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1

Morris, John L., David A. Rosen, and Kathleen R. Rosen. "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Neonates." Pediatric Drugs 5, no. 6 (2003): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128072-200305060-00004.

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2

Olkkola, Klaus T., Aurora V. Brunetto, and Mauri J. Mattila. "Pharmacokinetics of Oxicam Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 26, no. 2 (1994): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199426020-00004.

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3

Nichols, John, and Robert W. Snyder. "Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in ophthalmology." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 9, no. 4 (1998): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199808000-00007.

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4

Biederman, Ross E. "Pharmacology in Rehabilitation: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 35, no. 6 (2005): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.35.6.356.

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5

Goodwin, James S. "Immunologic Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents." Medical Clinics of North America 69, no. 4 (1985): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31019-7.

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6

Nawaz, Fareha A., Christopher P. Larsen, and Megan L. Troxell. "Membranous Nephropathy and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 62, no. 5 (2013): 1012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.03.045.

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7

Ongini, Ennio, and Manlio Bolla. "Nitric-oxide based nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents." Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies 3, no. 3 (2006): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ddstr.2006.09.004.

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8

Prajapati, Rahul1* Gohil Malvi2 Saiyad Suzannisha3 Karodiya Snehal4. "A Systemic Review on Plant Based Anti-Inflammatory Agents." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2025): 501–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14993026.

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Anti-inflammatory drugs are used widely to reduce inflammation that is involved in various diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, infectious diseases including COVID-19 infections, etc. These drugs are used for acute as well as for chronic conditions. The well-known anti-inflammatory drugs that are available in the market are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, celecoxib, etc. The steroids are also used as anti-inflammatory agents especially in chronic and severe inflammation; however, long-term use of steroids is
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9

Arnaud, Alain. "Allergy and intolerance to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents." Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 13, no. 3 (1995): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02771764.

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10

Kaidbey, K. H. "Photosensitizing potential of certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents." Archives of Dermatology 125, no. 6 (1989): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.125.6.783.

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11

Gutch, C. F. "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and acute renal failure." Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 21 (1996): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.156.21.2414.

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12

Kaidbey, Kays H. "Photosensitizing Potential of Certain Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents." Archives of Dermatology 125, no. 6 (1989): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1989.01670180055005.

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13

Wallace, John L. "The 1994 Merck Frosst Award. Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) induced gastrointestinal damage—potential for development of gastrointestinal tract safe NSAIDs." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 12 (1994): 1493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-215.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, but their ability to cause gastrointestinal bleeding is a significant limitation to this use. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of gastric and intestinal injury induced by these agents will permit the rational design of anti-inflammatory drugs that spare the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, the mechanisms through which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are believed to cause gastrointestinal ulceration are reviewed. Several strategies that are being employed to d
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14

Kollenberg, LO, EO Hudyma, and JM Robbins. "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. A review of the literature." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 75, no. 10 (1985): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-75-10-517.

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15

Chan, A., and V. Ramachandra. "Comparing the analgesic effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents." Anaesthesia 48, no. 12 (2007): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07569.x.

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16

Savage, Michael G., and Michael A. Henry. "Preoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: Review of the literature." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 98, no. 2 (2004): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.01.012.

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17

Grob, J. J., A. M. Collet, and J. J. Bonerandi. "Dermatomyositis-Like Syndrome Induced by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents." Dermatology 178, no. 1 (1989): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000248390.

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18

Yousfi, Mahmoud M., Giovanni De Petris, Jonathan A. Leighton, et al. "Diaphragm Disease After Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 38, no. 8 (2004): 686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000135367.66159.87.

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19

Tenenbaum, Jerry. "The Epidemiology of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, no. 2 (1999): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/361651.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use has increased dramatically in the past two decades. A large proportion of the elderly population (more than 65 years of age) holds a current or recent NSAID prescription, accounting for approximately 90% of all NSAID prescriptions. Despite studies that advise finding alternatives for NSAIDs for the management of osteoarthritis, physicians often prescribe NSAIDs first for such common musculoskeletal conditions. Despite being identified as risk factors for gastrointestinal complications, the simultaneous use of two NSAIDs and the coadministration o
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20

Hanson, Curtis A., Paul S. Weinhold, Hessam M. Afshari, and Laurence E. Dahners. "The Effect of Analgesic Agents on the Healing Rat Medial Collateral Ligament." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 5 (2005): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504269722.

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Background Studies have suggested that some nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including piroxicam, may improve ligament healing, whereas other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen and the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib, may have no effect on the mechanical properties or may even deter the healing process. These results might reflect variations in cyclooxygenase enzyme selectivity by different drugs or, alternatively, may be related to their analgesic properties because it is generally accepted that early activity improves ligament healing. Hypothesis
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21

Khalil, Nadia A., Eman M. Ahmed, Toka Tharwat, and Zeinab Mahmoud. "NSAIDs between past and present; a long journey towards an ideal COX-2 inhibitor lead." RSC Advances 14, no. 42 (2024): 30647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra04686b.

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22

Miranda, H. F., F. Sierralta, and G. Pinardi. "Carbachol interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 12 (2002): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-145.

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The inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) does not completely explain the antinociceptive efficacy of these agents. It is known that cholinergic agonists are antinociceptive, and this study evaluates the interactions between carbachol and some NSAIDs. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated in mice by the acetic acid writhing test. Dose–response curves were constructed for NSAIDs and carbachol, administered either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intrathecally (i.t.). The interactions of carbachol with NSAIDs were evaluated by isobolographic analysis a
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23

Thoo, Sophie, Sudha Cugati, Andrew Lee, and Celia Chen. "Successful treatment of fingolimod-associated macular edema with intravitreal triamcinolone with continued fingolimod use." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 21, no. 2 (2014): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458514528759.

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The occurrence of macular edema as an adverse effect of fingolimod is well documented. Treatment modalities used to manage fingolimod-associated macular edema (FAME) have included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and sub-tenon injection. We describe two cases where intravitreal injection is used to successfully treat FAME in patients who were previously unsuccessfully treated with topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories.
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24

Sun, Yaying, Jiwu Chen, Hong Li, Jia Jiang, and Shiyi Chen. "Steroid Injection and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents for Shoulder Pain." Medicine 94, no. 50 (2015): e2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000002216.

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25

Bartley, George B., and Roger A. Warndahl. "Surgical Bleeding Associated With Aspirin and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 67, no. 4 (1992): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61566-3.

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26

Matzke, Gary R. "Nonrenal toxicities of acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 28, no. 1 (1996): S63—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(96)90571-5.

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27

Thaller, John, Matthew Walker, Alex J Kline, and D. Greg Anderson. "The Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents on Spinal Fusion." Orthopedics 28, no. 3 (2005): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-20050301-15.

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28

Abe, David O., Arvin Eskandari, and Kogularamanan Suntharalingam. "Diflunisal-adjoined cobalt(iii)-polypyridyl complexes as anti-cancer stem cell agents." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 39 (2018): 13761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt03448f.

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29

Faber, Sara, Alexandria Brown, and Jessica Cottreau. "Safety of Oral and Topical Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs." Orthopaedic Nursing 43, no. 4 (2024): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nor.0000000000001044.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used to manage mild to moderate pain. While limited use is appropriate for many patients, there are safety concerns with use in certain patient populations or with long-term use of these agents. Topical NSAIDs may provide analgesic benefits while decreasing the overall risks of adverse effects. This article will review safety information for both oral and topical NSAIDs.
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30

Bianchi, Annamaria, Rocco Valluzzi, Giuseppe Crisafulli, et al. "Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis in Children." Biomedicines 12, no. 3 (2024): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030527.

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Drug-induced anaphylaxis in children is less common than in adults and primarily involves beta-lactams and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiological studies show variable prevalence, influenced by age, gender, and atopic diseases. The pathophysiology includes IgE-mediated reactions and non-IgE mechanisms, like cytokine release reactions. We address drug-induced anaphylaxis in children, focusing on antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, neuromuscular blocking agents, and monoclonal antibodies. Diagnosis combines clinical criteria with in vitro, in vivo, and drug provocat
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31

Hemady, Ramzi K., Audrey S. Chan, and Anh T. Q. Nguyen. "Immunosuppressive Agents and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for Ocular Immune and Inflammatory Disorders." Ophthalmology Clinics of North America 18, no. 4 (2005): 511–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohc.2005.07.002.

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32

Gaudreault, Pierre. "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents in the Treatment of Asthma in Children." Canadian Respiratory Journal 2, suppl a (1995): 24A—31A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/956715.

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The increasing scientific information clearly demonstrates the important role of inflammation in asthma. This evidence has led physicians to focus their treatment on the elimination of inflammation instead of working solely against bronchoconstriction. Steroids and nonsteroidal agents are currently used to prevent this inflammatory component. This paper focuses only on nonstcroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as sodium cromoglycate, nedocromil sodium and ketotifen and their use in pediatric asthma. The discussion on each medication addresses its mechanism of action, the evidence concerning i
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33

Nelson, Robert P., John J. Stablein, and Richard F. Lockey. "Asthma Improved by Acetylsalicylic Acid and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 7, no. 2 (1986): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/108854186779047717.

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34

Feeney, Michelle, Maria Giannuzzo, Patrizia Paolicelli, and Maria Antonietta Casadei. "Hydrogels of Dextran Containing Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Pendant Agents." Drug Delivery 14, no. 2 (2007): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717540600740003.

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35

Tuomanen, E., B. Hengstler, R. Rich, M. A. Bray, O. Zak, and A. Tomasz. "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents in the Therapy for Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 155, no. 5 (1987): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/155.5.985.

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36

Gross, Nicholas J., Nathaniel O. Holloway, and K. Roy Narine. "Effects of Some Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents on Experimental Radiation Pneumonitis." Radiation Research 127, no. 3 (1991): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3577947.

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37

Sandler, Robert S., Joseph C. Galanko, Sharon C. Murray, James F. Helm, and John T. Woosley. "Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and risk for colorectal adenomas." Gastroenterology 114, no. 3 (1998): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70526-8.

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38

Wu, Christopher L., Kethy M. Jules-Elysee, Meghan A. Kirksey, and Gregory A. Liguori. "Perioperative Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents in the COVID-19 Orthopedic Patient." HSS Journal ® 16, S1 (2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11420-020-09783-3.

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39

O’MALLEY, PATRICIA. "The Risks and Benefits of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents for Pain." Clinical Nurse Specialist 16, no. 5 (2002): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002800-200209000-00011.

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40

Fajardo, Alexandra M., and Gary A. Piazza. "Chemoprevention in gastrointestinal physiology and disease. Anti-inflammatory approaches for colorectal cancer chemoprevention." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 309, no. 2 (2015): G59—G70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00101.2014.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common human malignancies and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developed countries. Identifying effective preventive strategies aimed at inhibiting the development and progression of CRC is critical for reducing the incidence and mortality of this malignancy. The prevention of carcinogenesis by anti-inflammatory agents including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, and natural products is an area of considerable interest and research. Numerous anti-inflammatory agents have been identi
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41

Gomes, Francisco Isaac Fernandes, Maria Gerusa Brito Aragão, Vicente de Paulo Teixeira Pinto, et al. "Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Osseointegration: A Review." Journal of Oral Implantology 41, no. 2 (2015): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-13-00125.

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The purpose of this study was to review the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on osseointegration and determine whether they cause failures in dental implants and whether patients who use them chronically can receive dental implants safely. A bibliographic electronic search was performed using the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Medline databases, selecting articles published between January 1982 and December 2012. The search included the following keywords, either alone or combined: “nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,” “dental implants,” “bone healing,” and “osteoprogenitor cel
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42

Yücesoy, M., I. M. A. Öktem, and Z. Gülay. "In-VitroSynergistic Effect of Fluconazole with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents AgainstCandida albicansStrains." Journal of Chemotherapy 12, no. 5 (2000): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/joc.2000.12.5.385.

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43

DIRIKOLU, L., W. E. WOODS, J. BOYLES, et al. "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses in Kentucky." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 32, no. 3 (2009): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01038.x.

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44

Thun, M. J., S. J. Henley, and C. Patrono. "Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents: Mechanistic, Pharmacologic, and Clinical Issues." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 94, no. 4 (2002): 252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.4.252.

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45

IRANI, J., V. RAVERY, J. L. PARIENTE, et al. "Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents and Finasteride on Prostate Cancer Risk." Journal of Urology 168, no. 5 (2002): 1985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64277-2.

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46

Yiannakopoulou, Eugenia. "Pharmacogenomics of acetylsalicylic acid and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: clinical implications." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 69, no. 7 (2013): 1369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-013-1477-9.

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47

Shulyk, Mykola, Dmytro Sobchenko, Alina Zavhorodnia, and Chibundo Onyia. "CLINICAL COMPARISON OFEFFICACY BETWEEN COMBINATIVE THERAPIES IN MANAGEMENT OF SARS-COV-2-INDUCED ARTHRITIS: NSAIDS AND STEROIDS VERSES NSAIDS AND CHONDROPROTECTIVE AGENTS." Grail of Science, no. 25 (March 31, 2023): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.03.2023.074.

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that led to the covid-19, results in varying clinical presentations. Long-term complications of SARS-CoV-2 include rheumatologic conditions such as arthritis. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-related arthritis, methods of its management vary. This study hypothesized that there would be better outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2-related arthritis who were treated with a combination of corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ketorolac trometamol and diclofenac) in comparis
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48

MRUTYUNJAY, M. MIRJE, KUMBAR SHIVAPRASAD, and MOHARIR GURUDATTA. "Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ocimum Sanctum (Linn) In Formalin Induced Acute Models of Albino Rats." International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research 1, no. 1 (2015): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2532105.

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The inflammatory process is the response to an injurious stimulus. It can be evoked by a wide variety of noxious agents (e.g., infections, antibodies, physical injuries). Many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin etc. are in clinical use but all these are not completely devoid of adverse effects<sup>2</sup>.In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of O. sanctum alone and in combination with indomethacin was studied using formalin-induced rat paw edema. Aqueous extract of O. sanctum (200mg/kg, 300mg/kg&nbsp; or 400mg/kg) was administered
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49

Lyalina, V. V., S. V. Borisovskaya, E. A. Skripnichenko, O. A. Ettinger, T. M. Padzheva, and I. G. Nikitin. "Perioperative Management of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: Glucocorticoids, DMARDs, Biological Agents and NSAIDs." Russian Archives of Internal Medicine 12, no. 1 (2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20514/2226-6704-2022-12-1-22-34.

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The rheumatic patients are characterized by various structural and functional changes, caused by chronic disease the necessity of constant medication intake, including anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressants. In this regard, the rheumatic patients have an increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications. The purpose of this publication is to review current recommendations on the topic of perioperative management of rheumatic patients. The publication consists of two parts. In the first part we review the issues of perioperative administration of steroids, disease-modifyi
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50

Rao, Praveen, and Edward E. Knaus. "Evolution of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibition and Beyond." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (2008): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3t886.

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Purpose. NSAIDs constitute an important class of drugs with therapeutic applications that have spanned several centuries. Treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) starting from the classic drug aspirin to the recent rise and fall of selective COX-2 inhibitors has provided an enthralling evolution. Efforts to discover an ultimate magic bullet to treat inflammation continues to be an important drug design challenge. This review traces the origins of NSAIDs, their mechanism of action at the molecular level such as cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibiti
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