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1
Guariguata, M. R., and K. Evans. "Advancing tropical forestry curricula through Non-Timber Forest Products." International Forestry Review 12, no. 4 (2010): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.12.4.418.
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Arnold, J. E. Michael, and M. Ruiz Pérez. "Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development objectives?" Ecological Economics 39, no. 3 (2001): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(01)00236-1.
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Ros-Tonen, M. A. F. "The role of non-timber forest products in sustainable tropical forest management." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 58, no. 3 (2000): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050413.
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Gaoue, Orou G., Jiang Jiang, Wandi Ding, Folashade B. Agusto, and Suzanne Lenhart. "Optimal harvesting strategies for timber and non-timber forest products in tropical ecosystems." Theoretical Ecology 9, no. 3 (2016): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12080-015-0286-4.
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Boot, R. G. A. "Extraction of non-timber forest products from tropical rain forests. Does diversity come at a price?" Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 45, no. 4 (1997): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v45i4.504.
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Tropical rain forests are rich in plant and animal species. The sustainable extraction of non-timber forest products has been advocated as a strategy to best conserve this diversity. However, the development and implementation of such exploitation systems, which aim to reconcile conservation and economic development, are still hampered by the lack of information on the biological sustainability of these systems, the impact of these exploitation systems on the biological diversity and the insufficient knowledge of the role of forest products in the household economy of forest dependent people and hence their prospects for economic development. Whether the exploitation of non-timber forest products from tropical rain forests is sustainable or not is still open to question, but data presently available on the biological, social and economic aspects of these extraction systems point at an interesting question: does diversity come at a price? Namely, low density of conspecifics, and thus products, and hence low productivity for those involved in the collection of forest resources. The paper will further discuss whether domestication of forest species provides an alternative for some of these species. Species are part of a complex ecosystem and their functioning is partly depended on the presence of other species in the system. The attributes of the species which have to be taken into account in order to make domestication of forest species successful are considered. Finally, the paper returns to the question of how to reconcile conservation and use of tropical rain forests. It will present a case for domesticating the forest instead of the species or, in other words, changing the forest composition without changing its structure and functioning, and maintaining acceptable levels of biodiversity.
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Myers, Norman. "Tropical forests: much more than stocks of wood." Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, no. 2 (1988): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002728.
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ABSTRACTTropical forests offer many more products than the category for which they are best known, viz. wood products. They can supply a host of raw materials, such as resins, oils, fibres and fruits, which collectively represent a commercial value far higher than is generally recognized. In addition they provide an exceptional abundance and variety of genetic resources, which make substantial contributions to modern agriculture, medicine, industry and energy. On top of these materials, tropical forests supply significant environmental benefits, such as protection of the soil and safeguards for watershed systems. While it is sometimes difficult to quantify the economic values of these diverse goods and services, they are often to be reckoned as equal to, if not higher than, the marketplace values represented by the commercial hardwood timber. Yet when the forests are exploited for their hardwood timber, the process is usually so disruptive to forest ecosystems that the other outputs are severely reduced. By contrast, one may exploit the forests for their other outputs with virtually no disruption to forest ecosystems. The paper describes the main categories of non-wood products available from tropical forests, analyses their relative worth, and offers summarized proposals for an expanded approach to forest development in order to take integrative account of the full range of forest benefits.
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Nitanan, K. M., A. Shuib, R. Sridar, V. Kunjuraman, S. Zaiton, and M. A. Syamsul Herman. "The total economic value of forest ecosystem services in the tropical forests of Malaysia." International Forestry Review 22, no. 4 (2020): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820831255551.
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Direct and indirect use of values and non-use values from forest ecosystem services perform an invaluable set of functions that cater to the needs of both living and non-living things. The values include market services obtained from timber and non-timber forest products, and non-market services (recreation, watershed protection and conservation value) were identified as components of the Total Economic Value (TEV). However, it is difficult to assign a monetary value to all goods and services provided by the forest. Failure to conserve the national park will result in the degradation of the forest and a reduction in the contribution of the forest ecosystem services to the community. Based on the result of this study, the TEV value of forest ecosystem services was estimated at RM 13 billion, and the estimation provides policy-relevant information for forest management and conservation purposes in Malaysia.
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Godoy, Ricardo, Ruben Lubowski, and Anil Markandya. "A method for the economic valuation of non-timber tropical forest products." Economic Botany 47, no. 3 (1993): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02862288.
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Lafrankie, James V. "population dynamics of some tropical trees that yield non-timber forest products." Economic Botany 48, no. 3 (1994): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02862331.
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Chopra, Kanchan. "The value of non-timber forest products: An estimation for tropical deciduous forests in India." Economic Botany 47, no. 3 (1993): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02862291.
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Trauernicht, Clay, Tamara Ticktin, and German López Herrera. "Cultivation of Non-timber Forest Products Alters Understory Light Availability in a Humid Tropical Forest in Mexico1." Biotropica 38, no. 3 (2006): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00143.x.
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Ashton, Mark S. "Regeneration methods for dipterocarp forests of wet tropical Asia." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 2 (2003): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79263-2.
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Dipterocarp forests of the Asian wet tropics have a long history of silvicultural research. This paper provides a review of this history and a summary of the ecological principles guiding the regeneration methods used. Dipterocarp forests are here defined as those of the seasonally wet regions of Thailand, Burma, and India, and those that are considered of the mixed dipterocarp forest type that dominate the aseasonal wet regions of Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and parts of Indonesia and the Philippines. Two silvicultural regeneration methods are described, shelterwoods and their variants, and selection systems. Both systems can be justified but emphasis is given to the development of shelterwood and selection regeneration methods that are tailored to the particular biological and social context at hand. The paper concludes with a call for improved land-use planning and stand typing to better integrate service and protection values with those values focused on commodity production. Key words: Dipterocarpus, hill forest, non-timber forest products, polycyclic, regeneration, selection, shelterwood, Shorea
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Gullison, R. E. "Does forest certification conserve biodiversity?" Oryx 37, no. 2 (2003): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605303000346.
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Forest certification provides a means by which producers who meet stringent sustainable forestry standards can identify their products in the marketplace, allowing them to potentially receive greater market access and higher prices for their products. An examination of the ways in which certification may contribute to biodiversity conservation leads to the following conclusions: 1) the process of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification generates improvements to management with respect to the value of managed forests for biodiversity. 2) Current incentives are not sufficient to attract the majority of producers to seek certification, particularly in tropical countries where the costs of improving management to meet FSC guidelines are significantly greater than any market benefits they may receive; available incentives are even less capable of convincing forest owners to retain forest cover and produce certified timber on a sustainable basis, rather than deforesting their lands for timber and agriculture. 3) At present, current volumes of certified forest products are insufficient to reduce demand to log high conservation value forests. If FSC certification is to make greater inroads, particularly in tropical countries, significant investments will be needed both to increase the benefits and reduce the costs of certification. Conservation investors will need to carefully consider the biodiversity benefits that will be generated from such investments, versus the benefits generated from investing in more traditional approaches to biodiversity conservation.
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Gan, Jianbang. "Forest certification costs and global forest product markets and trade: a general equilibrium analysis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 7 (2005): 1731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-100.
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The impacts of forest certification costs on the output, price, and trade of forest products were assessed via computable general equilibrium modeling under various scenarios representing tropical, temperate, and global forest certification. Despite causing more severe and extensive impacts, global certification seems more acceptable than regional certification to major timber-producing countries. The regions that would suffer the most from global certification would not be major timber-producing regions, but major net importers of forest products like East Asia. With 5%25% increases in forestry production costs resulting from certification, the world's forestry output would decline by 0.3%5.1%, while the world price would rise by 1.6%34.6%; impacts on global lumber and pulp and paper markets would be much more moderate. In general, forest certification would have larger impacts on trade and price than on output. While causing trade diversion and substitutions between tropical and temperate forest products and affecting regional forest product markets, forest certification would not substantially induce substitutions between wood and nonwood products at the global aggregate level. Because of the possible leakages (deforestation elsewhere) associated with regional certification and the land-use shifts resulting from sectoral production shifts at the regional level, forest certification may not necessarily curb tropical deforestation.
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Gaoue, Orou G., M’Mouyohoun Kouagou, Armand K. Natta, and Choukouratou Gado. "Response of a tropical tree to non-timber forest products harvest and reduction in habitat size." PLOS ONE 12, no. 8 (2017): e0183964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183964.
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Hall, Pamela, and Kamaljit Bawa. "Methods to assess the impact of extraction of non-timber tropical forest products on plant populations." Economic Botany 47, no. 3 (1993): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02862289.
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DELANG, CLAUDIO O. "Economic valuation of non-marketed wild edible plants in Thailand." Environmental Conservation 32, no. 4 (2005): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290600258x.
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Tropical forests can provide forest dwellers with a sizable proportion of their dietary needs. Yet, many development and conservation organizations tend to disregard these opportunities, promoting market-oriented reforms that aim at introducing cash crops and markets for non- timber forest products (NTFPs) in the name of poverty alleviation and/or biodiversity conservation. In so doing, they help relegate wild food plants to the position of food for the poor (De Beer & McDermott 1996; Neumann & Hirsch 2000), reserve food in case of famine (Takasaki et al. 2004), or food supplementing that produced on farm plots (Ousseynou & Tieguhong 2004). This comment discusses the economic rationale for the consumption of wild edible plants by forest-dwelling communities, comparing the results obtained from two methods of evaluation. The paper is based on one month of fieldwork during December 2004 carried out by the author together with Theresa Wong and two specially-trained research assistants in Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Thailand).
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Austin, Daniel F., Daniel C. Nepstad, and Stephan Schwartzman. "Non-Timber Products from Tropical Forests. Evaluation of a Conservation and Development Strategy." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120, no. 2 (1993): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996951.
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Astana, S., W. F. Riva, G. Hardiyanto, H. Komarudin, and A. Sukanda. "Towards improved forestry performance: evaluating the added value of the timber legality assurance system in Indonesia." International Forestry Review 22, no. 1 (2020): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820828671517.
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Indonesia is a main tropical timber-producing country and is a leader in implementing Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Voluntary Partnership Agreements (FLEGT-VPA) with the European Union (EU). In 2015, as a part of the FLEGT-VPA process, the government began a timber legality assurance system called Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK), which is mandatory for all timber product businesses. Since November 2016, Indonesia has issued FLEGT licenses for timber products exported to the EU. This study shows that the SVLK scheme has added value for the public in controlling timber legality, eradicating illegal logging and illegal timber trading, enhancing sustainable forest management and contributing to legal timber trading. The scheme also has added value in providing legal certainty for businesses. However, it contributes less to product marketing and its use as a standard to assess sustainable forest management needs to be evaluated.
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Schons, Stella Z., Haripriya Gudimenda, Gregory S. Amacher, Kelly M. Cobourn, Randolph H. Wynne, and Valerie A. Thomas. "Can Efficiency Gains in the Wood Processing Industry Conserve Forests in Developing Countries? The Case of Andhra Pradesh." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 4 (2020): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00021.
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Abstract Growing world demand for processed goods made from wood and a large supply of native timber in tropical regions combined with development incentives from national governments have driven rapid growth in the forest products industry in many developing countries. Contract farming schemes have emerged as an important mechanism to ensure an adequate supply of raw timber for processing. These contracts also encourage secondary forest establishment, which is argued to reduce harvesting pressure on ecologically valuable native forests. We explore whether there exists a potential for efficiency gains within the forest products industry given the current installed capacity in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. We estimate a stochastic production frontier function for this industry based on Annual Survey of Industries data from 2010 to 2013. We present evidence that there is space for efficiency gains and that the marginal value product of wood as a raw input is high enough to justify the engagement of companies and farmers in wood supply agreements as a means to reduce pressure on native forests.
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Tagle Casapia, Ximena, Lourdes Falen, Harm Bartholomeus, et al. "Identifying and Quantifying the Abundance of Economically Important Palms in Tropical Moist Forest Using UAV Imagery." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010009.
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Sustainable management of non-timber forest products such as palm fruits is crucial for the long-term conservation of intact forest. A major limitation to expanding sustainable management of palms has been the need for precise information about the resources at scales of tens to hundreds of hectares, while typical ground-based surveys only sample small areas. In recent years, small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become an important tool for mapping forest areas as they are cheap and easy to transport, and they provide high spatial resolution imagery of remote areas. We developed an object-based classification workflow for RGB UAV imagery which aims to identify and delineate palm tree crowns in the tropical rainforest by combining image processing and GIS functionalities using color and textural information in an integrative way to show one of the potential uses of UAVs in tropical forests. Ten permanent forest plots with 1170 reference palm trees were assessed from October to December 2017. The results indicate that palm tree crowns could be clearly identified and, in some cases, quantified following the workflow. The best results were obtained using the random forest classifier with an 85% overall accuracy and 0.82 kappa index.
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Mollet, Matthias, Henri Téré, and Felix Herzog. "Ligneux à usages multiples dans les systèmes agraires tropicaux: une étude de cas de Côte d'Ivoire | Multipurpose Trees in Tropical Agricultural Systems: a Case Study from Côte d'Ivoire." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 10 (2000): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0355.
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The potential of multipurpose tree species as sources of non-timber forest products (NTFP) in the Centre and East of Côte d'Ivoire and their introduction into the agricultural systems were analysed in order to stabilise,diversify and intensify the local agricultural production in a sustainable way. The species with a special interest for the local population were identified and assessed among 25 NTFP tree species of 44 coffee and cocoa plantations. Five feasible agroforestry systems are proposed.
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Debrot, Adolphe O., Ab Veldhuizen, Sander W. K. van den Burg, et al. "Non-Timber Forest Product Livelihood-Focused Interventions in Support of Mangrove Restoration: A Call to Action." Forests 11, no. 11 (2020): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111224.
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Mangroves of tropical and subtropical shores and deltas contribute to ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing in numerous ways but continue to be lost or degraded worldwide at a rapid pace. Overexploitation driven by poverty is often the root cause of mangrove destruction and degradation. The negative feedback cycle between destruction and poverty can only be broken by justly valuing current or introducing new sustainable livelihood options to foster long-lasting local support for mangroves. The large array of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that mangroves offer have rarely been developed beyond the subsistence level and remain undervalued as “products of the poor”. In light of the global trends towards sustainability and bio-economy, today they represent a major business opportunity for forest communities to produce high value-added end-user products. Even though mangrove NTFPs have been recognized to have high potential toward inclusive development and poverty alleviation and to be highly gender-equal, the development of mangrove NTFPs has continued to attract very little funding or research interest. Several ecological characteristics make commercialization of mangrove NTFPs particularly challenging. Production at economies of scale, including quality standards, as well as marketing and value chain management are all essential in order to develop these products beyond their subsistence role. To be most effective, a systems perspective on NTFP development is needed, whereby product-market development occurs in unison and based on a participative, inclusive and fair development approach. The species/product of choice for value-added product-market development in any specific community or area will depend on several factors. To address many of the typical constraints and maximize the chances of success, we suggest that the use of village or district-level cooperatives may be particularly useful. A better use of the untapped potential of mangroves for local livelihoods may form a most convincing advocate for local protection and restoration of mangrove forests. Therefore, funding agencies, governments and researchers alike are called to invest in mangrove NTFP development as a way to locally incentivize sustainable mangrove protection and restoration.
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Amusa, Tajudeen O., S. Oladunni Jimoh, and Ismail O. Azeez. "Socio-economic factors influencing marketing of non-timber forest products in tropical lowland rainforests of south-western Nigeria." Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science 79, no. 2 (2017): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2016.1255411.
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Boulter, David W. K. "Global Economic Wood Supply and Demand: The Opportunity." Forestry Chronicle 66, no. 1 (1990): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc66035-1.
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World supplies of industrial wood on a sustainable basis are estimated to be adequate to meet future demand to the year 2000 without effecting real price changes. A degree of uncertainty with respect to supply appears around 2025 by reason of demographic pressures on the indigenous (largely tropical) forests in many of the developing countries in the southern hemispere.Emerging global trends for the supply of and demand for industrial roundwood suggest a shift in the production, consumption and trade in forest products. Such a shift is predicated on a number of supply and demand factors. The key demand factor is the slowing down of population and economic growth in the developed countries accompanied by a greater application of technology in wood processing and/or new products. The key supply factor is the rate of establishment of plantation of fast-growing species in the tropical and sub-tropical regions.The notion of scarcity, as manifest in the forester's vision of increased timber production goals, will have to be tempered with the reality that market prices in real terms for the major categories of forest products have not materially increased and are unlikely to do so in the foreseeable future.These potential developments suggest that Canada's comparative advantage based on old-growth stocks of timber will be diminished and future gains in trade will for the most part be based on new products/processes that in turn will call for a more dynamic approach to market development than that characterized by passive exploitation of a fortuitous endowment of natural resources.
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HOLDER, CURTIS D. "Changes in structure and cover of a common property pine forest in Guatemala, 1954–1996." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 1 (2004): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001171.
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Concern about increasing rates of deforestation of tropical forests has resulted in investigations into the viability of local land-use practices and communal forms of governance. The majority of people in Guatemala live in regions where primary forests are absent. Several secondary forests in the highly populated highlands of Guatemala are communally managed forests, and people depend on forest products from these secondary forests for their livelihood. This study examines changes in forest structure and coverage of a native Pinus oocarpa Schiede communally managed forest in San Jose La Arada, Chiquimula in eastern Guatemala from 1954–1996. The pine forest is a municipal-communal property. The municipality has title to the land, however the forests are communal property. Neither forest committees in the villages nor municipal government regulations establish communal management of the pine forest; instead there are customary rules in the villages that guide forest extraction. People from the surrounding villages extract fuelwood, ocote (resin-rich wood harvested from the tree trunk and used for kindling) and timber from the pine forest. The P. oocarpa forest is situated in a seasonally dry region with nutrient-poor and highly eroded soils. Aerial photographs from 1954 and 1987 were compared to estimated changes in forest cover. Changes in forest structure are based on data collected from stand inventories conducted in 1987 and 1996. The pine forest was reduced in area by 14.4%, from 12.39 km2 in 1954 to 10.61 km2 in 1987. Additionally, stand density and basal area were reduced by 12% and 41%, respectively, from 1987–1996. Fuelwood and timber for domestic use were not extracted at a sustainable rate between 1954 and 1996 from the communally managed pine forest in this study. A sustainable-use management plan, in which all villages surrounding the forest participate, is recommended to provide future forest products for the villages.
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Pulido, María T., Teresa Valverde, and Javier Caballero. "Variation in the population dynamics of the palm Sabal yapa in a landscape shaped by shifting cultivation in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 2 (2007): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003877.
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To understand the population dynamics of a species, it is necessary to document the way in which its demographic behaviour varies through space and time. Anthropogenic disturbance, such as shifting cultivation, is an important factor causing demographic variation in many tropical non-timber forest products. The leaves of the palm Sabal yapa are an important non-timber forest product used for thatching by Mayan peoples. The demography of Sabal yapa was studied in three habitats (mature forest, successional forest and crop fields), representing successional phases along the slash-and-burn agricultural cycle in the Yucatan Peninsula. Matrix population models, along with elasticity analyses and life-table-response experiments were employed. Population growth rate differed between patches (MF: λ = 1.043; SF: λ = 1.027; CF: λ = 0.959). Only the λ value of the mature forest was significantly higher than unity. Fecundity and seedling survival were lowest in the crop fields and highest in the mature forest. The elasticity analyses and life-table-response experiments showed that entries with a high positive contribution to λ also showed high elasticity values, while those with a negative contribution to λ showed low elasticity. Thus, both analyses are crucial to understand the demography of a species and to aid in conservation and management practices.
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Ariyo, O. C., M. O. Adedokun, and M. O. Ariyo. "Determinants of the Quantity of Non-timber Forest Products Collected from Forests of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Ibadan, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry 1, no. 1 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2018/40140.
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Hasanah, Nur, and H. Hastuti. "UTILIZATION OF FOREST BY WOLASI SUB-DISRICT COMMUNITY, SOUTH SULAWESI." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 2 (2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i2.9435.
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This study aims to determine the utilization of forests conducted by communities in forest area of Wolasi sub-district. This research was conducted in Wolasi forest sub-district of Southeast Sulawesi Province. The research methods used were survey and interview with 86 and 87 respondents with purposive sampling by plotting two different villages characteristics to represent forest utilization form in different area (villages in lowland landforms) and Aoma village (village has the shape of hilly terrain). The result of this study examining the forests utilization of inhabitants in Wolasi sub-district, which is represented by two topographic characteristics. Reseacher selected two similar conditions that engage the forest as a source of daily needs and workface that is considered as a resource, producing timber and non-timber products. Ranowila inhabitants occupations are dominated with farmers, while in Leleka village, despite being farmers, some inhabitants are craftsmen of non-timber forest products such as bamboo and rattan as well as furniture entrepreneur. This fact is influenced by residential areas that close to the forest and can be observed through the neighbourhood area which is close to the temporary forest area in Leleka Village. Temporary forest is located in an area which always extends land, since the topography circumstance encourages numerous people prefer to live closely towards their managed land. The forest is beneficial both in the term of land utilization or forest products,due to the distance there is limited knowledge,as well as limited work, it enhances low expenditure obtained.
 Keywords: Utilization, Forest, Community in District Wolasi
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CROOK, CAROLYN, and ROGER ALEX CLAPP. "Is market-oriented forest conservation a contradiction in terms?" Environmental Conservation 25, no. 2 (1998): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892998000186.
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The destruction of forest ecosystems appears economically rational because many of the values of intact ecosystems are not recognized in land-use decisions. Many authors have suggested that the conservation of intact ecosystems requires that markets be extended to increase economic benefits derived from the standing forest to the point where they out-compete alternative, destructive land-uses. Three such strategies for market-oriented forest conservation are natural forest management for high-value timber, the collection of non-timber forest products, and biodiversity prospecting. In each case the proposed use of the ecosystem is likely to prove socially and economically unsustainable, or to generate significant alterations in ecosystem structure which endanger its diversity, or both. The success of market-oriented conservation requires that sustainable extraction of useful organisms over the long term yields more profit than destructive activities. The market-oriented conservation strategies examined, however, appear to yield too little profit to out-perform alternatives such as agricultural production or the replacement of forests by pastures or plantations. In each case, key factors limit profits. The slow growth rates of natural forests combined with discounting hinders natural forest management. In the case of non-timber forest products, the typically low density of resources in tropical forests creates disincentives for sustainable commercial production. The profitability of biodiversity prospecting is undermined by the low probability of discovering species with medicinal properties and developing countries' inability to capture the information value of the genetic content of species. Furthermore, each of the three strategies also has potentially negative ecological impacts. In the drive to increase profits, each is likely to degrade ecosystems through over-exploitation of the resource, and prompt simplification of the ecosystem through forest management designed to increase the density of profitable species. Ultimately, such activities are likely to lead to the loss of biodiversity.Several conditions must be met for market-oriented conservation to be effective. Scientific understanding of forest ecosystems, and the ecological knowledge of both users and regulators must be sufficiently advanced to allow appropriate management regimes to be designed to assure maintenance of the forest ecosystem despite alterations caused by resource harvesting. The natural reproduction rate of the harvested resource must also be sufficiently rapid to justify leaving most of the resource undisturbed to guarantee its reproduction. Furthermore, the resource must be more cheaply and reliably produced in a natural forest than in a plantation, than by a synthetic substitute, or replacement through domestication. Finally, even where ecological and economic conditions support market-oriented conservation, those making land-use decisions must be in a position to benefit from the sustainable harvest of forest resources. If they are unable to enforce exclusive rights to the forests, the conservation effect of market-oriented strategies is likely to prove elusive.Nevertheless, strategies for market-oriented forest conservation are a vital component of efforts to conserve biodiversity, and they must be improved to harness their full conservation potential. Resource management regulations, strong enforcement, and stable and secure property rights are essential preconditions. In addition, land-use planning should identify ecosystems with lower biological diversity where marketable products are concentrated at economic densities. Areas of high biological diversity will require non-market mechanisms to ensure their protection. In this context, there is no substitute for fully protected areas, and their expansion is vital.
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RAUT, Ninad B., Umeshkumar L. TIWARI, Bhupendra S. ADHIKARI, Gopal S. RAWAT, and Srikant CHANDOLA. "Population Status of Commercially Important Medicinal Plants in Dehradun Forest Division, Uttarakhand (India)." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 2 (2013): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb528299.
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The objective of forest management in the tropics, in recent decades, has shifted from timber production to biodiversity conservation and maintenance of life support system. However, past forestry practices have greatly influenced the structure of plant communities, preponderance of foreign invasive species, populations of high value medicinal plants as well as other non-wood forest products. We assessed the abundance and distribution of medicinal plants in managed and undisturbed forests of Dehradun Forest Division (DFD), Uttarakhand (India). A total of 80 transects (each 1 km long) were laid in various categories of forest types in DFD. This paper deals with distribution, availability and regeneration status of five commercially important species viz., Justicia adhatoda, Aegle marmelos, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula, across different forest types. The study reveals that open canopy forest patches, Lantana infested patches and Acacia catechu-Dalbergia sissoo (Khair -Shisam) woodlands in the eastern part of the DFD have excellent potential for the production and sustainable harvest of Justicia adhatoda. Areas those are less suitable for timber production viz., open hill forests, have greater potential for conservation and development of Aegle marmelos, Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellirica. For the production and management of high value medicinal plants in the DFD these ecological considerations need to be kept in mind.
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Dove, Michael R. "A Revisionist View of Tropical Deforestation and Development." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 1 (1993): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900037188.
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This study critiques one of the prevailing theories of tropical deforestation, namely that the forest is being cleared because its riches have been overlooked (the purported solution to which is the marketing of ‘rainforest crunch’). Edelman's work on the language of ‘helping’ is drawn on to suggest that a focus on the microeconomics of forest dwellers diverts attention from macro-economic and political issues whose impact on the forest is far more serious.The study begins with a parable from Kalimantan, relating how the discovery of a big diamond can bring misfortune to a poor miner. It is suggested that this parable applies more generally to resource development in tropical forests, and that the major challenge is not to give more development opportunities to forest peoples but to take fewer away.This principal is illustrated with respect to gold mining, rattan gathering, and truck-farming, in Indonesia. In each case, when a forest resource acquires greater value in the broader society, it is appropriated by external entrepreneurs at the expense of local communities. A detailed case-study is presented of the development of Para Rubber cultivation. Smallholders currently dominate this cultivation, despite steadfast opposition by both contemporary and colonial governments, whose self-interests are better served by the cultivation of the Rubber on large estates.Each of these cases illustrates the predisposition of political and economic forces in the broader society to take over successful resource development in the tropical forest. Contemporary efforts to develop ‘non-timber forest products’ are reinterpreted, in this light, as attempts to allocate to the forest dwellers the resources of least interest to the broader society. The absence of research in this area is attributed not to academic oversight but to conflicting political-economic interests.This thesis of resource exploitation is at variance with the ‘rain-forest crunch’ premise: namely that forest reserves are being overexploited by forest dwellers, that this is due to the absence of other sources of income, and that the solution is to help forest dwellers to find such sources. It is suggested that there has been no lack of such sources in the past, and that the problem has been in maintaining the forest peoples' control of them. The lesson of this analysis is not to ignore minor forest products, but to place them — and their potential development value for indigenous forest peoples — clearly within their proper political-economic context.Any resolution of the problems of tropical forest development and conservation must begin, not by searching for resources that forest dwellers do not already have, but by first searching for the institutional forces which restrict the forest dwellers' ownership and productive use of existing resources. One of these institutional forces is discourse. It is widely understood that state elites seek to control valuable forest resources; it is less widely understood that an important means to this end is the control of resource-related discourse. De-mystification of the current debate over tropical deforestation and development is thus sorely needed.
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SMITH, J., K. MULONGOY, R. PERSSON, and J. SAYER. "Harnessing carbon markets for tropical forest conservation: towards a more realistic assessment." Environmental Conservation 27, no. 3 (2000): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900000345.
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The proposed Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol paves the way for financial and technological transfers to support forestry projects that sequester carbon or protect carbon stocks. From its inception, the concept has been highly controversial. It has been enthusiastically supported by those who believe that conservation of tropical forests will be difficult unless forest owners and managers are compensated for the environmental services of their forests. Others believe that financial transfers supporting ‘carbon farming’ would ignore social concerns and the full range of goods and services of forests. This paper examines the implications of CDM for forest conservation and sustainable use, by drawing on recent literature and the results of a policy dialogue with CDM stakeholders. We conclude that initial estimates of the contribution tropical forestry could make to both climate change mitigation and to forest conservation need to be scaled down. CDM payments for tropical forestry are likely to be received in a far more limited area than initially expected. The cost-effectiveness of forestry projects relative to projects in the energy sector may have been overestimated. In particular few estimates have adequately accounted for the likelihood that the duration of CDM forestry projects is unlikely to be as long as the residency time of carbon in the atmosphere. Also political realities and investor priorities may not have been sufficiently understood. CDM funding for forestry may also decline in future as economically viable clean technologies are increasingly developed in the energy sector. Tropical forests are likely to be an intermediate climate change mitigation strategy for buying time, until more permanent options become available. The most important justification for including forests in CDM may lie in the contribution CDM could potentially make to forest conservation and sustainable use. An analysis of the implications of CDM for forests reveals the importance of involving forest stakeholders more closely in the CDM debate. To prevent perverse outcomes and reduce the risk of ‘leakage’ of emission reduction to areas outside project boundaries, CDM projects may need to be limited to niches which meet certain political and institutional preconditions and where sufficient understanding of local decision-making and the broader context is available. CDM may be more effective if used to remove non-economic impediments to forestry activities that are economically viable and meet local needs. Lessons from the forestry sector in relation to plantations, natural forest management, forest conser- vation and non-timber forest products are discussed to illustrate the dangers of misusing CDM and also to give examples of how CDM could be harnessed for better use of forests. CDM should be seen as one more tool for enhancing the effectiveness of more conventional ways of promoting forest conservation and sustainable use.
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Lermyte, Clément, and Pierre-Michel Forget. "Rapid Assessment of Dispersal Failure and Seedling Recruitment of Large-Seeded Non-Timber Forest Products Trees in a Tropical Rainforest." Tropical Conservation Science 2, no. 4 (2009): 404–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194008290900200403.
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Jimoh, S. O., T. O. Amusa, and I. O. Azeez. "Population distribution and threats to sustainable management of selected non-timber forest products in tropical lowland rainforests of south western Nigeria." Journal of Forestry Research 24, no. 1 (2013): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0327-z.
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KAUR, AMARJIT. "A History of Forestry in Sarawak." Modern Asian Studies 32, no. 1 (1998): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x98003011.
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Tropical deforestation and the associated economic, ecological, and equity issues have become a matter of general interest and concern for scholars, international conservation and environmental organizations, and local pressure groups. ‘Remote’ outposts like Sarawak (‘Land of the White Rajahs’) have suddenly been thrust into the limelight as conflicts arose between different interest and ethnic groups for allocation of land and rights to utilize forest resources. A review of existing knowledge and data is therefore necessary to set rainforest clearance in Sarawak in a local, national, and international political economy context. This paper looks at the following themes: the historical legacy of ‘commercial’ extraction of forest products; the growth of the timber sector and the development of state forest regulation; and the conflicts of interest for allocation of land and rights to utilize forest resources.
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Ariyo, O., S. Oluwalana, and M. Ariyo. "Profitability Analysis of Non-timber Forest Products Collected from Block A and Golf Course Forests of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria." Advances in Research 14, no. 2 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/air/2018/39588.
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Foale, Simon, Michelle Dyer, and Jeff Kinch. "The Value of Tropical Biodiversity in Rural Melanesia." Valuation Studies 4, no. 1 (2016): 11–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/vs.2001-5992.164111.
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In this paper we discuss differences in the ways transnational conservationists and Melanesian farmers, hunters and fishers value ‘biodiversity’. The money for conservation projects in developing countries originates from people who are embedded in a capitalist system, which allows engagement with nature as an abstract entity. Their western education has given them a scientific/ evolutionary-based worldview, which attributes intrinsic value to all species (and particular arrangements of species, e.g. rainforests and coral reefs), irrespective of economic value or ecosystem function. Because this value system is mostly not shared by the custodians of the biodiversity that conservationists want to save, alternative tactics and arguments are utilised. These inevitably take the form of so-called ‘win-win’ economic rationales for preserving biodiversity, most of which do not work well (e.g. bioprospecting, ecotourism, non-timber forest products, environmental certification schemes, payments for ecosystem services, etc.), for reasons which we detail. Agriculture- and aquaculture-based livelihoods appear to enjoy more success than the ‘win-win’ options but do not necessarily obviate or deter further biodiversity loss. Artisanal use of species-poor but productive and resilient pelagic fisheries is increasing. These ecological and economic realities bring into sharp focus the importance of understanding differences in value systems for successful biodiversity conservation in the tropics.
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Zaque, Leonardo Antônio De Moraes, Rafael Rodolfo de Melo, Diego Martins Stangerlin, and Laercio Serenine Junior. "DIAGNÓSTICO DA COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DE MADEIRA SERRADA NO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO." Nativa 7, no. 5 (2019): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i5.7392.
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O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comércio madeireiro no estado de Mato Grosso, analisando as principais espécies madeireiras comercializadas e os seus principais produtos gerados. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos relatórios de Beneficiamento e Comércio de Produtos da Madeira por Espécie Florestal e disponibilizados pela Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de Mato Grosso (SEMA-MT). O diagnóstico foi realizado no período entre 2007 e 2014, onde foram analisados o volume total, os valores comercializados das dez espécies mais comercializadas e dos seus produtos gerados. As dez espécies mais comercializadas (Erisma uncinatum Warm., Goupia glabra Aubl, Qualea albiflora Warm., Qualea paraensis Ducke, Mezilaurus itauba, Qualea sp., Hymenolobium sp., Apuleia sp., Trattinnickia sp. e Vochysia sp.) obtiveram um valor de 5,6 bilhões e um volume aproximado de 10,42 milhões de metros cúbicos no período, que corresponde a 48,60% do volume total comercializado. Os produtos analisados corresponderam a quase 36% de todos os produtos comercializáveis pelas principais espécies em volume, e em valor corresponderam a cerca de 70% do total.Palavras-chave: indústria madeireira; madeira tropical; comércio de madeiras. DIAGNOSIS OF THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF SAWN TIMBER IN THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to evaluate the timber trade in the state of Mato Grosso, analyzing the main timber species traded and its main products generated. The data were collected from the reports of Beneficiation and Trade of Madeira Products by Forest Species and made available by the State Secretariat of Environment of Mato Grosso (SEMA-MT). The diagnosis was made between 2007 and 2014, where the total volume, the commercialized values of the ten most traded species and their products were analyzed. The ten most commercialized species (Erisma uncinatum Warm., Goupia glabra Aubl, Qualea albiflora Warm., Qualea paraensis Ducke, Mezilaurus itauba, Qualea sp., Hymenolobium sp., Apuleia sp., Trattinnickia sp. e Vochysia sp.) obtained a value 5.8 billion and an approximate volume of 10.42 million cubic meters in the period, which corresponds to 48.60% of the total volume traded. The products analyzed corresponded to almost 36% of all products traded by the main species in volume, and in value corresponded to about 70% of the total.Keywords: timber industry; tropical wood; timber trade.
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SINGH, S. P. "Chronic disturbance, a principal cause of environmental degradation in developing countries." Environmental Conservation 25, no. 1 (1998): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892998000010.
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Impact of human action is being felt in all ecosystems. Traditionally, urban landscapes and agricultural fields have been considered to be dominated by humans, but human alteration has also been substantial in tropical forests. The common forms of acute forest disturbance are ones that involve logging selectively or clear-cutting, allowing forest to regenerate by natural means. In contrast to the acute forms of disturbance, the chronic form of disturbance, which is subtle and slowly creeping, but equally destructive, is a much less-recognized problem. In the chronic form of disturbance people remove only a small fraction of forest biomass at a given time, generally as head-loads of firewood, or in the form of fodder, leaf litter and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The problem with the chronic form of forest disturbance is that plants or ecosystems often do not get time to recover adequately, because the human onslaught never stops, and can cause adverse changes in the forest, even if rates of biomass removal are within the carrying capacity of the forest. In a similar fashion, the cumulative effects of low but chronic exposure to air pollution are now cause for concern all over the planet (Pitelka 1994). In the case of chronic forest disturbance, the effect somewhat resembles that of persistent insect herbivory at a moderate scale. Fuelwood, which is still the main source of cooking energy in most developing countries, is reported to be in under supply for 1.4 thousand million people, and these may rise to 2.5 thousand million by 2010 (Food and Agriculture Organization 1994). Therefore, more areas are likely to come under regimes of chronic disturbance in the next century.
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URZEDO, D. I., E. VIDAL, E. O. SILLS, F. C. M. PIÑA-RODRIGUES, and R. G. P. JUNQUEIRA. "Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon." Environmental Conservation 43, no. 1 (2015): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000247.
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SUMMARYGovernment regulations have created new markets for non-timber forest products such as tropical forest seeds for ecological restoration and agroforestry in Brazil. This paper examines whether and how participation in the seed market has affected assets that will shape households’ ability to pursue new livelihood opportunities. These impacts may vary across different dimensions of capital and among sociocultural groups. Impacts were characterized through semi-structured interviews following the sustainable livelihoods approach; 40 producers in the Xingu Seed Network, from settler farmer, urban and indigenous groups, were interviewed. The groups differed in perceptions of impacts on their natural, social and human capital, which could be related to the sociocultural background and vulnerability context of each group. Communities that were already organized were most likely to strengthen their social capital through participation. Cash income earned from sale of seeds was correlated with household-reported gains in financial capital, but not correlated with changes in other dimensions of capital. Contrary to expectations, sociocultural groups less integrated with the market achieved better livelihood outcomes through participation in the seed market.
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Godoy, Ricardo, Nicholas Brokaw, and David Wilkie. "The effect of income on the extraction of non-timber tropical forest products: Model, hypotheses, and preliminary findings from the Sumu Indians of Nicaragua." Human Ecology 23, no. 1 (1995): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01190097.
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Mukete, Nayombe Moto Theophilus. "History of economic development and forest land-use in the Fako-Meme forest region of Cameroon." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 3 (2019): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111954.
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The article is devoted to investigating a number of issues within the forest landscape of the Fako-Meme, south west region of Cameroon. An assessment of the history of economic development and use of forest in the studied territory was carried out. It was observed that the rate at which these forests are been hewn down for various purposes under the pretext of development leaves much to be desired. The deforestation of the forest with the attendant problems of resource degradation, environmental mutation is a cause for alarm. In order to understand the mutations taking place in the forest landscape, the history of forest use in 4 different periods: 1) the pre-colonial era (before the arrival of European explorers), (2) German colonial rule (1884-1916), (3) British colonial rule (1916-1961) and (4) Independence and post Independence Cameroon (1961-present day). It was observed that during the pre-colonial era the forest landscapes were very stable. Forest degradation in the territory started with the introduction of extensive mechanized agriculture introduced by the colonial masters through the opening of large agro-industrial plantations of rubber, palms and bananas. This forest ecological region suffers from a number of challenges. These problems were investigated in detail with proposals made for the sustainable management of forest resources in this forest ecosystem situated in the heart of the humid tropical region of the South West of Cameroon. These forests provide for a wide range of human needs ; medicine, timber , fuel wood, non- timber forest products (NTFPs), food crop production and cash crop cultivation. The pattern of land-use change in the Fako-Meme region was studied in three distinctive periods (1978, 2000 and 2015). The results revealed that anthropogenic activities have been systematically raping the forest landscapes so that the environments are only a skeleton or shadow of their former selves. This is an ecological region in which forest gives way to farmlands and plantations. In this respect, we see that what was a forest landscape in the past is now consisting of a succession of cocoa farms, palm, rubber as well as other economic cash crop plantations, with cocoa being the most important cash crop in the region. Evidence from our analysis reveals that this region has lost 42% of its forest cover within the period 1978-2015. This dynamic can be considered catastrophic. If this trend continues uninterruptedly in the region, then in 60-70 years, the Fako-Meme and the slopes of Mount Cameroon will remain without forest. It is easy to imagine the consequences of this. The study calls for urgent adaptive environmental strategies for the sustainable management of forest and its resources in the region.
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Ashton, M. S., I. A. U. N. Gunatilleke, C. V. S. Gunatilleke, K. U. Tennakoon, and P. S. Ashton. "Use and cultivation of plants that yield products other than timber from South Asian tropical forests, and their potential in forest restoration." Forest Ecology and Management 329 (October 2014): 360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.02.030.
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Pérez-Nicolás, Mónica, Heike Vibrans, and Angélica Romero-Manzanares. "Can the use of medicinal plants motivate forest conservation in the humid mountains of Northern Oaxaca, Mexico?" Botanical Sciences 96, no. 2 (2018): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1862.
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<p><strong>Background.</strong> Non-timber forest products are being integrated into conservation strategies. Medicinal plants are considered a reason to conserve the source forests.</p><p><strong>Question</strong>. Can the use of medicinal plants motivate forest conservation?</p><p><strong>Study site and dates.</strong> The study was conducted in Santiago Camotlán, Distrito Villa Alta, Oaxaca, a humid mountainous area in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico, from August 2011 to May 2013.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> Ecological Land Units were characterized, and the relative importance of medicinal plants was evaluated. The ethnobotanical methods included participatory mapping, open interviews, semi-structured interviews and free lists with local specialists, as well as members of 17 systematically selected households, collection of characteristic and medicinal plant species, and plant walks with local specialists. For each species, a newly proposed Knowledge, Use and Perception Index based frequency of mention in free lists, frequency of use and perceived importance was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Local people divided their territory primarily by physical geographic characteristics and utilization. Nine units were distinguished: village and roads, home gardens, pastures, cultivated fields (maize, beans, sugar cane and coffee), cloud forest, semi-evergreen tropical forest and evergreen tropical forest, secondary growth (<em>acahuales</em>), and riparian vegetation. The most important medicinal plants were <em>Salvia microphylla</em>, <em>Lippia alba</em> and <em>Artemisia absinthium</em>, all cultivated in home gardens; weedy vegetation provided the majority of all medicinal plants. Individuals interested in preserving medicinal species transplanted them into a home garden.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> For people in the study area, the presence and use of medicinal plants was not a decisive reason for forest conservation.</p>
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Clement, Charles R. "Extractive Reserves Examined Non-Timber Products from Tropical Forests: Evaluation of a Conservation and Development Strategy Daniel C. Nepstad Stephan Schwartzman." BioScience 43, no. 9 (1993): 644–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312158.
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Liu, Fei, Kent Wheiler, Indroneil Ganguly, and Mingxing Hu. "Sustainable Timber Trade: A Study on Discrepancies in Chinese Logs and Lumber Trade Statistics." Forests 11, no. 2 (2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020205.
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Discrepancies in trade statistics can be normal or benign and attributed to a wide variety of unintentional factors, or in some instances within the timber products sector, such discrepancies can be associated with “systemic” factors that distort trade statistics, including (i) measurement and shipment issues, (ii) misreporting of product volumes, (iii) misclassification of timber product types, and (iv) government regulations concerned about trade. This study measured trade discrepancies in logs and lumber trade statistics for China and its trading partner countries from 2002 to 2018 using a time-lagged function, based on the customs data available from Global Trade Information Services (GTIS), with the aim of exploring a more nuanced understanding of trade discrepancies and their “systemic” factors. The results showed that the range of overall discrepancies in logs and lumber trade statistics shrunk over time, from [−0.069, 1.207] in 2002–2007 to [−0.120, 0.408] in 2013–2018. The larger trade flows of logs and lumber from Russia, New Zealand, and the U.S. (each above 10% of total China’s import) showed small trade statistics discrepancy ratios, which were less than ± 0.06. However, trade discrepancies still remained large at the disaggregated level, and significant differences of trade discrepancies between tropical and non-tropical countries. The range of trade discrepancies in hardwood logs increased from 2002 to 2018 and appeared to be attributed to misclassification and misreporting in tropical countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Ghana. However, these countries’ trade flows are becoming relatively minor over time. Government policies are suggested to play an important role in influencing both the occurrence and resolution of trade discrepancies.
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Araza, Arnan B., Gem B. Castillo, Eric D. Buduan, et al. "Intra-Annual Identification of Local Deforestation Hotspots in the Philippines Using Earth Observation Products." Forests 12, no. 8 (2021): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081008.
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Like many other tropical countries, the Philippines has suffered from decades of deforestation and forest degradation during and even after the logging era. Several open access Earth Observation (EO) products are increasingly being used for deforestation analysis in support of national and international initiatives and policymaking on forest conservation and management. Using a combination of annual forest loss and near-real time forest disturbance products, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the deforestation events in three forest frontiers of the Philippines. A space-time pattern mining approach was used to map quarterly deforestation hotspots at 1 km pixel size (100 hectares), where hotspots are classified according to the spatial and temporal variability of the 2000–2020 deforestation in the study area. Our results revealed that 79–81% of the hotspots overlap with primary forests and 27–29% are inside the state-declared protected areas. The intra-annual analysis of deforestation in 2020 revealed an alarming trend, where most deforestation occurred between the 1st and 2nd quarter (92–94% in hotspot forests; 87–89% in non-hotspot forests), highly overlapping within the slash-and-burn farming season. We also found “new” hotspots (2020) formed mostly from landslide scars and partly from selective logging, the latter is believed to be underestimated. Our study paves the way for rapid and regular assessment of the country’s deforestation, useful for the respective environmental institutions who convene several times a year. Moreover, our findings assert the imperative of alternative livelihoods to upland farmers, efficient forest protection activities, and even the mitigation of landslide risks.
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Vlosky, Richard P., Juan Antonio Aguirre, Edna Carolina Soihet Montes, Lucie K. Ozanne, and Gabriela Silva. "Certification in Honduras: Perspectives of wood product manufacturers, consumers, NGOs and government forest policymakers." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 4 (1999): 646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75646-4.
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Although research has been conducted that examines certification issues from stakeholder perspectives in temperate forest regions, very little has been done in tropical supplier countries. This study identifies key certification issues in Honduras, a Central American producer and exporter of forest products. Five stake-holder groups were studied: primary wood products manufacturers, secondary manufacturers, government forestry policymakers, non-governmental organizations and consumers. Results indicate that there a general lack of awareness about certification, an increasing willingness-to-pay for certification as one moves from the forest to the consumer, the need for transparency in the process, and the belief that certification should be conducted by the government at a national level. Key words: certification, wood products, Honduras
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Epanda, Manfred Aimé, Romaric Tsafack Donkeng, Fidoline Ngo Nonga, et al. "Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Product Valorisation to the Livelihood Assets of Local People in the Northern Periphery of the Dja Faunal Reserve, East Cameroon." Forests 11, no. 9 (2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11091019.
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A large community of scientists has demonstrated that millions of people located in tropical zones derive a significant proportion of their livelihoods from the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Despite these results, questions remain as to whether the valorisation of NTFPs can sustainably contribute to the improvement of the livelihood assets of the extractors. This study therefore evaluated the contribution of NTFP valorisation to the livelihood assets of local people around the northern periphery of the Dja Faunal Reserve (DFR), East Cameroon. To achieve this objective, data collected from 215 households in 32 villages were analyzed using factor analysis, Mann–Whitney U tests, and structural equation modelling. The results suggest that NTFP valorisation significantly contributes to the livelihood assets of local people at the periphery of the DFR. However, NTFP revenue was not significant in predicting their livelihood assets. Moreover, the local conservation management practices were not significant in predicting the livelihood assets in the long run. The results also revealed that individuals who received training and capacity building on good practices such as efficient collection techniques, effective drying techniques, and good conservation techniques earned better revenues and the impact on their livelihood was more significant than for those who did not. These results therefore recommend that the way forward for NTFP valorisation lies at the level of improving its quality and the market.