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Sullivan, Caroline. "Valuation of non-timber forest products : a case study for three Amerindian villages in Guyana." Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301458.
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Woon, Weng-Chuen. "The economic valuation of Parkia speciosa (petai) in peninsular Malaysia." Thesis, Bangor University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261341.
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RIBEIRO, Elâine Maria dos Santos. "Efeito de pertubações antrópicas crônicas sobre a diversidade da flora lenhosa da caatinga." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17412.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-25<br>FACEPE<br>Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar quais os efeitos de perturbações antrópicas crônicas
(e.g. coleta de madeira e de produtos florestais não madeireiros, pastoreio extensivo, caça e
danos causados à vegetação pela introdução de espécies exóticas que ocorrem em áreas
remanescentes de floresta) sobre a diversidade taxonômica e filogenética da flora lenhosa da
Caatinga. Inicialmente, investigamos como se dá a questão da perturbação crônica da flora e
seus efeitos sobre a biodiversidade através da revisão de 51 artigos que tratam do tema.
Verificamos que estes estudos, em sua maioria, foram realizados em países em
desenvolvimento, cujas populações humanas utilizam a floresta para subsistência e comércio.
Os efeitos da perturbação foram acessados principalmente ao nível de populações e
comunidades, sendo a coleta de produtos florestais não madeireiros a fonte de impacto mais
analisada. Os efeitos sobre a biodiversidade foram em geral negativos, mas efeitos neutros e
positivos também foram registrados. O segundo capítulo traz um estudo de caso que verifica a
influência das perturbações humanas crônicas sobre a diversidade e composição taxonômica
da flora lenhosa da Caatinga, realizado em várias propriedades privadas na cidade de
Parnamirim-PE, Brasil. Neste estudo foram amostradas comunidades lenhosas de adultos,
jovens e plântulas, e como preditores da perturbação crônica utilizaram-se a densidade de
pessoas e animais domésticos (caprinos e bovinos), além de indicadores de acessibilidade às
áreas, como a distância ao centro urbano mais próximo, à estrada mais próxima e à
propriedade rural mais próxima às parcelas amostradas. Esses preditores tiveram em geral
efeitos negativos sobre a diversidade taxonômica independente do estágio ontogenético, sendo
a densidade de pessoas e de animais os preditores mais importantes desses efeitos. Verificouse
ainda que a composição das espécies nas áreas perturbadas foi distinta, sendo pouco
representada pela abundância de espécies de madeira densa nas áreas mais perturbadas. O
terceiro e último capítulo verificou como as comunidades lenhosas de adultos, jovens e
plântulas da Caatinga, amostradas no capítulo anterior, são afetadas pela perturbação crônica
do ponto de vista de diversidade e estrutura filogenética. Neste capítulo, utilizaram-se os
mesmos preditores da perturbação citados anteriormente, porém agora combinados em um
índice de perturbação crônica. A diversidade de famílias esperadas para história evolutiva da
região e a distância média entre os indivíduos dessas comunidades, medida em anos, foi
reduzida em ambientes mais perturbados e para todos os estágios ontogenéticos. As
comunidades de jovens e de plântulas apresentaram maior grau de parentesco em áreas mais
perturbadas, sendo os táxons Euphorbiaceae e Cnidoscolus responsáveis por esse aumento de
parentesco. Os resultados desta tese demonstram que as perturbações antrópicas crônicas na
Caatinga não podem ser negligenciadas, pois conferem efeitos negativos importantes à
diversidade taxonômica e filogenética da flora lenhosa. Dessa forma, estratégias de manejo
que conciliem o uso dessas florestas e a manutenção da biodiversidade da Caatinga são
urgentes.<br>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic anthropogenic disturbances (e.g.
harvesting of timber and non-timber forest products, hunting, livestock, and damage to
vegetation caused by exotic species that occur in natural remnant forests) on the taxonomic
and phylogenetic diversity of wood flora from Brazilian Caatinga. Initially, 51 scientific
papers were revised in order to investigate how chronic anthropogenic disturbances affect the
flora of natural ecosystems. Most studies were conducted at developing countries, where
human populations use forest resources for subsistence and commerce. Chronic disturbance
effects were accessed mainly at population and community levels, and harvesting of nontimber
forest products was the disturbance source more frequently analyzed in those papers.
Effects of the chronic disturbances were in general negative, however positive and neutral
effects were also documented. The second chapter brings a case study that evaluates the
influence of chronic disturbances on the taxonomic diversity and composition of Caatinga
wood flora from private propreties at the municipality of Parnamirim-PE, Brazil. Adult,
sapling and seedling of wood plant communities were sampled, and the density of people and
livestock (goats and catle) near the plot were used as predictors of chronic disturbance, as
well as the distances to the nearest urban centre, road and rural property. In general, these
disturbance predictors showed negative effects on taxonomic diversity irrespective to
ontogenetic stage. Moreover, the density of people and livestock near the plot were the main
predictors of these negative effects. Species composition differed between plots with low and
high level of disturbance, especially in relation to hard wood species, which were rare in the
plots highly disturbed. The third and last chapter analyzed how the adult, sapling and seedling
communities, surveyed previously, were affected by chronic disturbances from the viewpoint
of the phylogenetic diversity and structure. In this chapter the chronic disturbance predictors
described above were combined into a chronic disturbance index. The diversity of families
expected to the local evolutionary history and the mean phylogenetic distance between the
individuals were reduced in plots with higher level of disturbance for all ontogenetic stages.
Sapling and seeedling communities had higher degree of relatedness in most disturbed sites,
being Euphorbiaceas and Cinidoscolus taxa responsible for this increasing in the relatedness
degree. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that chronic anthropogenic disturbance at Caatinga
could not continue to be neglected, as it imposes deleterious effects to the taxonomic and
phylogenetic diversity of wood plant assemblages. Management strategies conciliating forest
use and the maintenance of Caatinga biodiversity are urgent.
4
Souza, Saulo Eduardo Xavier Franco de 1983. "Bases para o manejo sustentável de populações silvestres de Heliconia velloziana Emygdio /." Botucatu, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99752.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Vera Lex Engel<br>Banca: Edson José Vidal da Silva<br>Banca: Raquel Rejano Bonato Negrelle<br>Resumo: Muitos estudos têm estimado limites de colheita de produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNMs) baseados em dados demográficos das espécies fontes. Heliconia velloziana Emygdio (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) é utilizada como flor de corte e no paisagismo, e já foi alvo do extrativismo na comunidade rural na região do estudo (Distrito de Taiaçupeba, Mogi das Cruzes, SP). Nosso objetivo geral foi fornecer bases para a elaboração de planos de manejo sustentável para populações silvestres de Heliconia velloziana, através de: avaliação do conhecimento etnobotânico sobre H. velloziana; análise de sua fenologia reprodutiva em relação as variáveis climáticas; avaliação do rendimento e dos efeitos ecológicos do extrativismo sobre taxas vitais de populações silvestres da espécie alvo em diferentes micro-hábitats. Objetivou-se também verificar o potencial para manejo sustentável da espécie e sugerir um regime de rendimento sustentado específico. Para acessar o conhecimento local sobre H. velloziana, foram realizadas entrevistas informais e semiestruturadas, além de observação participante. Os efeitos ecológicos da colheita experimental sobre taxas vitais e a fenologia reprodutiva foram avaliados através de amostragem aleatória estratificada, em uma área total amostral de 0,12ha (12 parcelas de 10x10m) em seis sítios amostrais abrangendo dois estratos (planície e encosta). Em cada sítio, uma população foi submetida à colheita experimental e outra foi mantida como controle. Os aspectos melhor conhecidos pela comunidade local sobre a espécie alvo foram: nome popular, variação intraespecífica, reprodução clonal, visitantes florais, atrativos florais, floração seqüencial, distribuição e abundância local. A espécie foi considerada útil pelos entrevistados para complementação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Many studies have estimated harvesting limits for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) based on demographic data of the source species. Heliconia velloziana Emygdio (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) is used as a cut flower and gardening, and has already been targeted for extractivism by the rural community of the study region. Our general goal was to provide bases for the elaboration of Heliconia velloziana wild populations sustainable management plans, through: assessing ethnobotanical knowledge about H. velloziana; analyzing its reproductive phenology in relation to climatic variables; assessing the yield and ecological effects of harvesting on vital rates of wild populations of the target species in different micro-habitats. We also aimed to verify sustainable management potential of the species and suggest a specific sustained yield regime. To access local knowledge on H. velloziana, informal and semi-structured interviews were done, besides participant observation. The experimental harvesting ecological effects on vital rates and the reproductive phenology were assessed through stratified random sampling, in a total sampling area of 0,12ha (12 10x10m plots) in six sampling sites enclosing two strata (lowland and hillside). At each site, one population was submitted to experimental harvesting and the other was kept as control. The best known aspects by local community about the target species were: common name, intra-specific variation, clonal growth, flower visitors, floral attractants, sequential flowering, local distribution and abundance. The species was considered useful by the interviewed as familiar income complementation through extractivism, besides other secondary uses. It was identified a rich knowledge about the species' management system, once used, that was considered simple and consisted of two to three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Souza, Saulo Eduardo Xavier Franco de [UNESP]. "Bases para o manejo sustentável de populações silvestres de Heliconia velloziana Emygdio." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99752.
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souza_sexf_me_botfca.pdf: 1158580 bytes, checksum: e01b29e6f87f5b46e937d7e437df136e (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Muitos estudos têm estimado limites de colheita de produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNMs) baseados em dados demográficos das espécies fontes. Heliconia velloziana Emygdio (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) é utilizada como flor de corte e no paisagismo, e já foi alvo do extrativismo na comunidade rural na região do estudo (Distrito de Taiaçupeba, Mogi das Cruzes, SP). Nosso objetivo geral foi fornecer bases para a elaboração de planos de manejo sustentável para populações silvestres de Heliconia velloziana, através de: avaliação do conhecimento etnobotânico sobre H. velloziana; análise de sua fenologia reprodutiva em relação as variáveis climáticas; avaliação do rendimento e dos efeitos ecológicos do extrativismo sobre taxas vitais de populações silvestres da espécie alvo em diferentes micro-hábitats. Objetivou-se também verificar o potencial para manejo sustentável da espécie e sugerir um regime de rendimento sustentado específico. Para acessar o conhecimento local sobre H. velloziana, foram realizadas entrevistas informais e semiestruturadas, além de observação participante. Os efeitos ecológicos da colheita experimental sobre taxas vitais e a fenologia reprodutiva foram avaliados através de amostragem aleatória estratificada, em uma área total amostral de 0,12ha (12 parcelas de 10x10m) em seis sítios amostrais abrangendo dois estratos (planície e encosta). Em cada sítio, uma população foi submetida à colheita experimental e outra foi mantida como controle. Os aspectos melhor conhecidos pela comunidade local sobre a espécie alvo foram: nome popular, variação intraespecífica, reprodução clonal, visitantes florais, atrativos florais, floração seqüencial, distribuição e abundância local. A espécie foi considerada útil pelos entrevistados para complementação...<br>Many studies have estimated harvesting limits for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) based on demographic data of the source species. Heliconia velloziana Emygdio (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) is used as a cut flower and gardening, and has already been targeted for extractivism by the rural community of the study region. Our general goal was to provide bases for the elaboration of Heliconia velloziana wild populations sustainable management plans, through: assessing ethnobotanical knowledge about H. velloziana; analyzing its reproductive phenology in relation to climatic variables; assessing the yield and ecological effects of harvesting on vital rates of wild populations of the target species in different micro-habitats. We also aimed to verify sustainable management potential of the species and suggest a specific sustained yield regime. To access local knowledge on H. velloziana, informal and semi-structured interviews were done, besides participant observation. The experimental harvesting ecological effects on vital rates and the reproductive phenology were assessed through stratified random sampling, in a total sampling area of 0,12ha (12 10x10m plots) in six sampling sites enclosing two strata (lowland and hillside). At each site, one population was submitted to experimental harvesting and the other was kept as control. The best known aspects by local community about the target species were: common name, intra-specific variation, clonal growth, flower visitors, floral attractants, sequential flowering, local distribution and abundance. The species was considered useful by the interviewed as familiar income complementation through extractivism, besides other secondary uses. It was identified a rich knowledge about the species` management system, once used, that was considered simple and consisted of two to three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Ivanov, Guilherme Boeira. "INFLUÊNCIA DE VARIÁVEIS DENDROMÉTRICAS, ANATÔMICAS E AMBIENTAIS NA PRODUÇÃO DE FRUTOS E SEMENTES DE Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8692.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. is a semi-deciduous species, heliophyle, characteristic of
forest land and usually emerging, which collects on the fruits and seeds for use in
feed. However, knowledge about the factors that influence the production of the trees
is weak. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of rainfall, soil (texture, depth and
hydromorphic) dendrometric variables (diameter at breast height and insertion of the
crown, tapering, coefficient of taper artificially and taper artificially), qualitative
variables (canopy shape and position), competition, sapwood area and size classes
and grouping of vessels in the production of fruits and seeds of the species. It was
observed that the same number of fruit generate seed yields in kg with significant
differences. Rainfall for the month of September shows a positive correlation with the
production. The deep soil and with texture sandy clay loam or sandy-clay have a
higher yield potential than the shallow and clayey. Trees with less taper (more
cylindrical) tended to produce more than trees with greater taper (more conical).
Trees with full crowns (circular and irregular) have the same productive potential, and
in turn greater potential than those who had half crown. The expected maximum
sapwood area decreases exponentially with increasing competition. Trees with
sapwood area less than 0.030 m² were not productive and less than 0,075 m² always
produce less than 5 kg. Trees that have large solitary vessels are more abundant
and have a tendency to produce less than those of other classes. The greatest
production potential is expected to trees growing and deep soil, with texture sandy
clay loam or clay-sandy, with complete canopies in areas subject to competition for
Bertholletia index (IB) below 33, with sapwood area between 0.37450 and 0.29961
square meters and preferably not have large solitary vessels. The proposed model
for prediction of seed fresh weight (kg) is Peso=-11.16+0.103636·PPSet
+11.699216·galb in soils with texture clayey, in soils with texture sandy clay loam or
sandy-clay are level difference with an increase of 7.40 kg of seeds per tree.<br>Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. é uma espécie semidecídua, heliófila, característica da mata
de terra firme e, normalmente emergente, da qual se coleta os frutos e as sementes
para utilização na alimentação. Todavia, o conhecimento sobre os fatores que
influenciam a produção de frutos e sementes das árvores é incipiente. Neste trabalho,
buscou-se avaliar a influência da precipitação, do solo (textura, hidromorfia e
profundidade), variáveis dendrométricas (diâmetro à altura do peito e na inserção da
copa, afilamento, coeficiente de forma artificial e forma artificial), variáveis qualitativas
(forma e posição de copa), competição, área de alburno e classes de tamanho e
agrupamento dos vasos na produção de frutos e sementes da espécie. Observou-se
que o número de frutos iguais gera produções de sementes em kg com diferenças
significativas. A precipitação do mês de setembro demonstrou correlação positiva com a
produção. Os solos profundos e de textura franco argilosa-arenosa ou argilo-arenosa
evidenciaram maior potencial produtivo que os rasos e de textura argilosa. Árvores com
menor afilamento (mais cilíndricas) revelaram uma tendência a produzirem mais que
árvores com maior afilamento (mais cônicas). Árvores com copa completa (circular ou
irregular) assinalam mesmo potencial produtivo e, por sua vez, maior potencial que as
que apresentam metade da copa. A máxima área de alburno esperada decresce
exponencialmente com o aumento da competição. Árvores com área de alburno inferior
a 0,030 m² não foram produtivas e as inferiores a 0,075 m² produzem sempre menos de
5 kg. Árvores que possuem vasos largos solitários são mais abundantes e apresentam
uma tendência a produzirem menos que as de outras classes. O maior potencial
produtivo é esperado para árvores crescendo e solos profundos de texturas francoargilosa-
arenosa ou argilo-arenosa, com copa completa, em áreas submetidas à
competição pelo Índice de Bertholletia (IB) inferior a 33, com área de alburno entre
0,29961 e 0,37450 m² e preferencialmente não apresentem vasos largos solitários. O
modelo proposto para predição do peso fresco de sementes (kg) é: Peso=-
11,16+0,103636·PPSet +11,699216·galb para solos de textura argilosa, em solos de
textura franco argilosa-arenosa ou argilo-arenosa há diferença de nível com acréscimo
de 7,40 kg de sementes por árvore.
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Riley, Adam C. "Promoting the production of non-timber forest products." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5461.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 115 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-91).
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Van, Gevelt Terry Antonius. "Non-timber forest product commercialisation in South Korea." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648780.
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Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van. "Non-timber forest products of East Kalimantan potentials for sustainable forest use /." Wageningen, The Netherlands : Tropenbos Foundation, 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/36674371.html.
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Ghosal, Somnath. "Non-timber forest products in West Bengal : knowledge, livelihoods and policy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11429/.
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The theme of this research is the conservation of open dry-deciduous forest areas of West Bengal, India, through the socio-economic progress of forest dwellers. The use of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) is manifold in the livelihood of this area. Systematic and sustainable harvesting of NTFPs could improve the standard of living of forest dwellers and play an important role in the conservation of forest ecosystems. The research was conducted in Purulia, Bankura and West Midnapur districts, in the south-western part of West Bengal, India. Firewood is the main source of fuel for the forest fringe dwellers of these three districts. Due to the high demand firewood harvesting is an important occupation for a large number of forest communities. The incessant collection of firewood is adversely affecting forest cover and the type and quality of plant species. In this circumstance, sustainable and systematic harvesting of NTFPs can play a potential role in creating job opportunities for forest dwellers. The enhancement of organised NTFP marketing channels could improve the economy and thus reduce the major dependence on firewood. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to examine NTFPs-based economic development of forest fringe dwellers and to protect the forest cover. The thesis starts with a brief introduction to NTFPs and its present importance in forest livelihoods in India (with reference to West Bengal) and in international context, highlighting work by geographers, forest researchers, economists and sociologists who are becoming more interested on NTFPs and forest livelihoods from their respective disciplinary perspectives. To have an idea about NTFPs based forest livelihood of West Bengal, it is necessary to study the geo-physical features of the State and the study area. This will reveal the reasons why this area has been selected for this research. A variety of complementary sources and methodologies were used for the collection and analysis of data and information. Detailed archival research at the British Library, London provides insight into the pre-colonial and colonial NTFP-based forest livelihoods of the Presidency of Bengal. An exploration of the socio-cultural characteristics of forest communities through interviews and surveys helped to reveal the use and importance of NTFPs. After collection of NTFPs, it is necessary to store those products for gradation and value-addition. The research reveals that the organised markets are quite away from forest villages. Therefore, the knowledge of systematic and sustainable collection and storage of NTFPs needs to be enhanced at the grassroots level. After the collection and processing of NTFPs, the most important thing is marketing. Through the organised marketing system, forest dwellers can earn more money selling the same amount of products. It was discovered that a large number of intermediaries are involved in the NTFPs business and these intermediaries often try to purchase NTFPs from actual collectors at a very low price and then sell them at a high price. The reasons for the presence of middlemen and how the formal marketing channels can be stronger than the present informal channels were all revealed to be important issues which bolster the formal marketing channels, in which actual collectors might earn reasonable price for their collected NTFPs. It is argued that the efficient and sustainable harvesting of NTFPs can promote opportunities for marginal forest dwellers of these three districts. The increasing production of value-added products from different NTFPs can improve the economic status of these forest dwellers and will reduce rampant demolition of forest resources. The socio-economic improvement can also shift forest dwellers to other professions, which will reduce the dependency on forestry and subsequently it will help to promote the dry-deciduous forest ecology. Therefore, the research begins with an investigation of historical perspective of human-forest interactions in the Presidency of Bengal and subsequently explores the contemporary forest-based livelihoods of the socio-economically deprived forest fringe dwellers in the dry-deciduous forest areas of West Bengal. The research draws on interdisciplinary areas including historical geography with reference of indigenous knowledge regarding forest products, development geography of the forest-based livelihoods and economic geography of the systematic and sustainable harvesting of NTFPs for the enhancement of formal marketing channels. The study demonstrates that there is a need for intensive research at the grassroots level that will address all the aspects of NTFPs and forest livelihoods, before devising any precise NTFP policy to improve the status of forest livelihoods through the sustainable harvesting of forest products.
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Dyke, Alison Jane. "The practice, politics and ecology of non timber forest products in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5632/.
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Non timber forest products are the neglected resource of Scotland’s woodlands, used by many, but with little provision in law, policy or management. Drawing on new research conducted in Scotland, and comparative studies in Finland, the Pacific Northwest USA and Canada, this thesis examines issues relating to the practice, politics and ecology of NTFPs. The methodological approaches used in the field research are set out in Chapter One. Chapters Two to Five explore the perspectives of stakeholder groups, who either use NTFPs directly or who influence the availability of resources and the ability of others to access them. The first of these groups is harvesters, with Chapter Two examining how issues of legal pluralism or the coexistence of both legal and customary rights for harvesting has resulted in the dominance of common practice over management and policy. Chapter Three discusses buying and processing activity, focussing on its contribution to both livelihood and lifestyle and its position ‘somewhere in between’ commercial and non-commercial benefit. The influence of land managers is examined in Chapter Four, reviewing the contrast between the privileged knowledge that enables harvesters to use resources, and the reliance on professionalised knowledge that renders land managers comparatively powerless. In Chapter Five the influence of organisations is explored, particularly in relation to the difficulty of accommodating the interests of such disparate groups without formal channels for representation. The thesis concludes by addressing policy and management concerns, both practical and ideological, and considering mechanisms for the management of NTFPs as a resource. It demands that ethical questions over benefits, values and rights be addressed, as well as issues surrounding sustainability and resource use. The conclusion seeks to present a new system for the self-governance of NTFP resources by the stakeholders themselves.
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Chamberlain, James Luther. "The Management of National Forests of Eastern United States for Non-Timber Forest Products." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30053.
Full textAbstract:
Many products are harvested from the forests of the United States in addition to timber. These non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are plants, parts of plants, or fungi that are harvested from within and on the edges of natural, disturbed or managed forests. Often, NTFPs are harvested from public forests for the socio-economic benefit they provide to rural collectors.
Social science and market research methods were used to examine the extent that NTFPs are addressed in national forest management plans, identify and explore issues that affect their management, and determine the attitudes and perceptions of forest managers at various levels within the U.S. Forest Service.
Non-timber forest products have not been considered in national forest management plans to the extent that have other forest resources. Fewer that 25 percent of the current management plans for the national forests of eastern United States address NTFPs. However, the Forest Service Directive System provides sufficient policy and procedural direction at the national and regional level for the management for NTFPs and legislation enacted in 2000 directs the Forest Service to develop a pilot program to beginning managing for these products.
Managers with expertise and education in botany, wildlife, recreation, and wilderness had significantly more positive attitude toward managing for NTFPs than did managers with a more traditional (timber-based) educational background. A regression model of intention to include NTFPs in the forest management plans was developed using data from forest managers and based on the Theory of Reasoned Action. Both attitude and perception were found to be significant determinants of behavior intention.
A common perception among forest managers is that NTFP management is not an issue of public concern. Also, managers do not perceive that the lack of management is a problem. Without a visible and vocal constituency, the impetus for change must necessarily come from within the organization. Efforts by the U.S. Forest Service to manage for NTFPs will be hampered by a lack of information and expertise. But, the activities of more progressive national forests suggest that sufficient knowledge does exist for the agency to take a more proactive approach to management.<br>Ph. D.
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Shillington, Laura Joan. "Non-timber Forest Products, Gender, and Households in Nicaragua: A Commodity Chain Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33532.
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This thesis focuses on the intersection of gender, households, and the non-timber forest product market. Based around the concept of commodity chain analysis, this research examines each stage in two non-timber forest products', straw brooms and coco baskets, life cycles from extraction to final sale. The first objective of this research is to contribute to the literature on NTFPs, and in general gender roles in Latin America, by examining the gendered division of labor within and among the stages of two specific NTFP commodity chains, and the ways in which this division influences how important these products are to household income and conservation. The second objective is look at how commodity chain analysis can be used to examine the above issues, thereby contributing to both NTFP and commodity chain analysis literature. The research shows that the construction of gender in Nicaragua underlies the different roles that men and women perform throughout the two non-timber forest product chains. The two chains represent varying degrees of participation by women and men, and this difference is explained by the prevalence of certain tasks. In the basket commodity chain there were more tasks that are labeled feminine, and in the broom commodity chain there are more tasks labeled male. In addition, the varying participation of men and women influence how income from these products are viewed within the households as well as where men and women stand as conservation stakeholders. Commodity chain analysis served as a useful tool to examine more closely the relationship of gender and households in non-timber forest products, and could be of great assistance to the various development projects using these products as a tool for sustainable development.<br>Master of Science
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van, den Boog Tim. "Non-Timber Forest Products : Indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge and livelihood security in West Suriname." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61322.
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Suriname is highly forested and inhabited by Indigenous peoples who are dependent on a diverse range of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) for their subsistence and income. NTFP knowledge is decreasing due to fragmented knowledge transmission. The NTFP-containing forests are also of interest to multinational extractive companies. Without co-managed governance and weak tenure security, livelihoods and biodiversity can become jeopardised. This thesis focuses on two Indigenous communities that vary in forest-dependency and exposure to urbanisation. Children’s ethnobotanical knowledge is compared to determine causes of ethnobotanical knowledge losses. In addition, land tenure regimes are assessed and ecological impacts from NTFP harvests are determined.
Voucher specimens were collected and ethnobotanical data were obtained from informants. Questionnaires were used to elicit and record children’s ethnobotanical knowledge and that of NTFP gatherers to define important NTFP species. Market surveys were held to determine commercial NTFPs.
It was shown that school attendance and the limited time spent in forests disrupt the acquisition of ethnobotanical knowledge by children. At the same time, acculturation can lead to cross-cultural knowledge exchange, strengthening the communities’ knowledge about NTFPs. The research further demonstrated that the uses of commercial and food NTFPs were known prior to the acquisition of knowledge of plant names, confirming that ethnobotanical knowledge acquisition at a young age happens through observation.
Ecological risks from overharvesting seeds from vegetal NTFPs included trophic cascades: population declines of targeted species and animals that feed on them. For the commercially most traded animals, a decrease in abundancy was noticed as a result of increased local and non-local demands. Because of a sudden high global demand for Potamotrygon boesemani, stocks of this endemic stingray are imperilled. NTFP gathering largely happened outside the communities’ communal forest on State lands under active or proposed logging concessions.
Traditional NTFP practices should be safeguarded by protecting gathering sites and targeted species. Strengthening of Indigenous with government co-management is needed for effective forest governance. Moreover, long-term research is desirable on current NTFP stocks and the impacts of NTFP harvesting on target species and their ecosystem. An immediate moratorium on P. boesemani is required to prevent this species from further collapse or potential extinction.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Mjoli, Nwabisa. "The potential significance of refugia in safeguarding Non-Timber Forest products under Harvesting." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60596.
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Many rural households living in and adjacent to forests in South Africa harvest a variety of NonTimber Forest Products (NTFPs) such as wild fruits, fibre, fuelwood, seeds, medicine and bush meat for domestic use, sale and maintaining cultural values. To promote the continued availability of these NTFPs it is important that NTFPs are well maintained and that harvest offtake is sustainable, because if it is not, then the important livelihood function that they fulfil will be jeopardized over time. The role of refugia in conserving pockets of threatened species from overharvesting has rarely been considered. Building on Shackleton et al. (2015), six applications of the concept are considered: size refugia, spatial refugia, cultural/spiritual refugia and physical/habitat refugia. I examined the prevalence and type of refugia for NTFPs at three coastal sites in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. This was done via several community focus group discussions at each site. Here I report on the role of refugia in offering some safeguard to NTFPs by assessing harvested and non-harvested sites of refugia as well as individual plant species by measuring population density, harvest damage and size class profile. Respondents from the focus group discussions perceived a general decline in the abundance of common, widely used species over the past five decades. Decreasing rainfall and distant farming activities was reported consistently by the majority of the respondents. The most common form of refugia was spatial refugia, followed by cultural/spiritual refugia and physical/habitat refugia. Only six species were identified to be in refugia, namely Cyperus congestus, Cyperus textillis, Millettia grandis, Olea europaea subsp. africana, Phoenix reclinata, and Ptaeroxylon obliquum. Population inventories revealed that regeneration and population densities of some NTFP species in the non-refuge site were adversely affected by harvesting. Populations in refuge sites generally had the largest size classes indicating a regeneration potential but likely to impact regeneration over time if pressures are maintained. Therefore, if refuge sites keep larger individuals, NTFP populations can be maintained. Few studies have critically analyzed the concept of refugia in relation to how NTFPs can be safeguarded and the practical implication of the refuge concept needs to be considered in conservation and strategies and population models.
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Murphy, Pamela F. (Pamela Frost). "Can we see the forest for the trees? : a case study of marketing non-timber forest products." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69282.
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Schreckenberg, Kathrin. "Forests, fields and markets a study of indigenous tree products in the woody savannas of the Bassila region, Benin /." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336468.
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Wynberg, Rachel Paula. "Identifying pro-poor, best practice models of commercialisation of southern African non-timber forest products." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435106.
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Acharya, Ranju Shresthal. "The non-timber forest products sector in nepal : policy issues in plant conservation and utilization." FIU Digital Commons, 2007. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1085.
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The non-timber forest products (NTFPs) sector in Nepal is being promoted with the concept of sustainable management as articulated by the Convention on Biological Diversity. To promote and regulate this sector, Nepal adopted the Herbs and NTFP Development Policy in 2004. The goal of this thesis was to assess the effectiveness of this policy along with other forestry and natural resource policies in Nepal concerning the conservation and sustainable use of NTFPs. I conducted open-ended semi-structured interviews with 28 key informants in summer 2006 in Nepal where I also collected relevant documents and publications. I did qualitative analysis of data obtained from interviews and document review. The research found many important issues that need to be addressed to promote the NTFP sector as envisioned by the Government of Nepal. The findings of this research will help to further implement the policy and promote the NTFP sector through sustainable management practices.
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Batagoda, B. M. S. "Valuing rainforests : a botanical and ethnobotanical study of non-timber forest products in the Sinharaja forest of Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267276.
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This study seeks to investigate whether the biodiversity conservation of the Sinharaja rainforest in Sri Lanka can be economically justified solely in terms of its non-timber forest products (NTFPs) extraction potential as claimed by some recent research. A variety of methods and techniques were deployed including a botanical inventory survey, a crosssectional ethnobotanical survey, an ethnobotanical log-book survey and an ethnozoological survey. Several aspects relating to the NTFPs use: a) valuing the total inventory stock, the total extractable stock limit, the potential flow and actual flow; b) estimating the wild meat flow; c) seasonality of harvesting; d) sustainability issues; e) influence of phytosociological characteristics; f) influence of socio-economic characteristics; and g) forest accessibility; and h) market accessibility were investigated. Biophysical and socio-economic factors influencing the NTFPs value were investigated using a regression analysis. The impact of the NTFPs extraction on the regeneration of the natural population was investigated using three forest sites, a proximal site, a distant site, and a logged forest. The local peoples' perception about the sustainability of NTFPs harvesting was analysed using logit regression analysis. A geographic information system was used to investigatet he influenceo f accessibilityt o the forest and to the marketplace from the villages on the forest products flow. Finally, the NTFPs value was compared with alternative land-clearance use and timber use values. The results indicate that the NTFPs extraction value is insufficient on its own to economically justify the rainforest biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka, and perhaps elsewhere. There is also some doubt about the long term sustainability of forest products extraction. The study concludes that the rainforest conservation will have to be justified by a full total economic value (use and non-use values) appraisal, together with other scientific and ethical reasoning and cannot be promoted solely on the basis of non-timber extraction value.
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Choengthong, Suchart. "Agroforestry in the south of Thailand /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962512.
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Greene, Sarah Marsden. "Non-Timber Forest Products Marketing Systems and Market Players in Southwest Virginia: A Case Study of Craft, Medicinal and Herbal, Specialty Wood, and Edible Forest Products." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36523.
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Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are important in rural southwest Virginia as a source of household sustenance and supplemental income. The trade in NTFPs from this region is centuries old and now helps supply growing worldwide demands. Although marketing is a vital part of optimizing the value of these products, it has been ignored in rural natural resource development. This research analyzes marketing systems for selected NTFPs in southwest Virginia by describing marketing chains, interpreting data on important marketing elements, and comparing results within and between different groups of NTFPs. Product categories selected for emphasis are crafts (grapevine wreaths, baskets, furniture, and birdhouses), medicinal and herbal products, specialty wood products (musical instruments), and edible forest products. This qualitative, exploratory study utilizes direct interviews with fifty market players at various levels in marketing chains.
Results provide information on NTFP products, value addition, market outlets, pricing, promotion, distribution, and marketing chains. Hundreds of people are involved with the NTFP trade in southwest Virginia and marketing can help ameliorate negative effects of job scarcity. The greatest opportunity for local level marketing exists for market players of crafts and specialty wood products. Medicinal and herbal products are the only category which very little local value addition takes place within the region and as a result, market players have minimal control over marketing. Edible forest products are not marketed but are collected only for consumption in the household. Several opportunities for marketing include improving market access for crafts and specialty wood products, increasing production through cultivation for medicinal and herbal products, and developing capacity for edible product cultivation.<br>Master of Science
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Bih, Francis. "Assessment methods for non-timber forest products in off-reserve forests case study of Goaso district, Ghana /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006.
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Dlamini, Cliff Sibusiso. "Towards the improvement of policy and strategy development for the sustainable management of non-timber forest products: Swaziland: A case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1174.
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Bahadur, Rawal Rana [Verfasser]. "Sustainable Management of Non-Timber Forest Products. The Role of a Market Price Information System / Rana Bahadur Rawal." München : GRIN Verlag, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219732427/34.
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Sola, Phosiso. "Impacts and outcomes of the commercialisation of non-timber forest products on human well being and ecosystems health." Thesis, Bangor University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420660.
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Khamphouvieng, Phouisombath Anuchat Poungsomlee. "Utilization of non-timber forest products in community forest area : a case study in Houay Hok village, Kasy district, Bientiane province, LAO PDR /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd398/4838012.pdf.
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Eshete, Wassie Abeje, Wubalem Tadesse, Teshale Woldeamanuel, et al. "Policy Brief for realizing green/bio economy with high value Non-Timber Forest Products commercialization in Ethiopia and Sudan." Technische Universität Dresden, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30151.
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This policy brief deals with the research findings of the collaborative research project “CHAnces IN Sustainability – promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa” (CHAINS) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the DLR Project Management Agency. It presents the studies investigating the value chains of highland BAMBOO and NATURAL GUM AND RESIN products in Ethiopia as well as GUM ARABIC value chains in Sudan. These products possess high eco¬nomic, social and environ¬mental benefits and untapped potentials. However, their pro-duction and commercialization are con¬strained seriously by various challenges limiting the realization of their potentials.
Identified policy options are:
• strengthen institutional capacity;
• improve infrastructure and support services;
• organize necessary information for sustainable utilization planning;
• facilitate actors’ communication, innovation and fair partnership.
This calls for forest product value chain development that is supported by policy, training, research, technology development and transfer, market linkage that consider private sectors, state, civic organizations, universities and research institutes.
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Bekele, Tsegaye, Eckhard Auch, Wassie Abeje Eshete, et al. "Policy Brief for realizing green/bio economy with high value Non-Timber Forest Products commercialization in Ethiopia and Sudan." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-218721.
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This policy brief deals with the research findings of the collaborative research project “CHAnces IN Sustainability – promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa” (CHAINS) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the DLR Project Management Agency. It presents the studies investigating the value chains of highland BAMBOO and NATURAL GUM AND RESIN products in Ethiopia as well as GUM ARABIC value chains in Sudan. These products possess high eco¬nomic, social and environ¬mental benefits and untapped potentials. However, their pro-duction and commercialization are con¬strained seriously by various challenges limiting the realization of their potentials.
Identified policy options are:
• strengthen institutional capacity;
• improve infrastructure and support services;
• organize necessary information for sustainable utilization planning;
• facilitate actors’ communication, innovation and fair partnership.
This calls for forest product value chain development that is supported by policy, training, research, technology development and transfer, market linkage that consider private sectors, state, civic organizations, universities and research institutes.
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Fan, Lei. "Forest Resources Utilization in Korean-Chinese Ethnic Minority Villages, from the Perspective of Landscape Conservation." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215609.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第19783号<br>農博第2179号<br>新制||農||1041(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H28||N4999(農学部図書室)<br>32819<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 神﨑 護, 教授 井鷺 裕司<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Omar, Adam Gumaa Yahia. "Contribution of local-level trade in non timber forest products to rural development in Rashad locality of Nuba Mountains, Sudan." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-71489.
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The principal aim of the study was to investigate the extent and under which conditions does local-level trade in Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Balanites aegyptiaca fruits contribute to rural development- poverty alleviation- in Rashad of Nuba Mountains, Sudan. Purposive sampling technique was applied to select the 221 household collectors and 62 household traders in 2008/2009. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through several methods including interviews, household survey, market surveys, direct observations, and through literature review. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the production-to-consumption system (PCS) of the three products and to assess their contribution to household income and expenditure. The results indicate that the contribution to total household‟s income was 51%, 42% and 26% for A. digitata, Z. spina-christi and B. aegyptiaca fruits, respectively. The A. digitata fruits case study represents accumulative and subsistence livelihood strategies; while Z. spina-christi and B. aegyptiaca fruits case studies represent a subsistence livelihood strategy for the households. The results also show that the financial returns from local-level trade in the selected NTFPs were negatively affected by different factors related to products markets, base resource, participants‟ attributes, and the political environment under which the products are traded. The study concluded that any assumption regarding the potential of the NTFPs case studies to affect rural development positively depends on the role of the product in financial capital creation and the related accumulative strategy. Thus, attention paid to not assume that all NTFPs have a potential for rural development- push people out of poverty. To promote the local-level trade in the studied NTFPs and influence future direction of their financial returns toward accumulative strategy, interventions and supports (e.g. access to microfinance, capacity building and organization of the actors, market information and resource management) are important<br>Das Hauptziel der Studie bestand darin zu untersuchen, in welchem Maße und unter welchen Bedingungen der Handel mit Früchten von Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus spina-christi und Balanites aegyptiaca zur Armutsbekämpfung in Rashad im Gebirge Nuba Mountains, Sudan beiträgt. Das zielgerichtete Probenahmeverfahren wurde eingesetzt, um 221 Sammler und 62 Händler von Haushalten im Zeitraum 2008/2009 auszuwählen. Quantitative und qualitative Daten wurden durch mehrere Methoden erhoben, die Interviews, Haushaltserhebungen, direkte Beobachtungen sowie Literaturanalysen umfassen. Sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Methoden kamen zum Einsatz, um das System von der Produktion zur Konsumption der drei Produkte zu analysieren und deren Beitrag zu den Einnahmen und Ausgaben der Haushalte zu beurteilen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Beitrag zum Haushaltsgesamteinkommen 51%, 42% bzw. 26% für A. digitata, Z. spina-christi bzw. B. aegyptiaca Früchte betrug. Die A. digitata Früchte-Fallstudie zeigt akkumulations- und eigenbedarfsorientierte Lebensunterhalts- und Erwerbsstrategien; während die Fallstudien zu den Früchten von Z. spina-christi und B. aegyptiaca eine Eigenbedarfs-Lebensunterhaltsstrategie für die Haushalte darstellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass die finanzielle Rendite vom Handel auf lokaler Ebene mit ausgewählten NTFP„s (Nichtholzprodukten) durch verschiedene Faktoren negativ beeinflusst wurde, die in Beziehung stehen mit den Märkten für die Erzeugnisse, mit der Ressource Baum, den Einstellungen der Teilnehmer und dem politischen Umfeld, in welchem die Produkte gehandelt wurden. Die Untersuchung legt den Schluss nahe, dass jede Annahme bezüglich des Potentials von NTFP-Fallstudien, die ländliche Entwicklung positiv zu beeinflussen, von der Rolle des Produkts bei der Bildung von Finanzkapital und der damit in Beziehung stehenden akkumulativen Strategie abhängig ist. Somit wird die Aufmerksamkeit darauf gelenkt, dass nicht angenommen werden kann, dass alle NTFP„s ein Potenzial für die ländliche Entwicklung haben, und somit die Menschen aus der Armut herausführen. Den Handel der untersuchten NTFP‟s auf lokaler Ebene zu fördern, und die künftige Richtung des finanziellen Gewinns hinsichtlich akkumulativer Strategie, Interventionen und Hilfeleistungen (z.B. Zugang zu Mikrofinanzen, Kapazitätsaufbau und Organisation von Akteuren, Marktinformationen und Ressourcenmanagement) zu beeinflussen, ist bedeutsam
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Morgan, Shaunna Marie. "The design of protocols for the sustainable harvest of the non-timber boreal forest products Acorus americanus and Vaccinium angustifolium." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ45101.pdf.
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Ticktin, Tamara. "Ethnoecology of Aechmea magdalenae (Bromeliaceae) : a participatory investigation into the sustainable harvest and conservation of a non-timber rainforest product." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36843.
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An understanding of the effects of harvest on wild plant populations is essential for discerning the ecological impacts of past and present human uses of wild species, and for conserving species which are currently overexploited. This dissertation builds on theories and methods to describe and predict the impacts of harvesting non-timber forest products (NTFP) through an ethnoecological study of the terrestrial bromeliad Aechmea magdalenae. A. magdalenae is harvested from the rainforests of South-eastern Mexico where it has a long history of exploitation. The fiber extracted from its leaves is used to embroider leather articles in an artwork known as piteado. The sustainable harvest of this species has been promoted in Mexico as a strategy to conserve forests and provide local people with a stable income.<br>A combination of demographic, ethnobotanical and participatory methods was used to quantify harvest strategies, measure their impacts on A. magdalenae populations, and assess potential for cultivation. The impacts of harvesting: (1) ramets used for forest plantations; (2) leaves and ramets; (3) and whole plants and ramets, were measured by comparing the dynamics of harvested and nonharvested populations. The demographic implications of variation in the ecological and human context of harvest were examined. The effects of variation in traditional management and traditional knowledge of this species were also quantified.<br>Analyses using matrix models indicate that primary forest populations harvested for their ramets are declining due to overexploitation. Secondary forest populations are tolerant to ramet harvest and show elevated rates of growth and vegetative propagation in wild and cultivated plants. High rates of fiber harvest have little impact on population growth rates and increase A. magdalenae's tolerance to ramet harvest. The economic and ecological implications of local harvesting strategies vary within regions as well as between regions with short and long histories of A. magdalenae management. A test of the accuracy of estimating maximum sustainable harvests using current approaches illustrates that these methods can lead to erroneous conclusions.<br>The results of this study are used to suggest improvements for approaches to assessing the impacts of NTFP harvest, for combining traditional ecological knowledge and science in management plans, and for using participatory ecological and ethnoecological research to promote conservation.
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Mugido, Worship. "The contribution of non-timber forest products to rural livelihoods and their price determination in different agro-ecological zones of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5176.
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A large number of studies have been conducted on the contribution of different types of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to rural livelihoods. However, not many of these have considered the context in which these contributions are made, especially agro-ecological potential. Similarly, there are few studies that focus on the price setting of NTFPs in different settings as most are based on a single or relatively few sites. Thus, there is no indication of the prevalence of the different factors within a uniform macro context, nor how they might vary between different types of NTFPs. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to establish the contribution of NTFPs to rural livelihoods and their price determination in areas of varying agro-ecological potential of South Africa. The study used data from 1 200 randomly selected households across four agro-ecological zones of South Africa to quantify the contribution of NTFP income to total household income, the proportion of households selling at least a single NTFP and the nature and extent of use of NTFPs as safety nets in areas of varying agro-ecological potential. In addition, 300 sellers of NTFPs in 15 towns across South Africa were interviewed to assess the factors they take into account when setting prices. The findings of this study support the argument that the level of dependence on NFTPs varies with agro-ecological conditions. This was supported by the significant difference between the NTFP incomes of the following pairs of agro-ecological classes: very low and low, medium and high. About 6.4 % households reported selling one or more NTFPs for various reasons, with many (39 %) citing the need to earn cash income and limited employment opportunities (16.9 %). Income from trading NTFPs is undoubtedly an important source of cash income for many rural households. Thus, 300 sellers, selling either at home or in town, were interviewed and the majority (79.3 %) of the sellers reported that selling NTFPs was their main source of cash household income, with only 8 % and 5.7 % receiving their main cash household income from state child grants and state pension grants, respectively. The pricing factors considered by sellers when setting the prices of NTFPs tended to vary with the type of NTFP being sold, type of market (home markets or urban markets) and the method used by the seller to procure the stock. However, overall, transport costs (29 %), stock price (18.4 %), profit margin (12.7 %), time taken to collect or produce the product (7.3 %) and the market price (6.4 %) were the widely used factors to determine prices for NTFPs. The reported various pricing factors showed that there was no formal or certain price mechanism that was used by the sellers of NTFPs to establish the market prices of NTFPs. The study found that about 79 % of the total households interviewed experienced at least one shock of some magnitude in the previous 12 months. The most common shocks were illness (43 %), death (42 %), crop failure (29 %) and hunger (22 %). The households employed various coping strategies (21) in response to different types of shocks, with the three widely used strategies being assistance from friends and relatives (60.1 %), using cash savings (37.9%) and using NTFPs (35.6 %). Shocks, hunger or food shortage and crop failure were significantly and positively related to the usage of NTFPs as safety nets. Therefore, households who experienced hunger or food shortage and crop failure were likely to use NTFPs to cope with these shocks. The study concluded that NTFPs are an integral part of the rural livelihoods, especially for the households living close to the survival line.
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Mutamba, Manyewu. "Rural livelihoods, forest products and poverty alleviation: the role of markets." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006081.
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There is growing acknowledgement that forests and forest products are central to rural livelihoods, but their role in lifting households out of poverty remains contentious. This study tested the assertion by proponents of forest based poverty alleviation that changing conditions in the use and management of forests and forest products has created opportunities for poor rural households to lift themselves out of poverty. The study used detailed annual income data from various household sectors in two contrasting sites in Zambia, namely Mufulira and Kabompo districts, analyzing the relative contribution of forest income to household livelihood, the effect of household wealth status on forest use, factors driving household participation in forest product trade, and the influence of distance to urban markets on trends in the use of forest products. The study found that forest based activities play a central role in the livelihoods of households in the two study sites, contributing close to half of total household income, and dwarfing the contribution of agricultural sectors such as cropping and livestock rearing which are generally regarded as the main income sources for rural households. Forest based sectors were also found to be particularly valuable sources of household cash, often coming at critical times to meet basic needs. The findings also revealed that without the contribution of forest income, the proportion of households that would fall below the poverty line would increase sharply in both study sites. Wealthier households earned higher magnitudes of both subsistence and cash income from forest based activities than their poorer counterparts. Even the share of total household income coming from forest based activities was also higher among these better-off households, confirming that these activities are lucrative and they are improving the wealth status of households. Household participation in forest product trade was found to be influenced by demographic factors such as number of productive household members, age and the education level of the household head. Economic factors such as the level of income from wage labour, household poverty level, and ownership of key assets such as a bicycle were found to be important. Distance of homestead from the forest was also found to be an important contextual variable. The influence of urban demand on the use of forest products by rural households was significant in the study area. Although local sales played an important part as a source of cash for households, the most preferred channels for trade were linked to urban markets, either through roadside markets, middlemen or direct sales to urban buyers. The study concluded that with improved local organization and support for product development and marketing, some forest based activities provide a viable poverty alleviation option for poor rural households who otherwise have limited economic opportunities to escape poverty.
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Vermeulen, Wessel Johannes. "The sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products from natural forests in the southern Cape, South Africa : development of harvest systems and management prescriptions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3973.
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Thesis (PhD (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is a growing appreciation of the importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and
the role they play in the socio-economic wellbeing of rural communities and other
stakeholders. Harvest systems to ensure sustainable harvesting are largely still lacking and
overutilisation is of growing concern worldwide. In this study the science needed to
underwrite management for sustainable use of NTFPs was explored. This was done using
case studies of three different products harvested from natural forest in the southern Cape,
South Africa viz. fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) fronds (leaves) as greenery in the florist
industry, medicinal tree bark, and the corm (stem) of the geophyte Bulbine latifolia for
medicinal use. The research approach enabled insight into the complexities of developing
harvest systems for NTFPs, the input and expertise required to conduct applied research, and
the variation in approach required for different products and plant growth forms.
The study on R. adiantiformis showed that the adaptive management approach can be
followed effectively with the development of harvest prescriptions for a species. Goalorientated,
long-term monitoring, assessing harvest impact on the resource and natural
fluctuations in population dynamics, are essential to verify that harvest prescriptions are
sound and ecologically sustainable. However, if all relevant aspects are covered, the input
required to develop and refine harvest systems through such monitoring may be extensive.
Experimental stripping of medicinal tree bark showed that species respond differently to
wounding, in terms of both bark regrowth and susceptibility to fungal and insect damage.
The conceptual model and decision tree developed, demonstrated that tree response to
wounding could be used effectively when choosing a management system for bark harvesting,
and in informing prescriptions for strip harvesting. The proposed harvest system for the
target species, as well as alternative options to meet the demand for bark can be successfully
integrated with the existing multiple-use forest management system in the southern Cape.
The study of the ecology and dynamics of B. latifolia showed that the species has a complex
population dynamics and is abundant on the fynbos/forest ecotone, where it is associated with
dry scrub forest communities. Although regeneration is sound, it has a slow rate of renewal in
terms of corm diameter and length growth, limiting its harvest potential. The difference
between ecotone and forest populations – in terms of population dynamics, plant demography
and regeneration phenology – requires that consideration be given to differential harvest
prescriptions for ecotone and forest populations.
It was concluded that a simple generic process that provides for research to be focused on the
relevant fields can be followed effectively with the development of harvest systems for
NTFPs. However, sustainability also has a socio-economic and political dimension, further
influenced by institutional arrangements. Considering the wide range of NTFPs used, socioeconomic
circumstances and the dependence of rural communities on natural resources, a
major challenge awaits forest managers in South Africa to develop harvest systems for
sustainable use. Policy and decision makers need to appreciate the scientific skills and
expertise, and financial resources required to realise this.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikheid van bosprodukte anders as hout en die rol wat dit in die sosio-ekonomiese
welstand van landelike gemeenskappe en ander belanghebbendes kan speel, word toenemend
besef. Oesstelsels om standhoudende benutting te verseker is grootliks afwesig en
oorbenutting is wêreldwyd ’n toenemende bron van kommer. In hierdie studie word die
wetenskaplike insette benodig om oesstelsels vir nie-houtbosprodukte te onderskryf, betrag.
Dit is gedoen aan die hand van gevallestudies van drie bosprodukte wat uit natuurlike woud in
die Suid-Kaap, Suid-Afrika, benut word, naamlik die blare van die varing Rumohra
adiantiformis vir blommerangskikkings, medisinale boombas en die stam van die geofiet
Bulbine latifolia vir medisinale doeleindes. Die navorsingsbenadering laat toe om insig te
bekom in die kompleksiteit met die ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir nie-houtbosprodukte, die
insette en kundigheid benodig vir toegepaste navorsing, en die verskillende benaderings met
verskillende bosprodukte en plantgroeivorms.
Die studie oor R. adiantiformis dui aan dat ’n aanpasbare bestuursbenadering suksevol gevolg
kan word met die ontwikkeling van oesvoorskrifte vir ’n spesie. Doelgerigte
langtermynmonitering om die impak van inoesting op die bron en natuurlike fluktuasies in
populasiedinamika te bepaal, is noodsaaklik om te kan aandui of oesvoorskrifte ekologiese
standhoudendheid verseker. Die insette benodig om oesstelsels te ontwikkel en deur
langtermynmonitering te verfyn, kan egter aansienlik wees.
Eksperimentele basstroop dui aan dat boomspesies verskillend reageer op basverwydering in
terme van bashergroei en vatbaarheid vir insek- en swamskade. ’n Konsepmodel en
vloeidiagram vir besluitneming is ontwikkel en dui aan dat ’n boomspesie se reaksie op
basverwydering effektief aangewend kan word in die keuse van ’n oesstelsel en die
ontwikkeling van voorskrifte vir strookbenutting. Die voorgestelde oesstelsel vir die
teikenspesies en ander alternatiewe om in die behoefte vir bas te voorsien, kan doeltreffend
geintegreer word met die bestaande meervoudige-benutting woudbestuurstelsel in plek in die
Suid-Kaap.
Die studie oor die ekologie en dinamika van B. latifolia dui aan dat die soort goed
verteenwoordig is in die fynbos/woud-ekotoon, dat dit geassosieer is met droë struikwoud, en
’n komplekse populasiedinamika het. Alhoewel dit goed verjong, het dit, gemeet aan
stamdeursnee- en -lengtegroei, ’n lae groeitempo wat die benuttingspotensiaal van die spesie
beperk. Die verskille tussen ekotoon- en woudpopulasies – in terme van populasiedinamika,
demografie en reproduksiefenologie – vereis dat oorweging geskenk word aan verskillende
oesvoorskrifte vir ekotoon- en woudpopulasies.
’n Eenvoudige, generiese proses wat verseker dat navorsing gefokus is op die toespaslike
velde kan suksesvol gevolg word met die ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir niehoutbosprodukte.
Standhoudendheid het egter ook ’n sosio-ekonomiese en politieke
komponent wat verder beinvloed word deur institusionele strukture. Inaggenome die wye
verskeidenheid van nie-houtbosprodukte wat benut word, sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede
en die afhanklikheid van landelike gemeenskappe van natuurlike hulpbronne, is die
ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir standhoudende benutting ’n groot uitdaging vir
woudbestuursinstansies. Beleidmakers en besluitnemers moet ’n waardering ontwikkel vir
die wetenskaplike kundigheid en kennis, en finansiële hulpbronne, wat benodig word om dit
te bewerkstellig.
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Mtati, Nosiseko. "The relative contribution of non-timber forest products, agriculture and off-farm sources of income to rural households in Koloni and Guquka, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018193.
Full textAbstract:
[Partial abstract]: This study was carried out to determine the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to household total income, other livelihood sectors were also examined simultaneously. The contribution of agriculture involved livestock and crop production. Wages and government grants were other livelihood sectors that were looked into. This study was important in determining the change in livelihood strategies in the last decade and to quantify the NTFPs used at the two sites. It was carried out in Guquka and Koloni, both part of the central Eastern Cape. Information on direct use value of the NTFPs used, the quantities and local price; crop production outputs and inputs and the costs. Data were collected via a questionnaire.
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Fredrickson, H. Signy. "Non-timber forest products, a study of salal productivity, inventory of commercial plant and fungus species, and recommendations for management on the Nanaimo rifle range lands." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/MQ54584.pdf.
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Paumgarten, Fiona. "The significance of the safety-net role of NTFPS in rural livelihoods, South Africa /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/871/.
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Peñaloza, Diego. "Exploring climate impacts of timber buildings : The effects from including non-traditional aspects in life cycle impact assessment." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Byggnadsmaterial, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-161193.
Full textAbstract:
There is an urgency within the building sector to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. An increased proportion of biobased building materials in construction is a potential measure to reduce these emissions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has often been applied to compare the climate impact from biobased materials with that from e.g. mineral based materials, mostly favouring biobased materials. Contradicting results have however been reported due to differences in methodology, as there is not yet consensus regarding certain aspects. The aim of this thesis is to study the implications from non-traditional practices in climate impact assessment of timber buildings, and to discuss the shortcomings of current practices when assessing such products and comparing them with non-renewable alternatives. The traditional practices for climate impact assessment of biobased materials have been identified, and then applied to a case study of a building with different timber frame designs and an alternative building with a concrete frame. Then, non-traditional practices were explored by calculating climate impact results using alternative methods to handle certain methodological aspects, which have been found relevant for forest products in previous research such as the timing of emissions, biogenic emissions, carbon storage in the products, end-of-life substitution credits, soil carbon disturbances and change in albedo. These alternative practices and their implications were also studied for low-carbon buildings. The use of non-traditional practices can affect the climate impact assessment results of timber buildings, and to some extent the comparison with buildings with lower content of biobased building materials. This effect is especially evident for energy-efficient buildings. Current normal practices tend to account separately for forest-related carbon flows and aspects such as biogenic carbon emissions and sequestration or effects from carbon storage in the products, missing to capture the forest carbon cycle as a whole. Climate neutrality of wood-based construction materials seems like a valid assumption for studies which require methodological simplification, while other aspects such as end-of-life substitution credits, soil carbon disturbances or changes in albedo should be studied carefully due to their potentially high implications and the uncertainties around the methods used to account for them. If forest phenomena are to be included in LCA studies, a robust and complete model of the forest carbon cycle should be used. Another shortcoming is the lack of clear communication of the way some important aspects were handled.<br><p>QC 20150310</p>
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Leßmeister, Anna [Verfasser], Rüdiger [Gutachter] Wittig, and Georg [Gutachter] Zizka. "Vegetation changes and their consequences for the provisioning service of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in a West African savanna / Anna Leßmeister ; Gutachter: Rüdiger Wittig, Georg Zizka." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1152321439/34.
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Cortez, Marcelo Gonçalves. "Sistemas sociais de produção da castanha da Amazônia (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) no município de Manicoré/Am." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2011. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2551.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-29<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>This work intends to present a contribution to the discussions about the social and environmental sustainability of extractive production of nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) played by traditional communities. Are described and analyzed two production systems in communities of Manicoré, in the Amazon: the Traditional, representing the Mocambo and the New, represented by the community Democracia The data analyzed correspond to two years: 2008 and 2009 and were obtained during interviews with Brazil nut gatherers and rural leaders with the help of semi-structured questionnaires and digital recorder, as well as direct observation and consultation documents. The communities have similar issues with regard to the number of families, primary forest product and time of existence of the community differ in regard to the social organization of work and production. The results demonstrate that different factors, including the opening of social participation, the adoption of new technologies, new forms of territorial management, new tools for land tenure, support from external agents governmental organizations were instrumental in the transformation of Traditional system (Community Mocambo) to a New System Community (Democracia). The systems have very contrasting and structural differences in this study were evaluated by three factors: production, income and expenses of the organization. The traditional system can be depicted as low-governance resulting from debt collectors using the instruments of subordination used by employers and hucksters which is aggravated by the non-adoption of technological advances that improve the quality and value of the product. The fruit of the new system of coordinating collective action, needed to be consolidated high investment in human capital formation and financial resources to support training activities and effective participation of all involved in decision making processes that resulted in the empowerment of communities. From the standpoint of the costs of social organization, collective action has proved advantageous when compared to individual action, as both individual and collective costs were higher than in Mocambo in Democracia. The annual household production and considering all factors of production, the linear regression model explains 87% of the variation and the production system, as an explanatory variable, was highly significant (p = 0.004). What supports the hypothesis that increased production observed in Democracy is associated with more efficient production system. From the standpoint of income and Brazil nut gatherers household budget, it was found that in Democracia families have a higher income that is invested primarily in the acquisition of durable goods and home repairs (57%), while income from the Mocambo Brazil nut gatherers is used mainly in food and clothing (90%) So, clearly demonstrates the importance of the high-governance from the standpoint of social and economic establishment of a new dynamic where social and environmental results are significant for biodiversity protection and transformation of social organization extraction and production.This work intends to present a contribution to the discussions about the social and environmental sustainability of extractive production of nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) played by traditional communities. Are described and analyzed two production systems in communities of Manicoré, in the Amazon: the Traditional, representing the Mocambo and the New, represented by the community Democracia The data analyzed correspond to two years: 2008 and 2009 and were obtained during interviews with Brazil nut gatherers and rural leaders with the help of semi-structured questionnaires and digital recorder, as well as direct observation and consultation documents. The communities have similar issues with regard to the number of families, primary forest product and time of existence of the community differ in regard to the social organization of work and production. The results demonstrate that different factors, including the opening of social participation, the adoption of new technologies, new forms of territorial management, new tools for land tenure, support from external agents governmental organizations were instrumental in the transformation of Traditional system (Community Mocambo) to a New System Community (Democracia). The systems have very contrasting and structural differences in this study were evaluated by three factors: production, income and expenses of the organization. The traditional system can be depicted as low-governance resulting from debt collectors using the instruments of subordination used by employers and hucksters which is aggravated by the non-adoption of technological advances that improve the quality and value of the product. The fruit of the new system of coordinating collective action, needed to be consolidated high investment in human capital formation and financial resources to support training activities and effective participation of all involved in decision making processes that resulted in the empowerment of communities. From the standpoint of the costs of social organization, collective action has proved advantageous when compared to individual action, as both individual and collective costs were higher than in Mocambo in Democracia. The annual household production and considering all factors of production, the linear regression model explains 87% of the variation and the production system, as an explanatory variable, was highly significant (p = 0.004). What supports the hypothesis that increased production observed in Democracy is associated with more efficient production system. From the standpoint of income and Brazil nut gatherers household budget, it was found that in Democracia families have a higher income that is invested primarily in the acquisition of durable goods and home repairs (57%), while income from the Mocambo Brazil nut gatherers is used mainly in food and clothing (90%) So, clearly demonstrates the importance of the high-governance from the standpoint of social and economic establishment of a new dynamic where social and environmental results are significant for biodiversity protection and transformation of social organization extraction and production.<br>Este trabalho pretende apresentar uma contribuição para as discussões a cerca da sustentabilidade socioambiental da produção extrativista de Castanha da Amazônia (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) desempenhada por comunidades tradicionais. São descritos e analisados dois sistemas sociais de produção em comunidades de Manicoré, no Amazonas: o Tradicional, representando pela Comunidade Mocambo, e o Novo, representado pela comunidade Democracia Os dados analisados correspondem aos dois anos safra 2008 e 2009, e foram obtidos durante entrevistas com os castanheiros e lideranças rurais com auxílio de formulários semi-estruturados, além de observações diretas e da consulta de documentos. As comunidades apresentam aspectos semelhantes no que diz respeito ao número de famílias, produto extrativista principal e tempo de existência da comunidade, diferindo quanto à organização social do trabalho e da produção. Os resultados demonstram que diferentes fatores, entre eles a abertura da participação social, a adoção de novas tecnologias, as novas formas de gestão territorial, os novos instrumentos de regularização fundiária, o apoio de agentes externos governamentais e não governamentais foram fundamentais para a transformação do Sistema tradicional (Comunidade Mocambo) para um Sistema Novo (Comunidade Democracia). Os Sistemas possuem diferenças estruturais bastante contrastantes e foram avaliados neste estudo por três fatores: produção, renda e custos da organização. O Sistema tradicional pode ser retratado como de baixa governança decorrente do endividamento dos coletores por meio dos instrumentos de subordinação utilizados por patrões e regatões, o que é agravado pela não adoção dos avanços tecnológicos que melhoram a qualidade e a valorização do produto. O Sistema novo, fruto da coordenação de ações coletivas, para ser consolidado necessitou de alto investimento em formação de capital humano e recursos financeiros para subsidiar atividades de capacitação e a participação efetiva dos envolvidos em todos os processos de decisão que resultaram no empoderamento da comunidade. Do ponto de vista dos custos da organização social, a ação coletiva demonstrou ser vantajosa quando comparada a ação individual, visto que tanto os custos individuais como coletivos em Mocambo foram maiores que em Democracia. Quanto à produção anual das famílias e considerando-se todos os fatores de produção, o modelo de regressão linear explica 87% da variação e o sistema de produção, como variável explicativa, foi altamente significativo (p=0,004). O que corrobora a hipótese de que a maior produção observada em Democracia está associada à maior eficiência do sistema de produção. Do ponto de vista da renda da castanha e orçamento doméstico, constatou-se que em Democracia as famílias apresentam uma maior renda que é investida principalmente na aquisição de bens duráveis e reforma das casas (57%), enquanto que Mocambo a renda oriunda da castanha é empregada majoritariamente em alimentação e o vestuário (90%). Portanto, fica demonstrada a importância dos sistemas de alta governança do ponto de vista social e econômico, no estabelecimento de uma nova dinâmica socioambiental onde resultados têm impactos consideráveis na produção extrativista.
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Favreto, Rodrigo. "Aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos de Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26311.
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A palmeira juçara – Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) – é uma espécie abundante nas florestas onde ocorre e que produz grande quantidade de flores e frutos, sendo assim de grande importância ecológica. Após décadas de desmatamento e superexploração do palmito, as populações encontram-se reduzidas a fragmentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos acerca da espécie. Foram verificados cinco sistemas de manejo desenvolvidos por comunidades locais do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul: manejo em capoeiras, manejo em reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas, manejo em bananais, quintais agroflorestais e corte clandestino de palmito em florestas. Comparou-se o crescimento de palmeiras jovens em florestas secundárias e bananais, de 2003 a 2008, e verificou-se que o tamanho das palmeiras em 2008 nos bananais foi cinco vezes maior do que nas florestas, apesar da herbivoria ter sido maior nos bananais; a mortalidade foi equivalente entre os dois tratamentos, apesar da grande variabilidade, e apresentando um padrão intraespecífico dependente da densidade. Observou-se um padrão de variação dos eventos fenológicos reprodutivos associado a latitude e altitude; verificou-se também uma relação quadrática significativa entre épocas de floração e de maturação dos frutos, demonstrando que o tempo necessário desde a floração até a maturação dos frutos depende da época que ocorre a floração. Verificou-se que os sistemas de manejo são diferentes estratégias de uso da juçara, e que esta apresenta um grande potencial para manejo.<br>The juçara palm - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) - is an abundant species in the forests where it occurs and that produces lots of flowers and fruits, being of great ecological importance. After decades of deforestation and heart of palm exploitation, it is reduced to fragments. This work aimed to study some ethnoecological and ecophisiological aspects of this species. We observed five management systems developed by local communities of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul: management in early secondary forest, management in reforestation with exotic species, management in banana plantations, homegardens and illegal cutting in forests. We compared the growth of young palms in secondary forests and banana plantations from 2003 to 2008, and found that the size of palms in 2008 in banana plantations was five times greater than in forests, in spite of herbivory was higher in the banana plantations; the mortality was equivalent between the two treatments, despite the great variability, and presenting an intraspecific density-dependent pattern. There was a pattern of variation in reproductive phenology related to latitude and altitude; there was also a significant quadratic relationship between timing of flowering and fruit ripening, showing that the time required from flowering to fruit maturity depends on the time the flowering occurs. It was found that the management systems are different strategies of use of the juçara palm, and that this species has high potential for management.
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Kaurmann, Karyne. "Avaliação da estrutura populacional e sustentabilidade do extrativismo foliar de Butia catarinensis Noblik & Lorenzi em remanescentes do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150615.
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O uso de Produtos Florestais Não Maderáveis (PFNM) têm se apresentado como alternativa para a conservação de ecossistemas e culturas tradicionais em relação a outros usos do solo. Entre os PFNM mais utilizados, destacam-se as folhas das palmeiras (Arecaceae). Apesar do crescente interesse e estímulo ao uso sustentável dos PFNM, o conhecimento sobre os níveis sustentáveis de coleta ainda é escasso, especialmente para as espécies da Mata Atlântica. A retirada desregulada de PFNM afeta não só os indivíduos, como também pode comprometer a permanência das populações e modificar drasticamente o ambiente das espécies de interesse. No Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul encontram-se densos agrupamentos da palmeira Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi, formando o ecossistema butiazal. Apesar de ser uma espécie chave para o ecossistema local e de seu uso tradicional há dezenas de anos, pouco se sabe sobre a ecologia e os impactos da desfolhação na performance dos indivíduos. O conhecimento sobre o ecossistema é ainda mais incipiente, o qual tem sido convertido continuamente em outros usos do solo, especialmente agropecuários. De 1974 a 2008 foram perdidos mais de 80% dos remanescentes de butiazais da região, restando hoje pequenos e isolados fragmentos desse ecossistema, outrora dominante na paisagem. A grande diversidade de formações vegetais onde ocorrem e o desconhecimento quanto ao estado de suas populações impedia a gestão adequada tanto da espécie B. catarinensis, quanto dos remanescentes do ecossistema butiazal. A fim de propor níveis sustentáveis de uso, este trabalho avaliou a resposta vegetativa e reprodutiva de indivíduos de B. catarinensis submetidos a quatro diferentes intensidades de desfolhação (baseadas no manejo tradicional), em quatro diferentes fisionomias vegetais, nas estações pré e pós-frutificação durante dois eventos de corte consecutivos. Buscando entender o estado atual das populações nos butiazais, foram descritas a estrutura populacional e vegetacional de dezoito áreas remanescentes de B. catarinensis localizadas entre os municípios de Osório à Torres, RS, representando diferentes fisionomias vegetais onde a espécie é encontrada. As áreas mais abertas e os tratamentos mais intensos apresentaram maior produção de folhas, porém esta foi menor no segundo ano. A produção de cachos apresentou interações entre os fatores, tendendo a ser menor no segundo ano e na estação pós-reprodutiva, e maior nas áreas mais abertas e nos tratamentos alternativos e controle. Nossos resultados sugerem que o butiazeiro é resistente ao manejo tradicional da folha em áreas savanóides. Entretanto, a desfolhação contínua combinada com outras perturbações, pode resultar em respostas negativas. Assim, nós sugerimos que o manejo ocorra em áreas alternadas, e seja proibido em áreas muito fechadas ou com intensos usos de solo, e a criação de áreas protegidas que permitam conciliar conservação e uso sustentável. De qualquer forma, é fundamental ter um monitoramento contínuo das respostas ao manejo, a fim de garantir a sustentabilidade do mesmo. Diferentemente do esperado, a estrutura da vegetação não foi fortemente correlacionada com a estrutura populacional, assim como a maioria das áreas estudadas apresentou maior proporção de indivíduos no estágio intermediário. Embora não seja possível predizer a distribuição normal e as tendências populacionais desta espécie, pois todas as áreas apresentaram um mosaico de perturbações, o pequeno tamanho populacional encontrado e os efeitos drásticos tanto no desenvolvimento dos indivíduos (pequena proporção de estágios finais), quanto na capacidade de regeneração da população (pequena proporção de estágios iniciais) indicam um sério risco para a permanência das populações. Os resultados desse trabalho resultaram numa Normativa pela Secretaria Estadual de Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul (SEMA RS) embasada pelo Instituto Curicaca e Centro de Ecologia da UFRS, para regularização da colheita de flores e frutos do Butia catarinensis (butiá-da-praia). É imperativo realizar novos estudos a fim de melhor entender a dinâmica populacional, embasando assim ações para conservar a espécie e o ecossistema butiazal, assim como estimular o manejo controlado de folha de B. catarinensis e a criação de uma ou mais Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável do ecossistema butiazal, antes do seu total desaparecimento.<br>Non-timber Forest Products (NTFP) are an alternative for conservation, cause minor ecosystems impacts and raise rural economy. The palm Butia catarinensis is a key resource to fauna and important NTFP for traditional populations, especially the leaves, but little is known about its harvest sustainability. This specie occurs in a very restricted area in southern Brazil, creating the unique butiazal vegetation, currently threatened by fast lost and fragmentation of the habitat. We tested the harvest sustainability, by vegetative and reproductive responses to four intensities of management (based to traditional harvest), in four vegetal physiognomies, in period pre and post-fructification, in two successive events of cutting (2009 and 2010). To analyze the status of populations in remnants, we described the population and vegetation structure of eighteen remnants with different types of plant physiognomy. The biggest intensity of defoliation raised significantly the production of leaves, even in open areas, and the first management. The factors have interacted in reproductive response, causing the decrease of the bunch production in the second year and in the post- fruiting season. Open areas, treatments control and alternative tended to bigger bunch production. B. catarinensis seems to be resistant to harvest, however, the continuous defoliation combined with another disorders, can result in negative responses to harvesting. We suggest rotation of areas; prohibition of harvest in closer and intense land uses areas, with constant monitoring and the creation of protect areas that allow the regulated harvest. Unlike expected, there was not a strong correlation between vegetation and population structure, even as most studied areas had a higher proportion of intermediate stages. The small population size and the negative effects in the development of individuals, shown by the small proportion of individuals in the late stage, as the regeneration capacity (small proportion early stage) indicated the high degree of threat level of the population.
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Imperador, Adriana Maria. "Percepções locais de manejadores comunitários sobre a certificação do Conselho de Manejo Florestal (FSC) para produtos florestais não madeireiros no Estado do Acre." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-13102009-102104/.
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A Certificação do Conselho de Manejo Florestal (FSC) é um instrumento de gestão que tem como objetivo estimular manejo sustentável dos produtos florestais considerando aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Nos últimos anos, os esforços em promover a certificação comunitária como ferramenta para o desenvolvimento das populações rurais enfatizou os produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNM´s), gerando benefícios e inúmeros desafios, inclusive o de conciliar as normas de certificação às práticas tradicionais de manejo. Mesmo considerando que os PFNM´s representem a principal fonte de renda de milhares de famílias em todo mundo, poucos trabalhos científicos têm questionado a percepção das comunidades envolvidas. Diante da experiência das Associações dos Seringueiros Porto Dias (ASPD) e dos Moradores e Agroextrativistas do Remanso de Capixaba (Amarca), ambas certificadas pelo FSC com madeira e produtos não madeireiros, este estudo objetivou avaliar a percepção a respeito deste processo nas duas comunidades do estado do Acre, na Amazônia ocidental brasileira. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada, com perguntas do tipo semi-abertas e fechadas sobre as dificuldades encontradas para cumprir ações relacionadas à certificação, além de questões a respeito da satisfação, perspectiva e credibilidade do processo. Foram entrevistados 100% dos representantes das famílias das associações ASPD (n=7) e Amarca (n=10). As entrevistas foram individuais e realizadas por um único entrevistador, garantindo a independência e uniformidade das análises. As dificuldades relatadas foram tabuladas através de uma escala tipo Likert, sendo que os pontos mais críticos estão relacionados à gestão de resíduos sólidos e ao manejo de animais silvestres. O aspecto positivo mais considerado pelos entrevistados (35,3%) foi o aumento no valor comercial do produto, embora nem sempre isso ocorra. Em relação aos aspectos negativos da certificação, foi relatada a dificuldade em cumprir normas e acordos de comercialização, além do manejo mais trabalhoso. A maioria dos entrevistados não considera nenhum aspecto negativo relevante. Constatou-se que 88,23% dos entrevistados recomendam a certificação a outras comunidades não certificadas e que a intenção em dar continuidade ao processo é unânime, com restrições de melhoria na captação de novos mercados. Em relação à credibilidade no processo de certificação, 76,47% dos entrevistados acreditam que a certificação possa trazer benefícios sociais, 82,35% benefícios econômicos e 94,12% confiam nos benefício de caráter ambiental como a conservação da floresta Amazônica. Agregar valor ao produto manejado e contribuir para melhoria das condições de vida dos associados são desafios para a consolidação da certificação florestal comunitária dos PFNM´s no estado do Acre.<br>The certification of the Forest Stewardship Council is a management tool that aims to encourage the sustainable management of forest products considering social, economic and environmental aspects. In recent years, there have been efforts promoting community certification as a tool for developing non-timber forest products (NTFPs), hence generating many benefits and challenges, including that of reconciling the certification standards to the traditional management practices. Even considering that NTFPs are the main source of income for thousands of families worldwide, few scientific studies have questioned the perception of the communities involved. Given the experience of the Associações dos Seringueiros Porto Dias (ASPD) and of the Moradores e Agroextrativistas do Remanso de Capixaba (Amarca) associations, both certified by the FSC with NTFPs, this study aimed to assess both communities\' perception regarding this process in the state of Acre, in the brazilian Amazon forest. Data were collected through structured interviews, with semi-open and closed type questions on the difficulties encountered to comply with the actions related to certification, in addition to questions concerning the satisfaction, perspective and credibility of the process. 100% of the representatives of the families pertaining to the ASPD (n=7) and AMARC (n=10) associations were interviewed. The interviews were individual and conducted by only one interviewer, thereby ensuring the independence and uniformity of the analyses. The difficulties reported were tabulated using a Likert scale, with the most critical points related to solid waste management and to the handling of wild animals. The positive aspect considered by most respondents (35.3%) was the increased market value of the product, although this is not always the case. Regarding the negative aspects of certification, the difficulty in meeting the standards and marketing agreements was reported, in addition to a more difficult management. Most of the respondents do not consider any negative aspect to be relevant. It was found that 88.23% of the respondents recommend certification to other non-certified communities and that the intention to continue the process is unanimous, with restrictions on the improvement of gaining new markets. Regarding the credibility in the certification process, 76.47% of the respondents believe that certification can bring social benefits, 82.35% believe in economic benefits and 94.12% believe in the environmental benefits, as for instance the preservation of the Amazon forest. Adding value to the managed products and contributing to improving the living conditions of the members are challenges for the consolidation of the community forest certification of NTFPs in the state of Acre, Brazil.
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Bentes, Evely Sevalho. "Extrativismo da castanha-do-brasil (bertholletia excelsa hubl.) na reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável piagaçu-purus." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2007. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2722.
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Previous issue date: 2007-09-13<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas<br>The basic objectives of sustainable use Conservation Units is to promote biodiversity conservation, assuring the conditions and the means necessary for the social reproduction and the enhancement of the life quality of traditional populations.
Natural resource use by these populations is often associated with the knowledge and management techniques adopted in their exploitation. However, in order that management be done effectively, specific research on the techniques is necessary to
identify gaps, avoiding that the sustainability of the use of those resources be compromised. Many extractive products are not only resources that supply subsistence needs, they are also part of the political, institutional, and cultural life of the families who are involved in their harvest and consumption. Among the nontimber forest products that are managed by Amazonian populations, the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is considered an important resource, with high potential for sustainable use. The study was conducted in the communities Divino Espírito Santo,
Nossa Senhora de Nazaré and São João do Uauaçu, located in the Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-Piagaçu-Purus). The methodological procedure used combined qualitative and quantitative aspects in the execution of the following phases: socioeconomic description of the families, survey of the management practices adopted in Brazil nut extractivism, description of the productive processes, and characterization of the exploited Brazil nut tree groves
(condominiums and roads) by the communities in primary and secondary forest areas. 30% of the families in each studied commuty were interviewed. The health, education, and infrastructure sectors were observed to receive little or no assistance. Brazil nut extractivism encompasses three main steps: nut harvest, storage, and commercialization. Brazil nut extractivism is identified as an important source of
income in the Reserve communities, having obtained a mean production of 1,8 tons of coated nut per community in three years of production. The activity is performed using family manpower, and is associated with other production activities, like agriculture and small livestock raising. The techniques adopted by the people in Brazil nut extractivism remain the same as in the beginning of its exploitation, when no technological strategies were adapted for the gathering and storage towards the achievement of better fruit quality. The main uses identified in the studied communities are: food, medicine, energy production, and handicraft. In Brazil nut tree groves, extractivists eliminate lianas, termites, and other undesired species, and enrich secondary forest areas with Brazil nut trees.<br>As Unidades de Conservação de uso sustentável têm como objetivo básico promover a conservação da biodiversidade, assegurando as condições e os meios necessários para a reprodução social e melhoria da qualidade de vida das
populações tradicionais. O uso dos recursos naturais por essas populações está frequentemente associado a conhecimentos e técnicas de manejo adotadas em sua exploração. No entanto, para que o manejo seja realizado de forma efetiva, é necessário que se realize de estudos específicos sobre as técnicas empregadas a fim de identificar a existência de lacunas, evitando o comprometimento da sustentabilidade do uso desses recursos. Muitos produtos extrativistas são, não apenas recursos para suprir necessidades de subsistência, como também fazem
parte da vida política, institucional e cultural das famílias envolvidas na sua coleta e consumo. Entre os produtos florestais não-madeireiros manejados por populações amazônicas, destaca-se a castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa), considerada importante recurso e apresentando alto potencial para uso sustentável. A pesquisa foi realizada nas comunidades Divino Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré e São João do Uauaçu, localizadas na Área Focal da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Piagaçu-Purus (RDS Piagaçu-Purus). O procedimento metodológico utilizado combinou aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos na execução das seguintes
etapas: descrição sócio-econômica das famílias, levantamento de práticas de manejo adotadas no extrativismo da castanha, descrição dos processos produtivos, e caracterização dos castanhais explorados (condomínios e estradas) pelas
comunidades em áreas de floresta primária e secundária. Foram entrevistadas 30% das famílias em cada uma das comunidades pesquisadas. Observou-se que os setores de saúde, educação e infra-estrutura recebem pouca ou nenhuma assistência. O extrativismo da castanha passa por três fases principais: coleta,
armazenamento e comercialização. O extrativismo da castanha-do-brasil é identificado como importante fonte de renda nas comunidades da reserva, tendo obtido produção média de 1,8 toneladas de castanha com casca por comunidade, em três anos de produção. A atividade é exercida utilizando mão-de-obra familiar e está associada a outras atividades produtivas, como agricultura e criação de pequenos animais. As técnicas adotadas pelos moradores no extrativismo da castanha permanecem as mesmas desde o início de sua exploração, onde nenhuma
estratégia tecnológica foi adaptada quanto a colheita e armazenamento para melhoria da qualidade dos frutos. Os principais usos identificados nas comunidades pesquisadas são: alimentício, medicinal, energético e artesanato. No manejo dos
castanhais, os extrativistas realizam eliminação de cipós, cupins e outras espécies indesejáveis, e enriquecem áreas de floresta secundária com castanheiras.
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Omar, Adam Gumaa Yahia [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Pretzsch, and Davide [Akademischer Betreuer] Pettenella. "Contribution of local-level trade in non timber forest products to rural development in Rashad locality of Nuba Mountains, Sudan / Yahia Omar Adam Gumaa. Gutachter: Jürgen Pretzsch ; Davide Pettenella. Betreuer: Jürgen Pretzsch." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1067190457/34.
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SILVA, Jacilene Bezerra da. "Influência do extrativismo da casca do caule sobre o sucesso reprodutivo pré-emergente de Himatanthus drasticus [Mart.] Plumel (Apocynaceae) e Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart. (Fabaceae, Abaceae, Mimosoidae)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5435.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-30<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Although the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is considered less harmful to ecosystems than timber extraction, there is evidence that these resources are exploited unsustainably, because they affect the dynamics of populations that are targeted in this activity. The latex and the stem bark of some plant species are NTFPs of medicinal and economic value, spread widely throughout the world. In areas of Cerrado and Moist Forests in Northeastern Brazil, local human populations extract the stem bark of Himatanthus drasticus [Mart.] Plumel (to collect the latex) and Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart. for medicinal use. The removal of the bark of these species in the region is a very common activity locally, however there are no known consequences of this activity to the biology and ecology of these. The present study aims to verify the consequences of the extraction of stem bark of H. drasticus e S. rotundifolium on reproductive performance of these species. Our hypothesis is that such activity interferes negatively in their reproductive capacity. We selected 30 individuals without extraction of each species, with similar height and diameter, and half was subjected to the extraction of the bark. The dimensions of the extracted area were similar to those performed by extraction of the region in the study area. The dimensions of the extracted area were similar to those performed by extraction of the region in the study area. Compared between the two groups of individuals (extracted-treatment; non-extracted control) the number of inflorescences, buds, flowers, pollen, ovules, fruits and seeds, as well as characteristics of fruit and seed size and reproductive success preemergent. All reproductive parameters of H. drasticus were negatively affected by the extraction of the bark, except for the production of pollen and ovules. By contrast, the only reproductive parameters in S. rotundifolium negatively affected by the extraction of the bark were producing pollen and ovules. The extraction of the bark of the species undertakes its reproduction and hence the generation of new individuals, suggesting that this activity may not be sustainable extractive.<br>Embora a coleta de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) seja considerada menos impactante para os ecossistemas do que o extrativismo madeireiro, existem evidências de que esses recursos são explorados de maneira não sustentável, pois afetam a dinâmica das populações que são alvo dessa atividade. A casca do caule e o látex de algumas espécies vegetais constituem PFNMs de valor medicinal e econômico amplamente difundidos em todo o mundo. Em áreas de Cerrado e de Florestas Úmidas no Nordeste do Brasil, populações humanas locais extraem a casca do caule de Himatanthus drasticus [Mart.] Plumel (para coleta do látex) e de Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart. para fins medicinais. A retirada da casca dessas espécies na região é uma atividade muito difundida localmente, no entanto não se conhecem os efeitos dessa atividade para a biologia e ecologia das mesmas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar as consequências da retirada da casca do caule de H. drasticus e S. rotundifolium sobre o desempenho reprodutivo destas espécies. A nossa hipótese é de que tal atividade interfere negativamente em sua capacidade reprodutiva. Foram selecionados 30 indivíduos sem sinal de extração para cada espécie, com altura e diâmetro semelhantes, e metade destes foi submetida à extração da casca. As dimensões da área extraída foram baseadas naquelas realizadas por extrativistas locais na área de estudo. Comparamos entre os dois grupos de indivíduos (extraídos-tratamento; não extraídos-controle) o número de inflorescências, botões, flores, pólen, óvulos, frutos e sementes, bem como características das dimensões de frutos e sementes e o sucesso reprodutivo pré-emergente. Todos os parâmetros reprodutivos de H. drasticus foram afetados negativamente pela retirada da casca, exceto a produção de pólen e de óvulos. Em contra partida, os únicos parâmetros reprodutivos de S. rotundifolium afetados negativamente pela retirada da casca foram produção de pólen e de óvulos. A extração da casca das espécies estudadas compromete sua reprodução e, consequentemente, a geração de novos indivíduos, sugerindo que a referida atividade extrativista pode não ser sustentável.
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Mushi, Hawa Kaisi [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Kleyer, Pius Zebhe [Akademischer Betreuer] Yanda, and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Siebenhüner. "Comparing perceptions and realities of non-timber forest products extraction, agricultural practices and land use change along the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania / Hawa Kaisi Mushi ; Michael Kleyer, Pius Zebhe Yanda, Bernd Siebenhüner." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1205879080/34.
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Heubach, Katja [Verfasser], Rüdiger [Akademischer Betreuer] Wittig, and Ernst-August [Akademischer Betreuer] Nuppenau. "The socio-economic importance of non-timber forest products for rural livelihoods in West African savanna ecosystems: current status and future trends / Katja Heubach. Gutachter: Rüdiger Wittig ; Ernst-August Nuppenau. Betreuer: Rüdiger Wittig ; Ernst-August Nuppenau." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1044093617/34.
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