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Mabvurira, Vincent, and Jabulani Calvin Makhubele. "Children of the forests: Child gatherers and traders in non-wood forest products in the Mazowe Valley area in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 11 (May 11, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i11.2.
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Olawuyi, E. B., O. C. Odeyale, B. H. Ugege, and D. A. Adenuga. "Socio-economic analysis of non-timber forest products: A case of wrapping leaves in Oluwa Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria." Agro-Science 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v20i2.2.
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The significant role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) cannot be over emphasized in nation building. Despite the tremendous benefits derived from the NTFPs in supporting the rural dwellers financially, it is perceived as less important to national development especially in developing countries. This study analyzed the economic benefits of non-timber forest products in Oluwa forest reserve, Ondo State with a view to encouraging sustainable forest management. Purposive and random sampling were used to select 213 respondents for the study. Descriptive statistics and the budgetary techniques analyses were used for the study. Results indicated that majority of the respondents were male (56.10%), 30.00% were between the age of 30-39 years, 78.10% were married, 55.90% had household size between 1-5 people and 47.10% had secondary education. Major non-timber forest products identified in the study area include; wrapping leaves (23.20%), fuel wood (22.60%), bush meat (14.80%), snails (9.70%) and wild fruits (7.70%). The study showed that respondents used more of wrapping leaves and fuel wood with average ranking of 0.84 and 0.83 respectively. The result showed a positive profit (₦20,700.00) for wrapping leaf business and returns ₦1.80k for every ₦1 invested. The study calls for sustainable forest management of non-timber forest products to be taken up as a developmental strategy in the study area.
Key words: NTFPs, Oluwa forest reserve, rural dwellers, sustainable forest management, wrapping leaves
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Singh, S., N. Chaudhary, and A. K. Bhatia. "Role of Non-Timber Forest Products in Rural Economy of Farmers." International Journal of Economic Plants 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2020): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2020.0381.
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Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), also known as non-wood forest products (NWFPs) and secondary forest products are useful substances obtained from forests. The key feature of NTFP’s is the continuous flow of returns against timber returns that are available intermittently at an interval of rotation period. An estimated 80% of the population of the developing world uses NWFP to meet some of their health and nutritional needs. NTFPs provide greater opportunities to the people by providing employment in the lean agriculture season. Most of the activities pertaining to NTFPs like collection, processing, transportation, marketing etc. are labour intensive and provide employment. India holds monopoly in world trade over some of the natural resins and gums such as lac, gum karaya and guar gum. Tribals derive 20-40% of their annual income from minor forest produce on which they spend major portion of their time. It has been established that a number of tribal, rural and forest department communities derive a significant part of their needs, income food and nutrition. The edible NTFPs play an important role in food & nutritional security of rural people. However, due to number of factors like destruction of natural habitat, fluctuating prices, population growth is hindering the development of NTFPs.
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Emmerich, Lukas, Maja Bleckmann, Sarah Strohbusch, Christian Brischke, Susanne Bollmus, and Holger Militz. "Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds." Holzforschung 75, no. 9 (February 15, 2021): 786–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0252.
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Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.
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Pitri, Rina Muhayah Noor. "PREMIUM PRICE PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA HUTAN PRODUKSI BERSERTIFIKASI." EnviroScienteae 12, no. 2 (September 16, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v12i2.1687.
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Forest certification is a key issue in relation to the forest products industry. It's also a new trend market of forest products. Forest certification is a guarantee that the products resulting from the forest management process in accordance with the standard of sustainable forest resources management. Certification will be increasing the cost of management as an impact of fulfilling requirement on the criteria of the certified forest. The fundamental question whether the award of certified products has been accompanied by an increase in premium price for forest estate or only becoming as the cost that reducing profit for the forest estate. The aims of this research are: 1) to know the difference between the sales price of certified and non-certified wood, 2) to know the premium price on certified forests, 3) to identify the factors that influence the amount of premium price of the certified forest. Data collection were used by searching the document and literature reference on forest certification. The results showed that the premium price received from the certified timber is higher than non-certified timber. Certified wood with high quality has a premium price that is greater than the low-quality wood. The percentage of premium price received varied forest estate. Premium price sometimes unsignificantly received by small-scale of timber estate. The revenue of premium price of certifies forest is influenced by the following factors: 1) The forest area to be certified, 2) Organizations that perform assessments, 3) Company / bodies / organizations that filed the certification, 4) he The country as a buyer of certified timber product 5) the facilitator in the market activities, 6) post-certification fee, and 7) the sales price.
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Concu, Giovanna, Barbara de Nicolo, Nicoletta Trulli, Monica Valdés, and Massimo Fragiacomo. "Strength Class Prediction of Sardinia Grown Timber by Means of Non Destructive Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.191.
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In Italy timber and wood products are becoming increasingly used for building constructions due to their excellent physics and mechanical properties. International Codes require the use of wood previously graded according to the current regulation. This paper reports the preliminary results of an experimental campaign aimed at verifying the reliability of the use of Sardinian timber as structural material. For this purpose Maritime Pine boards from two different Sardinian areas have been analyzed and visual strength graded. Physical and morphological properties (density, knots, clusters knot, resin pockets, deviation of the grain, annual ring width position of board respect to the pith, humidity, etc.) along with mechanical and non destructive properties (elastic modulus, tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity) have been checked. Timber properties have been statistically evaluated in order to identify the performance of the base material. Regression analyses have been carried out by studying the correlation between non destructive parameters and mechanical properties in order to define a criterion for predicting the strength class of the base material.
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Keca, Ljiljana, Milica Marceta, and Milivoj Bogojevic. "Commercialization of non-wood forest products on the territory of AP Vojvodina." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 105 (2012): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1205099k.
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In the previous utilization of natural resources in forestry as an economic activity, timber exploitation was always the dominant part, and the utilization of other forest products was partly neglected. Nowadays, non-wood forest products (NWFPs) occupy an increasingly significant position in the forestry sector in numerous countries, so that the revenue from their utilization approaches the returns realized by the classical production of timber products. The research performed in Vojvodina, on the sample of six enterprises dealing with NWFP purchase, processing and sale was aimed at the analysis of their market activities to create the image of the market of this group of products. After the study data were analyzed by dynamic statistical methods, the changes in the activities on purchase, the domestic sales and export sales between 2004 and 2010 were presented and future projects were visualized. The research in the form of questionnaire included the quantities of purchased raw materials, the scope of production and sales, both in the domestic, and in foreign markets, as well as the prices of final products. Some species of medicinal plants were purchased on the territories of Croatia and Macedonia, and the purchasing network in the domestic market was remarkably wide and it included predominantly: Nis, Svrljig, Coka, Apatin, Pancevo, Ruma, Boljevac, Kanjiza, etc. The most significant growth was realised in the purchase of a mixture of medicinal plants. Also significant are the purchased quantities of mint, which on average increased by 7.9 t and rose hip by 5.5 t per year. During the study period, the domestic sale of all species of herbal teas and medicinal plants increased significantly, while spices and honey were subject to a fluctuation in sales quantity. Average algebraic deviation of the original final NWFP sale value from the arithmetic mean accounts for 3.48%. With the significance level of 95%, it is estimated that the sale in 2012 will range between 3049.19 and 3343.95 t, under the condition that the sale continues its quadratic trend. Based on the quadratic trend, and with the significance level of 95%, it can be foreseen that the value of export in 2012 will range from 133.01 to 250.07 t. As for the time interval from 2004 to 2010, the average export amounted to 260.07 t, which encompassed primarily medicinal and aromatic plants, spices and honey. During the study period, export decreased on average by 7.03% (20.75 t per year).
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Kelly, Matthew C., and René H. Germain. "Applying Theory of Constraints to Timber Harvesting." Croatian journal of forest engineering 41, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2020.534.
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Logging firms are a critical link in wood supply chains, connecting forest landowners with markets for wood products. Improving operational planning can benefit individual logging firms as well as the larger wood supply chain in which they operate. Applying concepts from Theory of Constraints (TOC) to timber harvesting may help achieve greater predictability and efficiency when planning harvest operations. However, examples that demonstrate how TOC can improve logging operations are lacking. This study focuses on the analysis of production and activity data collected during the harvest of a temperate mixed hardwood forest in the Northeast United States using a chainsaw-forwarder system through a TOC lens. Specifically, the drum-buffer-rope (DBR) method was used to reschedule operator and machine activities such that a consistent flow of wood from stump to landing was maintained despite anticipated production setbacks. The results of this case study provide insights into the usefulness of applying TOC to logging operations. In particular, logging businesses must be able to estimate machine and operator productivity within a given harvest context to identify and exploit system constraints, while taking full advantage of unused capacity of any non-constraint functions.
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Myers, Norman. "Tropical forests: much more than stocks of wood." Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, no. 2 (May 1988): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002728.
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ABSTRACTTropical forests offer many more products than the category for which they are best known, viz. wood products. They can supply a host of raw materials, such as resins, oils, fibres and fruits, which collectively represent a commercial value far higher than is generally recognized. In addition they provide an exceptional abundance and variety of genetic resources, which make substantial contributions to modern agriculture, medicine, industry and energy. On top of these materials, tropical forests supply significant environmental benefits, such as protection of the soil and safeguards for watershed systems. While it is sometimes difficult to quantify the economic values of these diverse goods and services, they are often to be reckoned as equal to, if not higher than, the marketplace values represented by the commercial hardwood timber. Yet when the forests are exploited for their hardwood timber, the process is usually so disruptive to forest ecosystems that the other outputs are severely reduced. By contrast, one may exploit the forests for their other outputs with virtually no disruption to forest ecosystems. The paper describes the main categories of non-wood products available from tropical forests, analyses their relative worth, and offers summarized proposals for an expanded approach to forest development in order to take integrative account of the full range of forest benefits.
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Siahaya, Ludia, Febian F. Tetalay, Vantri Eluwar, Patriarex Polhaupessy, and Chrisalfa L. Louhenapessy. "POTENSI DAN ETNOBOTANI AGATHIS DI HUTAN PENDIDIKAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNPATTI DI NEGERI HONITETU." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 9, no. 1 (April 18, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v9i1.10470.
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The research about Agathis potential and Etnobotany at Education Forest aimed to get data of Agathis sp potential and etnobotany in the Education Forest, Agriculture Faculty, Pattimura University at Honitetu Village. The method used was quantitative descriptive method and qualitative description. To obtain Agathis potential data, a survey technique was carried out and continued by analyzing the data using the Important Value Index to determine its ecological potential. To determine the economic potential of timber forest products by calculating the volume of wood per hectare and non-timber forest products by calculating the dammar yield obtained. Etnobotany data were collected through interview techniques which were then analyzed and described. Based on the Importand Value Index (IVI), the ecological potential of Agathis increases its dominance value at a higher growth rate. At the seedling level, Agathis occupies the 9th position, at the stake level occupies the 8th position, at the pole level occupies the 5th position, and at the tree level occupies the 2nd position. The economic potential of Agathis timber forest products based on of the volume of wood is 1.000359 m3 / ha. The economic potential of Agathis non-timber forest products for 40 trees can be obtained 120 - 240 kg per 3 months or Rp 4,800,000 to Rp 9,600,000 per year. Gum resin in daily life is used as a fire starter (“tompong api”), torch (lighting) at nihgt, glue (adhesive) and sold as a source of community income. Effort to maintain its sustainability through “Sasi Gereja” and conducting cultivation using natural extraction by individual communities.
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Zainul Armir, Nur Amira, Sarani Zakaria, Rawshan Ara Begum, Norshamliza Chamhuri, Noratiqah Mohd Ariff, Jalaluddin Harun, Noor Laila Mohd Talib, and Mohd Amin Kadir. "The readiness of peninsular Malaysia wood-based industries for achieving sustainability." BioResources 15, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 2971–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2971-2993.
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Forests represent a substantial part of global socio-economy platforms. As the wood-based industry contributes large revenue to Malaysia’s economy, the readiness of Peninsular Malaysia towards sustainable wood-based industry was measured based on the different types of wood processing industries and Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practice. Surveys (1,447) from all operating timber mills according to their raw materials type for wood products processing in Peninsular Malaysia were analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Results showed that the sustainable practice in wood industry by SFM practitioners and non-practitioners were similar. All industries are using outdated technologies and consume local raw materials in producing wood products. The furniture industry is largely aware of SFM and consumes the least amount of logs to produce furniture.
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Mutenje, M. J., G. F. Ortmann, and S. R. D. Ferrer. "Management of non-timber forestry products extraction: Local institutions, ecological knowledge and market structure in South-Eastern Zimbabwe." Ecological Economics 70, no. 3 (January 2011): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.036.
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Ghimire, Pramod, Nabaraj Pudasaini, and Uchita Lamichhane. "Status, Prospects and Challenges for Non-Timber Forest Products Conservation in Nepal: A Critical Review." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.040101.
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Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) consist of goods of biological origin other than wood, derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests. The importance of NTFPs for sustaining rural livelihoods, fostering rural poverty alleviation, enhancing biodiversity conservation, and facilitating rural economic growth is well known in Nepal. In spite of these facts, NTFPs have not received the sustained and systematic support. With the gradual rise in population, unsustainable harvesting and depletion of resources, sustainable management of NTFPs has become a challenge. Similarly, the increasing global demand of NTFPs leads to over-exploitation of these resources that further leads to dwindling and adversely affecting the biodiversity. In this context, this paper intends to explore and analyze the conservation status, prospects and challenges for efficient and sustainable management of NTFPs in the context of Nepal.
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Mozgeris, Gintautas, Vaiva Kazanavičiūtė, and Daiva Juknelienė. "Does Aiming for Long-Term Non-Decreasing Flow of Timber Secure Carbon Accumulation: A Lithuanian Forestry Case." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052778.
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Lithuanian forestry has long been shaped by the classical normal forest theory, aiming for even long-term flow of timber, and the aspiration to preserve domestic forest resources, leading to very conservative forest management. With radically changing forest management conditions, climate change mitigation efforts suggest increasing timber demands in the future. The main research question asked in this study addresses whether current forest management principles in Lithuania can secure non-decreasing long-term flow of timber and carbon accumulation. The development of national forest resources and forestry was simulated for the next century using the Kupolis decision support system and assuming that current forest management is continued under the condition of three scenarios, differing by climate change mitigation efforts. Potential development trends of key forest attributes were analysed and compared with projected carbon stock changes over time, incorporating major forest carbon pools—biomass, harvested wood products and emission savings due to energy and product substitution. The key finding was that the total carbon balance should remain positive in Lithuania during the next one hundred years; however, it might start to decrease after several decades, with steadily increasing harvesting and a reduced increase of forest productivity. Additionally, incorporating the harvested wood and CO2 emissions savings in carbon balance evaluations is essential.
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Kumar, Chandan, Adam Redman, William Leggate, Robert L. McGavin, and Tony Dakin. "Assessment of the application of a SMART THUMPER™ as a low-cost and portable device used for stiffness estimation of timber products." BioResources 16, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 5838–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5838-5861.
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Non-destructive evaluation methods for timber stiffness are gaining increased interest as an alternative to static testing since they can be fast, cost-effective, and transportable, as well as non-destructive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and limitations of a newly developed smartphone application (SMART THUMPER™) for the non-destructive evaluation of timber stiffness properties. The study determined the effect of the length, density (species), and cross-section sizes of the timber samples on the stiffness results. The results were compared to beam identification by non-destructive grading (BING©), an existing commercial non-destructive testing technology for evaluating the mechanical quality of wood and other materials. It was found that the application can be used to reliably estimate the stiffness of various timber products with a resonance frequency value below 2000 Hz. Frequencies greater than 2000 Hz were found to induce errors due to the smartphone microphone, which is engineered to acquire a lower frequency range. A reliability matrix providing an indication of the accuracy of SMART THUMPER™ estimation was presented, which may also prove useful in selecting appropriate sample lengths prior to testing. The sample length or dimensions can be manipulated to lower the frequency, and hence, to improve the results.
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Novytskyi, Serhii, Nataliia Marchenko, Olha Kovalenko, and Nataliia Buiskykh. "Wood Science Characteristics of Timber from Pine Deadwood Trees (Pinus sylvestris L.)." Key Engineering Materials 864 (September 2020): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.864.164.
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During the last decade, the drying up of medieval, arriving and mature stands of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which is the dominant breed in domestic forests (33% of the total area, about 45% of the volume of logging), acquired a threatening scale in Ukraine. Dated 2019, the total area of arable crops has reached 413 thousand hectares (of which pines - 222 thousand hectares), or about 4% of the area of the forest fund of Ukraine. One of the main and most effective means of preventing the widespread pathological processes in forests, which cause their drying, is sanitary and other felling of forest care. As a result, a significant amount of untreated low-quality timber, which is classified as deadwood is formed. Timber from deadwood trees is characterized by features such as mycological and insecticidal lesions, cracks, etc., the impact of which on the strength and operational characteristics of timber products has not yet been studied. The interest of using of the wood in the construction as a material from renewable eco-friendly raw materials has traditionally increased. One of the possible uses pine deadwood trees may be the production of structural lumber. The lack of timber characteristics of such timber makes it impossible to predict its behavior during processing and operation and, accordingly, complicates the determination of directions of its rational use, especially in structures. The significantly lower cost of timber from pine deadwood trees, compared with timber from non-attenuated drying out pine trees, is an attractive feature of such raw materials from an economic aspect.
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Winandy, Jerrold E. "Advanced Wood- and Bio-Composites: Enhanced Performance and Sustainability." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.9.
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Use of wood-based-composites technology to create value-added commodities and traditional construction materials is generally accepted worldwide. Engineered wood- and lignocellulosiccomposite technologies allow users to add considerable value to a diverse number of wood- and lignocellulosic feedstocks including small-diameter timber, fast plantation-grown timber, agricultural fibre and lignocellulosic residues, exotic-invasive species, recycled lumber, and timber removals of hazardous forest-fuels. Another potential advantage of this type of economic- and materials-development scenario is that developing industrial composite processing technologies will provide producers an ability to use, and to adapt with, an ever-changing quality level of wood and/or other natural lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, the current level of performance of our state-of-the-art engineered composite products sometimes limit broader application into commercial, non-residential and industrial construction markets because of both real and perceived issues related to fire, structural-performance, and service-life. The worldwide research community has recognized this and is currently addressing each of these issues. From a performance standpoint, this developing knowledge has already and will continue to provide the fundamental understanding required to manufacture advanced engineered composites. From a manufacturing and a resource sustainability standpoint, with this evolving fundamental understanding of the relationships between materials, processes, and composite performance properties we now can in some cases, or may soon be able to, recognize the attributes and quality of an array of bio-based materials then adjust the composite manufacturing process to produce high-performance composite products. As this fundamental understanding is developed, we will increasingly be able to produce advanced, high-performance wood- and bio-composites. Then we must use those technologies as tools to help forest and land managers fund efforts to restore damaged eco-systems and which in turn may further promote sustainable forest management practices.
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Sheppard, Jonathan P., James Chamberlain, Dolores Agúndez, Prodyut Bhattacharya, Paxie Wanangwa Chirwa, Andrey Gontcharov, Willie Cliffie John Sagona, Hai-long Shen, Wubalem Tadesse, and Sven Mutke. "Sustainable Forest Management Beyond the Timber-Oriented Status Quo: Transitioning to Co-production of Timber and Non-wood Forest Products—a Global Perspective." Current Forestry Reports 6, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40725-019-00107-1.
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Babatunde, T. O., O. O. Babatunde, K. O. Babatunde, T. Oluwalana, and A. R. Aduloju. "Profitability of Non Timber Forest Products Collected in Arakanga Forest Reserve, Abeokuta Ogun State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 4 (May 22, 2020): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i4.3.
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The study investigated evaluation of economic impact of non-timber forest products collections in Arakanga forest reserve in Ogun State. Purposive sampling was used to select four villages around the reserve, representing 10% sampling intensity in the study area. A total of 98 questionnaires were administered. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgetary analysis. Majority of respondents were within the age group of40-49 years (35.7%) and mostly were female(51%),40.8% had no formal education while 33.7% had primary education and were mostly married(57.1%). Identified NTFPs includes fuelwood, mushroom, charcoal and honey. The result on profitability showed that fuel-wood had the highest net profit (₦10,916.85) among the NTFPs found in the study area. Constraints faced NTFPs were price fluctuation (58.2%), low demand (14.3%) and inadequate credit facilities (11.2%) and host of others. It was recommended that NTFPs should be introduced to youth in orderto reduce the level of unemployment and government should repaired the road network to the forest for easy accessibility for NTFPs operation.
Keywords: profitability, Arakanga, constraint, collections, forest reserve
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Edward, Mufandaedza, Z. Moyo Doreen, and Makoni Paul. "Management of non-timber forest products harvesting: Rules and regulations governing (Imbrasia belina) access in South-Eastern Lowveld of Zimbabwe." African Journal of Agricultural Research 10, no. 12 (March 19, 2015): 1521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2013.7720.
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Mutenje, Munyaradzi J., Gerald F. Ortmann, and Stuart RD Ferrer. "Extraction of non-timber forest products as a coping strategy for HIV/AIDS-afflicted rural households in south-eastern Zimbabwe." African Journal of AIDS Research 10, no. 3 (September 2011): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2011.626285.
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Iringová, Agnes. "The use of recycled waste products in a sustainable house design - a case study." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 04051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604051.
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The current state of waste production and management in Slovakia. Legislative regulations. Analysis of applying recycled waste products in the construction of sustainable buildings as a substitution of non-renewable materials. The comparison of the physical parameters of recycled materials with non-renewable materials in terms of thermal and fire protection. The construction solution of lightweight building envelopes with a timber supporting system using the thermal insulation and facing made of recycled materials. The model solution of a wood-based family house using recycled waste materials. The comparison of the environmental burden of a standard lightweight sandwich peripheral wall with a recycled waste wall.
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Rescalvo, Francisco J., Cristian Timbolmas, Rafael Bravo, and Antolino Gallego. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Mixed I-214 Poplar/Pinus Sylvestris Laminated Timber Subjected to Bending Loadings." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 3134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143134.
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The structural use of timber coming from fast growing and low-grade species such as poplar is one of the current challenges in the wood value chains, through the development of engineering products. In this work, a qualitative comparison of the behavior of mixed glued laminated timber made of pine in their outer layers and of poplar in their inner layers is shown and discussed. Single-species poplar and pine laminated timber have been used as control layouts. The investigation includes destructive four-point bending tests and three non-destructive methodologies: finite elements numerical model; semi-analytical model based on the Parallel Axes theorem and acoustic resonance testing. An excellent agreement between experimental and numerical results is obtained. Although few number of samples have been tested, the results indicate that the use of poplar as a low-grade species in the inner layers of the laminated timber can be a promising technology to decrease the weight of the timber maintaining the good mechanical properties of pine. Likewise, the need for the use of the shear modulus in both experimental measurements and numerical analysis is suggested, as well as the need to reformulate the vibration methodology for non-destructive grading in the case of mixed timber.
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İşleyen, Ümmü K., Rahim Ghoroubi, Ömer Mercimek, Özgür Anil, and Recep Tuğrul Erdem. "Behavior of glulam timber beam strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer strip for flexural loading." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 40, no. 17-18 (April 9, 2021): 665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684421997924.
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In the last 20 years, the use of wooden structures and their dimensions have gradually increased. The wood application has increased in different structures such as multistory buildings, sports, industrial facilities, road and railway bridges, power transmission lines, and towers. The widespread use and size of wood structures have increased the research on developing special types of wood products supported by composite materials. Laminated wood elements are the leading composite wood materials. Laminated wooden beams allow making much larger openings than standard solid wood structural elements. The development of the sizes and usage areas of wooden structures has increased the capacity of glulam structural elements and reveals the need to improve their performance. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are the most suitable options for increasing the bearing capacity values of glulam beams and improving general load–displacement behaviors. In this study, the use of CFRP strips in different layouts to increase glulam wooden beams and the application of CFRP fan-type anchors in the CFRP strip endpoints are the studied variables. Anchored and non-anchored glulam wooden beams reinforced with CFRP strips with different layouts were tested using a three-point bending test. The ultimate load capacity, initial stiffness, displacement ductility ratio, energy dissipation capacity, failure mechanisms, and general load–displacement behavior of wooden beam test specimens were obtained and interpreted as a result of the experiments.
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Pleșca, Ioana Maria, Tatiana Blaga, Lucian Dincă, and Iuliana Gabriela Breabăn. "PRIORITIZING THE POTENTIAL OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS FROM ARAD COUNTY BY USING THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2019132017.
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Romanian forest management plans and policies, traditionally focused on timber production, need to reconsider the NWFPs (non-wood forest products) importance in the development of the socio-economic sector. Within the country’s forestry economy, the nature, quantity and weight of NWFPs are variable factors from one county to another, influenced to a large extent by the area covered by forests. The aim of this study is to unravel the most important NWFPs available in Arad County. In order to analyze the potential of NWFPs, data from the forest management plans of the ten subunits within the structure of the Arad Forest Directorate and statistical data from various institutions were used. In accordance with the purpose of the study, NWFPs were clustered into four categories as designed in the European project COST FP1203 European Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPS) Network: mushrooms, tree products, understory plants and animal origin products. Eight different types of NWFPs were identified and analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process. Potential NWFPs were prioritized in accordance with the 19 criteria selected, and thus the most promising NWFPs were determined. Subsequently, AHP results were implemented in the Choice Expert Desktop software package. The results of the study indicate that Coturnix coturnix and Vulpes vulpes are in the top of the most promising NWFPs. More importantly, the obtained results can help to better address the management of NWFPs from Arad County.
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Jiménez González, Alfredo, Claudia Jiménez Heredia, Félix Arturo Pincay Alcívar, and Martín González González. "PRODUCTOS FORESTALES NO MADERABLES, UN ENFOQUE SOCIAL DE LA CIENCIA Y LA TECNOLOGIA, RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA SIERRA DEL ROSARIO." UNESUM-Ciencias. Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria. ISSN 2602-8166 1, no. 1 (April 24, 2017): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47230/unesum-ciencias.v1.n1.2017.3.
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NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS, A SOCIAL APPROACH OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BIOSPHERE RESERVE SIERRA DEL ROSARIORESUMENEn la zona de transición Oeste de la Reserva de la Biosfera, Cuba, se realizó un estudio relacionado con el aprovechamiento de los Productos Forestales No Maderables con un enfoque social de la ciencia y la tecnología. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, para indagar en la zona aspectos relacionados con las propiedades y usos de los recursos vegetales y animales del área. Se revisaron documentos y literatura especializada, relacionada con la problemática social, evidenciada en que el aprovechamiento de los productos forestales no maderables en la zona, no conduce al manejo sostenible de los ecosistemas en la región; por lo tanto el objetivo del trabajo se relaciona con valorar desde una perspectiva social de la ciencia y la tecnología la situación teórico práctica de los productos forestales no maderables en comunidades aledañas a la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Rosario. El trabajo confirma que el conocimiento empírico de una población humana sobre las plantas y animales del bosque es una fuente fundamental para determinar científicamente los potenciales usos de las especies consideradas como productos forestales no maderables. Así mismo se evidenció una marcada intervención antropogénica en los bosques de la Sierra del Rosario, que data desde el período de la colonización hasta la actualidad, con particularidades en cada etapa y con puntos convergentes en la forma e intensidad del aprovechamiento de los productos no maderables del bosque.PALABRAS CLAVE: bosques, bienes y servicios, comunidades rurales.ABSTRACTIn the western transition zone of the Biosphere Reserve, Cuba, was carried out a study in relation to the use of non-timber forest products with a social approach to science and technology. Were used Theoretical and empirical methods to investigate aspects related to the properties and uses of plant and animal resources in the area. It was reviewed documents and specialized literature, related to social problems, evidenced in that the use of non-timber forest products in the area, does not lead to the sustainable management of ecosystems in the region; therefore the objective of the work is related to assessing, from a social perspective of science and technology, the practical theoretical situation of non-timber forest products in communities bordering the Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve. The work confirms that empirical knowledge of a human population on plants and animals of the forest is fundamental to scientifically determine the potential uses of species considered non-timber forest products source. Likewise, was evident a marked anthropogenic intervention in the forests of the Sierra del Rosario, dating from the period of colonization to the present, with particularities at each stage and with convergent points in the form and intensity of the use of non-timber products forest.KEYWORDS: forests, goods and services, rural communities.
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Seale, R. Dan, Rubin Shmulsky, and Frederico Jose Nistal Franca. "Non-Destructive Lumber and Engineered Pine Products Research in the Gulf South U.S. 2005–2020." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010091.
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This review primarily describes nondestructive evaluation (NDE) work at Mississippi State University during the 2005–2020 time interval. Overall, NDE is becoming increasingly important as a means of maximizing and optimizing the value (economic, engineering, utilitarian, etc.) of every tree that comes from the forest. For the most part, it focuses on southern pine structural lumber, but other species such as red pine, spruce, Douglas fir, red oak, and white oak and other products such as engineered composites, mass timber, non-structural lumber, and others are included where appropriate. Much of the work has been completed in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory as well as the Agricultural Research Service with the overall intent of improving lumber and wood products standards and valuation. To increase the future impacts and adoption of this NDE-related work, wherever possible graduate students have contributed to the research. As such, a stream of trained professionals is a secondary output of these works though it is not specifically detailed herein.
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Masiero, Mauro, Davide Pettenella, and Laura Secco. "From failure to value: economic valuation for a selected set of products and services from Mediterranean forests." Forest Systems 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 051. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2016251-08160.
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Aim of study: the paper estimates the economic value of a selected range of forest products and services, i.e. roundwood, non-wood forest products (NWFPs), and carbon-related services.Area of study: the research covers 21 Mediterranean countries, distinguished into four sub-regions.Material and methods: data have been gathered from official statistical sources (e.g. FAOSTAT), scientific literature and technical reports. Different estimation approaches based on market-price have been used for different products/services.Main results: the estimated value ranges between €10,512 and €11,158 million (M). Wood products represent more than 85% of the total value. Within them, industrial timber is the most relevant component (65%). Figures for NWFPs are likely to be underestimated because data are available only for some products and countries. When using alternative estimates for pine nuts, pine resin and cork, figures show a €36.8-572 M increase. In geographical terms, the economic value of Mediterranean forests is highly concentrated: North-West Mediterranean countries account for 70%, and nearly 90% is in just four countries (France, Spain, Turkey and Italy).Research highlights: enhancing the offer of Mediterranean forest products and increasing their role in the rural economy could help to reduce the costs of forest protection: a well-structured forest economy ensuring stable flows of incomes can provide a fundamental set of public non-market services and social values to both local people and the whole community. Understanding the true value of natural resources, then, is an essential step for promoting their protection and sustainable use.Abbreviations: Bln: billion; CUM: cubic meter; EM: East Mediterranean; FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations; FRA: Forest Resource Assessment; ha: hectare; M: million; NEM: North-East Mediterranean; NWFP: non-wood forest product; NWM: North-West Mediterranean; SM: South Mediterranean.
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Кулакова, Ekaterina Kulakova, Чернодубов, Aleksey Chernodubov, Манаенков, and Aleksandr Manaenkov. "Ecological and economics evaluation of artificial forest plantations of the foothills of Karachay-Cherkessia Republic." Forestry Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23430.
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Ecological and economical evaluation of artificial forest plantations of the foothills of Karachay-Cherkess Republic is carried out in the work. Forest cultures of Kuban forest area were studied; the forest area includes seven local forest districts. Our research was conducted in the territory of three local forest districts: Prigorodnoe, Kholodno – Rodnikovskoe, Dzhegutinskoe. Cultures are located in identical conditions; places of growth are clear and mixed in structure. When studying cultures both raw material and ecological role of artificial plantings were considered. Calculations were begun from determination of stock of non-timber forest products (wood greens, foliage, and tanner’s bark).
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Bublyk, Myroslava, Natalia Petryshyn, and Roman Medvid. "Development of export policy of forest resources trade in the conditions of European integration." Economics. Ecology. Socium 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2019.3.4-6.
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Introduction. The problem of Ukraine's economic development in modern conditions is directly related to the implementation of the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement, so the national economy is facing new opportunities and challenges, including the lack of effective mechanisms to restrict timber exports. The research aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the export bans to the EU.
Aim and tasks. The aim of the paper is to study the mechanisms of regulation of the timber market and their export to the EU.
Results. The impact of the imposed moratorium on the declared goals is analyzed in the paper. Analyzed statistics show no effect moratorium on the reduction of deforestation and halt exports of unprocessed timber. It is also impossible to make a clear conclusion about the positive impact of the moratorium on the supply of raw materials of domestic enterprises woodworking and furniture industries. However, within the structure of Ukrainian exports, the share of products of woodworking and furniture industries has increased. This was due to the reduction of Ukrainian export volumes against the background of increasing the share of exports of timber and wood products, as well as the resumption of sales of the furniture industry.
Conclusions. A study of the ban on raw wood showed that in general, the effect of the moratorium imposed is not obvious, since the number of woodworking enterprises has increased and the level of employment in these sectors has increased. Ukraine requires the adoption of a comprehensive targeted program that would combine measures to develop both the woodworking and forest industries. The national interest of Ukraine is the preservation and restoration of forests, and the moratorium introduced is an example of how partial, fragmentary unsystematic decisions are made. The practical significance of the results allows to analyze existing and find new alternative export balance, ensuring equal opportunities and non-discrimination between domestic and European Union market.
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Shukla, SR, S. Shashikala, and M. Sujatha. "Non-destructive estimation of fibre morphological parameters and chemical constituents of Tectona grandis L.f. wood by near infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 29, no. 3 (April 15, 2021): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033521999118.
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Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is developing as an advanced and non-invasive tool in the wood, wood products and forestry sectors. It may be applied as a rapid and cost effective technique for assessment of different wood quality parameters of timber species. In the present study, NIR spectra of heartwood samples of Tectona grandis (teak) were collected before measuring fibre morphological parameters (fibre length, fibre diameter and fibre lumen diameter)and main chemical constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives) using maceration and wet chemistry methods respectively. Multivariate partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied to develop the calibration models between measured values of wood parameters and NIR spectral data. Pre-processing of NIR spectra demonstrated better predictions based on higher values of correlation coefficient for estimation (R2), validation (Rcv 2 ), ratio of performance to deviation (RPD), and lower values of root mean square errors of estimation (RMSEE), cross-validation (RMSECV) and number of latent variable (rank). Internal cross-validation was used to find the optimum rank. Robust calibrations models with high R2 (>0.87), low errors and high RPD values (> 2.93) were observed from PLS analysis for fibre morphological parameters and main chemical constituents of teak. These linear models may be applied for rapid and cost effective estimation of different fibre parameters and chemical constituents in routine testing and evaluation procedures for teak.
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Sampson, Ebong Mbuotidem, Victory Udoh, Nsidibe Mbuotidem Sampson, Comfort Abraham, and Joseph Ogbobula. "Environmental And Socio-Economic Effects Of Timber Exploitation In Imo River Estuary, Eastern Obolo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." International Journal of social Sciences and Economic Review 1, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v1i1.29.
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Purpose: This study was carried out to evaluate the environmental and socio-economic effects of timber harvesting as well as to identify the drivers increasing the rate of timber exploitation in Imo River Estuary, Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria.
Methodology: It was conducted in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. A random sampling technique was employed to select a total of 300 respondents composed of 60 randomly selected respondents from each of the five LGAs. A structured questionnaire was used in collecting information from the respondents. Data acquired from the field was subjected to statistical and econometric analysis which included percentages, frequencies, Likert scale rating, exploratory factor analysis, and Chi-square,
Main Findings: The major finding of this study was that the major cause of timber exploitation in the study area was unemployment, absence of forest regulations, unstable government policies, lack of trained officials, and high cost of timber products. The application of the Factor Analysis Model in this study showed that loss of biodiversity, the disappearance of forest cover, damaging of immature trees and non-wood forest products are the highest environmental effects of timber exploitation in the study area, loading far higher than the stated 0.3 decision score value. Among the social effects, high cost of farm labor is the most severe of social effects in the study area, while the increased cost of wood and forest product and high cost of living ranked highest among the economic effects.
Applications: The study will be of great importance to environmental policy makers, conservationists, researchers, and Geographers in Nigeria. It will contribute significantly to knowledge build-up in relation to restoring the sanctity of threatened forests in Southern Nigeria.
Novelty/Originality: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria where this study was carried out is often synonymous with militancy and the problems of environmental pollution. However, this study veers from these already known challenges to peculiar drivers of the depleting forests in this area. The study, therefore, will contribute to the scanty literature related to the subject matter within the study area.
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Casado-Sanz, Silva-Castro, Ponce-Herrero, Martín-Ramos, Martín-Gil, and Acuña-Rello. "White-Rot Fungi Control on Populus spp. Wood by Pressure Treatments with Silver Nanoparticles, Chitosan Oligomers and Propolis." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100885.
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There is growing interest in the development of non-toxic, natural wood preservation agents to replace conventional chemicals. In this paper, the antifungal activities of silver nanoparticles, chitosan oligomers, and propolis ethanolic extract were evaluated against white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, with a view to protecting Populus spp. wood. In order to create a more realistic in-service type environment, the biocidal products were assessed according to EN:113 European standard, instead of using routine in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Wood blocks were impregnated with the aforementioned antifungal agents by the vacuum-pressure method in an autoclave, and their biodeterioration was monitored over 16 weeks. The results showed that treatments based on silver nanoparticles, at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 ppm, presented high antifungal activity, protecting the wood from fungal attack over time, with weight losses in the range of 8.49% to 8.94% after 16 weeks, versus 24.79% weight loss in the control (untreated) samples. This was confirmed by SEM and optical microscopy images, which showed a noticeably higher cell wall degradation in control samples than in samples treated with silver nanoparticles. On the other hand, the efficacy of the treatments based on chitosan oligomers and propolis gradually decreased over time, which would be a limiting factor for their application as wood preservatives. The nanometal-based approach is thus posed as the preferred choice for the industrial treatment of poplar wood aimed at wood-based engineering products (plywood, laminated veneer lumber, cross-laminated timber, etc.).
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Dara Tri Puspita Purbasari, Dinar, Mahawan Karuniasa, and Yuki Mahardhito Adhitya Wardhana. "Constrain of smallholder forest management on timber legality assurance system (SVLK) certification: A case study in KTH Enggal Mulyo Lestari, Ponorogo District, East Java Province." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021105009.
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Timber Legality Assurance System or Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) is implemented and recognized as a certification for timber products exported from Indonesia. SVLK applied to all the forest product chains included the smallholder Forest Management Unit (FMU). It has been a particular concern to smallholder FMU on achieving the compliance of SVLK at least at two points: 1) the capability and knowledge for the technical process; and 2) the challenges to meet the certification cost. Researches have been done on the capability, challenges and opportunity, cost and benefit, strategies, and how the absence of smallholders FMU certification on supply chain affected timber product legality uncertainty. Meanwhile, a concern on smallholder FMU’s willingness to pay (WTP) certification as one of the main constraints of SVLK implementation is still unseen. A case study in KTH Enggal Mulyo Lestari aims to reveal the actual willingness to pay to fulfill the SVLK certification cost. Research conducted by Focus Group Discussion followed by a questionnaire. This study’s findings illustrate that the WTP of smallholders FMU is still under the certification costs minimum standard stipulated on regulation. Some partnerships with the wood industries, local government and non-government organizations are suggested in this article.
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BAMIWUYE, O. A., B. O. ADISA, K. A. ADELOYE, and M. FAMAKINWA. "PARTICIPATION OF RURAL WOMEN IN EXPLOITATION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS AS A MEANS OF SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 52, no. 4 (2020): 410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/cerce-2019-0039.
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The study examined the participation of rural women in exploitation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), as a means of sustainable livelihood in Southwestern Nigeria. A number of 320 respondents were interviewed through pre-tested structured interview schedule in the four purposively selected forest reserves using a multistage sampling procedure. Data collected were presented using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean age and mean year of experience in NTFPs exploitation were 40.9 ± 11.5 years and16.4±3.4 years, respectively. NTFPs participated by the respondents in the study area were palm fruits, vegetables, snails and fire wood among others. Actor categories identify in the NTFPs business chain were collectors, processors, traders among others. In addition, majority of the respondents show willingness to continue in NTFPs exploitation irrespective of alternative livelihood. The findings revealed that age (t=2.39), number of hours of collection per week (t=3.48), years of experience of NTFPs exploitation (t= -3.88) and external orientation (t=2.20) of respondents significantly contributed to their participation in NTFPs exploitation. The study concludes that participation in NTFPs exploitation by the respondents was moderate. It was recommended that more enlightenment programmes should be organized by relevant stakeholders for the rural women to create awareness on the income generation opportunities that abound in the NTFPs activities.
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Koryakina, N. А., V. А. Pomozova, T. F. Kiseleva, N. А. Frolova, and N. V. Shkrabtak. "Rational use of natural resources and provision of the population with the necessary food resources." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129102027.
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Forest natural resources are classified as renewable biological resources. The forests of Russia are a unique ecological system that makes up about 25% of all forest resources of the planet. The main product produced in the exploitation of forests is, of course, timber. But in addition to wood, they also have a variety of non-wood (side) resources: berries, forest mushrooms, nuts, fruits, medicinal herbs, etc., which have enormous social and economic value. The article provides an overview of the food forest resources of the Far Eastern region and the formation of demand factors for products made on the basis of wild plant raw materials. The development in the Far East of the sphere of harvesting and processing of wild-growing food resources is one of the promising areas in the rational use of natural resources, which, in turn, will serve as an incentive for the development of new areas in related industries: food, processing, pharmaceutical industry and agro-industrial production.
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Chernyakevich, L. M., and E. S. Vdovin. "ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF FOREST LEASE ON THE EXAMPLE OF MORDOVIA REPUBLIC." ÈKOBIOTEH 3, no. 3 (2020): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.31163/2618-964x-2020-3-3-390-400.
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The article analyses the impact of the lease model of relations in forestry on the economic and environmental impact of its management. The existing low economic efficiency of forestry of the Republic of Mordovia and negative ecological trends require a revision of the forest management model. The forest sector of Mordovia failed to create a competitive market environment. The lease relationship did not create conditions to increase the profitability of timber production through its innovative development. The fact is that low payment rates of timber put the economic barrier on the way to modernization of timber production, stimulating the preservation of backward, inefficient technologies in the field of wood harvesting and processing, in which a large amount of waste is generated, there is low productivity, non-competitive products are produced in export markets. Also, the ecological condition of forests continues to deteriorate as a result of the development of lease relations in the region. The authors of the article consider that a concession model should replace the lease model of forest management. Its use will increase the profitability of forestry, as the concession payment for forest use will most rightly correspond the cost of consumed resources in the region, as well as take into account the unique natural characteristics of the territory used.
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Dhakal, S. R., A. R. Sharma, and G. Paudel. "Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal." Banko Janakari 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v28i2.24188.
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Community forests in Nepal are operating various types of forest-based enterprises. These enterprises are generating considerable amount of income and employment at the local level contributing to the local and national economy. Comprehensive assessment of these enterprises is needed to improve their condition in the future. There is lack of assessment on the investment and benefits associated with these enterprises. We collected the data from 195 community-based enterprises in 23 districts of Nepal representing all geographic and development regions. For the analysis purpose, we categorized the enterprises into four categories viz. non-timber forest products (NTFPs), wood, ecotourism and agriculture enterprises. We analysed the investment, income, households benefitted and employment generation from these enterprises and compared with each other. Mean investment in ecotourism (US$ 22805.09) and wood (US$ 11252.42) based enterprises was found higher than the mean investment in NTFPs (US$ 2628.03) and agriculture (US$ 3383.63) based enterprises. Mean annual income from the enterprises was found US$ 1982.56 and was significantly different between the types of enterprises (P<0.05). On an average 115 households were benefitted per enterprise. Employment generation from wood based (2527 man-days) enterprises was found the highest followed by ecotourism (1490 man-days) enterprises. The mean employment generation from NTFP (1093 man-days) and agriculture-based enterprises (978 man-days) was found significantly lower (P<0.05) than timber and ecotourism-based enterprises. Examination of community-based forest enterprises contribution in local economy and household economy is recommended for future researchers.
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Cavalcanti, Maria Clara B. T., Marcelo Alves Ramos, Elcida L. Araújo, and Ulysses P. Albuquerque. "Implications from the Use of Non-timber Forest Products on the Consumption of Wood as a Fuel Source in Human-Dominated Semiarid Landscapes." Environmental Management 56, no. 2 (April 24, 2015): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0510-4.
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Diba, Farah, and Lolyta Sisillia. "The Effect of Traditional Fumigation on Physical, Mechanical and Anatomical Properties of Wooden Handicraft in West Kalimantan." Wood Research Journal 10, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2019.10.2.39-47.
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West Kalimantan wooden craft is internationally well known and its export is increasing. Currently, high durability and attractive color of wood material such as belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teysm & Binnend) is rarely available, then alternatively mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) and laban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl.) are used for handicraft. Fumigation is one possible way to improve wood service life and color shades. This paper determines the impact of traditional fumigation on wood raw material on physical, mechanical and anatomical properties. The timber fumigation technique was conducted for one week, with curing time from early morning until late afternoon. After treatment, the physical, mechanical and anatomical properties of wood were evaluated. The different of color before and after treatment was measured by image processing scanner Canon P 145. Physical and mechanical properties refer to the British standard method. Result shows that fumigation improves the quality of wood, especially on color of wood. The wood became dark and more shining. It’s good for the handicraft materials. The quality of wood on moisture content value, both on mangium and laban wood was increased with average 30-50%. The average value of wood density of mangium wood after treatment with fumigation was 0.52, meanwhile laban wood was 0.55. The average value of radial shrinkage of mangium wood after fumigation treatment was 3.96% and tangential shrinkage was 6.34%. The average value of radial shrinkage of laban wood after fumigation was 6.43% and tangential shrinkage was 6.08%. The average value of hardness of mangium wood after fumigation treatment was 470.13 kg/cm2 and laban wood was 625.46 kg/cm2. The Fumigated wood color was darker and more attractive for decorative and craft products than non-fumigated wood. In general, this method could be used to preserve wood and to increase the physical performance of wood as raw material for handicraft.
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Myers, Rodd, Rebecca L. Rutt, Constance McDermott, Ahmad Maryudi, Emmanuel Acheampong, Marisa Camargo, and Hoàng Cầm. "Imposing legality: hegemony and resistance under the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade (FLEGT) initiative." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23208.
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Timber legality trade restrictions and verification are a bundle of contemporary mechanisms triggered by global concerns about forest degradation and deforestation. The European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade initiative is a significant effort to not only screen out illegal timber and wood products from the EU, but also support trading partner countries to improve their legality definitions and verification processes. But by using bilateral agreements (Voluntary Partnership Agreements) as a key mechanism, the EU legitimizes trade partner nation-states as the authority to decide what is legal. We engage in a theoretical debate about the complexities of the meaning of legality, and then analyze empirical data collected from interviews in Ghana, Indonesia, Vietnam and Europe with policy, civil society and industry actors to understand how different actors understand legality. We find hegemonic notions of Westphalian statehood at the core of 'global' notions of legality and often contrast with local understandings of legality. Non-state actors understand these hegemonic notions of legality as imposed upon them and part of a colonial legacy. Further, notions of legality that fail to conform with hegemonic understandings are readily framed by nation-states as immoral or criminal. We emphasize the importance of understanding these framings to elucidate the embedded assumptions about what comprises legality within assemblages of global actors.Key words: FLEGT, timber legality, hegemony, power, globalization
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Keca, Ljiljana, and Nikola Jovanovic. "Key economic aspects of forestry development in the area of the Kolubara district." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 113 (2016): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1613047k.
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The Kolubara district covers the north western part of Serbia. A total of 62,330 ha or 25.3% of the Kolubara district is forest covered. Out of the total forest area, app. 18.7% are state owned, and 81.3% are private forests. The average annual volume of wood that is exported from the forests of the Kolubara district is 60,000 m? of hardwood and 670 m? of softwood. In the total volume of harvested timber, beech as a species participates on average with 60%. The aim of the research is to determine the amount of the purchase, marketing/ placement and price of wood and non-wood forest products (NWFPs) in the municipalities of Valjevo, Ub and Lajkovac. The purpose of this research is to investigate and determine the possibilities for the development of forestry, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, which are directed towards the use of wood and NWFPs in the are of Kolubara. The subjects of research are: companies that do business in this area, the quantities that are purchased and marketed, the prices at which the products are implemented, as well as strategic documents of local self-government, which are important for economic analysis. The research was conducted in the territory of the Kolubara District, and covers 6 companies. Decreasing trends in the placement of technical wood with an average growth rate of -20% and stacked wood with an average growth rate of -12% of private forests as well as the declining trend in placements of beech logs for cutting first class with an average growth rate of -10% indicate that the wood stocks in forests is each year less and that they must be taken appropriate steps to correct the situation. The inadequate utilization of roe deer, as a resource, point percentages of realized shooting plans and projected revenues. However, it is present growth trends of shooting, with an average growth rate of 8% and placement of roe deer meat, with an average growth rate of 9.9%.
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Foroughbakhch Pournavab, Rahim, Artemio Carrillo Parra, Jorge Luis Hernández Piñero, and Marco Antonio Guzmán Lucio. "Growth and yield of an eucalyptus subtropical plantation in a Northeastern Mexico degraded land soil." Madera y Bosques 23, no. 3 (November 18, 2017): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/myb.2017.2331130.
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Over the past three decades, woody species potentially useful for reforestation, fuelwood, coal and timber production have been over-exploited along the Gulf of Mexico, which has led to a gradual decline in the plant population and the progressive degradation of the environment. The present research evaluated the establishment, growth, and production of fuelwood from a plantation of five eucalyptus species planted in randomly arranged plots on a cleared clayey loam alkali soil in a semi-arid region of northeastern Mexico for a 20 year period. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. tereticornis and E. microtheca showed the highest average height growth rate (1.07 m year-1, 0.93 m year-1 and 0.85 m year-1, respectively). E. camaldulensis showed the highest volume values at 20 years (58.55 m3 ha-1), followed by E. tereticornis (54.15 m3 ha-1) and E. microtheca (51.91 m3 ha-1). E. sideroxylun and E. crebra yielded the lowest tree volumes (35.12 m3 ha-1 and 30.45 m3 ha-1, respectively). The results have shown that the adaptability of eucalyptus species to the climate of the subtropical regions allows their use in combination with the native vegetation to colonize degraded areas offering services in timber and non-timber products to the local population. In addition, the production of exotic trees with large trunk diameter with few side branches may increase the volume of the wood exploited and the income to the owner of the land and, thus, reduce the pressure on the native species.
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Indrian Ariftia, Ria, Rommy Qurniati, and Susni Herwanti. "Nilai Ekonomi Total Hutan Mangrove Desa Margasari Kecamatan Labuhan Maringgai Kabupaten Lampung Timur." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl3219-28.
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The utilization of non timber forest products that represent potential mangrove forests lack of consideration of various products and services that can be produced. Conversion of mangrove forest to other uses deemed more profitable than explored the potential. The purpose of research that was conducted in April-May 2013 were to calculate the total economic value of mangrove forest in Margasari village sub district of Labuhan Maringgai district of Lampung Timur. Respondents are 43 mangrove forest communities selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected by direct observation and interviews, the analyzed using the formula total economic value (TEV). The results showed the total economic value of mangrove forests of Rp 10.530.519.419,00 of year consisted by (1) direct use value of Rp 1.877.440.000,00 of year of utilization of fuel wood, leaves and mangrove fruit, (2) indirect use values of Rp 8.915.036.479,00 of year of natural food provider for the marine life, (3) option value of Rp 103.425.000,00 of year of biodiversity and (4) existence value of Rp 1.580.000,00 of year of society's willingness to pay.
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Poohphajai, Faksawat, Jakub Sandak, Michael Sailer, Lauri Rautkari, Tiina Belt, and Anna Sandak. "Bioinspired Living Coating System in Service: Evaluation of the Wood Protected with Biofinish during One-Year Natural Weathering." Coatings 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060701.
Full textAbstract:
The service life performance of timber products exposed to natural weathering is a critical factor limiting the broad use of wood as an external building element. The goal of this study was to investigate the in-service characterization of an innovative biofinish coating system. It is a novel surface finishing solution based on the bioinspired concept of living fungal cells designed for effective wood protection. The performance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood coated with biofinish was compared with uncoated references. Samples were exposed to natural weathering for 12 months under the climatic conditions of northern Italy. The visual appearance, colour, gloss, wettability, and 3D surface topography of the wood surface were examined. Results revealed that the total colour changes (∆E) of biofinish-coated wood were negligible. Untreated Scots pine wood revealed the changes in colour after just three months of exposure. The gloss changes of both surface types were small. The contact angle measured on biofinish-coated wood was higher compared to that of uncoated Scots pine. Surface roughness increased in uncoated wood due to the erosion effect caused by the weathering progress. Conversely, the surface roughness of biofinish-coated samples decreased along the exposure time. This phenomenon was explained by two self-healing mechanisms: migration of non-polymerized oil to the cracked surface, where it polymerizes and creates a closed layer, and local regrowth to cover damaged spots by living fungal cells present in the coating. The obtained results revealed the superior aesthetic performance of the biofinish surface treatment against natural weathering. By considering the fully bio-based nature of the investigated coating, it was concluded that this solution can be an attractive alternative for state-of-the-art wood protection technologies.
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RAUT, Ninad B., Umeshkumar L. TIWARI, Bhupendra S. ADHIKARI, Gopal S. RAWAT, and Srikant CHANDOLA. "Population Status of Commercially Important Medicinal Plants in Dehradun Forest Division, Uttarakhand (India)." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 2 (May 28, 2013): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb528299.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of forest management in the tropics, in recent decades, has shifted from timber production to biodiversity conservation and maintenance of life support system. However, past forestry practices have greatly influenced the structure of plant communities, preponderance of foreign invasive species, populations of high value medicinal plants as well as other non-wood forest products. We assessed the abundance and distribution of medicinal plants in managed and undisturbed forests of Dehradun Forest Division (DFD), Uttarakhand (India). A total of 80 transects (each 1 km long) were laid in various categories of forest types in DFD. This paper deals with distribution, availability and regeneration status of five commercially important species viz., Justicia adhatoda, Aegle marmelos, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula, across different forest types. The study reveals that open canopy forest patches, Lantana infested patches and Acacia catechu-Dalbergia sissoo (Khair -Shisam) woodlands in the eastern part of the DFD have excellent potential for the production and sustainable harvest of Justicia adhatoda. Areas those are less suitable for timber production viz., open hill forests, have greater potential for conservation and development of Aegle marmelos, Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellirica. For the production and management of high value medicinal plants in the DFD these ecological considerations need to be kept in mind.
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Brunette, Victor. "Woodlot owner organizations in Québec adjusting to changes in primary products." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 3 (June 1, 1994): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70265-3.
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In Quebec, where the resource based industry has prevailed for many decades, a good portion of history is based on forestry and agriculture. Farmers and woodlot owners have been involved with primary products marketing structures for more than 25 years. Forest policy development for non industrial private forests has evolved in different ways in neighbouring provinces but intrinsic problems related to forest management, forest harvesting and products marketing are quite similar for all woodlot owners.The area under small private ownership in Québec covers only 9 per cent of the productive forest land. These woodlots nonetheless supply each year about 18 per cent of the timber needed by the wood using industry. The revenue of wood sales, the financial value of forest management, the upkeep of 10,000 jobs and the purchase of goods and services contribute 400 million dollars to the provincial economy. The annual harvest on private woodlots yields a final processed value of more than 1.5 billion dollars of forest products.Private woodlots are located along major waterways, in the southern part of the province, where growing conditions are the most suitable to forest crops. The woodlot sector benefits from the availability of a qualified and motivated labour force, from a well-developed road network and other infrastructures. Forest cover is 60 per cent hardwoods and 40 per cent softwoods. Only 24 per cent of the growing stock is spruce, fir, and jack pine, species which have traditionally been in strong demand for the pulp and paper industry. (FPBQ, 1989).There are inherent disadvantages to private forestry in Quebec such as the great dispersion of the individual woodlots and the small area of each woodlot (107 hectares for active pulpwood producers; 60 hectares per owner). The development of these forests must also overcome other disadvantages including the great number of owners (120,000) and the fact that many of these owners sometimes lack information and incentive.
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Heimo, Claude René. "Removing Natural Forest From Timber Production: A New Challenge for the Development of Forest Industries in China." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0341.
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In spite of its impressive reforestation record which ranks China first in the world, China's forestry development program is still far from meeting the country's national economic and social development needs. With a total forest area of about 134 million hectares and a standing volume of 11.8 billion cubic meters, total forest resources are insufficient, and the natural forest resources available for harvesting are almost exhausted. Furthermore, forest management is too extensive and forest infrastructure development inadequate to meet the needs of modern forestry development. The heavy tax burden and complexity of the tax system remain major impediments to the full participation of farmers in sustainable forestry development and forest conservation activities. Property rights issues continue to be problematic as farmers are still uncomfortable with the often inconsistent and volatile policy changes. Furthermore, the structure, scale and pattern of forest industries are somewhat irrational, and enterprises still depend upon state support and are requested to take on heavy social burdens. The secondary and tertiary forest industries are seriously stagnant with low levels of processing efficiency. All these factors have seriously damaged the structure and ecological functions of natural forests. Over the last 50 years,China's ecological environment has deteriorated at high speed and ecological disasters have occurred more frequently as all over China, the ability of forests to prevent erosion and conserve water has greatly decreased. Prompted by the floods in the reaches of the Yangtze River in August 1998, the Chinese goverment now clearly recognizes the importance of protecting natural forests. The reduction of natural forest resources and the deterioration of the ecological environment in the major watersheds are now both restricting the country's social and economic development. Consequently, conserving natural forests, banning the harvesting of natural forests in the upper and middle reaches of the main rivers, afforesting mountains and returning converted forestland to forestry are now listed as priorities for the government which launched the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP), and as urgent tasks for the forest sector. However, in a country with a population of 1.3 billion,improving the eco-environment and resolving the disparity between conservation and development will not be an easy task. Due to the implementation of the NFCP, China's timber supply deficit is expected to increase from 5 million m3 in 1997 to about 25 million m3 in 2003, thus further affecting domestic wood-processing enterprises as well as the availability of fuelwood and non-timber forest products in areas already prone to poverty. As a result, many State-owned forest enterprises may not survive in a competitive environment, which will be further boosted by trade liberalization induced by China's admission to the WTO. The current shortage of timber alongside further trade liberalization measures should, however, provide a competitive opportunity for those enterprises investing in technologies which make use of the wood waste and engineered wood products that reduce the dependency on timber from natural forests. As a result, more research is needed to reshape China's forest product industry. It is essential to assess the conditions under which sustainable forestry, in tandem with adequate management and good business practices, can contribute to both the competitiveness of state forest enterprises and environmental conservation through lower production costs, product enhancement, environmental accountability (ethical standards),business redefinition and the ability to ensure longterm reliable, high quality sources of wood.
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Zima, Guy Gildas, Fidèle Mialoundama, Jean Michel Yangakola, and Innocent Kossa. "Importance Des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Medicinaux D’origine Vegetale Et Impacts Des Activites Anthropiques Sur Leur Durabilite Dans Le Sud-Ouest De La Republique Centrafricaine." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 33 (November 30, 2018): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n33p202.
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The forest in the south-west of the Central African Republic has enormous potential for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) of plant origin. The objective of this study is to identify the medicinal value of these NTFPs of plant origin with high health potential and the effects of human activities on their sustainability. The study was carried out in 09 villages in the intervention zone of the Kadéi Forestry Company. From various methodological approaches (ethno botanical survey, participant observation, inventory technique), data were collected, processed and analysed. From the results obtained 91 non-wood medicinal plant species belonging to 29 families and to one large systematic group, the Magnoliophytes were identified. These species represent a means of therapeutic remedies used by 91% of surveyed populations to treat many diseases, symptoms and infections. Tree barks (43.26%) and leaves (39.21%) are the most commonly harvested organs. The variables collected related to the types of uses allowed to identify 19 priority NTFPs medicinal and underline the process of degradation of 7 important NTFPs. This degradation is mainly due to the way in which the natural resource is harvested, causing a large number of non- woody medicinal plant species to become rare. The definition of strategies based on ecological and socioeconomic harvesting techniques of NTFPs are solutions to ensure sustainable management of these products for the benefit of future generations.
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Rai, Raj Kumar, Basanta Kumar Neupane, and Kanhaiya Sapkota. "Non-timber Forest Product and its Impacts on Livelihood in the Middle Hill: A Case of Lamjung district, Nepal." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n4p29.
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Lamjung is highly rich in its vast and valuable Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) including different kinds of valuable medicinal and aromatic plants. Nepal is a mountainous country, where most of the people are depend on forest resources for their livelihood. Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFPs) plays a crucial role in the rural livelihood. NTFPs serve as a source for their primary health, nutrition, income generation, energy (fuel wood) and material for a social-cultural and religious ceremony. The research was carried out the specific objectives of identification availability NTFPs, Role of NTFP in local livelihood, prospects, and problems to develop NTFP in the study area. The study was carried out in Chiti, Jita and Taksar Village Development Committee (VDC) of Lamjung District. Primary data were collected through Focus Group Discussion, House Hold Survey, Key Informant Interview, use inventory sheet and direct field observation. Secondary data were collected from different DFO office, library, journals, published articles, reports, online reports etc. The quantitative data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. The qualitative data were analyzed by descriptive measure and presented in forms of charts, figure and tables. There were 52 major NTFPs identified in the study area and all respondents have knowledge about NTFPs, but they are not involved to collect NTFP for commercial purpose. They use only household purposes such as firewood for energy, leaf litter for religious purpose, and wild food and fruits are used for domestic use. The main problems of the development of NTFPs people are gradually leaving use traditional knowledge about medicinal plants. Slowly they became dependent at modern product and most of the people are depending on remittance. NTFPs play a safety net role to assist communities in adverse situation such as crop failure under the current change in climate and variability. Most of the people have knowledge about value of NTFPs and traditional knowledge about medicinal herbs, but such a valuable knowledge regarding use value of NTFPs seems to be disappearing into the younger generations.