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FURUYA, S., M. YAMAMOTO, Y. KAJI, and Y. HATORI. "Evaluation of Ameranth Seed in the Non-ruminant Diets (Research Note)." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 62, no. 5 (1991): 474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.62.474.
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Pomar, Candido, Marcos Kipper, and Marcel Marcoux. "Use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in non-ruminant nutrition research." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 46, no. 7 (2017): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000700010.
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Souza-Fabjan, Joanna M. G., Ribrio I. T. P. Batista, Lucas F. L. Correia, et al. "In vitro production of small ruminant embryos: latest improvements and further research." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20206.
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This review presents the latest advances in and main obstacles to the application of invitro embryo production (IVEP) systems in small ruminants. This biotechnology is an extremely important tool for genetic improvement for livestock and is essential for the establishment of other biotechnologies, such as cloning and transgenesis. At present, the IVEP market is almost non-existent for small ruminants, in contrast with the trends observed in cattle. This is probably related to the lower added value of small ruminants, lower commercial demand and fewer qualified professionals interested in this area. Moreover, there are fewer research groups working on small ruminant IVEP than those working with cattle and pigs. The heterogeneity of oocytes collected from growing follicles in live females or from ovaries collected from abattoirs remains a challenge for IVEP dissemination in goats and sheep. Of note, although the logistics of oocyte collection from live small ruminant females are more complex than in the bovine, in general the IVEP outcomes, in terms of blastocyst production, are similar. We anticipate that after appropriate training and repeatable results, the commercial demand for small ruminant invitro-produced embryos may increase.
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Souza-Fabjan, Joanna M. G., Ribrio I. T. P. Batista, Lucas F. L. Correia, et al. "In vitro production of small ruminant embryos: latest improvements and further research." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20206.
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This review presents the latest advances in and main obstacles to the application of invitro embryo production (IVEP) systems in small ruminants. This biotechnology is an extremely important tool for genetic improvement for livestock and is essential for the establishment of other biotechnologies, such as cloning and transgenesis. At present, the IVEP market is almost non-existent for small ruminants, in contrast with the trends observed in cattle. This is probably related to the lower added value of small ruminants, lower commercial demand and fewer qualified professionals interested in this area. Moreover, there are fewer research groups working on small ruminant IVEP than those working with cattle and pigs. The heterogeneity of oocytes collected from growing follicles in live females or from ovaries collected from abattoirs remains a challenge for IVEP dissemination in goats and sheep. Of note, although the logistics of oocyte collection from live small ruminant females are more complex than in the bovine, in general the IVEP outcomes, in terms of blastocyst production, are similar. We anticipate that after appropriate training and repeatable results, the commercial demand for small ruminant invitro-produced embryos may increase.
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Amacna, Joe-al P., John Michael A. Bendanillo, Aiko C. Delima, et al. "Exploring the Familiarity, Interest and Attitudes of Senior High School Students towards Non-Ruminant Animals: A Descriptive Study." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 43, no. 5 (2025): 74–84. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2025/v43i52739.
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Exploring how the students’ perspective towards non-ruminants gives us valuable clues about the long-term sustainability of our farming communities. Acknowledging the agricultural sector's economic significance and the challenges an aging farming population, the research aims to assess students' perspectives on non-ruminants, like poultry and swine, as a potential area for youth engagement and career development. The subjects of this study were the 201 senior high school students from Sagay National High School and Floro T. Bongco Farm School in Northern Negros, Philippines. Using a descriptive-quantitative design, data were collected through a survey which was conducted on May 7-10, 2024. When taken as a whole, results showed that students are moderately familiar with non-ruminants. Specifically, among the various species of ruminant animals, students were highly familiar with swine and chicken. On the other hand, when taken as a whole, students have a high interest in hands-on activities and career opportunities within agriculture, and a positive attitude toward animal welfare and the sector's role in food security. Specifically, however, students were fairly interested in adopting and discovering innovations in raising non-ruminant animals, raising non-ruminants for self-sufficiency or consumption, gathering animal wastes, investing time, money, and effort for non-ruminant raising, attending seminars, and marketing. Finally, students generally consider non-ruminants as very important, and they should be provided with proper nutrition and ideal housing, monitored and protected from being subjected to research, and treated with the same level of compassion and respect. These findings suggest that senior high school students were familiar with and interested in non-ruminant animal production. Their positive attitude towards this sector promises a potential for youth participation in agriculture and highlights the need for educational programs to foster this interest. These findings give inspiration for future enthusiasts of agriculture, specifically non-ruminant animal production. It is recommended to conduct similar studies on different types of schools such as those located in urban areas, in order to get the picture as whole on the scenario of the future workforce of the agriculture sector.
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Rachmita, N., A. Wibowo, and R. H. Koestoer. "Spatial Patterns of Expertise Suitability in the Ruminant SubSector of Subang Regency, West Java Province." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, no. 1 (2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012011.
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Abstract One of the causes of the high open unemployment rate for vocational school graduates is the incompatibility of the competency skills held with the potential of the available area. Subang Regency is one area that has considerable potential in the agricultural sector. The study aims to analyze the spatial pattern of expertise in vocational schools based on ruminant commodities in Subang Regency to support agricultural vocational schools according to their superior capacity. This research was conducted using a combined LQ (Location Quotient) analysis to identify the base area and combine physical and non-physical geographic components applying the spatial approach to identify the area’s carrying capacity. The research concluded that Jalancagak, Dawuan, and Cipeundeuy Sub-Districts are the most suitable sub-districts for addressed competency as Ruminant Agribusiness expertise because there are villages with a variety of basic commodities, physical and non-physical aspects of geography that are categorized as high so that the competence of Ruminant Agribusiness expertise carried out according to its carrying capacity. This research also found the expertise suitability competencies based on the village level, as upgrading scale, so that the carrying capacity that supports SMK is known precisely.
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ZemedaDesta, Lemma Zemedu, and Bosena Tegegne. "The Functions of Actors in the Tahtay Adyabo District of Tigray, Ethiopia's Small Ruminant Value Chain." Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports 18, no. 12 (2024): 337–42. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2024/v18i12830.
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Even with the fact that Ethiopia in general and Tahtay adyabo district is characterized by populated livestock, actors’ coordination are weak. The aim of the study was to see the function of actors in small ruminant value chain. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 138 producers, 5 butchers, 6 large traders, 12 small traders, 8 collectors, 11 consumers and 7 hotels/restaurants interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire and from key informant interview. The major actors in the district were small ruminant producers, input suppliers, farmers, collectors, small traders, large traders, butchers hotels/restaurants, and consumers. The main supporters of the small ruminant value chain in the study area are Office of Agricultural and Rural Development, Office of Trade and Industry, District Administrations, Dedebit Saving and Credit Institution, Shire- Maitsebri Agricultural Research Center and Non-Governmental Organization. The result showed that 58.7%, 67.4% and 45.7% of sample respondents have got veterinary services, market information and taking credit respectively. There are weak parallel linkage among small ruminant producers and shortage of perpendicular relation of small ruminant farmers to the supplementary market actors. Therefore, there should be an intervention on establishing small ruminant producer cooperatives, discuss with stockholders about most important marketing problems, find general solutions and creating market relationship between small ruminant farmers and supplementary actors.
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BENAVIDES, JULIO, ESTHER COLLANTES-FERNÁNDEZ, IGNACIO FERRE, et al. "Experimental ruminant models for bovine neosporosis: what is known and what is needed." Parasitology 141, no. 11 (2014): 1471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000638.
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SUMMARYAt present, bovine neosporosis is an important worldwide concern because of its wide geographic distribution and economic impact. Abortion is the main clinical sign of bovine neosporosis in both dairy and beef cattle. Ruminant challenge models are critical to evaluate potential vaccine candidates to help tackle bovine neosporosis and to study pathogenesis and host responses to infection. Several research groups have developed ruminant models of Neospora caninum infection independently of others, resulting in a high degree of variability due to the use of different species of animals, breeds, strains/isolates of N. caninum, doses, routes and times of inoculation. Standardization is greatly needed to advance research in a more collaborative, timely and efficient manner. In the absence of widely accepted international guidelines, this manuscript serves to summarize and discuss the different models and parameters currently in use. Parameters essential for the development of non-pregnant and pregnant ruminant models are outlined and the main knowledge gaps are identified. This information could act as the basis to develop a consensus for international standard guidelines for ruminant models of neosporosis that would be helpful for researchers in this field worldwide.
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Raboy, Victor. "Low phytic acid Crops: Observations Based on Four Decades of Research." Plants 9, no. 2 (2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020140.
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The low phytic acid (lpa), or “low-phytate” seed trait can provide numerous potential benefits to the nutritional quality of foods and feeds and to the sustainability of agricultural production. Major benefits include enhanced phosphorus (P) management contributing to enhanced sustainability in non-ruminant (poultry, swine, and fish) production; reduced environmental impact due to reduced waste P in non-ruminant production; enhanced “global” bioavailability of minerals (iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium) for both humans and non-ruminant animals; enhancement of animal health, productivity and the quality of animal products; development of “low seed total P” crops which also can enhance management of P in agricultural production and contribute to its sustainability. Evaluations of this trait by industry and by advocates of biofortification via breeding for enhanced mineral density have been too short term and too narrowly focused. Arguments against breeding for the low-phytate trait overstate the negatives such as potentially reduced yields and field performance or possible reductions in phytic acid’s health benefits. Progress in breeding or genetically-engineering high-yielding stress-tolerant low-phytate crops continues. Perhaps due to the potential benefits of the low-phytate trait, the challenge of developing high-yielding, stress-tolerant low-phytate crops has become something of a holy grail for crop genetic engineering. While there are widely available and efficacious alternative approaches to deal with the problems posed by seed-derived dietary phytic acid, such as use of the enzyme phytase as a feed additive, or biofortification breeding, if there were an interest in developing low-phytate crops with good field performance and good seed quality, it could be accomplished given adequate time and support. Even with a moderate reduction in yield, in light of the numerous benefits of low-phytate types as human foods or animal feeds, should one not grow a nutritionally-enhanced crop variant that perhaps has 5% to 10% less yield than a standard variant but one that is substantially more nutritious? Such crops would be a benefit to human nutrition especially in populations at risk for iron and zinc deficiency, and a benefit to the sustainability of agricultural production.
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Wang, Mengyan, Lujia Han, Zengling Yang, and Xian Liu. "Species discrimination of terrestrial processed animal proteins by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) based on elemental characteristics." BASE, no. 3 (2019): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.17945.
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Description of the subject. This research presents a novel approach for species discrimination of terrestrial processed animal proteins (PAP) using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an alternative technique for determining feed safety. Objectives. To explore the correlation between LIBS results and elemental composition. To assess the potential of LIBS spectroscopic methods for species discrimination of terrestrial PAP. Method. A total of 42 reliable terrestrial PAP samples of ovine, bovine, porcine, and poultry origin were analyzed and LIBS spectra were innovatively collected from the separated bone fraction. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were performed on the dataset. Results. Significant differences were found in the element compositions (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, strontium and barium, p < 0.05) of PAP from different sources, which indicated a high potential for species discrimination. High-marked LIBS spectral characteristics (21 variables) related to six elements (calcium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, strontium and barium) for different species of terrestrial PAP samples were found out. PAP from the four tested species could be well classified with high sensitivity and specificity (> 0.90), while the ruminant and non-ruminant PAP could be thoroughly discriminated. For the discriminant analysis of ruminant-derived components in terrestrial PAPs, the detection of 10%-40% adulteration can be achieved and the correct rate is about 95%. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that LIBS can mostly exhibit the elemental composition of different terrestrial PAP, and can be a promising method for discriminating the different animal species or animal groups (ruminant/non-ruminant) involved in terrestrial PAPs.
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Faichney, GJ. "Rumen physiology: the key to understanding the conversion of plants into animal products." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 2 (1996): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960163.
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Ruminants have always provided meat, hides and fibre for human use, and since the development of agriculture with its associated domestication of herding ruminants, they have also provided milk and draught power. Sound interpretation of the observations of animal behaviour and performance made by the early hunters and stockmen was not possible until knowledge of physiology began to accumulate in the 18th and 19th centuries. The development of new methods about 50 years ago led to the modern era of ruminant physiology, a flowering of research which has continued to the present day. Rumen physiology is intrinsically interesting but it also has utility because it is fundamental to the understanding of ruminant nutrition. Research must continue, particularly in the areas of microbial ecology and particle kinetics, if the ruminant industries are to respond adequately to the need to produce more food for humans from non-arable land and by-products, to increase product quality, to tailor products to market requirements and, in doing so, reduce their environmental impact
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Ricke, Steven C. "91 Methanogen Ecology in the Ruminant Hindgut." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (2023): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.265.
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Abstract Environmental methane production continues to be an ongoing global concern and interest is growing to reduce total methane production. As a part of this collective effort mitigation of methane production in ruminants has become one of the targets for ongoing research. Several strategies have emerged including dietary manipulation, administration of unique feed additives that specifically target methanogens, and host animal modulation approaches. Most of these efforts have focused on the rumen methanogen population and understanding their ecology in relationship to the non-methanogen microbial population. However, there is potential for methane production in the hindgut of the ruminant animal, and this should be considered in any overall strategy for mitigation of methane production in ruminants. The emphasis of this presentation is to discuss the current knowledge and future prospects for understanding the contribution of hindgut methanogens to overall ruminant methane production and their potential for contribution to mitigation of ruminant methane production.
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Walk, C. L. "The influence of calcium on phytase efficacy in non-ruminant animals." Animal Production Science 56, no. 8 (2016): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15341.
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High dietary calcium (Ca) can negatively influence growth performance and reduce phosphorus, protein and amino acid digestibility in broilers and pigs. In addition, high dietary Ca will precipitate with phytate at pH conditions within the small intestine. Previous research reported that high dietary Ca significantly reduced phytase efficacy through precipitation with or competition for binding sites on the phytate molecule. However, microbial phytases are active at pH ranges where phytate is soluble and hydrolyse phytate rapidly to reduce the likelihood of phytate precipitating with Ca, suggesting the effect of dietary Ca on the efficacy of these phytases may be reduced. Even with such phytases there may still be problems observed due to particularly high concentrations of dietary Ca, which can occur as a result of a reduction in Ca not being applied in the presence of a phytase and/or if Ca concentrations in the diet exceed expectations. For example, when total Ca was analysed in 795 broiler and pig diets, on average, there was 0.22% more Ca present than expected. This means that if a diet was formulated to contain 0.80% total Ca, the analysed value could be as high as 1.02%, almost 25% above the expected dietary Ca concentration. The discrepancy between the expected and analysed total Ca may have implications on chemical and physical properties within the gastrointestinal tract, dietary phytate solubility, nutrient digestibility and phytase efficacy. The present paper aims to highlight factors influencing the effect of Ca on phytase efficacy, encompassing the differences among published book values for total Ca content of ingredients, the difference between Ca sources and their affinity for phytate, and finally how these factors influence the Ca to P ratio and thus phytase efficacy.
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Charles, Wafula Buyela, Mburu Charles, and Njogu Paul. "Occupational Safety and Health Practices In Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisations, Western Kenya Region." International Journal of Environmental and Agriculture Research 3, no. 8 (2017): 09–15. https://doi.org/10.25125/agriculture-journal-IJOEAR-AUG-2017-1.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>—</strong> <em>The Kenya agricultural and livestock research organisation (KALRO) western region is divided into KALRO-Kakamega (non-ruminant) and KALRO-Kitale (food crops) mandated to innovate, improve technological activities that touch on the environment and the livelihood of people. Such practices should comply with occupational safety and health Act (OSHA, 2007) standards. The aim of the study was to assess safety awareness at KALRO-Western Kenya region during the months of April to June 2016. Structured questionnaires, checklist, photographs and observation tools were used for data collection and analyzed using statistical package (SPSS). Study shows that75% of the respondents in KALRO-Kakamega and 79% of the respondents in KALRO-Kitale (χ<sup>2</sup>=.187, df=1, p=.665) agreed that both institutes had safety and health policy. Respondents in KALRO-Kakamega (55%) and respondents in KALRO-Kitale (63%) (χ<sup>2</sup>=.813, df=1, p=.367) had access to such policies necessitating requirement for sensitization to access policy document. Respondents in KALRO-Kakamega(55%) and respondents in KALRO-Kitale (52%) (χ<sup>2</sup>=9.482, df=4, p=.050) indicated that</em><em> only qualified service engineers maintained machines and equipment. </em><em>The respondents in both KARLO institutions read labels before using the chemicals KARLO Kakamega 88.7% and KARLO-Kitale 84.2% (χ<sup>2</sup>=.511, df=1, p=.475).</em><em>Compliance to Safe work procedure as per institution</em><em> (KALRO-Kakamega 70%, KALRO-Kitale 63%) (χ<sup>2</sup>=.570, df=1, p=.450)</em><em>. From the research findings, there were no significant differences in predictor factors for safety awareness at both KALRO-Kakamega and KALRO-Kitale. Training of workers to identify, classify and quantify hazards should be enhanced at the two institutes in order to raise their safety awareness levels as per </em><em>(OSHA, 2007)</em><em> standards.</em>
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Iyiola-Tunji, A.O, and F.O. Issa. "SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS BY RURAL FARM-FAMILIES IN NAERLS-ADOPTED AND NON-ADOPTED VILLAGES IN NORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA." Continental J. Animal and Veterinary Research 2 (June 16, 2010): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.818021.
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Small ruminant farmers in National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) adopted and Non-adopted villages in North-Western zone of Nigeria were the focus of this study. One hundred and forty respondents (35 from each of the four villages) were randomly selected from two each of NAERLS-adopted villages (NAV, Sakadadi and Tundu Iya) and Non-adopted villages (NADV, Bomo and Salanke). Primary data were collected using interview scheduled. Secondary data were also utilized for the study. Data collected on socio-economic characteristics of the respondents were analyzed using frequencies counts and percentages. Chi-squares was used to test the hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship between the production characteristics in the NAERLS-adopted and non-adopted villages in the study area. Result showed that most of the respondents were male in the village groups (84.3% in NAV and 71.4% in NDAV). The respondents in NAV (69.9%) and NADV (78.5%) were mainly in their active age of between 20 to 50 years old and most are married (88.6% and 72.9% for NAV and NDAV, respectively). Size of small ruminant flock, type of products usually obtained and the type of market in which life animals are sold are all similar (P>0.05) in the two village groups. The labour required in small ruminant production is mostly supplied by children and women in NAV (77.14%) and 60% in NDAV. Improved practices like hay and silage making, selection for breeding, use of raised platform to prevent cold and provision of medications were used more by respondents in NAV (52.9%) than those from NDAV (22.9%). Membership of farmers’ association indicated a significant non-similar response (P<0.05) between the NAV (97.1%) and NADV (17.1%). There is a marked difference (P<0.01) in farmers’ access to extension services; indicating that more farmers in NAV (91.4%) had access to extension services than farmers in NADV (28.6%). The above findings clearly show that the mode of small ruminant production is not similar in NAERLS-adopted and Non-adopted villages. It is therefore recommended that the adopted village concept should be well funded and the number of the villages increased. Also, special attention should be paid to livestock especially small ruminants.
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Ojo, Oyindamola Esther, and Susanne Kreuzer-Redmer. "MicroRNAs in Ruminants and Their Potential Role in Nutrition and Physiology." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 1 (2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010057.
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The knowledge of how diet choices, dietary supplements, and feed intake influence molecular mechanisms in ruminant nutrition and physiology to maintain ruminant health, is essential to attain. In the present review, we focus on the role of microRNAs in ruminant health and disease; additionally, we discuss the potential of circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of disease in ruminants and the state of technology for their detection, also considering the major difficulties in the transition of biomarker development from bench to clinical practice. MicroRNAs are an inexhaustible class of endogenous non-protein coding small RNAs of 18 to 25 nucleotides that target either the 3′ untranslated (UTR) or coding region of genes, ensuring a tight post-transcriptionally controlled regulation of gene expression. The development of new “omics” technologies facilitated a fresh perspective on the nutrition–to–gene relationship, incorporating more extensive data from molecular genetics, animal nutrition, and veterinary sciences. MicroRNAs might serve as important regulators of metabolic processes and may present the inter-phase between nutrition and gene regulation, controlled by the diet. The development of biomarkers holds the potential to revolutionize veterinary practice through faster disease detection, more accurate ruminant health monitoring, enhanced welfare, and increased productivity. Finally, we summarize the latest findings on how microRNAs function as biomarkers, how technological paradigms are reshaping this field of research, and how platforms are being used to identify novel biomarkers. Numerous studies have demonstrated a connection between circulating microRNAs and ruminant diseases such as mastitis, tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, fasciolosis, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, the identification and analysis of a small number of microRNAs can provide crucial information about the stage of a disease, etiology, and prognosis.
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Surajat, Asis, and Anita Mustika Ibrahim. "The Effect of Drying Time of Pearl Shells (Pinctada penguin) on Nutrition and Mineral Quality in the Strait of Buton." Chalaza Journal of Animal Husbandry 6, no. 2 (2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/chalaza.v6i2.1580.
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Pearl shells were one of the mineral sources for ruminant and non-ruminant animal feed. Several studies on pearl shells present results of different nutritional and mineral content caused by several factors, including the geographical location of an area and the processing process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different drying times on the quality of the Nutrient and Mineral content of the Pinctada penguin shells in the Buton Strait. The research design used was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications, each replication consisting of 400 grams of Pinctada penguin. The research sample was dried at 1200C for 15, 30, and 45 minutes for each treatment. Then an analysis was carried out to see the levels of calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Protein, Fat, Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Iodine (I). The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on RAL using the SPSS standard. If the treatment has a significant effect, further tests are carried out with the Duncan Multiple Range Test.
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Ariana, I. N. T., I. G. N. G. Bidura, D. A. Warmadewi, B. R. T. Putri, I. N. S. Miwada, and Bulkaini Bulkaini. "Production and Safety of Closed House Waste as A Source of Protein For Non Ruminan Rations." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 4 (2022): 1188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i4.4344.
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Closed house waste which has so far been considered a contributor to environmental pollution if processed professionally, can be reused as a component of non-ruminant rations. The purpose of this study is to determine the production (potential, quantity, and quality) of broiler farm waste that is maintained in a closed house system. The cost of production of non-ruminant livestock (pig) 70-80% is still occupied by the cost of feed. The price of commercial concentrate is relatively expensive, which is a reason to look for alternative feed sources. The discovery of potential closed house chicken farm waste and innovative products as a source of protein in rations for non-ruminant (pig-poultry) is expected to the feed problem. Innovative product protein concentrate chicken farm waste of closed house (WCH) system that is cheap and competitive is produced through three stages of research: identify the type and availability of waste, its nutrient content, formulate various protein concentrate formulas, and small-scale tests on pigs with metabolic cage to determine metabolized energy content and digestibility. The results showed that the type of closed house waste (WCH) that has the potential as alternative animal feed is the waste of dead-refused chickens, and litter mixed with scattered feed. Production data in 4 periods of rearing, obtained the number of dead and rejected chickens weighing 850.7 kg (212.7 kg/period), and litter weight of 4000 kg (1000kg/period). Nutrient content of flour mixed with closed house waste (WCH), protein: 36.58%, crude fat: 4.42%, gross energy Kcal/gram. aboratory test of WCH was negative for Eschericia colli and Salmonella shigella, Coliform < 3.0 CFU/g, mold 200 CFU/g. The conclusion of this study is that the waste from closed house (LCH) broiler farms has the potential as a source of protein in alternative feeds for rumonants (chicken and pig).
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Allen, Michael S., and Barry J. Bradford. "Control of food intake by metabolism of fuels: a comparison across species." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, no. 3 (2012): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112000572.
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Research with laboratory species suggests that meals can be terminated by peripheral signals carried to brain feeding centres via hepatic vagal afferents, and that these signals are affected by oxidation of fuels. Pre-gastric fermentation in ruminants greatly alters fuels, allowing mechanisms conserved across species to be studied with different types and temporal absorption of fuels. These fuels include SCFA, glucose, lactate, amino acids and long-chain fatty acid (FA) isomers, all of which are absorbed and metabolised by different tissues at different rates. Propionate is produced by rumen microbes, absorbed within the timeframe of meals, and quickly cleared by the liver. Its hypophagic effects are variable, likely due to its fate; propionate is utilised for gluconeogenesis or oxidised and also stimulates oxidation of acetyl-CoA by anapleurosis. In contrast, acetate has little effect on food intake, likely because its uptake by the ruminant liver is negligible. Glucose is hypophagic in non-ruminants but not ruminants and unlike non-ruminant species, uptake of glucose by ruminant liver is negligible, consistent with the differences in hypophagic effects between them. Inhibition of FA oxidation increases food intake, whereas promotion of FA oxidation suppresses food intake. Hypophagic effects of fuel oxidation also vary with changes in metabolic state. The objective of this paper is to compare the type and utilisation of fuels and their effects on feeding across species. We believe that the hepatic oxidation theory allows insight into mechanisms controlling feeding behaviour that can be used to formulate diets to optimise energy balance in multiple species.
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Dalrymple, B. P. "Harnessing the bovine genome sequence for the Australian cattle and sheep industries." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 8 (2005): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05043.
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Genomics is an emerging science and the release of the human and mouse genomes has significantly altered our picture of the information content of mammalian genomes. A smaller number of protein coding genes, and a larger number of genes that do not appear to encode protein products, the so-called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been identified. The first 2 drafts of the bovine genome sequence have been released, and work to utilise the framework of the bovine genome to facilitate ovine genomics is underway. In anticipation of the requirement for a detailed analysis of the ruminant genomes, their transcriptomes, interactomes, regulomes and similar, we have been developing the informatics platform for the analysis and integration of genome sequences and expression data for cattle and sheep. This resource will enable us to utilise the ruminant datasets and integrate them with equivalent data from other mammals for the advancement of animal scientific research for applications in the cattle and sheep industries in Australia.
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Bayat, Alireza, and Kevin J. Shingfield. "Overview of nutritional strategies to lower enteric methane emissions in ruminants." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75433.
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Since ruminants are capable of utilizing fibrous feeds not digested by mono-gastrics, they represent a valuable natural resource for meeting future increases in global food supply. Ruminants have both local (nitrogen and phosphorus pollutions) and global (greenhouse gases, GHG) environmental footprints. It is estimated that the livestock sector is responsible for 18% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Losses of methane represent 30 to 50% of total GHG from livestock production, with the contribution from ruminants accounting for about 80%. Due to the concerns of increases in GHG emissions into the environment and potential effects on global warming, there is a need to develop strategies to lower methane emissions from ruminants as part of an overall requirement to improve the sustainability of ruminant food production systems. Methane is produced as a by-product of anaerobic fermentation in the reticulo-rumen, largely due to the activity of methanogenic archaea. Recent research has focused on the potential of novel feed ingredients (probiotics, ionophores, acetogen-based inoculants, bacteriocins, organic acids and plant extracts) or vaccines to lower hydrogen production and/or increase the transfer and utilization of metabolic hydrogen in the production of end-products other than methane in the rumen. Research to date has provided evidence that dietary supplements of plant or marine oils, oilseeds, specific fatty acids and condensed tannins, as well as defaunation, increases in production level or decreases in the proportion of forage in the diet may lower enteric methane production. Even though dietary lipid supplements can be used to lower methane output, in high amounts a decrease in intake and milk production can be expected. While further investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of specific agents on methanogenesis in vitro, the effects have not been substantiated in vivo. Altering the ratio of H2 /non-H2 producing fibrolytic bacteria to lower methanogenesis without altering fibre digestion has been demonstrated under experimental conditions. Furthermore, non-H2 producing communities have been characterized in the digesta of certain ruminant species. In contrast, stimulating acetogenesis by inoculation with rumen acetogens or non-rumen acetogens have met with limited success in vitro and in vivo. Research has also concentrated on stimulating the ultilisation of metabolic hydrogen by sulphate reducing bacteria, but there remains concern over the toxicity of H2S in the host ruminant. Investigations of nitrate reducing bacteria which produce more NH3 and less toxic nitrite, have indicated promising results. Increasing the number of capnophilic bacteria which use CO2 and H2 to produce organic acids, succinic acid in particular, may decrease methane production. In isolation, several approaches have been shown to decrease enteric methane emissions, but often part of the changes observed are related to lowered organic matter digestion in the rumen. However, lowering methane production per unit product over the lifetime of an animal should be regarded as the central goal to decrease GHG from ruminant livestock systems. This highlights the need for integrated solutions to improve digestive efficiency, as well as fertility and health. In conclusion, any prospective solution to lower on-farm GHG emissions must be practical, cost effective and have no adverse effect on the profitability of ruminant meat and milk production. Recent research has indicated significant potential, but none of the strategies tested thus far satisfy all of the necessary criteria for immediate implementation.
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Fitzhugh, H. A. "Global agenda for livestock research." BSAP Occasional Publication 21 (1998): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0003202x.
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AbstractThe global agenda for livestock research must be led by the requirements for agricultural development, recognizing the integral and complementary rôle livestock play in sustainable agricultural systems. Demand for meat and milk will increase by more than 150 per cent over the next three decades, fuelled by the combination of income growth, population increase and urbanization. Increased demand will be primarily in developing regions, where current consumption per capita is low and livestock production systems are inefficient relative to those in developed countries. This situation encourages development to increase supply of livestock product. Research can facilitate sustainable livestock development to serve the needs of both producers and consumers.The benefits already realized from past investments in research, primarily in developed countries, help make the case for investing in livestock research. Nevertheless, the resources available for research are limited; choices must be made and expected benefits and costs should guide priorities. These benefits and costs should take into account social and environmental as well as financial values. Procedures for valuing the contribution of livestock research to sustainable development are inadequate and, in themselves, are a priority in the global agenda.Priorities for research differ but are generally linked across the levels of agricultural systems: household, community, landscape, national, regional and international. Specific priorities in the global agenda vary with livestock species (ruminant, non-ruminant), production systems (grazing, mixed, industrial), agro-ecological and socio-economic factors (especially, those differing for developed and developing regions) and whether research will be supported by public or private sector funding. The priorities for developing countries emphasize increasing productivity and efficiency; whereas for developed countries, more emphasis is given to food safety, zoonotic diseases and environmental issues. Non-traditional, but increasingly important priorities derive from the need for information and technologies to improve soil and water management to ensure long-term sustainability of livestock production systems and for socio-economic analysis to provide policy options for decision makers.The global agenda for livestock research is broad, embracing the full spectrum from basic to adaptive research. The traditional animal sciences will continue to be important but there is increasing need to draw from crop and environment research, from human health and genetics research, inter alia. Results from research in developed regions can be adapted to the needs of livestock systems in developing regions. In return, research on genetic resistance developed through natural selection in livestock populations in developing regions, may provide environmentally friendly means to control livestock disease and parasites in developed regions. The challenges posed by the global agenda are considerable. To meet these challenges, partnerships are required, linking skills, capacities and access to problems. The successes of these research partnerships will meet the requirements for sustainable agricultural development and ensure support for livestock research in the future.
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Fitriawaty, F., S. Surya, S. Muslimin, et al. "Identification of macroalgae from the West Coast of Sulawesi and potential utilization as ruminant feed sources." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1292, no. 1 (2024): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1292/1/012014.
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Abstract The use of macroalgae as a ruminant feed is being widely developed due to its rich nutritional content and the presence of anti-methanogenic substances that may be able to reduce the formation of methane gas in ruminants. Macroalgae are cultivated and not cultivated; the species are diverse and grow in groups throughout Indonesian waters. This study aims to identify macro algae morphology that is easily found in the waters of the West Coast of Sulawesi and its potential use as a source of ruminant feed. Macro alga samples of cultivated and non-cultivated algae were collected from farmers and fishermen from the West Coast of Sulawesi, then continued with morphological identification. Several related articles and previous research obtained data regarding nutritional content using proximate analysis (protein, lipid and ash) and its potential use as a feed source. Research shows several macroalgae species that are easily found in the waters of the west coast of Sulawesi, namely macroalgae cultivated Gracilaria sp, Eucheuma denticulatum, Eucheuma cottonii, and Caulerpa sp. In contrast, the non-cultivated ones are Sargassum sp, Padina australis, Halymenia sp, Halimynea sp, and Caulerpa sp. Of the eight species, It is nutrient-rich and may be utilized as a source of feed for ruminants in the form of pure or extracts, but the proportion of macroalgae in the diet must be taken into account.
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Friday, Jerves Gibson, and Ambrose Jubara. "Indigestible Foreign Bodies in cattle and goats: A veterinary surgical emergency and potential silent killer in South Sudan." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 1 (2024): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2023.420.
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In South Sudan, reckless littering and contamination of environment with all sorts of solid waste turned Indigestible Foreign Bodies (IFBs), poor knowledge of the public and farmers and the current animal husbandry system in practice constituted potential drivers for ruminant animals to inevitably ingest one or more of IFBs, that proved to be a potential, neglected non-infectious disease and a silent killer. The objective of this study was to identify the types and prevalence of IFBs in slaughtered cattle and goats. The research was carried out at two of the biggest slaughterhouses in the towns of Aweil and Wau. This study uses a cross section design in which animals prepared for slaughter were identified at antemortem and their rumen and reticulum were examined for the presence of foreign indigestible bodies. The results show that the overall prevalence of IFBs in both species in the two slaughterhouses was 32.55%, goats were more affected (34.41%) than cattle. Prevalence in aged goats (57.14%) were higher than younger ones. Middle-aged cattle succumbed more (36.11 %) than young ones. Females in both species were more affected (38.04%) than males. Prevalence of IFBs in Aweil municipal slaughterhouse (40.20%) was higher than in Wau slaughterhouse (29.78%). Most recovered types of IFB in cattle and goats were plastics (44.50%) followed by cloths (25.36%). However, mixed type of IFB was the most encountered in goats (68%) than in cattle (31.2%). The study concluded that IFBs ingestion by ruminant animals in South Sudan was widespread but not scientifically documented and disseminated and therefore, recommends extensive public and farmers awareness about solid waste management, type of biodegradables solid wastes and the policymakers to consider classification of IFBs ingestion by ruminant animals as potential non-infectious veterinary emergencies and a silent killer.
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Choi, Eun Yeong, and Ji Young Kim. "The Effects of Interpersonal Trauma Experiences on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in College Students: The Mediating Effects of Distress Tolerance and Anger Rumination." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 25, no. 4 (2025): 323–36. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2025.25.4.323.
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Objectives This study sought to explore the relationship between non-suicide self-injury, pain patience, and anger ruminants in Korean university students who experienced interpersonal trauma, and verify the parallel mediating effect of pain patience and anger ruminants in the relationship between interpersonal trauma experience. Methods Based on prior research and a literature review, a model was established in which distress tolerance and anger rumination parallelly mediate the relationship between interpersonal trauma experiences and non-suicidal self-injury among college students. To test this model, an online survey was conducted with 304 male and female adults in their 20s, currently enrolled in domestic universities, over five days from September 23 to September 27, 2022. Data cleaning, reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis were performed using SPSS 23. Subsequently, the parallel mediation effects were tested using Process Macro 4.1, specifically employing Model 4. Results The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of correlation analysis, interpersonal trauma experience showed a static correlation between non-suicidal self-injury and anger ruminant, and an inappropriate correlation with pain tolerance. Non-suicidal self-injury showed a static correlation with ruminations of anger, and an inappropriate correlation with endurance of bitter pain. Patience of pain showed an inappropriate correlation with ruminations of anger. Second, as a result of the verification of the parallel mediating effect, the pain tolerance was mediated in the relationship between interpersonal trauma and non-suicide self-injury, but the anger ruminant was not mediated. Conclusions This suggests that university students' personal trauma experience may be a healing factor in pain and tolerance in relation to non-suicidal self-injury.
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Caja, Gerardo, Andreia Castro-Costa, Ahmed A. K. Salama, et al. "Sensing solutions for improving the performance, health and wellbeing of small ruminants." Journal of Dairy Research 87, S1 (2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029920000667.
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AbstractDiversity of production systems and specific socio-economic barriers are key reasons explaining why the implementation of new technologies in small ruminants, despite being needed and beneficial for farmers, is harder than in other livestock species. There are, however, helpful peculiarities where small ruminants are concerned: the compulsory use of electronic identification created a unique scenario in Europe in which all small ruminant breeding stock became searchable by appropriate sensing solutions, and the largest small ruminant population in the world is located in Asia, close to the areas producing new technologies. Notwithstanding, only a few research initiatives and literature reviews have addressed the development of new technologies in small ruminants. This Research Reflection focuses on small ruminants (with emphasis on dairy goats and sheep) and reviews in a non-exhaustive way the basic concepts, the currently available sensor solutions and the structure and elements needed for the implementation of sensor-based husbandry decision support. Finally, some examples of results obtained using several sensor solutions adapted from large animals or newly developed for small ruminants are discussed. Significant room for improvement is recognized and a large number of multiple-sensor solutions are expected to be developed in the relatively near future.
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Ma, Szu-Wei, and Antonio P. Faciola. "Impacts of Slow-Release Urea in Ruminant Diets: A Review." Fermentation 10, no. 10 (2024): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10100527.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing costs of traditional protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM), have prompted interest in alternative feeds for ruminants. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources, like urea, offer a cost-effective alternative by enabling rumen microorganisms to convert NPN into microbial protein, which is crucial for ruminant nutrition. However, the rapid hydrolysis of urea in the rumen can result in excessive ammonia (NH3) production and potential toxicity. Slow-release urea (SRU) has been developed to mitigate these issues by gradually releasing nitrogen, thereby improving nutrient utilization and reducing NH3 toxicity risks. This review explores SRU’s development, types, mechanisms, and benefits, highlighting its potential to enhance ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and overall feed efficiency. SRU formulations include polymer-coated urea, lipid-coated urea, calcium-urea, starea, and zeolite-impregnated urea, each designed to control nitrogen release and minimize adverse effects. Studies have demonstrated that SRU can improve microbial nitrogen efficiency and reduce nitrogen losses, although results regarding feed intake, digestibility, and milk yield are mixed. These discrepancies indicate that factors such as SRU type, diet formulation, and animal breed may influence outcomes. Continued research is essential to optimize SRU applications, aiming to enhance ruminant production, economic viability, and environmental stewardship.
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Kielly, G. A., P. G. Jefferson, T. Lawrence, and R. B. Irvine. "Evaluation of sainfoin-alfalfa mixtures for forage production and compatibility at a semi-arid location in southern Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (1994): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-140.
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Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an adapted pasture legume for the semi-arid region of western Canada but its use is restricted because of ruminant bloat hazard. Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is a non-bloat-inducing forage legume that yields less forage than alfalfa in this region. Mixture of these legumes may mitigate respective weaknesses by combining their strengths. The objective of this research was to determine the stability of seed-mixture (two legumes seeded in the same row) compared to legume monoculture and alternate row seeding (two legumes seeded in separate but adjacent rows). Three trials were seeded on dryland sites at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, in 1977, 1986, and 1987. Treatments varied from the first trial to the last three but all trials allowed comparison of seed-mixture seeding to monoculture and alternate row swards. In the first and second trials, seed-mixture species composition shifted to alfalfa domination (> 90% alfalfa) over 5 yr more quickly than alternate row, presumably due to interspecific competition. In the other trial, seed-mixture was dominated by alfalfa within 2 yr after seeding due to drought stress. We concluded that sainfoin-alfalfa mixtures are not stable or sustainable in this semi-arid environment. Key words: Competition, ruminant bloat, onobrychis, seeding pattern
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Nunes, Alanne T., Camila A. Faleiros, Mirele D. Poleti, et al. "Unraveling Ruminant Feed Efficiency Through Metabolomics: A Systematic Review." Metabolites 14, no. 12 (2024): 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14120675.
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Background: Advancements in metabolomic technologies have revolutionized our understanding of feed efficiency (FE) in livestock, offering new pathways to enhance both profitability and sustainability in ruminant production. Methods: This review offers a critical and systematic evaluation of the metabolomics methods used to measure and assess FE in ruminants. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, covering publications from 1971 to 2023. This review synthesizes findings from 71 studies that applied metabolomic approaches to uncover the biological mechanisms driving interindividual variations in FE across cattle, sheep, goats, and buffaloes. Results: Most studies focused on cattle and employed targeted metabolomics to identify key biomarkers, including amino acids, fatty acids, and other metabolites linked to critical pathways such as energy metabolism, nitrogen utilization, and muscle development. Despite promising insights, challenges remain, including small sample sizes, methodological inconsistencies, and a lack of validation studies, particularly for non-cattle species. Conclusions: By leveraging state-of-the-art metabolomic methods, this review highlights the potential of metabolomics to provide cost-effective, non-invasive molecular markers for FE evaluation, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable livestock management. Future research should prioritize larger, species-specific studies with standardized methods to validate identified biomarkers and enhance practical applications in livestock production systems.
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Olaogun, Sunday Charles, Precious Ifeoma Obiora, Amos Ayodele Oladipupo, et al. "Occurrence and Comparison of Hematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Peste Des Petits Ruminants’ Virus (PPRV) Infected and Non-Infected Breeds of Goats in Nigeria." Folia Veterinaria 69, no. 1 (2025): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.2478/fv-2025-0007.
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Abstract Peste des Petits ruminant’s virus infection (PPRV) is of great economic importance in the small ruminant production industry and is recognized among the top ten diseases threatening small ruminant production and productivity globally and, most especially, in the tropics. This study investigates the occur-rence of PPRV and establishes and compares hematobiochemical parameters of PPRV-infected and non-infected Nigerian goats to establish the extent of deviations of these parameters. A total of 58 goats, involving 32 healthy and 26 PPRV-infected goats manifesting clinical symptoms and confirmed with PPRV Antibody Rapid test kit, were analysed. Blood and serum samples were collected aseptically during June to August of 2024 at the Akinyele Livestock Market and the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Breeds and sex were morphologically identified, and age was determined using the rostral dentition technique. Hematobiochemical analyses were done by the adoption of standard procedures. Findings revealed that crossbred goats were the breed with the highest incidence (57.1 %), while the lowest incidence was observed in West African Dwarfs (30.0 %). Also, higher incidence was observed in bucks (58.3 %) compared to does (35.3 %). There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) observed in all hematological and biochemical parameters, but lymphocytes and neutrophils had p-values of 0.08, respectively, when the values were compared. There was lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, hypoproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoglycemia, generalized increased liver and kidney enzymes, and an increase in the concentration of sodium and potassium ions detected in PPRV-infected goats compared to non-infected goats.
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Owens, Fredric N. "356 Anomalies of Carbohydrate Digestion and Metabolism by Ruminants." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.355.
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Abstract Carbohydrate, derived either from plant cell walls (neutral detergent fiber; NDF) from fresh or conserved forages consumed by cows and growing cattle or from starch of grains and concentrates in commercial feedlot diets, provides most of the dietary energy for ruminant growth and production. The ruminants’ ability to harvest forage from remote, inaccessible locations, to scavenge energy from NDF of feeds and byproducts of grain largely indigestible by non-ruminants, and to employ non-protein N to form protein-rich, nutrient-dense foods for humans are key ecological advantages over non-ruminants. Outlined below are some topics needing research attention. First, feed composition tables invariably indicate that the digested energy (DE) of carbohydrates is 4.4 kilocalories per gram, yet the gross energy (GE) of purified carbohydrate polymers (starch; cellulose, glycogen) averages 4.18; monomers (hexoses, pentoses) average 3.74. Having DE exceed GE violates the first Law of Thermodynamics! Might this 5 percent discrepancy reflect underestimations of fecal lignin or of protein digestibility due to metabolic fecal N? Favoring feeds rich in carbohydrate, this discrepancy confounds formulation of least-cost diets. Secondly, site of digestion of carbohydrate alters its metabolizable energy (ME). Fermentation, though required to yield ME from NDF, generates methane and heat. In contrast, starches and sugars that escape ruminal fermentation, if digested in the small intestine, circumvent these losses increasing their relative ME. Unfortunately, when ruminally fermented, starch, either directly or via pH depression, reduces NDF fermentation; might ruminal NDF digestion be increased by feeding NDF plus buffer versus concentrate diet components asynchronously? Third, carbohydrate metabolites lost in urine (lactate, pentoses, hippuric acid) need further quantification. Finally, ruminally-formed metabolites (methylglyoxal, methane) adversely affect animal health and energetics. Ruminal modification (site- or time-targeted enzymes or inhibitors; altering the ruminal microbiome with pre- or probiotics, inoculants, nutraceuticals) should help enhance ruminant productivity and sustainability.
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Hendrawan, Hendrawan. "THE POTENTIAL OF PROBIOTICS AS AMMONIA LEVELING AGENT IN EXCRETE WASTE IN BROILER CHICKEN LIVESTOCK." Journal of Livestock Science and Production 7, no. 2 (2023): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31002/jalspro.v7i2.7385.
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Broiler chicken (Gallus sp.) is non ruminant animal being domesticated for the purpose being harvested for its meat. Broiler chicken is generally used as commodity of poultry farm because producing meat that can be harvested in short time in range of 30 (thirty) days. This research purpose is to understand about bacterial potency that used as ammonia reducing agent in manure waste that can be applicated in poultry farm for broiler chicken. The method used in this research is literature study in related theme with research object. The bacteria used in this research is Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. The usage of bacteria is as probiotic agent that can be applied in excrete waste in broiler chicken in poultry farm of broiler chicken. The result expected is that bacteria agent can effectively reducing ammonia concentration in excrete of broiler chicken. The conclusion of this research is that bacteria agent can reduce the amount of ammonia concentration in excrete waste of poultry farm for broiler chicken (Gallus sp.).
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Rizwan, Hafiz Muhammad, Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib, Muhammad Sohail Sajid, et al. "Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections." Pathogens 12, no. 11 (2023): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111291.
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We started a campaign in the heart of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, to expose the hidden threats of parasitic illnesses in ruminants and the severe financial consequences associated with them. Our in-depth investigations focused on the prevalence, impact, and astounding financial losses brought on by organ contamination in slaughtered animals. Of the 384 slaughtered ruminants examined for gastrointestinal parasites, a prevalence of 44.79% was recorded. It is interesting to note that we found no conclusive association between parasitic infection and the various ruminant species under study (p > 0.05). However, goats (52.0%) had the highest numerical prevalence of parasitic infection, followed by cattle (46.1%), buffalo (46.0%), and sheep (34.7%) in that order. A significant finding (p < 0.05) showed that the majority of animals had light parasitism (46.5%), as opposed to those with moderate (30.2%) or severe loads (23.2%). Our research revealed substantial (p < 0.05) relationships between ruminant age, sex, and parasitic infection prevalence. In comparison to females (56.4%) and adults (48.1%), males (36.1%) and young (36.9%) ruminants showed considerably decreased infection rates (p < 0.05). On the other hand, we discovered a non-significant (p > 0.05) association between the months and the prevalence of parasitic infection. As a result of the condemnation of contaminated organs such as the rumen, lungs, and liver, an estimated financial loss of PKR 133,731,400 (USD = 466,939.2) was incurred. The yearly economic losses caused by liver condemnation were much greater than those caused by rumen and lung condemnation (p < 0.05). Our research not only reported a significantly higher abundance but also economic threats of the parasitic diseases among the slaughtered animals in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Our findings highlighted the critical need for preventive and therapeutic interventions for parasitic infections in animals, in order to mitigate the economic losses through strengthened animal health.
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Ates, Ertan. "The Effect of Different Growth Stages on Some Forage Quality Characters of the Leaf and Stem in Four Newly Developed Genotypes of Blue Melilot (Melilotus caeruleus (L.) Desr.)." Greener Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science 4, no. 5 (2016): 87–93. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJPBCS.2016.5.082516139.
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<strong>This research was carried out in 2012-2014 on clay soil with pH 6.9 on the farm land of Malkara-Tekirdag in Turkey located at 40.0 °N, 26.0 °E, about 254 m altitude sea level, with a typical subtropical climate. The aim of this study was to determine some forage quality characteristics of stems and leaves in four newly developed genotypes of blue melilot at different growth stages. Four blue melilot genotypes (BG-1, BG-2, BG-3 and BG-4) were evaluated with mass selection. Higher leaf fresh yield (9.38 t ha</strong><strong><sup>-1</sup></strong><strong>) and leaf dry matter yield (3.44 t ha</strong><strong><sup>-1</sup></strong><strong>) were found in the BG-3 genotype, whereas its exhibited lower values than other genotypes for the stem fresh matter yield (0.80 t ha</strong><strong><sup>-1</sup></strong><strong>) and dry matter yield (0.31 t ha</strong><strong><sup>-1</sup></strong><strong>) at pre-bud growth stage. The CP, ADF, NDF, ADL, Ca, Mg, K and P contents in the leaves and stems of blue melilot genotypes were adequate for ruminant and </strong><strong>non ruminant</strong><strong> animals. NDF, ADF and ADL contents increase with the progress of blue melilot development both in the stem and leaf. The leaves are more abundantly supplied with minerals then the stem. The CP, Ca and P contents and fresh and dry matter yields of leaves in candidate genotype BG-3 blue melilot line was determined to be higher than other genotypes.</strong>
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Phipps, R. H., J. D. Sutton, and M. K. Bhat. "Are enzymes useful in ruminant diets?" Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008991.
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Cellulose and hemicellulose are the major structural carbohydrates present in forages and form between 30 and 60% of the forage component of ruminant diets. The complex network of structural carbohydrates and lignin generally leads to low digestibility and limits the efficient utilisation of forages by ruminants. This situation occurs in both developed and developing countries, and in the latter it is particularly pronounced as much of the forage component is based around the use of crop residues (Owen and Jayasuria, 1989). Because forage costs are significantly lower than those of other dietary ingredients, improving forage quality has been a major objective for many research programmes in both the developed and developing world. Improvements in forage quality have been sort through a number of different strategies. These have included conventional breeding techniques, which have included the integration of mutant genes, leading to the development of Brown Midrib varieties of maize and the use of chemical and biological additives. Enzyme supplements are commonly used to improve the nutritive value of feeds for non ruminants and as silage additives where they have been shown to improve silage fermentation, feed intake and performance. Recent work with ruminants has however focused on the use of enzyme supplements to improve feed efficiency by the use of “direct-fed” fibrolytic enzymes. This strategy involves the application of enzymes to feed at or only hours before feeding. These studies have yielded very variable production responses. For any new technology to be implemented widely, the responses achieved must provide an acceptable level of consistency and predictability. The current paper reviews developments in enzymology, production responses achieved and the effects on nutrient digestion.
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O’Mahony, James, Rubén de la Torre Cerro, and Paul Holloway. "Modelling the Distribution of the Red Macroalgae Asparagopsis to Support Sustainable Aquaculture Development." AgriEngineering 3, no. 2 (2021): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3020017.
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Fermentative digestion by ruminant livestock is one of the main ways enteric methane enters the atmosphere, although recent studies have identified that including red macroalgae as a feed ingredient can drastically reduce methane produced by cattle. Here, we utilize ecological modelling to identify suitable sites for establishing aquaculture development to support sustainable agriculture and Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 2. We used species distributions models (SDMs) parameterized using an ensemble of multiple statistical and machine learning methods, accounting for novel methodological and ecological artefacts that arise from using such approaches on non-native and cultivated species. We predicted the current distribution of two Asparagopsis species to high accuracy around the coast of Ireland. The environmental drivers of each species differed depending on where the response data was sourced from (i.e., native vs. non-native), suggesting that the length of time A. armata has been present in Ireland may mean it has undergone a niche shift. Subsequently, researchers looking to adopt SDMs to support aquaculture development need to acknowledge emerging conceptual issues, and here we provide the code needed to implement such research, which should support efforts to effectively choose suitable sites for aquaculture development that account for the unique methodological steps identified in this research.
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Kohut, Grace. "Tooth Wear Age Estimation of Ruminants from Archaeological Sites." Pathways 3, no. 1 (2022): 82–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/pathways33.
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The teeth of ruminants (cud-chewing herbivores) can be used to estimate age. Tooth wear age estimation is an especially valuable method in archaeological research because it is non-destructive, efficient, and is adaptable to multiple species, which provides effective results. The objective of this paper is to review tooth wear age estimation approaches taken with a focus on cervid (deer) and caprine (sheep and goat) mandibles. I discuss the process of dental attrition involving ruminant chewing, digestion, and feeding behaviour, as well as factors that affect the rate of wear including individual and population variance. The approaches to tooth wear age estimation have been divided into three overarching categories: the Crown Height Method, the Visual Wear Pattern Method, and the Wear Trait Scoring Method. These approaches are all non-destructive and require similar assumptions about the regularities of tooth wear. Each involves different levels of accuracy, ease of use, efficiency, and applicability to archaeological mandibles. This paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses for these approaches and explains that these various methods reviewed are each better suited to different research situations. Taken together, tooth wear age estimation is a valuable tool that zooarchaeologists employ to reconstruct age-based demographic profiles of animal remains recovered from archaeological sites, illustrating how people interacted with and used them.
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Jaswal, Shalini, Manoj Kumar Jena, Vijay Anand, et al. "Critical Review on Physiological and Molecular Features during Bovine Mammary Gland Development: Recent Advances." Cells 11, no. 20 (2022): 3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11203325.
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The mammary gland is a unique organ with the ability to undergo repeated cyclic changes throughout the life of mammals. Among domesticated livestock species, ruminants (cattle and buffalo) constitute a distinct class of livestock species that are known milk producers. Cattle and buffalo contribute to 51 and 13% of the total milk supply in the world, respectively. They also play an essential role in the development of the economy for farming communities by providing milk, meat, and draft power. The development of the ruminant mammary gland is highly dynamic and multiphase in nature. There are six developmental stages: embryonic, prepubertal, pubertal, pregnancy, lactation, and involution. There has been substantial advancement in our understanding of the development of the mammary gland in both mouse and human models. Until now, there has not been a thorough investigation into the molecular processes that underlie the various stages of cow udder development. The current review sheds light on the morphological and molecular changes that occur during various developmental phases in diverse species, with a particular focus on the cow udder. It aims to explain the physiological differences between cattle and non-ruminant mammalian species such as humans, mice, and monkeys. Understanding the developmental biology of the mammary gland in molecular detail, as well as species-specific variations, will facilitate the researchers working in this area in further studies on cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, organogenesis, and carcinogenesis. Additionally, in-depth knowledge of the mammary gland will promote its use as a model organ for research work and promote enhanced milk yield in livestock animals without affecting their health and welfare.
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ABDA'U, ARTHUR, Salsabila Rahmania Sujarwo, Usman Ali, Badat Muwakhid, and Umi Kalsum. "Nutrients Content of Polianthes tuberosa Plant Waste Fermentation with Aspergillus niger as Alternative Feed Ingredients for Ruminant." JURNAL ILMIAH PETERNAKAN TERPADU 11, no. 2 (2023): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v11i2.p94-105.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional content such as organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and non-nitrogen extract materials from the waste of the tuberose flower (Polianthes tuberosa) that was fermented by Aspergillus niger as ruminant feed. The materials used were Aspergillus niger with the availability of inoculant 2.46 x 108 CFU/g, tuberose flower waste, water and molasses. The research method uses the experimental method consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each treatment used a different dose of Aspergillus niger inoculant, namely (P0) control without fermentation, (P1) 1 x 107 CFU/g dry matter (DM) material, (P2) 3 x 107 CFU/g (DM) material, (P3) 6 x 107 CFU/g (DM) material and (P4) 9 x 107 CFU/g (DM) material, each treatment required 200 grams of tuberose flower waste.very significant (P<0.01) effect onnutritional content Polianthes tuberosa mfermented nature. The conclusion of the study was that the administration of Aspergillus niger at a dose of 9 x 107 CFU/g (DM) material was the best dose for Polianthes tuberosa fermentation with a content of 83,87±0,69 % organic matter, 11,50±0,01% crude protein, 0,31±0,08% CF, 18,62±0,23% crude fiber dan 69,57±0,18% non-nitrogen extract materials.
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Li, Biao, Zhihua Jiang, and Jinzeng Yang. "PSXIII-11 Large-scale profiling of non-conventional peptides in several tissues of Yak (Bos mutus) by peptidogenomic pipeline." Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_3 (2024): 716–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.806.
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Abstract Wild Yak (Bos Mutus) has great research value in understanding ruminant animal physiology and biomedicine as a model of plateau hypoxia adaptation. Non-conventional peptides (NCPs), including small open reading frame-encoded peptides, have been found to have a key role in basic plant and animal biological processes. In this study, we first developed an integrated peptidogenomic pipeline, used high-throughput mass spectrometry to probe a customized six-frame translation database, combined genome, transcriptome and translatome analysis, and applied it to large-scale identification of NCPs in several important tissues related to metabolism, immunity, digestion and reproduction in yaks. Here we report that 9,550, 7,016, 7,958, 7,537, 7,921 and 13,973 NCPs were identified in liver, lung, spleen, muscle, testis and small intestine, respectively. These NCPs have distinct characteristics and differences from conventional peptides in which they are derived from introns, 3 ‘UTR, 5’ UTR, out-of-frame exons, and intergenic regions (IGRs). In addition, although NCPs were identified in a wide range and existed in various tissues of yaks, they also showed differences in tissue expression. Interestingly, we also found that the number of hydrophobic amino acids in NCPs was greater than that of hydrophilic amino acids in different tissues of yaks, but the result of CPs was opposite. These results indicate that they may be related to the maintaining protein stability and anti-oxidative stress. The physiological functions were further verified by the in vitro antioxidant activity of 20 candidate peptides, but the specific physiological mechanisms remain to be further investigated. In summary, our study developed an integrated peptidogenomic pipeline for the first time to extensively identify NCPs in wild yaks, indicating that a large portion of yak genome can be translated into molecules with biological functions, which is of great significance for functional genomic studies and provides a reference for the discovery of new functional genes for environmental adaptability of ruminant animals.
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Yusuf, Muhammad, and Kaharuddin Kaharuddin. "Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Ikan dengan Tepung Larva BSF dalam Ransum terhadap Konsumsi Protein Kasar, Lemak Kasar dan Serat Kasar pada Burung Puyuh." Jurnal Syntax Admiration 5, no. 9 (2024): 3579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v5i9.1586.
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The research was carried out experimentally at the Non-Ruminant Livestock Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Hasanuddin University from April to June 2019. This research aims to determine the effect of substituting fish meal with BSF larvae meal in the ration on the consumption of crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber in quail. 60 female quail were used in this study using cages measuring 90 x 60 x 30 cm. This research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and five replications, divided randomly based on treatment as follows: P0 Ration without adding BSF larval meal, P1 = BSF larval meal 3.183% (6.67% crude fish meal protein) , P2=BSF larval meal 6.370% (3.34% fish meal crude protein), P3=BSF larval meal 9.565% (0% fish meal crude protein). The variables observed were the consumption of crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber in quail. The data obtained were then analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software. The results of the analysis of the effect of substituting fish meal with BSF larvae meal in the ration had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the consumption of crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber in quail.
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Doha Salah Jameel and Abdallah Hameed Salim. "Study Effect of Breed on Milk Production Traits and their Regression on Weight in Local and Cypriot Goats." University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research 13, no. 2 (2024): 153–58. https://doi.org/10.54174/basyvq21.
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The study was conducted on a group of goats in the Ruminant Research Station of the Agricultural Research Department. It aimed to study the effect of breed on milk production and its components, which include (daily milk production, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, milk lactose percentage and non-fat solids percentage) in both local and Cypriot goats, and to study correlation and regression coefficient between studied traits, for effect of goat breed (local and Cypriot) on milk production traits and its components. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between two breeds with respect to trait (total milk production, number of milking days, peak production, fat percentage and protein percentage). Also noted that local goats superiority Cypriot goats in trait of total milk production, number of milking days, peak production and protein percentage. As for trait of fat, and noted that Cypriot goats superiority local goats. The results indicated that there were highly significant differences (P≤0.01) with respect to the lactose trait, with local goats superiority Cypriot goats. There were also significant differences (P≤0.05) between two breeds for non-fat solids trait with superiority of local goats over Cypriot goats, most of correlations between studied traits were significant and medium to highly correlated and regression coefficient of these traits on birth weights, weaning and current weights were not significant at all levels of significance studied.
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مهدي العزاوي, زيد محمد, سعد ابراهيم سعيد, and سعد محمد ندا. "Factors affecting in milk composition in Cyprus , Local goats and their cross." Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences 2, no. 4 (2015): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.59658/jkas.v2i4.42.
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This study was carried out in the station of ruminant research of the State Board for Agriculture Research, Ministry of Agricultural in Abu Ghraib (23 km west of Baghdad) for the period of 1/10/2012 - 25/9/2013. The objective of the present study was to study of fixed factors(Genetic group,typ of birth,sex of birth,month of birth,age of ewe and lactation of period) in some of milk composition (fat,protein and lactos%) in Cyprus , Local goats and their cross. The General linear model (GLM) within the SAS (2004) computer package was used to analyze the data. The study included 593 records for percentage of milk composition (fat,protein and lactose) of 119 goats. The overall means for the percentage of fat, protein and lactose were 2.98,2.98,4.44%, respectively. The resulted showed that all of environment factors are non- significant effect in protein percentage,wihle month of birth , age of goat and lactation stage are significant effect (P<0.05) for genetic groups. Month of birth was significant (P<0.05) and typ of birth was highly significant effect (p< 0.01) on lactose percentage , Also, regression of fat percentage on goat weight at birth was highly significant (p< 0.01) and non- significant of protein and lactose.
 Key words : milk composition , Cyprus . Local , goats
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Bello, A. A., A. A. Voh Jr, D. Ogwu, and J. O. Ayo. "Comparative pregnancy diagnosis of digital rectal palpation technique, ultrasonography, progesterone assay and non-return-to-heat in Red Sokoto goat." Nigerian Veterinary Journal 44, no. 1 (2023): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v44i1.4.
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Comparative pregnancy diagnosis was carried out to evaluation the effectiveness of digital rectal palpation technique in Red Sokoto goat, at Small Ruminant Research Program of National Animal Production Research Institute, Shika, Zaria. Forty two does were randomly divided into groups A, B and C, (n = 14 each). Semen was collected from two Red Sokoto bucks using artificial vagina, processed and stored at 4˚C. Oestrus was synchronised with prostaglandin F2-alpha, and oestrus detected by apronised bucks and visual observation. Breeding was by artificial inseminating for groups A and B while group C bred by natural service. Comparative pregnancy diagnosis was carried out using ultrasonography (US) and digital rectal palpation technique (DRP) on day 14, 21, 28 and 126, while progesterone assay (P4) and non-return-to-heat (NRH) on day 21, post-breeding. Pregnancy rates on day 21 were 64.3 %, 92.9 % and 100 % (US); 42.9 %, 57.1 % and 57.1 % (DRP); 78.6 %, 78.6 % and 100 % (P4); 85.7 %, 78.6 % and 92.9 % (NRH). There was significant (P < 0.05) difference between US, DRP, P4 and NRH in groups B and C. It was concluded that DRP technique was effective in early pregnancy diagnosis (days 14, 21, and 28) in Red Sokoto goat does.
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مهدي العزاوي, زيد محمد, سعد ابراهيم سعيد, and سعد محمد ندا. "Factors affecting in total milk yield and lactation period in Cyprus , Local goats and their cross." Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences 2, no. 4 (2015): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.59658/jkas.v2i4.41.
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This study was carried out in the station for ruminant research of the State Board for Agriculture Research, Ministry of Agricultural in Abu Ghraib (23 km west of Baghdad) for the period of 1/10/2012 - 25/9/2013. The objective of the present study was to study of effect factors in total milk yield (TMY) and lactation period (LP( in Cyprus , Local goats and their cross. The study included 607 records for TMY and LP of 163 goats. The overall means for total milk yield through 179.54 days was 180.88 kg. The least squares means for milk yield 221.31 ± 6.40 , 149.84 ± 8.54 and 171.51 ± 11.21 kg in Cyprus , Local goats and their cross , respectively and lactation period were 172.51± 2.12 , 188.46 ± 2.90 and 177.67 ± 3.62 days in Cyprus , Local goats and their cross , respectively. Genetic groups and production year were highly significant (P<0.01) on TMY and LP ,but type of birth and sex of kid were non- significant. Age of goat was highly significant (P<0.01) on LP. regression of TMYon LP and LP on TMY were highly significant (p< 0.01).
 Key words : total milk yield , Cyprus . Local , goats
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Hao, Min, Mengyu Zhang, Haiqing Tian, and Jianying Sun. "Research on Silage Corn Forage Quality Grading Based on Hyperspectroscopy." Agriculture 14, no. 9 (2024): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091484.
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Corn silage is the main feed in the diet of dairy cows and other ruminant livestock. Silage corn feed is very susceptible to spoilage and corruption due to the influence of aerobic secondary fermentation during the silage process. At present, silage quality testing of corn feed mainly relies on the combination of sensory evaluation and laboratory measurement. The sensory review method is difficult to achieve precision and objectivity, while the laboratory determination method has problems such as cumbersome testing procedures, time-consuming, high cost, and damage to samples. In this study, the external sensory quality grading model for different qualities of silage corn feed was established using hyperspectral data. To explore the feasibility of using hyperspectral data for external sensory quality grading of corn silage, a hyperspectral system was used to collect spectral data of 200 corn silage samples in the 380–1004 nm band, and the samples were classified into four grades: excellent, fair, medium, and spoiled according to the German Agricultural Association (DLG) standard for sensory evaluation of silage samples. Three algorithms were used to preprocess the fodder hyperspectral data, including multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), and S–G convolutional smoothing. To reduce the redundancy of the spectral data, variable combination population analysis (VCPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) were used for feature wavelength selection, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm was used for data dimensionality reduction, constructing random forest classification (RFC), convolutional neural networks (CNN) and support vector machines (SVM) models. The best classification model was derived based on the comparison of the model results. The results show that SNV-LDA-SVM is the optimal algorithm combination, where the accuracy of the calibration set is 99.375% and the accuracy of the prediction set is 100%. In summary, combined with hyperspectral technology, the constructed model can realize the accurate discrimination of the external sensory quality of silage corn feed, which provides a reliable and effective new non-destructive testing method for silage corn feed quality detection.
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Paramitadevi, Yudith Vega, Cindy Rianti Priadi, Iftita Rahmatika, Andriansjah Rukmana, and Setyo Sarwanto Moersidik. "Resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated from stool, feed, and compost sources to antibiotics in Sukabumi." E3S Web of Conferences 485 (2024): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448507001.
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Antibiotic-resistant E. coli is a growing concern in various settings, but environmental studies are rare compared to clinical research on human and animal health. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of E. coli bacteria resistant to different antibiotics in the environment by examining E. coli resistant to cefotaxime isolated from ruminant stool, feed, and compost. The phenotyping test was conducted through antibiotic susceptibility test using Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method, followed by the One-Way variance (ANOVA) analysis of the antibiotic susceptibility test results. Of the 12 isolates exposed to cefotaxime, six showed resistance to this antibiotic, and all isolates, including those resistant to cefotaxime, were resistant to eight out of ten types of antibiotics. All isolates had resistance to at least two to five types of antibiotics. The phenotypic pattern between fecal isolates and non-fecal isolates did not differ significantly, except for the antibiotics amoxicillin (p≤0.05) and ampicillin (p≤0.05). The overlapping resistance patterns observed in animal feed, animal stool, and compost suggest a potential link between their microbiological compositions.
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Carson, Allan W., P. Michael Rutherford, and Philip J. Burton. "Desulphurized tailings serve as a useful soil supplement for mine reclamation." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 94, no. 4 (2014): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2013-116.
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Carson, A. W., Rutherford, P. M. and Burton, P. J. 2014. Desulphurized tailings serve as a useful soil supplement for mine reclamation. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 529–541. Soil is often in limited supply for use in mine reclamation activities; it may be necessary to build soils (Anthroposols) using locally available substrates. Eight test plots were established at Huckleberry Mine, Houston, BC, to investigate soil properties and evaluate the performance and metal uptake of plants established on stockpiled soils that were or were not supplemented with non-acid generating sand (NAGS) and fertilizer. Concentrations of total and extractable trace elements (including base metals) were lower in NAGS-supplemented soils than in non-supplemented soils. Supplementing soils with NAGS reduced cation exchange capacity and exchangeable base cations, yet plant performance was not significantly lower than that observed in non-supplemented soils. When combined with a fertilizer application, plant performance on NAGS-supplemented soils significantly increased. For heavy metals analyzed in plant tissues, only molybdenum (Mo) concentrations exceeded the National Research Council’s (NRC) recommended maxima for beef cattle. The copper (Cu):Mo ratio for all treatments was above a suggested adverse-health threshold value for ruminant feeds (with lesser values leading to adverse health effects). The use of NAGS (combined with fertilizer) as a supplement to stockpiled mine soil can increase the quantity of growth media for reclamation and is not expected to have any adverse effects on plant growth or the metal content in above-ground vegetation.
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Ali, Rahmat, Yongkang Zhen, Xi Zanna, et al. "Impact of Circadian Clock PER2 Gene Overexpression on Rumen Epithelial Cell Dynamics and VFA Transport Protein Expression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 22 (2024): 12428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212428.
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The circadian gene PER2 is recognized for its regulatory effects on cell proliferation and lipid metabolism across various non-ruminant cells. This study investigates the influence of PER2 gene overexpression on goat rumen epithelial cells using a constructed pcDNA3.1-PER2 plasmid, assessing its impact on circadian gene expression, cell proliferation, and mRNA levels of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) transporters, alongside genes related to lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Rumen epithelial cells were obtained every four hours from healthy dairy goats (n = 3; aged 1.5 years; average weight 45.34 ± 4.28 kg), cultured for 48 h in vitro, and segregated into control (pcDNA3.1) and overexpressed (pcDNA3.1-PER2) groups, each with four biological replicates. The study examined the potential connection between circadian rhythms and nutrient assimilation in ruminant, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle dynamics, and antioxidant activity and the expression of circadian-related genes, VFA transporter genes and regulatory factors. The introduction of the pcDNA3.1-PER2 plasmid drastically elevated PER2 expression levels by 3471.48-fold compared to controls (p < 0.01), confirming effective overexpression. PER2 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis rates (p < 0.05) and a notable reduction in cell proliferation at 24 and 48 h post-transfection (p < 0.05), illustrating an inhibitory effect on rumen epithelial cell growth. PER2 elevation significantly boosted the expression of CCND1, WEE1, p21, and p16 (p < 0.05) while diminishing CDK4 expression (p < 0.05). While the general expression of intracellular inflammation genes remained stable, TNF-α expression notably increased. Antioxidant marker levels (SOD, MDA, GSH-Px, CAT, and T-AOC) exhibited no significant change, suggesting no oxidative damage due to PER2 overexpression. Furthermore, PER2 overexpression significantly downregulated AE2, NHE1, MCT1, and MCT4 mRNA expressions while upregulating PAT1 and VH+ ATPase. These results suggest that PER2 overexpression impairs cell proliferation, enhances apoptosis, and modulates VFA transporter-related factors in the rumen epithelium. This study implies that the PER2 gene may regulate VFA absorption through modulation of VFA transporters in rumen epithelial cells, necessitating further research into its specific regulatory mechanisms.
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E. Twigg, Laurie, Laurie E. Twigg, Dennis R. King, and Dennis R. King. "Artificially enhanced tolerance to fluoroacetate and its implications for wildlife conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 1 (2000): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000009.
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It is with some concern that we have been following a research programme aimed at developing non-specific, genetically modified ruminant bacteria capable of detoxifying fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to protect domestic livestock from fluoroacetate-poisoning (Gregg et al. 1994; Gregg et al. 1998; Synergy 1998). The main thrust of this research programme is the prevention of cattle losses in the Georgina Basin in the Northern Territory and Queensland where the toxic plant, Gidgee Acacia georginae occurs. Although rarely mentioned in formal reports of this work, 1080 is an important vertebrate pesticide that is widely used throughout Australia and New Zealand. It is the first defence against a number of pest species that impact on agricultural production and conservation efforts in both countries. The main concerns about this work relate to the potential lack of target specificity of these modified microorganisms, and also, if released, their potential impact on conservation biology. We raise these questions now because the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Council has been approached for approval to conduct field trials in Western Australia using the modified bacteria. We believe the perceived advantages and disadvantages of these modified organisms need informed debate before such approval, or any general release of these modified rumen bacteria, could be considered.