Relevant bibliographies by topics / Non smooth contact dynamics

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Non smooth contact dynamics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Non smooth contact dynamics"

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Jean, M. "The non-smooth contact dynamics method." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 177, no. 3-4 (July 1999): 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7825(98)00383-1.

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Jean, Michel, Vincent Acary, and Yann Monerie. "Non-smooth contact dynamics approach of cohesive materials." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 359, no. 1789 (December 15, 2001): 2497–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2001.0906.

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Fancello, Matteo, Marco Morandini, and Pierangelo Masarati. "Helicopter Rotor Sailing by Non-Smooth Dynamics Co-Simulation." Archive of Mechanical Engineering 61, no. 2 (August 15, 2014): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/meceng-2014-0015.

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Abstract This paper presents the application of a co-simulation approach for the simulation of frictional contact in general-purpose multibody dynamics to a rotorcraft dynamics problem. The proposed approach is based on the co-simulation of a main problem, which is described and solved as a set of differential algebraic equations, with a subproblem that is characterized by nonsmooth dynamics events and solved using a timestepping technique. The implementation and validation of the formulation is presented. The method is applied to the analysis of the droop and anti-flap contacts of helicopter rotor blades. Simulations focusing on the problem of blade sailing are conducted to understand the behavior and assess the validity of the method. For this purpose, the results obtained using a contact model based on Hertzian reaction forces at the interface are compared with those of the proposed approach.
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Caux, S., and R. Zapata. "Modeling and control of biped robot dynamics." Robotica 17, no. 4 (July 1999): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574799001411.

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This paper addresses the problem of modeling biped dynamics and the use of such models for the control of walking, running and jumping robots. We describe two approaches to dynamic modeling: the basic Lagrange approach and the non-regular dynamic approach. The new non-regular dynamic approach takes into account discontinuities due to rigid contact between punctual feet and the ground without computing the exact impact time. The contact is close to the physical situation given by non-linear laws (impenetrability, non-smooth contact and real friction cone). Contact dynamics can be well managed with an accurate dynamic model that respects energy consistency during all the phases encountered during a step (0, 1 or 2 contacts). With this model, we can first study the equilibrum of a biped standing on one foot by a linearisation method. In the second stage, the unified modelized equation is used to establish a general control frame based on non-regular dynamical decoupling. A comparison is made and some simulation results are given with a two degree of freedom planar biped robot.
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Haslinger, J., G. Offner, and M. Sopouch. "Non-smooth dynamics of coil contact in valve springs." ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 94, no. 11 (October 20, 2014): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.201300254.

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Müller, Stefan, and Peter Spaeth. "Topological contact dynamics II: Topological automorphisms, contact homeomorphisms, and non-smooth contact dynamical systems." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 366, no. 9 (December 3, 2013): 5009–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-2013-06123-5.

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Nguyen, Vo Anh Thuong, Stéphane Abide, Mikaël Barboteu, and Serge Dumont. "An improved normal compliance method for non-smooth contact dynamics." Banach Center Publications 127 (2024): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/bc127-9.

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Koch, Michael W., and Sigrid Leyendecker. "Structure Preserving Simulation of Monopedal Jumping." Archive of Mechanical Engineering 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/meceng-2013-0008.

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The human environment consists of a large variety of mechanical and biomechanical systems in which different types of contact can occur. In this work, we consider a monopedal jumper modelled as a three-dimensional rigid multibody system with contact and simulate its dynamics using a structure preserving method. The applied mechanical integrator is based on a constrained version of the Lagranged’Alembert principle. The resulting variational integrator preserves the symplecticity and momentum maps of the multibody dynamics. To ensure the structure preservation and the geometric correctness, we solve the non-smooth problem including the computation of the contact configuration, time and force instead of relying on a smooth approximation of the contact problem via a penalty potential. In addition to the formulation of non-smooth problems in forward dynamic simulations, we are interested in the optimal control of the monopedal high jump. The optimal control problem is solved using a direct transcription method transforming it into a constrained optimisation problem, see [14].
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Beatini, Valentina, Gianni Royer-Carfagni, and Alessandro Tasora. "A regularized non-smooth contact dynamics approach for architectural masonry structures." Computers & Structures 187 (July 2017): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2017.02.002.

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Zhang, Kaiming, Xudong Zheng, Zhang Chen, Bin Liang, Tianshu Wang, and Qi Wang. "Non-smooth dynamic modeling and simulation of an unmanned bicycle on a curved pavement." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 43, no. 1 (January 2022): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10483-022-2811-5.

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AbstractThe non-smooth dynamic model of an unmanned bicycle is established to study the contact-separate and stick-slip non-smooth phenomena between wheels and the ground. According to the Carvallo-Whipple configuration, the unmanned bicycle is reduced to four rigid bodies, namely, rear wheel, rear frame, front fork, and front wheel, which are connected by perfect revolute joints. The interaction between each wheel and the ground is simplified as the normal contact force and the friction force at the contact point, and these forces are described by the Hunt-Crossley contact force model and the LuGre friction force model, respectively. According to the characteristics of flat and curved pavements, calculation methods for contact forces and their generalized forces are presented. The dynamics of the system is modeled by the Lagrange equations of the first kind, a numerical solution algorithm of the dynamic equations is presented, and the Baumgarte stabilization method is used to restrict the drift of the constraints. The correctness of the dynamic model and the numerical algorithm is verified in comparison with the previous studies. The feasibility of the proposed model is demonstrated by simulations under different motion states.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non smooth contact dynamics"

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Hedman, Stefan. "Smooth and non-smooth approaches to simulation of granular matter." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-50584.

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Granular matter is defined as a collection of particle grains, such as sand.This type of matter have different characteristics (solid, liquid and gas) depending on the energy level per grain. There are several approaches to modeling and numerical simulations of granular matter. They are used by different groups for different purposes, and the choice between the approaches is based on knowledge and tradition rather than what might be best for the purpose. The key questions are when to use what method and what physical quality is lost depending on the choice.Two regimes of discrete element granular simulations emerge: smooth and non-smooth. To compare the efficiency and physical quality of the two approaches, four physics softwares are examined including Bullet Physics, LMGC90, AgX and LIGGGHTS. Test scenes are setup in each software and the results are compared to each other or to the results of other work.The thesis is performed at UMIT Research Lab at Umeå University.
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Lapillonne, Suzanne. "Modélisation multi-échelles des laves torrentielles avec un modèle numérique couplé solide-fluide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI034.

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Les laves torrentielles sont des phénomènes géologiques d'écoulement rapides d'un mélange fluide solide dans le lit d'un torrent. Le risque associé à ces écoulements est important pour les communautés vivant dans les régions montagneuses. Pour améliorer la précision de la gestion du risque, il est important de pouvoir modéliser ces phénomènes de façon précise. Bien que la communauté de recherche autour des laves torrentielles soit enthousiaste aux approches numériques, seulement quelques modèles ont calibré et validé leurs modèles à plusieurs échelles en utilisant des données de terrains et des données expérimentales. Cette thèse vise à conceptualiser un modèle qui est à l'interface de la communauté des modélisateurs et de celle des experts de terrains. Pour ce faire, des données de terrains sont utilisées pour calibrer et valider un modèle précis et résolu dans la hauteur couplant à la fois un solveur de mécanique granulaire et de mécanique des fluides. Le modèle numérique utilise le solveur DualSPHysics, qui couple la méthode Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) avec une méthode de résolution des interactions solide-solide par la librairie ProjectChrono.Le travail présente d'abord une introduction avec un état de l'art de la recherche sur les laves torrentielles ainsi qu'une présentation de la méthode numérique employée. Ensuite, le travail est divisé en trois chapitres. Premièrement, un protocole pour l'exploration des données de terrains est présenté, de même que son application sur le torrent du Réal (Sud-Est de la France). Les données ainsi produites nourriront le modèle numérique. Dans un deuxième temps, nous présentons un modèle simplifié 2D de laves. Les laves y sont présentées comme un mélange de grains polydisperse et de fluide visqueux au comportement Newtonien. Ce modèle est d'abord validé à plusieurs échelles puis des laves de différentes concentrations solides sont étudiées. Enfin, un modèle plus complexe est ébauché en employant un fluide interstitiel non-Newtonien. Le travail montre que ce type de modèle est adapté pour l'exploration de la physique des laves
Debris flows, i.e. rapid movements of a mixture of solid and fluid on steep terrain, pose significant risks to inhabited mountainous areas. Accurate modelling is crucial for effective risk mapping and to define relevant mitigation strategies in these regions. While there's enthusiasm in the community for debris flow modelling, only few models have used surge-scale data from real field measurements for calibration and validation at various scales. This Ph.D. thesis aims to conceptualise a field-driven coupled solid-fluid model for alpine debris flow surges at the surge scale. The numerical modelling in this study employs the hybrid model DualSPHysics, which uses the Lagrangian Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) method for fluid modelling and fully couples it with the solid dynamics solver ProjectChrono.After an introduction of the state-of-the-art in debris flow research and a presentation of the numerical methods, the work is divided in three interlocked sections. First, we focus on field data exploration by presenting a protocol for the processing of debris flow surge data. The outputted data on debris flow surges, processed from the monitoring station of the Réal torrent (South East France) will then feed the numerical model.Secondly, a simplified model is introduced. The front of the surges are represented in 2D featuring polydisperse boulders and a viscous Newtonian fluid. The model is rigorously validated against experimental data and empirical considerations.Thirdly, the model increases in complexity by adding a non-Newtonian rheology to the interstitial fluid.The work shows that such models are able to represent debris flow motion with field-like features
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Phan, Thanh-Luong. "Etude des structures en maçonnerie du génie civil par la méthode des éléments discrets : apports de la méthode "Non Smooth Contact Dynamics"." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS243.

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La maçonnerie est une technique de construction très ancienne qui est toujours d'utilisation très répandue sous toutes les latitudes. Elle fait appel à deux éléments essentiels : des blocs et des joints, qui peuvent être éventuellement remplis de mortier. Le matériau obtenu peut être considéré comme continu ou discontinu, selon les propriétés relatives des blocs et des joints. Les blocs sont souvent en pierre, en brique crue ou cuite. Les mortiers sont généralement à base de chaux, de ciment ou d'un mélange de ces deux composants. Depuis l'apparition du béton au XIX° siècle, les calculs se sont concentrés sur des approches continues, et les techniques de conception des maçonneries ont peu bénéficié des avancées scientifiques, et du développement d'outils de calcul largement utilisés dans les bureaux d'études. Corrélativement à cette évolution, la maçonnerie a perdu des parts de marché de la construction, et les méthodes et moyens mis en œuvre pour la conception d'ouvrages en maçonnerie n'ont pas été suffisamment modernisés. Dans ce contexte, le présent travail a pour ambition de contribuer au calcul de structures maçonnées, considérées comme des structures discontinues, avec l'objectif de servir au monde de l'entreprise et de l'architecture.L'échelle d'étude de la structure ou du matériau : comportement général de l'ensemble bâti, comportement d'un panneau de maçonnerie, comportement de l'interface mortier - bloc, ou des contacts blocs-blocs dans le cas de maçonnerie à joints vifs, conduit à l'utilisation de divers cadres théoriques, et méthodes analytiques ou numériques correspondantes. Après une analyse des avantages et inconvénients de diverses méthodes disponibles, numériques ou graphiques, dans le domaine de la mécanique et de l'architecture (stéréotomie), nous présentons en détail la méthode Non Smooth Contact Dynamics. Cette méthode, initiée à la fin du XX° siècle, par Jean-Jacques MOREAU et Michel JEAN, décrit de façon théorique, les conditions de mise en place des efforts de contact entre corps solides, déformables ou rigides, en 2D et 3D, en présence de chocs, et en présence de grands déplacements, ou rotations. Les conditions de non interpénétration entre corps sont régies par un formalisme spécialement développé dans le cadre de l'analyse convexe. Nous avons retenu ce cadre théorique, et utilisé une chaine logicielle développée sur ses bases, pour modéliser des structures réalistes, c'est-à-dire tridimensionnelles, soumises à des chargements dynamiques, et qui sont modernes, dans la mesure où elles intègrent une géométrie complexe, performante (économie de matière et esthétique) et la mise en œuvre d'une précontrainte, avec prise en compte de son phasage.L'exemple de la structure de l'escalier de Ridolfi est utilisé comme support à l'examen de divers paramètres d'optimisation du calcul réalisé avec la plateforme ouverte LMGC90, permettant à l'utilisateur de maîtriser en détail les diverses phases du calcul non-linéaire conduit. Les paramètres du calcul dont nous avons testé l'influence sont : le pas de temps, le critère de convergence, le nombre d'itérations gérées par l'algorithme de Gauss-Seidel, le critère de rétrécissement, le coefficient de frottement entre blocs, et l'intensité de la précontrainte mise en place par post tension dans les câbles. L'expérimentation conduite sur un modèle physique en vraie grandeur, est reconstituée, dans ses différentes phases, sur maquette numérique, et la pertinence des résultats obtenus par simulation est discutée.Les travaux ont été réalisés au Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil de l'Université Montpellier II et du CNRS, et au Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement Industriel de l'Ecole des Mines d'Alès. Leur financement a été assuré par le Ministère de l'Education et de la Formation du Vietnam, ainsi que par ARMINES
Although it is an old construction technique, masonry is still world wide spread nowadays. It uses two main components: blocks and joints, which can be filled with mortar. The resulting material can be considered as continuous or discontinuous, according to the relative performances of the blocks and joints. The blocks are often made of stone, raw earth or brick. The mortars generally incorporate lime or cement or a mixture of those components. Since the discovery of modern concrete during the XIXth century, calculations have been performed in the framework of continuous methods, and the masonry design technics have not fully benefited from the scientific breakthrough, nor from the development of calculation tools used in design offices. Following this evolution, masonry lost some ground in the construction field, and methods and means used for the design of buildings have not been improved enough. In this context, the present work aims at contributing to the calculation of masonry structures, considered as discontinuous structures, with the ultimate goal to be of some use in the field of industry and architecture.The structure or material study scale: general behavior of the building, behavior of a masonry panel, or behavior of the bonding between the blocks and the mortar, or the block-block contacts for dry friction masonry, leads to the use of several theoretical frameworks, and associated analytical or numerical methods. After an analysis of the pros and cons of the different available methods, in the fields of mechanics and architecture (stereotomy), we will present in detail the Non Smooth Contact Dynamics method. This method, initiated at the end of the XXth century, by Jean-Jacques MOREAU et Michel JEAN, describes theoretically, the conditions of the development of contact forces between solids, whether able to support strains or rigid, in 2D or 3D, under the effects of shocks, large displacements or rotations. The conditions of no overlapping between the bodies are described by equations developed using the convex analysis concepts. We chose this theoretical framework, and used the software platform developed on these concepts, for modeling realistic structures that are modern, because they allow to take into account 3D structures with complex and efficient geometries (aesthetic point of view, economy of material), subjected to dynamical loads, and including the sequential set-up of pre-stressing technics.The example of the Ridolfi stair case is used as a support for the examination of several optimization parameters for the calculation performed on the LMGC90 open software, allowing the modeler to supervise in detail several steps of the performed non-linear calculations. The calculation parameters of which we have tested the influence are: the time step, convergence criterion, the iteration number considered in the Gauss-Siedel algorithm, the shrinkage criterion, the friction coefficient between blocks, and the pre-stressing strain applied in the post tension cables. The experiment carried out on a real size physical model is numerically simulated, and the consistency of the computed results is discussed.The work was carried out in the Mechanics and Civil Engineering Laboratory of the University of Montpellier II and the CNRS (French National Scientific Research Agency), and the Laboratory of Industrial Environment Engineering of Alès School of Mines. The funding was provided by the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam, and ARMINES
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Martin, Sylvain. "Contribution à la modélisation du frittage en phase solide." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2144/document.

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Cette thèse traite de la modélisation du frittage à l’échelle du Volume Élémentaire Représentatif de la pastille de matériau. L’objectif est de développer des outils numériquesde compréhension des phénomènes physiques mis en jeu lors du frittage. Le domaine d’application ciblé est la fabrication du combustible nucléaire. Une approche multi-Échelle a été mise en oeuvre. Dans un premier temps une modélisation à l’échelle d’un empilement, basée sur la méthode des Éléments Discrets, a été adoptée. Différentes études utilisant cette approche ont été proposées dans la littérature ces dernières années. Tous ces travaux utilisent une méthode discrète explicite. Si certains résultats ont pu être validés expérimentalement,une des limites vient de l’utilisation des méthodes explicites dontle pas de temps critique est très petit. Afin d’augmenter le pas de temps, la masse des particules y est augmentée artificiellement de plusieurs ordres de grandeur. Or,il a été démontré que cette pratique conduit, dans certains cas, à une diminution du réarrangement des particules au sein de l’empilement. Dans cette thèse, une méthode Éléments Discrets implicite appelée Dynamique des Contacts a été adaptée au frittage. Elle permet l’utilisation d’un pas de temps très supérieur à celui des méthodes discrètes explicites et ne nécessite pas d’augmenter artificiellement la massedes particules. La comparaison entre la Dynamique des Contacts et la Méthode des Éléments Discrets explicite montre que notre approche conduit à une représentation plus fidèle du réarrangement. Une validation expérimentale par Microtomographie X ainsi qu’une étude paramétrique sur le frittage des poudres bidispersés sont également présentées pour montrer les possibilités de l’approche discrète appliquée au frittage.La seconde partie est consacrée à une modélisation à l’échelle de deux particules parla méthode des Éléments Finis. Ce modèle repose sur une approche mécanique et vise à représenter de façon plus précise le comportement de deux particules en contact. Les diffusions au joint de grains, en surface et en volume peuvent être représentées. Pour le moment, seules les diffusions en surface et au joint de grains ont été étudiées. Si certaines optimisations restent nécessaires pour que le code soit fonctionnel, plusieurs aspects apparaissent déjà déterminants, comme la courbure de la surface à proximité du joint de grains. A l’avenir, le modèle Dynamique des Contacts du frittage pourra être complété etamélioré grâce aux éléments apportés par le modèle mécanique à l’échelle du grain
This thesis deals with the simulation of the sintering of nuclear fuel on a pellet scale. The goal is to develop numerical tools which can contribute to a better understandingof the physical phenomena involved in the sintering process. Hence, a multi scale approach is proposed. First of all, a Discrete Element model is introduced. It aims at modeling the motion of particles on a Representative Elementary Volume scale using an original Discrete Element Method. The latter is a Non Smooth Method called Contact Dynamics. Recently, there have been numerous papers about the simulation of sintering using Discrete Element Method. As far as we know, all these papers use smooth methods. Different studies show that the results match well experimental data. However, some limits come from the fact that smooth methods use an explicit scheme which needsvery small time steps. In order to obtain an acceptable time step, the mass of particles have to be dramatically increased. The Non Smooth Contact Dynamics uses an implicit scheme, thus time steps can be much larger without scaling up the mass of particles. The comparison between smooth and non smooth approaches shows thatour method leads to a more realistic representation of rearrangement. An experimental validation using synchrotron X-Ray microtomography is then presented, followedby a parametric study on the sintering of bimodal powders that aims at showing the capacity of this model.The second part presents a mechanical model on the sub-Granular scale, using a Finite Element method. This targets a better understanding of the behavior of twograins in contact. The model is currently being developped but the first results already show that some parameters like the shape of the surface of the neck are very sensitive.In the future, the Non smooth Contact Dynamics model of sintering may be improvedusing the results obtained by the sub-Granular scale mechanical model
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Nhu, Viet-Hung. "Dialogues numériques entre échelles tribologiques." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0043/document.

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En tribologie, la modélisation numérique est aujourd'hui un outil indispensable pour étudier un contact afin de pallier les limites expérimentales. Pour comprendre de mieux en mieux les phénomènes mis en jeu, les modèles ne se situent plus à une seule échelle, mais en font intervenir plusieurs, rendant plus que jamais le concept de triplet tribologique incontournable. Travaillant avec cette philosophie et en se basant sur l'approche Non Smooth Contact Dynamics, dont nous rappelons les grandes lignes, nous proposons de franchir deux cas: proposer des modèles offrant des résultats quantitatifs et mettre en place les premières pièces d'une homogénéisation au niveau du contact (VER). Dans le premier cas, l'étude du couplage éléments finis/éléments discrets au sein d'une même simulation a pour but de proposer des modèles plus "réalistes". Même si l’interface utilisée est déjà présente au coeur du contact et ne va pas évoluer, elle permet de mettre en évidence l’utilisation d’outil de mesure permettant de lier le mouvement des particules aux instabilités dynamiques et permet d’avoir des résultats qualitatifs mais aussi quantitatifs puisque la comparaison avec les taux de contraintes expérimentaux sont en très bonne adéquation. Dans le second cas, le VER sous sollicitations tribologiques est étudié afin d'étendre les techniques d'homogénéisation aux problèmes de contact afin de s'affranchir de la description des interfaces aux grandes échelles en trouvant un moyen d'homogénéiser le comportement hétérogène de l'interface et de le faire dialoguer avec le comportement continu des corps en contact en faisant remonter, dans un sens, des grandeurs moyennées à l'échelle microscopique à l'échelle macroscopique des premiers corps et dans l'autre sens, se servir des données locales à l'échelle macroscopique comme conditions limites à l'échelle microscopique
In tribology, the numerical modeling has become an indispensable tool for studying a contact to overcome the experimental limitations. To have a better understanding of the phenomena involved, the models are no longer located at a single scale, but involve several ones, more than ever, making the concept of tribological triplet as a unavoidable concept. Working with this philosophy and approach based on the Non Smooth Contact Dynamics framework, which we remind some outlines, we propose to cross two steps~: model that can offer quantitative results and that implement the first ingredient to perform a homogenization at a contact level. In the first case, the study of coupling finite elements/discrete elements within the same simulation aims to propose models that are more "realistic". Even if the interface is already present in the contact and not going to evolves, it can highlight the use of measurement tool of spot particles via dynamic instabilities and allows to have not only qualitative results but also quantitative ones since the comparison with the experimental strain rates are in very good agreement. In the second case, the study of VER in tribological charges is performed to extend the homogenization techniques to contact problems in order to overcome the interface description on large scales by finding a way to homogenize the heterogeneous behavior of the interface and make a dialogue with the continue behavior of bodies in contact by send up, in a sense, average values of the microscopic scale to the macroscopic scale and in the other sense, use local data of the macroscopic scale as boundary conditions at the microscopic scale
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Cao, Hong-Phong. "Modélisation par éléments discrets rigides et/ou déformables des milieux granulaires et des troisièmes corps solides : Influence du comportement local sur le comportement global." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0045/document.

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Les Méthodes par Eléments Discrets apparaissent comme les méthodes les plus appropriées pour modéliser le caractère divisé. De nombreux travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre leurs comportements, mais dans certain cas se pose la question de l'impact du choix de la description volumique ou des lois d'interaction sur le comportement global du milieu. Dans ce contexte, en se basant sur l'approche "Non Smooth Contact Dynamic" permettant naturellement de mixer les différentes formulations, nous nous proposons de comprendre et d'analyser l'influence de cette description. Pour cela, nous utilisons deux applications différentes liées aux comportement quasi-statique (QS) des milieux granulaires et comportement dynamique des interfaces tribologiques. Au niveau de l'étude QS est faite en utilisant des essais de compression biaxiale et de cisaillement. Contrairement aux approches classiques, des particules déformables sont utilisées ici. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés en utilisant des outils de mesure tels que la relation contrainte-déformation, la compacité... Les résultats montrent qu'il n'est pas possible à partir d'une description rigide de converger vers des modèles déformables et souligne l'importance d'effectuer une analyse complète en tenant compte de la déformation des particules. Au niveau de la modélisation d'une interface tribologique s'intéresse à l'influence des conditions limites, des descriptions des premiers corps et du troisième corps sur la rhéologie de l'interface. Dans chaque simulation, frottement macroscopique, profils de vitesse et de contrainte sont observés. Les différents modèles utilisés ont peu d'influence sur la valeur du frottement mais plus d'influence sur les profils de vitesse au travers de l'épaisseur de troisième corps. Ceci souligne l'importante du choix du modèle lors de l'étude de la rhéologie de l'interface et montre qu'il est difficile d'obtenir des résultats génériques et ceci aussi bien en modèles bi que tridimensionnel
The Discrete Element Methods are the most appropriate methods to model the divided feature of some media such as granular ones, masonries or contact interfaces... Many studies have provided a better understanding of their behavior, but in some cases the impact of both volume description (rigid or deformable) and interaction laws (elastic or plastic) is not negligible on the global behavior. The approach used here is based on the "Non Smooth Contact Dynamic" framework which mixes naturally the rigid and deformable formulations. One propose to analyze the influence of this description. For this purpose, two different applications are used, related to the quasi-static behavior of granular media and to the modelization of the tribological interface under dynamic solicitations.The study of quasi-static behavior of granular media is developed though biaxial compression test and shear test. Contrary to classical approaches, deformable particles are used. The results are compared using tools such as the stress-strain macroscopic relation, the compacity... They show that it is not possible to converge to deformable particle with a rigid description and underline the importance to performance full analyze with deformable description.The modeling of a tribological interface under dynamic solicitation focuses on the influence of boundary conditions, models of the first bodies and the third body on the rheology of the interface. In each simulation, the macroscopic friction, the velocity profile and stress profile are observed. The different models used have not a large influence on the friction value but a large influence on the velocity profiles. This underline the importance of the choice of the model when investigation are performed on the rheology of the third body
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7

Nhu, Viet Hung. "Dialogues numériques entre échelles tribologiques." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876855.

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En tribologie, la modélisation numérique est aujourd'hui un outil indispensable pour étudier un contact afin de pallier les limites expérimentales. Pour comprendre de mieux en mieux les phénomènes mis en jeu, les modèles ne se situent plus à une seule échelle, mais en font intervenir plusieurs, rendant plus que jamais le concept de triplet tribologique incontournable. Travaillant avec cette philosophie et en se basant sur l'approche Non Smooth Contact Dynamics, dont nous rappelons les grandes lignes, nous proposons de franchir deux cas: proposer des modèles offrant des résultats quantitatifs et mettre en place les premières pièces d'une homogénéisation au niveau du contact (VER). Dans le premier cas, l'étude du couplage éléments finis/éléments discrets au sein d'une même simulation a pour but de proposer des modèles plus "réalistes". Même si l'interface utilisée est déjà présente au coeur du contact et ne va pas évoluer, elle permet de mettre en évidence l'utilisation d'outil de mesure permettant de lier le mouvement des particules aux instabilités dynamiques et permet d'avoir des résultats qualitatifs mais aussi quantitatifs puisque la comparaison avec les taux de contraintes expérimentaux sont en très bonne adéquation. Dans le second cas, le VER sous sollicitations tribologiques est étudié afin d'étendre les techniques d'homogénéisation aux problèmes de contact afin de s'affranchir de la description des interfaces aux grandes échelles en trouvant un moyen d'homogénéiser le comportement hétérogène de l'interface et de le faire dialoguer avec le comportement continu des corps en contact en faisant remonter, dans un sens, des grandeurs moyennées à l'échelle microscopique à l'échelle macroscopique des premiers corps et dans l'autre sens, se servir des données locales à l'échelle macroscopique comme conditions limites à l'échelle microscopique.
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Di, Stasio Jean. "The CD-Lagrange scheme, a robust explicit time-integrator for impact dynamics : A new singular mass formulation, and an extension to deformable-deformable contact." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSEI029.

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Les pneumatiques sont complexes à simuler car les matériaux y sont hétérogènes, incompressibles et non-linéaires. De plus la géométrie descend jusqu’à l’échelle millimétrique pour les sculptures de la bande de roulement, ce qui requiert un maillage fin. Le modèle éléments finis présente donc un grand nombre de degrés de liberté, reliés par des équations non-linéaires. En dynamique, la simulation est d’autant plus compliquée avec des chocs. Néanmoins elle est cruciale dans le processus de conception pneumatique, où elle apporte une meilleur compréhension de la physique ceci sans tests réels. Les schémas explicites rendent possible les simulations de chocs, car ils résolvent facilement les non-linéarités avec un coup calcul bas. Associés à une formulation de contact précise , ils forment des schémas robustes, précis et efficaces pour la dynamique non-linéaire avec impacts. Ce travail vise à choisir et un tel schéma, et l’améliorer pour la simulation de chocs sur pneumatiques.La première partie est un benchmark identifiant le schéma CD-Lagrange. L’intégration temporelle est réalisée par le schéma de la différence centrée, et le contact imposé par multiplicateurs de Lagrange sur la vitesse. Deux possibilités d’amélioration sont identifiées. La première est d’atteindre un impact conservatif, seul instant où le schéma n’est pas symplectique. La seconde amélioration est d’étendre la formulation au contact déformable-déformable.La deuxième partie vise à atteindre la conservation de l’énergie à l’impact en adaptant la méthode de la masse singulière au CD-Lagrange. Une première formulation 1D est construite. Elle démontre une amélioration majeure du bilan d’énergie. Deux formulations 3D sont ensuite explorées.La troisième partie introduit les méthodes mortier dans le CD-Lagrange. Elles permettent de traiter un contact déformable-déformable de manière robuste, même en présence de friction et de grands glissements. Une technique d’accélération est proposée pour résoudre le problème de contact, ceci sans perte de précision
Tyres are complex structures to simulate. The materials are heterogeneous and incompressible with non-linear responses. The geometry goes to the millimetre scales for tread patterns. For a finite elements simulation a precise mesh is then required. The model has then a large number of degrees of freedom and non-linear material laws. In dynamics, the simulation becomes even more challenging especially with impacts. Nevertheless it is crucial in the tire design process because it brings a deeper comprehension of the tire and avoids test on real structures. The explicit time-integration make feasible the impact simulations. They handle easily the non-linearities with a very low computational cost for a time-step. Merged with a precise contact formulation, they form robust, accurate and efficient schemes for addressing impact simulations. This work aims to choose and improve an explicit scheme for non-linear dynamics with impacts. The first part is a benchmark for selecting a scheme and enhance its possibilities of improvement. The selected one is the CD-Lagrange: an explicit scheme based on central difference method, a contact enforcement by Lagrange multipliers, and a contact condition on velocity. Two mains improvements are identified and explored. Firstly, the energy conservation at impact would make the scheme symplectic for deformable bodies. Secondly the formulation must be enlarged to deformable–deformable contact. The second part aims then to achieve the conservation of energy by adapting the singular mass matrix to the CD-Lagrange. The formulation is firstly built in 1D, and shows a major improvement for the energy balance. Then two possible extensions are explored for the 3D cases. The third part presents the CD-Lagrange scheme with a mortar formulation for deformable-deformable contact. It handles with stability and accuracy large sliding and friction. An acceleration technique is proposed for solving the contact problem, without any loss of accuracy
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FERRANTE, ANGELA. "Computational strategies for discrete modeling of Cultural Heritage structures." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/287778.

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Lo scopo di questo lavoro di ricerca è presentare lo sviluppo di approcci discontinui e l'influenza della stereotomia per simulare il comportamento dinamico non lineare di strutture storiche in muratura di grandi dimensioni. Gli obiettivi sono quindi le valutazioni qualitative e quantitative dei diversi approcci esistenti e delle principali leggi costitutive, l'analisi e la calibrazione dei parametri meccanici e fornire forti indicazioni sul miglior livello di discretizzazione necessario per questo tipo di approcci. Pertanto, lo studio prevede l'utilizzo di schemi di integrazione temporale implicita ed esplicita per la dinamica strutturale, rispettivamente nel metodo della Dinamica di Contatto Non Regolare e Modello di Zona Coesiva implementati nel codice LMGC90©, dove i moti di scorrimento sono governati dalla condizione di impenetrabilità di Signorini e dalla legge di attrito di Coulomb, e nel Metodo degli Elementi Discreti con comportamenti coesivi e di resistenza a trazione dei giunti nel codice 3DEC©. Una serie di casi studio di strutture esistenti è stata rappresentata adottando quattro diversi modelli geometrici che andavano da quello più complesso, comprese le pareti in muratura a geometria piena e disordinata (a sacco), a quello più semplice, includendo le murature con singolo paramento come semplificazione delle opere murarie esistenti. I risultati numerici hanno evidenziato le modalità di cedimento dipendenti dalla forma, dimensione e tessitura della muratura e le modalità di danneggiamento progressivo sotto azioni dinamiche. Inoltre, gli approcci numerici presentati si sono dimostrati in grado di simulare grandi spostamenti e separazioni complete di blocchi, riprodurre comportamenti meccanici complessi e fare previsioni sulla valutazione di vulnerabilità degli edifici storici in muratura. I risultati discussi sono positivi e preziosi nell'ottica della preservazione del patrimonio culturale da danni futuri proponendo linee guida per il rinforzo e l'adeguamento sismico delle strutture.
The aim of this research work is to present the development of discontinuous approaches and the influence of stereotomy to simulate the nonlinear dynamic behavior of historical large-scale masonry structures. Thus, the objectives are the qualitative and quantitative evaluations on the different existing approaches and the main constitutive laws, the analyses and calibration of mechanical parameters, and providing strong indications on the best level of discretization needed for these kinds of approaches. Thus, the study involves the use of implicit and explicit time integration schemes for structural dynamics, respectively in the Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics method and Cohesive Zone Model implemented in the LMGC90© code, where sliding motions are governed by Signorini's impenetrability condition and dry-friction Coulomb's law, and in the Discrete Element Method with cohesive and tensional behaviors at the joints in the 3DEC© code. A set of case studies from real structures was represented adopting four different geometric models ranged from the most complex one, including the full geometry and multi-leaf masonry walls, to the simplest one, including the single-leaf walls as a simplification of the real masonry. The numerical results highlighted the failure modes depending on the shape, size and texture of the masonry and the modalities of progressive damage under dynamic actions. Moreover, the numerical approaches presented have proven to be capable of simulating large displacements and complete block separations, reproducing complex mechanical behaviors and making predictions on the vulnerability assessment of the historical masonry buildings. The results discussed are successful and valuable in view of preservation of the cultural heritage from future damages proposing guidelines for strengthening and seismic retrofitting of structures. ​
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Barton, David A. W. "Dynamics and bifurcations of non-smooth delay equations." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432681.

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Books on the topic "Non smooth contact dynamics"

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Friedrich, Pfeiffer, Wriggers Peter, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Numerics of Unilateral Contacts and Friction: Modeling and Numerical Time Integration in Non-Smooth Dynamics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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Grove Thomsen, Per, and Hans True, eds. Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0.

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Leine, Remco I., and Henk Nijmeijer. Dynamics and Bifurcations of Non-Smooth Mechanical Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44398-8.

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Thomsen, Per Grove. Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics: Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

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Studer, Christian. Numerics of Unilateral Contacts and Friction: Modeling and Numerical Time Integration in Non-Smooth Dynamics. Springer, 2010.

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Kunze, Markus. Non-Smooth Dynamical Systems. Springer, 2014.

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Kunze, Markus. Non-Smooth Dynamical Systems. Springer, 2000.

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Kunze, Markus. Non-Smooth Dynamical Systems. Springer London, Limited, 2007.

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True, Hans, and Per Grove Thomsen. Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics. Springer, 2009.

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Leine, Remco I. Dynamics and Bifurcations of Non-Smooth Mechanical Systems. Springer, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Non smooth contact dynamics"

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Schiavoni, Mattia, Gianluca Standoli, Francesca Bianconi, Ersilia Giordano, and Francesco Clementi. "Discontinuous Dynamics of Santa Maria Annunziata Church Under Seismic Loading: A Non-smooth Contact Dynamics Approach." In RILEM Bookseries, 484–93. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39450-8_40.

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Frémond, Michel. "Unilateral Contact. Contact with Adhesion." In Non-Smooth Thermomechanics, 401–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04800-9_14.

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Bastien, Jérôme, Frédéric Bernardin, Claude-Henri Lamarque, and Noël Challamel. "Theoretical Deterministic Context." In Non-smooth Deterministic or Stochastic Discrete Dynamical Systems, 27–78. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118604045.ch2.

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Bastien, Jérôme, Frédéric Bernardin, Claude-Henri Lamarque, and Noël Challamel. "Stochastic Theoretical Context." In Non-smooth Deterministic or Stochastic Discrete Dynamical Systems, 79–128. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118604045.ch3.

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Bastien, Jérôme, Frédéric Bernardin, Claude-Henri Lamarque, and Noël Challamel. "Riemannian Theoretical Context." In Non-smooth Deterministic or Stochastic Discrete Dynamical Systems, 129–54. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118604045.ch4.

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Wiercigroch, Marian, and Ekaterina Pavlovskaia. "Engineering Applications of Non-smooth Dynamics." In Nonlinear Dynamic Phenomena in Mechanics, 211–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2473-0_5.

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Glocker, Ch. "Displacement Potentials in Non-Smooth Dynamics." In IUTAM Symposium on New Applications of Nonlinear and Chaotic Dynamics in Mechanics, 323–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5320-1_33.

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Leine, Remco I., and Henk Nijmeijer. "Preliminaries on Non-smooth Analysis." In Dynamics and Bifurcations of Non-Smooth Mechanical Systems, 15–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44398-8_2.

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Awrejcewicz, Jan, Vadim A. Krys’ko, and Alexander F. Vakakis. "Continuous Systems with Non-smooth Nonlinearities." In Nonlinear Dynamics of Continuous Elastic Systems, 269–314. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08992-7_5.

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True, Hans. "Typical Non-smooth Elements in Vehicle Systems." In Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics, 3–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Non smooth contact dynamics"

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Geng, Ruihai, Gang Tian, BoHan Jin, and Yushu Bian. "Non-smooth Dynamics Analysis of a Variable Topology Mechanism with Two Topologies." In 2024 5th International Conference on Mechatronics Technology and Intelligent Manufacturing (ICMTIM), 137–40. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtim62047.2024.10629401.

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Roßmann, Thomas, Friedrich Pfeiffer, and Christoph Glocker. "Efficient Algorithms for Non-Smooth Dynamics." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0566.

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Abstract In this paper the dynamics of rigid body systems with stick-slip transitions are examined. Thereby unilateral contacts and bilateral guiding devices are considered and the validity of the Coulomb friction law is assumed. The equations of motion together with the constraint equations and the contact laws are transformed into a linear complementary problem. For three dimensional problems this is done by using a linearized friction cone. All the described methods can be used for systems with dependent constraints. Finally, some practical examples are given in which the described methods are applied.
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Pfeiffer, Friedrich. "Steps Towards Non-Smooth Multibody Dynamics." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-74773.

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Abstract Before the background of many thoughts about contact and impact behavior with and without friction in the past centuries a comprehensive theory appeared not before the second half of the last century, mainly connected with the names of Moreau in Montpellier and Panagiotopoulos in Thessaloniki. My former Institute has been part of this evolution focusing on non-smooth multibody dynamics and on large systems. The local development from simple impact to complex contact systems including all possible contact details will be subject of the paper, considering also the necessary mathematical evolution from classical multibody system theory with bilateral constraints and single-valued forces to non-smooth multibody system theory with unilateral constraints and set-valued forces. Paper will be illustrated by practical examples.
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Huang, J., K. Krabbenhoft, M. Vicente da Silva, and A. V. Lyamin. "SIMULATING GRANULAR COLUMN COLLAPSE BY NON-SMOOTH CONTACT DYNAMICS." In 10th World Congress on Computational Mechanics. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/meceng-wccm2012-18460.

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Zander, Roland, and Heinz Ulbrich. "Non-Smooth Flexible Multi-Body Systems With Non-Primitive Contours." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35060.

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This article shows the formulation of flexible multi-body systems for contact dynamics. A short introduction is given on the mathematical formulation of non-smooth multi-body systems, which are marked by jumps within the system velocities. The paper focuses on the geometrical description of flexible components: these can be modeled directly in the system or gained from external pre-processes like for example finite element codes. Since the contact algorithms require contour information, the body shapes need to be interpolated independent from the description used for dynamics within external codes. The interpolation can respond especially on the requirements of contact simulations. Discrete nodes of the external mesh are used as reference and interface for contacts. Two examples show the potential of the formulations: an eccentrically excited machine on elastic ground and a bunch of dice falling into an elastic basin.
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Belardinelli, Pierpaolo, Abhilash Chandrashekar, Farbod Alijani, and Stefano Lenci. "Non-Smooth Dynamics of Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-88005.

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Abstract This paper investigates the nonlinear dynamics in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) with tip-surface interactions that include Van der Waals and Derjaguin-Müller-Toporov contact forces. We study the periodic solutions of the hybrid system by performing numerical pseudo-arclength continuation. The overall dynamical response scenario is evaluated via bifurcation loci maps in the set of parameters of the discontinuous model. We showcase the influence of different dissipation mechanisms activated when the AFM is in contact or out-of contact with the sample. The robustness of the stable solution in the repulsive regime is studied via local and global analyses. The impacting non-smooth dynamics framed within a higher-mode Galerkin discretization is able to capture windows of irregular and complex motion.
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Staron, L., and A. Abramian. "Time Steps V.S Cohesion in Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics Algorithm." In 14th WCCM-ECCOMAS Congress. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/wccm-eccomas.2020.100.

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Portioli, Francesco, Lucrezia Cascini, and Raffaele Landolfo. "NON-SMOOTH CONTACT DYNAMICS OF PLANAR MASONRY STRUCTURES USING MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING." In 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120117.5615.17501.

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Fancello, Matteo, Pierangelo Masarati, and Marco Morandini. "Adding Non-Smooth Analysis Capabilities to General-Purpose Multibody Dynamics by Co-Simulation." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12208.

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Multi-rigid-body dynamics problems with unilateral constraints, like frictionless and frictional contacts, are characterized by nonsmooth dynamics. The issue of nonsmoothness can be addressed with methods that apply a mathematical regularization, called continuous contact methods; alternatively, hard constraints with complementarity approaches can be proficiently used. This work presents an attempt at integrating consistently modeled unilateral constraints in a general purpose multibody formulation and implementation originally designed to address intrinsically smooth problems. The focus is on the analysis of generally smooth problems, characterized by significant multidisciplinarity, with the need to selectively include nonsmooth events localized in time and in specific components of the model. A co-simulation approach between the smooth Differential-Algebraic Equations solver and the classic Moreau-Jean timestepping approach is devised as an alternative to entirely redesigning a monolithic nonsmooth solver, in order to provide elements subject to frictionless and frictional contact in the general-purpose, free multibody solver MBDyn. The implementation uses components from the INRIA’s Siconos library for the solution of Complementarity Problems. The proposed approach is applied to several problems of increasing complexity to empirically evaluate its properties and versatility. The applicability of the family of second-order accurate, A/L stable multistep integration algorithms used by MBDyn to nonsmooth dynamics is also discussed and assessed.
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Clementi, Francesco, Gabriele Milani, Valentina Gazzani, Marina Poiani, Giammichele Cocchi, and Stefano Lenci. "The non-smooth contact dynamics method for the analysis of an ancient masonry tower." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2018 (ICCMSE 2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5079150.

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Reports on the topic "Non smooth contact dynamics"

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Ge, Haitao, Juan Carlos Quezada, Vincent Le Houerou, and Cyrille Chazallon. Investigation of Tire-pavement Interaction Based on Non-smooth Contact Dynamics Method. Peeref, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2209p2134642.

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Agudelo Urrego, Luz María, Chatuphat Savigamin, Devansh Gandhi, Ghadir Haikal, and Antonio Bobet. Assessment of Pipe Fill Heights. Purdue University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317612.

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The design of buried pipes, in terms of the allowable minimum and maximum cover heights, requires the use of both geotechnical and structural design procedures. The geotechnical procedure focuses on estimating the load on the pipe and the compressibility of the foundation soil. The focus of the structural design is choosing the correct cross-section details of the pipe under consideration. The uncertainties of the input parameters and installation procedures are significant. Because of that, the Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method is considered to be suitable for the design of buried pipes. Furthermore, the interaction between the pipe structure and surrounding soil is better captured by implementing soil-structure interaction in a finite element numerical solution technique. The minimum cover height is highly dependent on the anticipated traffic load, whereas the maximum cover height is controlled by the section properties of the pipe and the installation type. The project focuses on the determination of the maximum cover heights for lock-seam CSP, HDPE, PVC, polypropylene, spiral bound steel, aluminum alloy, steel pipe lock seam and riveted, steel pipe and aluminum arch lock seam and riveted, non-reinforced concrete, ribbed and smooth wall polyethylene, smooth wall PVC, vitrified clay, structural plate steel or aluminum alloy pipe, and structural plate pipe arch steel, or aluminum alloy pipes. The calculations are done with the software CANDE, a 2D plane strain FEM code that is well-accepted for designing and analyzing buried pipes, that employs the LRFD method. Plane strain and beam elements are used for the soil and pipe, respectively, while interface elements are placed at the contact between the pipe and the surrounding soil. The Duncan-Selig model is employed for the soil, while the pipe is assumed to be elastic. Results of the numerical simulations for the maximum fill for each type and size of pipe are included in the form of tables and figures.
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Kimhi, Ayal, Barry Goodwin, Ashok Mishra, Avner Ahituv, and Yoav Kislev. The dynamics of off-farm employment, farm size, and farm structure. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695877.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Preparing panel data sets for both the United States and Israel that contain a rich set of farm attributes, such as size, specialization, and output composition, and farmers’ characteristics such as off-farm employment status, education, and family composition. (2) Developing an empirical framework for the joint analysis of all the endogenous variables of interest in a dynamic setting. (3) Estimating simultaneous equations of the endogenous variables using the panel data sets from both countries. (4) Analyzing, using the empirical results, the possible effects of economic policies and institutional changes on the dynamics of the farm sector. An added objective is analyzing structural changes in farm sectors in additional countries. Background: Farm sectors in developed countries, including the U.S. and Israel, have experienced a sharp decline in their size and importance during the second half of the 20th century. The overall trend is towards fewer and larger farms that rely less on family labor. These structural changes have been a reaction to changes in technology, in government policies, and in market conditions: decreasing terms of trade, increasing alternative opportunities, and urbanization pressures. As these factors continue to change, so does the structure of the agricultural sector. Conclusions: We have shown that all major dimensions of structural changes in agriculture are closely interlinked. These include farm efficiency, farm scale, farm scope (diversification), and off-farm labor. We have also shown that these conclusions hold and perhaps even become stronger whenever dynamic aspects of structural adjustments are explicitly modeled using longitudinal data. While the results vary somewhat in the different applications, several common features are observed for both the U.S. and Israel. First, the trend towards the concentration of farm production in a smaller number of larger farm enterprises is likely to continue. Second, at the micro level, increased farm size is negatively associated with increased off-farm labor, with the causality going both ways. Third, the increase in farm size is mostly achieved by diversifying farm production into additional activities (crops or livestock). All these imply that the farm sector converges towards a bi-modal farm distribution, with some farms becoming commercial while the remaining farm households either exit farming altogether or continue producing but rely heavily on off-farm income. Implications: The primary scientific implication of this project is that one should not analyze a specific farm attribute in isolation. We have shown that controlling for the joint determination of the various farm and household attributes is crucial for obtaining meaningful empirical results. The policy implications are to some extent general but could be different in the two countries. The general implication is that farm policy is an important determinant of structural changes in the farm sector. For the U.S., we have shown the different effects of coupled and decoupled (direct) farm payments on the various farm attributes, and also shown that it is important to take into account the joint farm-household decisions in order to conduct a meaningful policy analysis. Only this kind of analysis explains the indirect effect of direct farm payments on farm production decisions. For Israel, we concluded that farm policy (or lack of farm policy) has contributed to the fast structural changes we observed over the last 25 years. The sharp change of direction in farm policy that started in the early 1980s has accelerated structural changes that could have been smoother otherwise. These accelerated structural changes most likely lead to welfare losses in rural areas.
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