Academic literature on the topic 'Non-standard forms of communication'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-standard forms of communication"
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Goregliad, Elena N. "Non-Standard Lexemes in Russian Language Periodicals in Belarus: Efficiency vs Effectiveness." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 19, no. 6 (2020): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-6-194-204.
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The problem of studying the language of press in mass media is very important and practically significant. The competition that has developed in recent years on the publishing market, the large-scale offensive of the Internet, and the development of information technologies compel journalists working in periodicals, including Belarusian ones, to seek new forms of attracting reader’s attention and to keep their readers. The ability of the author of the publication to create the necessary level of attraction in communication with the interlocutor-reader depends not only on knowledge of the psychological component of this phenomenon, but also on the effective use of various means of communication, elements of different language levels (in particular, phonetics, graphics, syntax). In Belarusian periodicals published in Russian the potential of using emotionally and expressively colored elements as well as occasional words is growing, including non-standard formation.
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Koch, Harold. "Language and communication in Aboriginal land claim hearings." Communication and Translation in Aboriginal Contexts 5 (January 1, 1990): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.5.01koc.
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This paper discusses aspects of the intercultural communication processes involved in the quasi-legal presentation of claims to traditional land by Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory before the Aboriginal Land Commissioner. The findings are documented by means of selected extracts from the transcripts of proceedings. Although the proceedings took place predominantly in English, there was some use of interpreters, liberal use of words from Aboriginal languages, and even considerable usage of nonverbal gestures. Most of the Aboriginal witnesses spoke some form of non-standard English influenced by Kriol and traditional Australian languages. The most salient features of their non-standard English are described here. Aboriginal witnesses accommodated their language toward Standard English. Some of their non-standard utterances were clarified by others for the record. The court also accommodated somewhat to Aboriginal styles and forms of speech. Nevertheless there were numerous instances of communication failure, which had various specific causes but were not aided by the culturally alien general legal procedure of question-and-answer elicitation of information.
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Bulakh, Tetiana. "Innovative channels and forms of organization of advertising communication in the publishing business." Вісник Книжкової палати, no. 7 (July 29, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2020.7(288).11-16.
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The article analyzes innovations in the field of advertising, acceptable for use in advertising purposes by publishers, bookstores and libraries. In particular, the specifics of using non-traditional channels, as well as creative approaches in advertising communication, sometimes to long-known, to some extent standard solutions (scribing, newsjacking, guerrilla and viral advertising, etc.) as low-cost means of promoting publishing products and services. The directions of modern advertising activity are considered in detail, among which the ambient-appeal is a kind of outdoor advertising that uses the surrounding space for advertising purposes: field, trees, sidewalks, stairs, elevators, etc. The peculiarities of guerrilla advertising (guerrilla marketing), which today unites all low-budget means of advertising influence, are analyzed. In addition to ambient appeals, non-cost advertising options are viral advertising, cross-selling, flash mobs, performances, brand zones and more. It is due to the availability of guerrilla advertising methods that have gained popularity, including in the book industry. Attention is paid to such innovative technologies in the field of advertising as newsjacking — the use of news to promote your own brand; scribing — visualization of information with the help of graphic symbols that simply and clearly reflect its content and internal connections. It is concluded that the establishment of advertising and communication interaction can now be carried out without attracting significant funds, thanks to non-standard channels, creative approaches to the creation and presentation of advertising information.
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Senaratne, Madhushala, and Olivia Gable. "Introduction." Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MeCCSA Postgraduate Network 12, no. 2 (2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.31165/nk.2019.122.578.
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In contrast to previous themed and conference-based issues of the journal, the papers in this standard issue are diverse in their exploration of themes and modes of enquiry. Their themes range from health communication to protest, and from queer narratives to search for home. Significantly, the papers engage with different forms, platforms, and means of mass media, communications, and culture, including community-based communication, forms of political communication, strategies of lobbying, and creative cultural resistance. At the same time, the research contexts of these authors are also varied, with case studies drawn from the EU, Israel, Kenya, and India. However, it is in the diverse nature of these papers that a unique standpoint is offered, bringing together global perspectives on culture, people, and organisations, and their complex interactions with and understandings of media and forms of communications.
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Morgenstern, Aliyah, Christophe Parisse, and Sophie de Pontonx. "« On dit pas Je veux ! »." Role of input on early first language morphosyntactic development 5, no. 1 (2014): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.5.1.01mor.
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Because of its syntactic, semantic and cognitive complexity, the French morphology for tense, aspect and modality is acquired slowly and gradually by children, from the moment they are born until their adolescence. The least frequent forms in adult language are acquired later. In order to understand how these forms are memorized, handled and produced by children in dialogue, we focus our study on the use of a rare form: the French conditional. We present two French children’s first uses of verbal constructions in the conditional between the ages of 1;00 and 6;11. Four periods can be distinguished during the acquisition process beginning with the production of a unique form with a stable function and ending with the use of different forms with a variety of functions. Adult language plays a very different role depending on the child’s age. After a period during which the children replicate the most frequent adult forms, both children construct different forms with various functions in a more creative manner with occasional non-standard productions. The adult form/function associations are finally reactivated and non-standard forms progressively disappear from the data.
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Grainge, C. "Do weekend plan standard forms improve communication and influence quality of patient care?" Postgraduate Medical Journal 81, no. 958 (2005): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2004.030064.
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Chandra, Oktiva Herry. "Politeness in the Use of Language in Social Media." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131702027.
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The use of social media in communication changes the way people express the idea represented through their language. This study aims to seek for the form of communication patterns in social media and to reveal causes of specific pattern language usage found in media, especially in office domain. The study was conducted using descriptive qualitative by describing the results of observations, interviews, and documentation. The data were collected by non-participatory observation method and note taking technique. Based on the results of the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the communication patterns are realized in the form of: (1) various forms of language which do not meet the standard language, (2) the use of other non-verbal representations, such as emoticon, and (3) ecrononciation, that is, writing the spoken language. The choice of utterances is affected by relative status, social distance and range of imposition. As communicating to others, most utterances represent the obedience to politeness maxim, namely be friendly (sumanak), be considerate (tepa slira), suitable topic to event (empan papan), and pleasant voice true and good temper (nuju prana).
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Urzędowska, Aleksandra. "Polish Internet Language – Selected Forms." Social Communication 7, no. 1 (2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sc-2021-0005.
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Abstract One of the most interesting phenomena observed in the Polish language today is the unquestionable, non-rigorous ability of the language to adapt to the latest social trends like the development. This article provides an overview of the selected most network communication’ important forms of linguistic expression of contemporary Internet Polish language in the communicative aspect. The basic formations and structures used by Internet users are characterized and the current state of the Polish language of online communication is presented, paying attention to the less and less noticeable disproportions between communication in the Internet space and traditional interpersonal communication. The excerpted forms, based on the well-known and completely new abstract units of the dictionary system, allowed a synthetic analysis of an interesting linguistic and communicative phenomenon, which is the marriage of both traditional and new-fangled structures of the Polish language with modern and flexible forms of digital network communication.
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Lamichhane, Yog Raj. "Non-verbal Skills: Unavoidable in Communication." REPOSITIONING The Journal of Business and Hospitality 1 (November 20, 2016): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/repos.v1i0.16046.
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This paper aims to define communication and incorporate differences between verbal and non-verbal communication. The special focus is given to different kinds of non-verbal skills with their color and creed. Their contribution in professional field is critically examined. As communication is an ongoing and complex process of transmission and reception of message, the implication of non-verbal communication is indispensable. When verbal and non-verbal cues are in conflict, verbal skills are virtually disregarded and the meaning and implication of ‘what’ heavily depends on non-verbal signs and symbols. The paper also highlights the different forms of vocalic and non-vocalic nonverbal cues with rational categorization. It also explores space in which culture and gender affect non-verbal communication by creating different meanings of particular item of behaviors. In this way, this paper attempts to excavate the importance of non-verbal communication in professional life.Repositioning Vol.1(1) 2016: 91-98
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Schuler, Kaitlyn R., Natasha Basu, Nicholas A. Fadoir, Laura Marie, and Phillip N. Smith. "Forms of suicide communication are not associated with five-factor personality." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 12, no. 2 (2020): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-12-2019-0465.
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Purpose US age-adjusted suicide rates increased by 33 per cent from 1999 to 2017 (Hedegard et al., 2018). Communications about suicide and death are a commonly cited warning sign (SPRC, 2014) and are foundational to the vast majority of risk assessment, prevention and intervention practices. Suicidal communications are critically understudied despite their implications for prevention and intervention practices. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between five factor model personality traits and forms of suicidal communications. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 154 people admitted to emergency psychiatry for suicide ideation or attempt completed self-report measures about their suicide ideation and behavior. Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA examined differences between five-factor model personality domains and forms of communications. Findings There were no significant differences; however, two nonsignificant trends related to indirect or non-communication and extraversion and openness emerged. Research limitations/implications Future studies should focus on using more nuanced measures of dimensional personality and suicidal communications. Originality/value This study is the first to examine differences in the Five-Factor Model personality traits and suicidal communications.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-standard forms of communication"
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Baker, Bruce Lee. "Evaluating the effectiveness of selected non-traditional sermon forms in life-situation preaching." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1989. http://www.tren.com.
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Ratzer, Edward Alexander. "Error-correction on non-standard communication channels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/237471.
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Many communication systems are poorly modelled by the standard channels assumed in the information theory literature, such as the binary symmetric channel or the additive white Gaussian noise channel. Real systems suffer from additional problems including time-varying noise, cross-talk, synchronization errors and latency constraints. In this thesis, low-density parity-check codes and codes related to them are applied to non-standard channels. First, we look at time-varying noise modelled by a Markov channel. A low-density parity-check code decoder is modified to give an improvement of over 1dB. Secondly, novel codes based on low-density parity-check codes are introduced which produce transmissions with Pr(bit = 1) ≠ Pr(bit = 0). These non-linear codes are shown to be good candidates for multi-user channels with crosstalk, such as optical channels. Thirdly, a channel with synchronization errors is modelled by random uncorrelated insertion or deletion events at unknown positions. Marker codes formed from low-density parity-check codewords with regular markers inserted within them are studied. It is shown that a marker code with iterative decoding has performance close to the bounds on the channel capacity, significantly outperforming other known codes. Finally, coding for a system with latency constraints is studied. For example, if a telemetry system involves a slow channel some error correction is often needed quickly whilst the code should be able to correct remaining errors later. A new code is formed from the intersection of a convolutional code with a high rate low-density parity-check code. The convolutional code has good early decoding performance and the high rate low-density parity-check code efficiently cleans up remaining errors after receiving the entire block. Simulations of the block code show a gain of 1.5dB over a standard NASA code.
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Mell, Jeremy. "Etude des communications verbales entre pilote et controleur en situation standard et non-standard." Toulouse 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU20042.
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Le dialogue pilote-controleur est un exemple du dialogue finalise dans un domaine restreint ou la securite humaine est un jeu. Les effets standardisants de la phraseologie officielle et de la nature routiniere des taches se manifestent dans les formes enonciatives (vocabulaire restreint, syntaxe figee et concise), dans l'interpretation conventionnelle des actes de parole et dans la structure des echanges. Neanmoins, des lacunes dans la phraseologie ainsi que certaines variables situationnelles (notamment de statut maternel ou etranger de la langue utilisee) provoquent un nombre non-negligeable de variations formelles. Le dialogue qui en resulte est plus complexe et l'interpretation de certains actes de parole depend du contexte. Cette tendance inherente devient une caracteristique dominante des communications en situation non-standard<br>Pilot-controller communications provide an example of task oriented dialogue applied to a specific, safety-criticaldomain. The standardising effects of an official phraseology and of the routine nature of the tasks involved are observed in utterance forms (restricted vocabulary, fossilised, elliptical syntax), in the conventional interpretation of speech acts, and in interactive discourse structures (recurrent speech act and exchange sequences). Nevertheless, certain gaps in the phraseology, as well as situational variables (notably thel1 orl2 status of thelanguage used) cause a significant degree of formal variation. The resulting dialogue is more complex and the interpretation of certain speech acts is context-dependent. This inherent tendency becomes a dominant feature of communications in non-standard situations
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Kolatsis, Anna. "The effect of sequential exposure of colour conditions on rate and accuracy of graphic symbol location." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122009-181248.
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Kersken, Verena. "Form and function of non-linguistic calls in human infants." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3149.
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Before infants speak their first word, they already produce a large variety of sounds. Whilst the developmental process that leads to speech production is very well documented, little attention is given to how non-linguistic sounds function in the child's everyday environment and whether they show acoustic consistencies similar to those found in the calls of non-human primates. This thesis investigated whether human infants between 11 and 18 months have “calls”. The first study observed 22 infants in their everyday nursery environment in Scotland and identified a number of contexts in which infants produced vocal behaviour. Vocalisations in five of these contexts, giving, declarative pointing, food requests, protests and action requests, were then subjected to an acoustic analysis. Results of the discriminant analysis suggest that four categories of vocal behaviour can be distinguished on the basis of their acoustic properties alone. To investigate whether these calls are part of a universal human repertoire, we conducted a cross-cultural comparison of the acoustic properties of vocal behaviour showed that, despite a slightly higher level of variation; four categories of calls could still be discriminated above chance level. This suggests that human infants possess calls with rather fixed acoustic properties as part of their vocal repertoire in addition to other, more flexible vocal behaviours. In order to assess whether listeners can gain information from these calls, we conducted a playback study with parents, experienced and inexperienced participants. Results show that all participants can categorise all vocalisations above chance level. Parents were the only participants that showed significantly better scores in correctly classifying vocalisations recorded in Scotland over those recorded in Uganda. Overall, the studies demonstrated that infants, as part of their vocal repertoire, produce some classes of calls that have constant acoustic properties across infants from different cultures, and contain information about the infant's activities that can be picked up by a listener.
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Acheme, Doris. "THE EVALUATION OF NON-STANDARD ACCENTED ENGLISH: ANINTERGROUP PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE ATTITUDES." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1529591883681638.
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Elouni, Najeh. "Etude de quelques formes d'expression des émotions et des sentiments dans le contexte des nouvelles formes de communication." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCH026/document.
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Cette thèse met l’accent sur l’expression linguistique des sentiments et des émotions dans un corpus jusque là peu interrogé dans ce type d’études, en l’occurrence les formes de communication instantanée rendues possibles par les nouvelles technologies et qui semblent prédisposées à accueillir de nombreux marqueurs expressifs. Elle déplace le curseur des études sur l’expression linguistique de ces deux catégories affectives du système vers l’emploi, en interrogeant un corpus formé de quatre formes de communication : blogs, forums de discussion, réseau Facebook et plateforme de microblogging Twitter. Le travail ancre la réflexion au niveau cognitif en cherchant à montrer, dans une perspective dynamique, comment se construit ce type de discours dans l’interaction médiatisée. Il aborde ainsi les différentes manifestations linguistiques et extralinguistiques qui chargent ces écrits électroniques d’une dimension émotionnelle ouvrant sur une dimension interactive intense. Il permet une réflexion sur les frontières écrit / oral et sur la naissance d’un nouveau langage expressif propre aux écrits électroniques. Ce langage, résultant de l’immédiateté, la spontanéité, mais également des contraintes techniques inhérentes aux outils médiateurs, favorise une nouvelle mise en discours des émotions et des sentiments en contexte numérique et participe à la construction d’un discours hétérogène associant verbal et non verbalMots-clés : Emotions, sentiments, verbalisation, discours, CMO, contexte, interaction<br>This thesis focuses on the linguistic expression of feelings and emotions in a corpus until now little questioned in this type of studies, in this case the forms of instantaneous communication made possible by a new technology and that seems predisposed to many expressive markers. It moves the cursor studies on the linguistic expression of these emotional categories of the system to employment, interviewing a corpus formed by four forms of communication: blogs, discussion forums, Facebook and Twitter. The work anchors reflection cognitively seeking to show, in a dynamic perspective, how to build this type of discourse in mediated interaction. It studies the different linguistic and extra-linguistic manifestations that load these electronic writings an emotional dimension opening on a large interactive dimension. It allows reflection on the written / oral borders and the construction of a new expressive language specific to electronic writings. This language, resulting from the immediacy, spontaneity but also the technical constraints inherent to mediators’ tools, promotes a new discourse of emotions and feelings in this digital context and participates in the construction of a heterogeneous discourse combining the verbal and the non-verbal.Keywords : emotion, feeling, verbalization, discourse, CMO, context, interaction
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Vergne, Romain. "Communication expressive de la forme au travers de l’éclairement et du rendu au trait." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14154/document.
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Le rendu expressif a pour objectif de développer des algorithmes qui donnent la possibilité aux utilisateurs de créer des images artistiques. Il permet non-seulement de reproduire des styles traditionnels, mais surtout de communiquer un message spécifique avec un style qui lui correspond. Dans ce manuscrit, nous proposons de nouvelles solutions pour réintroduire la forme, souvent masquée dans les images réalistes. Nous montrons tout d'abord comment extraire les informations de surface pertinentes sur des objets 3D dynamiques, en nous basant sur les caractéristiques du système visuel humain, de sorte à obtenir des informations qui fournissent des niveaux de détail automatiques tout en prenant le point de vue en compte. Dans un deuxième temps, nous utilisons ces données extraites à la surface des objets 3D pour les intégrer en temps réel dans des styles variés, allant du rendu minimaliste noir et blanc au dessin au trait, en passant par des résultats réalistes<br>Expressive rendering aims at designing algorithms that give users the possibility to create artistic images. It allows to produce traditional styles, but also to convey a specific message with its corresponding style. In this thesis, we propose new solutions for enhancing shape, often hidden in realistic images. We first show how to extract relevant surface features on 3D dynamic scenes, taking the human visual system into account, in order to be able to control level-of-details. In a second step, we integrate this information in a variety of styles: minimalist black and white, realistic, or line-based renderings
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Barrière-Boizumault, Magali. "Les communications non verbales des enseignants d’Education Physique et Sportive : Formes et fonctions des CNV, croyances et réalisation effective des enseignants, ressenti des effets par les élèves." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10217/document.
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Ce travail a pour objet de questionner l’utilisation des communications non verbales dans l'enseignement de l'Education Physique et Sportive. Les communications non verbales (CNV) diffusent des informations auprès des élèves, peuvent être contradictoires avec les communications verbales, les desservir, ou transmettre, à leur insu, les attentes des enseignants. Les communications seront abordées sous l’angle interactionniste. Chaque intervention verbale ou non verbale de l’enseignant crée une interaction avec les élèves dont l’objet peut être pédagogique ou didactique. Trois études ont été réalisées. La première étude exploratoire vise à questionner les croyances des étudiants en formation sur les communications ; afin de recenser leurs niveaux de connaissance et de prise de conscience de l’importance des communications dans l’enseignement, pour ensuitecomparer leurs réponses avec celles des enseignants en exercice, le tout permettant de comprendre l’évolution des croyances et éclairer les pratiques pédagogiques. La deuxième étude consiste, à partir d’une grille d’observation des CNV en classe, à confirmer l’exploitation d’une classification fonctionnelle des CNV. Une comparaison entre le dire, le faire et le dire sur le faire est réalisée à l’aide de différents entretiens. Les enseignants sont rarement conscients des communications qu’ilsexploitent en classe ; ils sont souvent surpris de la richesse des CNV exploitées, non consciemment. L’aspect affectif de la relation pédagogique est souvent valorisé lorsqu’ils se voient agir, contrairement aux premiers propos beaucoup plus réservés, et qui portent sur les apprentissages. L’accent est mis sur le rôle et la place du toucher et sur les routines en EPS. Les ressentis des élèves sont relevés pour les comparer avec les réponses des enseignants. La dernière étude se focalise sur l’aspect contextualisé des interactions non verbales à travers deux études de cas. Des variations semblent apparaître selon l’activité, les caractéristiques des élèves ou celles des enseignants. La recherche se conclut par des propositions d’enseignements supplémentaires pour la formation initiale et continue des enseignants. L’amélioration des pratiques pédagogiques quotidiennes des enseignants passe par une prise de conscience de leurs croyances et de leurs modes de fonctionnement in situ<br>This study questions the use of non-verbal communication in the teaching of Physical Education. Non-verbal communication (NVC) sends information to students which sometimes contradicts verbal communication or unwittingly transmits teachers' expectations. Communication issues are addressed in this study under the interactionist’ perspective. Each verbal or non-verbal intervention of the teacher creates an interaction with students, whose purpose may be educational or didactic. Three studies were conducted. The first exploratory study aims at questioning the PE students beliefs about communication, in order to identify their level of knowledge, as well as their awareness of the importance of communication in teaching. Their answers are then compared with those of active teachers. This allows to understand the evolution of beliefs and to highlight teaching practices. The second study is based on the use of an observational grid on NVC during classes. It aims at confirmingthe operation of a functional classification of NVC. A comparison between explaining, doing, and explaining action is carried out using various interviews. Teachers are rarely aware of the types ofcommunication they use in the classroom. They are often surprised with the wide range of NVC they unconsciously use. They often highlight the emotional aspect of the pedagogical relationship, when watching themselves interacting with students in class, while they usually focus on teaching when first questioned about their educational methods. Emphasis is placed on the role and importance oftouching and routines in PE. What students say they feel is compared with what teachers describe. The last study draws attention on contextualized non verbal interactions, through two case studies. Changes seem to occur in the activity, according to the characteristics of students, or those of teachers. There search concludes with proposals both for initial and continuous training of teachers. Improving daily teaching practices can be facilitated through awareness of their beliefs and operational methods in situ
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Vergne, R. "Communication expressive de la forme au travers de l'éclairement et du rendu au trait." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595068.
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Le rendu expressif a pour objectif de créer des algorithmes permettant aux de contrôler la manière dont les images de synthèse sont créées. Plus précisément, il s'agit de laisser aux utilisateurs la possibilité de faire passer un message spécifique dans un style donné, même s'il faut pour cela s'éloigner des techniques d'éclairement physiquement réalistes. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une formalisation du rendu expressif, en décomposant le message à communiquer dans une scène 3D et le style utilisé pour créer l'image finale. Au cours de ce manuscrit, nous nous concentrons sur deux domaines ayant la particularité de s'appuyer sur un message commun : la mise en valeur de la forme des objets dans des scènes dynamiques. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous proposons de nouvelles solutions pour exagérer les détails de surface à travers le rendu. Nous montrons notamment comment extraire des informations pertinentes sur la forme des objets en prenant les caractéristiques du système visuel humain en compte. Notre approche permet ainsi de déterminer des informations dépendantes du point de vue, qui fournissent des niveaux de détail automatiques de manière dynamique. Nous nous servons ensuite de ce message pour modifier l'éclairement et l'introduire dans des styles variés, allant du rendu minimaliste noir et blanc, au rendu réaliste. Dans la seconde partie de ce mémoire, nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour communiquer la forme des objets via le dessin au trait. Nous introduisons une définition générale des lignes, cohérente spatialement et temporellement, et capable d'identifier de nombreux types de détails. Nous montrons ensuite comment appliquer une stylisation implicite le long de ces lignes, de sorte à obtenir des effets et styles originaux qui s'adaptent parfaitement aux détails de surface. Nous discutons enfin plus en détail des limitations de chacune de ces approches dans une troisième partie. Nous montrons que notre perception de l'apparence est un élément essentiel sur lequel nous pourrions nous appuyer dans des travaux futurs. Les messages et styles dont nous parlons pourraient évoluer en un modèle plus intuitif et plus cohérent.
Books on the topic "Non-standard forms of communication"
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Sheremet, Aleksandr. THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERNET AS A MEANS OF MASS COMMUNICATION ON QUALITY AND STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE POPULATION. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/monography_5fdf9ab89f5d61.35635530.
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The monograph is devoted to the problems of the influence of the Internet as a means of mass communication on the quality and standard of living of the population. The digital inequality and other new forms of socio-economic stratification generated by the introduction and development of new information and communication technologies are investigated.
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Naumov, Vladimir. Markets information and communication technology and sales organization. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21026.
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In the textbook sets out the basic information about the structure of markets, information and communication technologies (ICT), the methods of their research, assessing the attractiveness and forecasting, criteria and methods of segmentation. Deals with the organization of the sales Department of an IT company, involving analysis of organizational forms, population division, methods of remuneration and non-material incentives for experts dealing with sales of ICT products. Sets out the methodology for strategic sales of complex IT solutions, the technique of negotiation and the basics of neurolinguistic programming.
 The textbook pays attention to the peculiarities of the sales and promotion of ICT products through the Internet, the possibilities of the use of CRM systems. The principles of the organization of partnerships with clients. This methodical approaches to the assessment of the efficiency of the sales Department of an IT company and its sales staff. Discusses the economic evaluation of the project implementation in selling IT solutions.
 The textbook is prepared in accordance with the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
 Designed for students enrolled in training 38.03.05 "Business-Informatics", but it can be useful to students from other disciplines and practitioners working in the field of information and communication technologies.
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Pavia, Italy) Languages Go Web! Standard and non-standard languages on the Internet (Conference) (2012. Languages go web: Standard and non-standard languages on the Internet. Edizioni dell'Orso, 2013.
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Solinge, Hanna van. Sample surveys as a potential data source for the study of non-standard household forms and new living arrangements: An inventory of data sources on European households and families. Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, 1997.
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Tufte, Edward R. Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. 2nd ed. Graphics Press, 2000.
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Tufte, Edward R. Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. 6th ed. Graphics Press, 2003.
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Tufte, Edward R. Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. Graphics Press, 1997.
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Ivor, Roberts. Book II Diplomatic and Consular Relations, 6 Diplomatic Communication. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses language and communications in the context of diplomacy. It first describes the language practices from the early days of diplomacy—particularly the use of Latin—before describing the modern practices. Nowadays, the right of the representative of every nation to use the official language of that nation is generally accepted. Furthermore, there is no universal rule making obligatory the use of one language rather than another, and practice even varies. The forms and means of official diplomatic communication are discussed next: Notes Verbales, collective notes, despatches, speaking notes, non-papers and démarches, and others. In addition, the chapter also considers megaphone diplomacy, the ‘rejection’ of diplomatic communications, and the correspondences between sovereigns and Heads of State.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-standard forms of communication"
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Manninen, Tony, and Tomi Kujanpää. "Non-Verbal Communication Forms in Multi-player Game Session." In People and Computers XVI - Memorable Yet Invisible. Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0105-5_23.
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Weik, Martin H. "standard form." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_18060.
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Korthals, Michiel. "Humanity in the Living, the Living in Humans." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_8.
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AbstractRecent studies in biology, ecology, and medicine make it clear that relationships between living organisms are complex and comprise different forms of collaboration and communication in particular in getting food. It turns even out that relations of collaboration and valuing are more important than those of aggression and predation. I will outline the ways organisms select and value specific items in their network of living and non-living entities. No organism eats everything; all organisms prefer certain foods, companions, and habitats. Relations between organisms are established on the basis of communication, exchange of signs, actions and goods, through mutual learning processes on all levels of life. Micro, meso and macro organisms participate in this process of valuing and communication. Animals and plants therefore show features that were traditionally attributed only to humans, like selfless assistance. The usual distinction between humans and other living beings on the basis of human’s sensitivity for altruism, language and values crumbles down due to the circumstance that also non-human living beings are prone to selfless assistance, communication and valuing.
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Rossi-Gensane, Nathalie. "Register variation in the non-standard use of non-finite forms." In Sociolinguistic Variation in Contemporary French. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.26.13ros.
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Panchishkin, Alexey A. "Non-Archimedean standard zeta functions of Siegel modular forms." In Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21541-8_5.
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Addabbo, Tindara, and Giovanni Solinas. "Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work: Towards New Forms of Measurement." In Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. Physica-Verlag HD, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_12.
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Steiglitz, Kenneth. "Two Non-Standard Paradigms for Computation: Analog Machines and Cellular Automata." In Performance Limits in Communication Theory and Practice. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2794-0_11.
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Song, Yingjie, and Rong Chen. "Non-standard Reasoning Services for the Verification of DAML+OIL Ontologies." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16239-8_28.
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Gay, Simon J., Diogo Poças, and Vasco T. Vasconcelos. "The Different Shades of Infinite Session Types." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99253-8_18.
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AbstractMany type systems include infinite types. In session type systems, infinite types are important because they specify communication protocols that are unbounded in time. Usually infinite session types are introduced as simple finite-state expressions "Equation missing" or by non-parametric equational definitions "Equation missing". Alternatively, some systems of label- or value-dependent session types go beyond simple recursive types. However, leaving dependent types aside, there is a much richer world of infinite session types, ranging through various forms of parametric equational definitions, to arbitrary infinite types in a coinductively defined space. We study infinite session types across a spectrum of shades of grey on the way to the bright light of general infinite types. We identify four points on the spectrum, characterised by different styles of equational definitions, and show that they form a strict hierarchy by establishing bidirectional correspondences with classes of automata: finite-state, 1-counter, pushdown and 2-counter. This allows us to establish decidability and undecidability results for type formation, type equivalence and duality in each class of types. We also consider previous work on context-free session types (and extend it to higher-order) and nested session types, and locate them on our spectrum of infinite types.
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Bohle, Philip. "Work-Life Conflict in ‘Flexible Work’: Precariousness, Variable Hours and Related Forms of Work Organization." In Social and Family Issues in Shift Work and Non Standard Working Hours. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42286-2_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Non-standard forms of communication"
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Belyakova, Polina Olegovna. "The use of non-standard forms of lessons in the formation of communication skills at the initial stage of teaching a foreign language." In IX International Research-to-practice conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-113739.
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Shahgholian, Ghazanfar, Afshin Etesami, Mohammad Reza Yousefi, and Farshad Mogharrab Tehrani. "Development of state space model and control design of two-mass system using standard forms." In 2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsn.2011.6014736.
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Antelava, Nugzar. "Traditional non-verbal communication forms among the North Caucasian peoples : gestural language and etiquette." In RUCARR Conference. Malmö University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771608_10.
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Golubkova, Ekaterina. "The Potential for the Transformation of Public Space in Yekaterinburg via Non-Standard Advertising Media." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-53.
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In the article, the author considers the influence of new advertising media on the establishment of public space and the transformation of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg. Though popular in Europe, the sociocultural phenomenon Ambient media remains insufficiently studied in contemporary Russia. Ambient advertising has the ability to change the usual urban space in a special way, overcoming environmental alienation and modelling the environment into a comfortable and safe one, therefore developing the public life of the city, making it attractive and creating ‘places of attraction’ for city dwellers. The author carried out an in-depth interview with representatives from the advertising community in Yekaterinburg (N = 22) to research into expert views on unconventional media, and to study expert appraisal of how the new form of advertising communication, Ambient media, impacts the urban environment of Yekaterinburg. The interviewed experts were specialists in advertising and marketing. Main occupation: advertising project management, creative strategies, outdoor ads, event-marketing, PR with a status of an advertising agency or department in the city of Yekaterinburg. Gender profile: 50% males, and 50% females; all aged between 27 and 50. Our study has revealed that advertisement experts regard Ambient media to be a very promising tool in terms of their professional practice, including in regards to the transformation of ambient urban space. Respondents note a correlation between the propagation of Ambient- objects in the city and public space formation. Non-standard media can fill the city with new meanings of freedom and creativity, helping to overcome feelings of alienation and creating new comfortable and safe spaces that people recognise as ‘their own’. Ambient-objects are moreover a source of pride for various social groups of citizens, as they contribute to the formation of a new image of Yekaterinburg: a unique, modern art centre, a city of freedom and creativity.
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Lemos, Jamilly Rodrigues, and Myrella de Jesus Cruz Gomes. "Neurocall: an explanatory communication platform for diagnostics." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.587.
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Introduction: In the current context of the 21st century, it has become necessary to incorporate new tools to clinical practice, especially those that allow communication at the nationally or internationally remotely, enabling the interruption of diagnostic doubts, joint interpretation of imaging exams, meeting of various protocols and updates in the management of diseases. When there is an application, which brings together specialists in neurology, psychiatry and the like, an ethical, safe and promising environment will be established. Objectives: Reduce diagnostic errors and promote the creation of a virtual Community active disseminator of knowledge in neurology. Design and setting: Quantitative observational study based on the results of a online form applied with professionals from the Uniceuma institution, in force in São Luís, located in the state of Maranhão (Brazil), in the year 2021. Methods: This is a quantitative survey applied to a non-sample probabilistic. The instrument for data collection was Microsoft Forms, with results applied to a Microsoft Excell spreadsheet. Results: Of the 22 selected medical professionals, 14 were neurologists, 3 were psychiatrists and 5 were general practitioners. Among all, 86% of them demonstrated a high degree of of interest in the application, with the 14 neurologists included; all stated that the platform would reduce diagnostic errors and 17 of them would use it in clinical practice. Conclusions: Therefore, there is an urgent need to promote an online teaching tool, responsible and accessible, via IOS and Android, which makes therapeutic conduct feasible, diagnostic thinking and update the medical Community.
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Пржиленская, И. Б. "Formation of students' creative activity skills: problems and features." In Современное социально-гуманитарное образование: векторы развития в год науки и технологий: материалы VI международной конференции (г. Москва, МПГУ, 22–23 апреля 2021 г.). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37492/etno.2021.76.98.066.
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креативный потенциал специалиста, является уникальным сочетанием личностных качеств и профессиональных навыков. Он позволяет создавать новый продукт в ходе профессиональной деятельности. Креативность как ключевая компетенция будущего специалиста тесно связана со стратегиями адаптации личности к реалиям современного рынка труда. Цель исследования заключается в выявлении среди методов и форм работы с обучающимися развивающих креативных компетенций, которые позволяют решать профессиональные и жизненные задачи в условиях нестандартных и неожиданных ситуаций. Анализ практики профессиональной подготовки в современных вузах показывает отсутствие системности при формировании у обучающихся навыков креативной деятельности. Преодоление проблемы связано с созданием специальной коммуникативной среды, на основе диалогических и практикоориентированных форм обучения. the creative potential of a specialist is a unique combination of personal qualities and professional skills. It allows you to create a new product during professional activity. Creativity as a key competence of a future specialist, a strategy with strategies for adapting a person to the realities of the modern labor market. The purpose of the study is to identify methods and forms of work with educational developing creative competencies that allow solving professional and life tasks in non-standard and unexpected situations. An analysis of the practice of professional training in the conditions of modern universities shows the lack of consistency in the formation of students' skills of creative activity. Overcoming the problem is associated with the creation of a special communicative environment, based on dialogical and practice-oriented forms of learning.
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Krompák, Edina. "Diglossia and Local Identity: Swiss German in the Linguistic Landscape of Kleinbasel." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.7-2.
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The city of Basel is situated in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, in the geographic triangle of three countries: France, Germany and Switzerland. Everyday urban life is characterised by the presence of Standard German and Swiss German as well as diverse migrant languages. Swiss German is ‘an umbrella term for several Alemannic dialects’ (Stepkowska 2012, 202) which differ from Standard German in terms of phonetics, semantics, lexis, and grammar and has no standard written form. Swiss German is predominantly used in oral forms, and Standard German in written communication. Furthermore, an amalgamation of bilingualism and diglossia (Stepkowska 2012, 208) distinguishes the specific linguistic situation, which indicates amongst other things the high prestige of Swiss German in everyday life. To explore the visibility and vitality of Swiss German in the public display of written language, we examined the linguistic landscape of a superdiverse neighbourhood of Basel, and investigated language power and the story beyond the sign – ‘stories about the cultural, historical, political and social backgrounds of a certain space’ (Blommaert 2013, 41). Our exploration was guided by the question: How do linguistic artefacts – such as official, commercial, and private signs – represent the diglossic situation and the relation between language and identity in Kleinbasel? Based on a longitudinal ethnographic study, a corpus was compiled comprising 300 digital images of written artefacts in Kleinbasel. Participant observation and focus group discussions about particular images were conducted and analysed using grounded theory (Charmaz 2006) and visual ethnography (Pink 2006). In our paper, we focus on signs in Swiss German and focus group discussions on these images. Initial analyses have produced two surprising findings; firstly, the visibility and the perception of Swiss German as a marker of local identity; secondly, the specific context of their display.
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Pahng, Gun-Dong F., Seockhoon Bae, and David Wallace. "Web-Based Collaborative Design Modeling and Decision Support." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/eim-5681.
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Abstract This paper presents an integrated but open product development environment for distributed and collaborative design. The web-based framework, called DOME, allows designers to build integrated models using both local and distributed resources and to collaborate by exchanging services. Thus, an integrated model can be created while each participant focuses on their own area of expertise. A design model is created by connecting modules, each of which can represent specific components, analysis capabilities/software, disciplines, or organizations relevant to the problem. The modules interact with each other using service exchanges based upon the CORBA standard communication protocol for distributed objects. The resulting module network forms a concurrent model in which changes propagate through service exchanges. Modules can simultaneously function as both clients (using services from other modules) and servers (providing services to other modules). A Java applet-based user interface provides cross-platform and distributed user access to DOME module servers throughout the network.
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Krishna Rao, Akula Vamsi, V. N. Aditya Datta Chivukula, Sri Keshava Reddy Adupala, and Abhiram Reddy Cholleti. "Multi-Layer Encryption Algorithm." In 7th International Conference on VLSI and Applications (VLSIA 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.112103.
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In recent years, security has become a big issue for many applications to defend attacks from intruders. Exchanging credentials in plaintext might expose it to stealers. Many techniques are required to protect the data of the consumers from attackers. Cryptography has come up with a solution to provide security for the users to exchange data securely by the means of the process called as Encryption/ Decryption. In this field, there are basically two techniques of cryptography i.e Symmetric and asymmetric, developed to achieve a secure connection between the sender and receiver. These techniques provide specific goals in maintaining privacy by converting original message to non-readable form and sends it over a communication channel. The unauthorized members try to break the non-readable form but the difficulty depends upon the techniques that were used to encrypt the data. In this paper, we proposed a quadruple encryption algorithm consists of novel phase-shift algorithm, AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), TwoFish and RC4 and making it hard to attack by common methods.
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Guerra, Rúbia Reis, Tamires Martins Rezende, Frederico Gadelha Guimarães, and Sílvia Grasiella Moreira Almeida. "Facial Expression Analysis in Brazilian Sign Language for Sign Recognition." In XV Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2018.4418.
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Sign language is one of the main forms of communication used by the deaf community. The language’s smallest unit, a “sign”, comprises a series of intricate manual and facial gestures. As opposed to speech recognition, sign language recognition (SLR) lags behind, presenting a multitude of open challenges because this language is visual-motor. This paper aims to explore two novel approaches in feature extraction of facial expressions in SLR, and to propose the use of Random Forest (RF) in Brazilian SLR as a scalable alternative to Support Vector Machines (SVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN). Results show that RF’s performance is at least comparable to SVM’s and k-NN’s, and validate non-manual parameter recognition as a consistent step towards SLR.
Reports on the topic "Non-standard forms of communication"
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, et al. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.
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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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Epel, Bernard, and Roger Beachy. Mechanisms of intra- and intercellular targeting and movement of tobacco mosaic virus. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695874.bard.
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To cause disease, plant viruses must replicate and spread locally and systemically within the host. Cell-to-cell virus spread is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which modify the structure and function of plasmodesmata (Pd), trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels that interconnect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) employ a single MP for cell- cell spread and for which CP is not required. The PIs, Beachy (USA) and Epel (Israel) and co-workers, developed new tools and approaches for study of the mechanism of spread of TMV that lead to a partial identification and molecular characterization of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking process. Original research objectives: Based on our data and those of others, we proposed a working model of plant viral spread. Our model stated that MPᵀᴹⱽ, an integral ER membrane protein with its C-terminus exposed to the cytoplasm (Reichel and Beachy, 1998), alters the Pd SEL, causes the Pd cytoplasmic annulus to dilate (Wolf et al., 1989), allowing ER to glide through Pd and that this gliding is cytoskeleton mediated. The model claimed that in absence of MP, the ER in Pd (the desmotubule) is stationary, i.e. does not move through the Pd. Based on this model we designed a series of experiments to test the following questions: -Does MP potentiate ER movement through the Pd? - In the presence of MP, is there communication between adjacent cells via ER lumen? -Does MP potentiate the movement of cytoskeletal elements cell to cell? -Is MP required for cell-to-cell movement of ER membranes between cells in sink tissue? -Is the binding in situ of MP to RNA specific to vRNA sequences or is it nonspecific as measured in vitro? And if specific: -What sequences of RNA are involved in binding to MP? And finally, what host proteins are associated with MP during intracellular targeting to various subcellular targets and what if any post-translational modifications occur to MP, other than phosphorylation (Kawakami et al., 1999)? Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. A new quantitative tool was developed to measure the "coefficient of conductivity" of Pd to cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Employing this tool, we measured changes in Pd conductivity in epidermal cells of sink and source leaves of wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants expressing MPᵀᴹⱽ incubated both in dark and light and at 16 and 25 ᵒC (Liarzi and Epel, 2005 (appendix 1). To test our model we measured the effect of the presence of MP on cell-to-cell spread of a cytoplasmic fluorescent probe, of two ER intrinsic membrane protein-probes and two ER lumen protein-probes fused to GFP. The effect of a mutant virus that is incapable of cell-to-cell spread on the spread of these probes was also determined. Our data shows that MP reduces SEL for cytoplasmic molecules, dilates the desmotubule allowing cell-cell diffusion of proteins via the desmotubule lumen and reduces the rate of spread of the ER membrane probes. Replicase was shown to enhance cell-cell spread. The data are not in support of the proposed model and have led us to propose a new model for virus cell-cell spread: this model proposes that MP, an integral ER membrane protein, forms a MP:vRNAER complex and that this ER-membrane complex diffuses in the lipid milieu of the ER into the desmotubule (the ER within the Pd), and spreads cell to cell by simple diffusion in the ER/desmotubule membrane; the driving force for spread is the chemical potential gradient between an infected cell and contingent non-infected neighbors. Our data also suggests that the virus replicase has a function in altering the Pd conductivity. Transgenic plant lines that express the MP gene of the Cg tobamovirus fused to YFP under the control the ecdysone receptor and methoxyfenocide ligand were generated by the Beachy group and the expression pattern and the timing and targeting patterns were determined. A vector expressing this MPs was also developed for use by the Epel lab . The transgenic lines are being used to identify and isolate host genes that are required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV/tobamoviruses. This line is now being grown and to be employed in proteomic studies which will commence November 2005. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis is being developed to identify and isolate host genes required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor