to maintenance difficulties and lack of preference among house buyers towards white roof tiles.
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Erbakhaev, Evgeniy A., and Maxim V. Kratenko. "Compensation for harm resulting from the usage of a building: Comparative analysis of Russian and Chinese law." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 2 (2021): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.213.
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The article examines the problem of compensation for harm caused in the process of using a building and structure. Attention is paid to the side of the defendant in relation to apartment buildings and non-residential buildings, the distribution of liability in the case of a plurality of tortfeasors, the regulation of third-party liability issues by the contract. A comparative analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China regulating the liability of building’s owners (users) and contractors involved in the maintenance of a building as well as court practice is conducted. The choice of the Chinese legal system is due to the presence of special rules in Tort Liability Law of China (2009). According to the results of the study, the authors have formulated a number of proposals, in particular: to unify the legal regime for residential and non-residential buildings for the purposes of compensation for harm caused to third parties; to differentiate the liability for harm caused by the destruction of a building (its structural components) and damage due to items falling out from the building (snow or ice falling from the roof, falling advertising designs, objects being thrown out of the building, etc.), to allow the contractual regulation of owner’s liability provided that the victim is given the right to choose the defendant (the building’s owner or the maintenance company, the contractor involved). The authors also argue in favor of a codified act as a source of tort law, which will ensure consistent regulation of the studied relations.
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Ponechal, Radoslav, Renáta Korenková, and Daniela Štaffenová. "A Simulation and Monitoring Based Case Study Regarding the Dynamic Thermal Conditions in Non-Used Attic Space." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.467.
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This study solves a problem of the dynamic thermal performance of the residential attic space in moderate climatic zone. Heat loss into the attic space is difficult to be accurately determined by the quasi-stationary method. It depends on the thermal resistance of the ceiling, thermal resistance of the roof, ventilation characteristics and other details, such as the solar absorption of the roofing material or roof orientation. The paper presents results of some parametric simulative calculations, which were calibrated with measurements of air temperature in the attic space during the summer, winter and transitional season. It compares the mean air temperature in the ventilated and non-ventilated attics. The difference between the use of bright and dark color of the roof cover is also compared. An alternative with half thickness of thermal insulation was also simulated. Based on measurements and then the simulation the adjustment factor adjustment factor for heat transfer coefficient was quantified..