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Journal articles on the topic 'Nonthermal electrons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bhattacharjee, Debesh, Eduard P. Kontar, and Yingjie 英杰 Luo 骆. "Total Power and Low-energy Cutoff Time Evolution of Solar Flare Accelerated Electrons Using X-Ray Observations and Warm-target Model." Astrophysical Journal 987, no. 2 (2025): 211. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/addf44.

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Abstract A primary characteristic of solar flares is the efficient acceleration of electrons to nonthermal deka-keV energies. While hard X-ray (HXR) observation of bremsstrahlung emission serves as the key diagnostic of these electrons. In this study, we investigate the time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model. This model, unlike the commonly used cold-target model, can determine the low-energy cutoff in the nonthermal electron distribution, so that the energetics of nonthermal electrons can be deduced more accurately. Here, we examine the time-evolution of non

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2

Kangfa, Cheng, Jirong Mao, Zhao Xiaohong, et al. "Synchrotron Polarization of a Hybrid Distribution of Relativistic Thermal and Nonthermal Electrons in Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Emission." Astrophysical Journal 975, no. 2 (2024): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad8234.

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Abstract Synchrotron polarization of relativistic nonthermal electrons in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has been widely studied. However, recent numerical simulations of relativistic shocks and magnetic reconnection have found that a more realistic electron distribution consists of a power-law component plus a thermal component, which requires observational validation. In this paper, we investigate synchrotron polarization using a hybrid energy distribution of relativistic thermal and nonthermal electrons within a globally toroidal magnetic field in GRB prompt emission. Our results show that compare

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3

Margalit, Ben, and Eliot Quataert. "Thermal Electrons in Mildly Relativistic Synchrotron Blast Waves." Astrophysical Journal Letters 923, no. 1 (2021): L14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac3d97.

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Abstract Numerical models of collisionless shocks robustly predict an electron distribution composed of both thermal and nonthermal electrons. Here, we explore in detail the effect of thermal electrons on the emergent synchrotron emission from subrelativistic shocks. We present a complete “thermal + nonthermal” synchrotron model and derive properties of the resulting spectrum and light curves. Using these results, we delineate the relative importance of thermal and nonthermal electrons for subrelativistic shock-powered synchrotron transients. We find that thermal electrons are naturally expect

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Mondal, Surajit, Andrea F. Battaglia, Bin Chen, and Sijie Yu. "A Joint Microwave and Hard X-Ray Study toward Understanding the Transport of Accelerated Electrons During an Eruptive Solar Flare." Astrophysical Journal 966, no. 2 (2024): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3910.

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Abstract The standard flare model, despite its success, is limited in comprehensively explaining the various processes involving nonthermal particles. One such missing ingredient is a detailed understanding of the various processes involved during the transport of accelerated electrons from their site of acceleration to different parts of the flare region. Here we use simultaneous radio and X-ray observations from the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array and the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays on board the Solar Orbiter, respectively, from two distinct viewing perspectives, to study the

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Gupta, Siddhartha, Damiano Caprioli, and Anatoly Spitkovsky. "Electron Acceleration at Quasi-parallel Nonrelativistic Shocks: A 1D Kinetic Survey." Astrophysical Journal 976, no. 1 (2024): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7c4c.

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Abstract We present a survey of 1D kinetic particle-in-cell simulations of quasi-parallel nonrelativistic shocks to identify the environments favorable for electron acceleration. We explore an unprecedented range of shock speeds v sh ≈ 0.067–0.267c, Alfvén Mach numbers M A = 5 – 40 , sonic Mach numbers M s = 5 – 160 , as well as the proton-to-electron mass ratios m i/m e = 16–1836. We find that high Alfvén Mach number shocks can channel a large fraction of their kinetic energy into nonthermal particles, self-sustaining magnetic turbulence and acceleration to larger and larger energies. The fra

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Comisso, Luca, and Lorenzo Sironi. "Ion and Electron Acceleration in Fully Kinetic Plasma Turbulence." Astrophysical Journal Letters 936, no. 2 (2022): L27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac8422.

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Abstract Turbulence is often invoked to explain the origin of nonthermal particles in space and astrophysical plasmas. By means of 3D fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations, we demonstrate that turbulence in low-β plasmas (β is the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure) accelerates ions and electrons into a nonthermal energy distribution with a power-law energy range. The ion spectrum is harder than the electron one, and both distributions get steeper for higher β. We show that the energization of electrons is accompanied by a significant energy-dependent pitch-angle anisotropy, wi

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Ashfield IV, William, Vanessa Polito, Sijie Yu, Hannah Collier, and Laura A. Hayes. "Nonthermal Observations of a Flare Loop-top Using IRIS Fe xxi: Implications for Turbulence and Electron Acceleration." Astrophysical Journal 973, no. 2 (2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad64ca.

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Abstract The excess broadening of high-temperature spectral lines, long observed near the tops of flare arcades, is widely considered to result from magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. According to different theories, plasma turbulence is also believed to be a candidate mechanism for particle acceleration during solar flares. However, the degree to which this broadening is connected to the acceleration of nonthermal electrons remains largely unexplored outside of recent work, and many observations have been limited by limited spatial resolution and cadence. Using the Interface Region Imaging Spect

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8

Cheng, Kangfa, Jirong Mao, Xiaohong Zhao, et al. "Synchrotron Circular Polarization in Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Optical Emission: Relativistic Thermal Electron Contribution." Astrophysical Journal 985, no. 1 (2025): 112. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add1d7.

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Abstract Synchrotron circular polarization of a nonthermal power-law electron distribution in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has been studied. However, some numerical simulations have shown that the resulting distribution of electrons is a combination of a thermal component and a nonthermal power-law component. In this paper, we investigate synchrotron circular polarization using such a hybrid energy distribution of relativistic thermal and nonthermal electrons within a globally toroidal magnetic field in GRB prompt optical emission. Our results show that compared to the solely nonthermal electron mo

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9

Lee, Myoung-Jae, Naoko Ashikawa, and Young-Dae Jung. "Effect of Coulomb Focusing on the Electron–Atom Bremsstrahlung Cross Section for Tungsten and Iron in Nonthermal Lorentzian Plasmas." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (2020): 4832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144832.

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The Coulomb focusing effect on the electron–atom bremsstrahlung spectrum is investigated in nonthermal Lorentzian plasmas. The universal expression of the cross section of nonrelativistic electron–atom bremsstrahlung process is obtained by the solution of the Thomas-Fermi equation with the effective atomic charge. The effective Coulomb focusing for the electron–atom bremsstrahlung cross section near the threshold domain is also investigated by adopting the modified Elwert-Sommerfeld factor with the mean effective charge for the bremsstrahlung process. In addition, the bremsstrahlung emission r

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Verheest, F., and S. R. Pillay. "Dust-acoustic solitary structures in plasmas with nonthermal electrons and positive dust." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 15, no. 4 (2008): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-15-551-2008.

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Abstract. Large dust-acoustic solitons and kinks in dusty plasmas with positive cold dust, nonthermally distributed electrons and Boltzmann ions have been studied in a systematic way, to delimit their compositional parameter space. The existence domain of positive solitons is limited by infinite dust compression, of negative ones by the occurrence of potential kinks, provided the electrons are sufficiently nonthermal and there is sufficient positive charge on the dust. There is a parameter range where both negative and positive solitary structures coexist.

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11

Pakzad, Hamid Reza, and Mouloud Tribeche. "Electron-acoustic solitons in plasma with nonthermal electrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 330, no. 1 (2010): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-010-0367-1.

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12

Liu, H., and Q. W. Wu. "Origin of Radio Emission from Nonthermal Electrons in ADAF for LLAGNs." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S290 (2012): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312020315.

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AbstractWe explore the origin of the radio emission from the low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs), by investigating the ADAF model with a hybrid of thermal and nonthermal electrons. We find that the radio emission of LLAGNs is severely underpredicted by pure ADAF model, and can be naturally explained by the ADAF model with a hybrid electron population. Our model can roughly reproduce the anti-correlation between the mass-corrected radio loudness and the Eddington ratio for the LLAGNs. We further model the SEDs of each source, and find that roughly all sources can be well fitted if a

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13

Grassi, A., H. G. Rinderknecht, G. F. Swadling, et al. "Electron Injection via Modified Diffusive Shock Acceleration in High-Mach-number Collisionless Shocks." Astrophysical Journal Letters 958, no. 2 (2023): L32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad0cf9.

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Abstract The ability of collisionless shocks to efficiently accelerate nonthermal electrons via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) is thought to require an injection mechanism capable of preaccelerating electrons to high enough energy where they can start crossing the shock front potential. We propose, and show via fully kinetic plasma simulations, that in high-Mach-number shocks electrons can be effectively injected by scattering in kinetic-scale magnetic turbulence produced near the shock transition by the ion Weibel, or current filamentation, instability. We describe this process as a modif

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14

Khan, Majid, M. Haris, M. Kamran, and A. M. Mirza. "Solitary waves dissipation in pair-ion plasmas for (r, q)-distributed electrons." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 12 (2022): 122104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0119989.

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Solitary waves in a symmetric pair-ion plasma are studied as affected by various plasma parameters, e.g., electron density, collision frequency, ion temperatures, ( r, q)-distributed electrons. In this regard, plasma fluid equations have been used to simulate the plasma system for which a reductive perturbation technique is applied to derive the relevant damped Korteweg–de Vries equation. The effects of spectral indices, collision frequency, ion-electron temperature ratios, and density on the time evolution of perturbed potential profile have been illustrated and benchmarked with Boltzmann dis

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15

Sellers, Sean G., Ryan O. Milligan, and R. T. James McAteer. "Call and Response: A Time-resolved Study of Chromospheric Evaporation in a Large Solar Flare." Astrophysical Journal 936, no. 1 (2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac87a9.

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Abstract We studied an X1.6 solar flare produced by NOAA Active Region 12602 on 2014 October 22. The entirety of this event was covered by RHESSI, IRIS, and Hinode/EIS, allowing analysis of the chromospheric response to a nonthermal electron driver. We derived the energy contained in nonthermal electrons via RHESSI spectral fitting and linked the time-dependent parameters of this call to the response in Doppler velocity, density, and nonthermal width across a broad temperature range. The total energy injected was 4.8 × 1030 erg and lasted 352 s. This energy drove explosive chromospheric evapor

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16

Ha, Ji-Hoon, Dongsu Ryu, Hyesung Kang, and Sunjung Kim. "Electron Preacceleration at Weak Quasi-perpendicular Intracluster Shocks: Effects of Preexisting Nonthermal Electrons." Astrophysical Journal 925, no. 1 (2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3bc0.

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Abstract Radio relics in the outskirts of galaxy clusters imply the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) of electrons at merger-driven shocks with Mach number M s ≲ 3–4 in the intracluster medium (ICM). Recent studies have suggested that electron preacceleration and injection, prerequisite steps for DSA, could occur at supercritical shocks with M s ≳ 2.3 in the ICM, thanks to the generation of multiscale waves by microinstabilities such as the Alfvén ion cyclotron (AIC) instability, the electron firehose instability (EFI), and the whistler instability (WI). On the other hand, some relics are obs

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17

Saha, Taraknath, Prasanta Chatterjee, and Mohamed Ruhul Amin. "Nonlinear Ion Acoustic Waves in a Magnetized Dusty Plasma in the Presence of Nonthermal Electrons." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 64, no. 5-6 (2009): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2009-5-611.

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The Kadomtsev-Petviashili (KP) equation is derived for weakly nonlinear ion acoustic waves in a magnetized dusty plasma in the presence of nonthermal electrons. Soliton solutions are obtained in both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional framework. For the one-dimensional soliton solution the ‘tanh’ method is considered while the two-dimensional solution is obtained by a method introduced by S.V. Manacov et al., Phys. Lett. A 63, 205 (1977). It is found that in case of the onedimensional solution, both compressive and rarefactive solitary waves exist which could be obtained depending on the

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18

Luo 骆, Yingjie 英杰, Eduard P. Kontar, and Debesh Bhattacharjee. "Flare-accelerated Electrons in the Kappa Distribution from X-Ray Spectra with the Warm-target Model." Astrophysical Journal 974, no. 1 (2024): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad6a59.

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Abstract X-ray observations provide important and valuable insights into the acceleration and propagation of nonthermal electrons during solar flares. Improved X-ray spectral analysis requires a deeper understanding of the dynamics of energetic electrons. Previous studies have demonstrated that the dynamics of accelerated electrons with a few thermal speeds are more complex than those with significantly higher speeds. To better describe the energetic electrons after injection, a model considering energy diffusion and thermalization effects in flare conditions (the warm-target model) has recent

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19

DUMITRICĂ, TRAIAN, and ROLAND E. ALLEN. "Nonthermal transition of GaAs in ultra-intense laser radiation field." Laser and Particle Beams 20, no. 2 (2002): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460220213x.

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Using the technique of tight-binding electron–ion dynamics, we have calculated the response of crystalline GaAs when a femtosecond laser pulse excites 1–20% of the valence electrons. Above a threshold fluence, which corresponds to promotion of about 12% of the valence electrons to the conduction band, the lattice is destabilized and the band gap collapses to zero. This result supports the conclusion that structural changes on a subpicosecond time scale observed in pump-probe experiments are of a nonthermal nature.

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20

Lee, Myoung-Jae, and Young-Dae Jung. "Characteristics of Nonthermal Dupree Diffusion on Space-Charge Wave in a Kappa Distribution Plasma Column with Turbulent Diffusion." Entropy 22, no. 2 (2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020257.

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The nonthermal diffusion effects on the dispersion equations of ion-acoustic space-charge wave (SCW) in a nonthermal plasma column composed of nonthermal turbulent electrons and cold ions are investigated based on the analysis of normal modes and the separation of variables. It is found that the real portion of the wave frequency of the SCW in a Maxwellian plasma is greater than that in a nonthermal plasma. It is also found that the magnitude of the damping rate of the SCW decreases with an increase of the spectral index of the nonthermal plasma. It is also shown that the magnitude of the scal

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21

Kusunose, Masaaki, Shin Mineshige, and Tetsuya T. Yamada. "Hot Accretion Disks with Nonthermal Pairs: Injection of Low-Energy Nonthermal Electrons." Astrophysical Journal 457 (February 1996): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/176776.

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22

Grošelj, Daniel, Lorenzo Sironi, and Andrei M. Beloborodov. "Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks." Astrophysical Journal 933, no. 1 (2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac713e.

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Abstract We perform particle-in-cell simulations to elucidate the microphysics of relativistic weakly magnetized shocks loaded with electron-positron pairs. Various external magnetizations σ ≲ 10−4 and pair-loading factors Z ± ≲ 10 are studied, where Z ± is the number of loaded electrons and positrons per ion. We find the following: (1) The shock becomes mediated by the ion Larmor gyration in the mean field when σ exceeds a critical value σ L that decreases with Z ±. At σ ≲ σ L the shock is mediated by particle scattering in the self-generated microturbulent fields, the strength and scale of w

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Sahu, Biswajit, and Rajkumar Roychoudhury. "Electron acoustic solitons in a relativistic plasma with nonthermal electrons." Physics of Plasmas 13, no. 7 (2006): 072302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216549.

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24

Ohira, Yutaka. "Self-discharge by Streaming Cosmic Rays." Astrophysical Journal 929, no. 1 (2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5abc.

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Abstract A new nonthermal phenomenon caused by streaming cosmic rays (CRs) in the universe is proposed. The streaming CRs drive the return current of thermal electrons to compensate for the CR current. Then, electric fields are induced by the resistivity of the return current. It is shown that the resistive electric fields can accelerate secondary electrons generated by the streaming CRs. This is the self-discharge by streaming CRs. In this work, the self-discharge condition and the condition for runaway acceleration of secondary electrons are presented. The self-discharge creates high-energy

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Mościbrodzka, Monika A. "Polarization-sensitive Compton Scattering by Accelerated Electrons." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 263, no. 1 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac972c.

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Abstract We describe upgrades to a numerical code that computes synchrotron and inverse-Compton emission from relativistic plasma including full polarization. The introduced upgrades concern a scattering kernel that is now capable of scattering the polarized and unpolarized photons on a nonthermal population of electrons. We describe the scheme to approach this problem and we test the numerical code against a known analytic solution. Finally, using the upgraded code, we predict the polarization of light that is scattered off subrelativistic thermal or relativistic thermal and nonthermal free e

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Li, Zhentong, Yang Su, Astrid M. Veronig, Shuting Kong, Weiqun Gan, and Wei Chen. "Detailed Thermal and Nonthermal Processes in an A-class Microflare." Astrophysical Journal 930, no. 2 (2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac651c.

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Abstract How microflares behave and differ from large flares is an important question in flare studies. Although they have been extensively investigated, microflares are not fully understood in terms of their detailed energy release processes and the role of energetic electrons. A recent study on an A-class microflare suggests the existence of a nonthermal component down to 6.5 keV, indicating that accelerated electrons play an important role in microflares, as in large flares. Here, we revisit this event, and present a comprehensive, quantitative analysis of the energy release and plasma heat

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Gharaati, Abdolrasoul, Mandana Mohammadi, and Leila Rejaei. "Multi-component dense plasma with ion and super-thermal electrons with kappa distribution." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 29, no. 03n04 (2020): 2050006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886352050006x.

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The soliton waves are one of the nonlinear phenomena which can propagate in the different types of plasma such as multiple particles of plasma, nonthermal plasma, and space plasma. Using the Sagdeev potential technique, the stability conditions of the soliton waves in the nonthermal plasma have been theoretically studied. One of the significant factors that can affect the propagation of the soliton waves is the distribution function such as nonMaxwellian distribution function or Kappa distribution function. In this paper, we try to investigate the soliton wave in the unmagnetized multi-compone

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P, C. Singhadiya, and K. Chawla J. "Effect of positrons and nonthermal electrons on large amplitude ion-acoustic soliton in unmagnetized plasmas." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 10, no. 11s (2023): 127–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10639419.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The large amplitude of an ion-acoustic soliton in a plasma consisting of ions, positrons and nonthermal electrons is considered the pseudo-potential method (SPM). An energy integral equation for the system has been derived with the help of SPM. It is found that compressive and rarefactive solitons exist in the plasma system for selected set of plasma parameters. It is also found that the effect of nonthermal parameters   positron concentration ionic temperature ratio positron temperature ratio and Mach number (M) on the characteristics of the large amplitude

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Kong, Xiangliang, Bin Chen, Fan Guo, et al. "Numerical Modeling of Energetic Electron Acceleration, Transport, and Emission in Solar Flares: Connecting Loop-top and Footpoint Hard X-Ray Sources." Astrophysical Journal Letters 941, no. 2 (2022): L22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aca65c.

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Abstract The acceleration and transport of energetic electrons during solar flares is one of the outstanding topics in solar physics. Recent X-ray and radio imaging and spectroscopy observations have provided diagnostics of the distribution of nonthermal electrons and suggested that, in certain flare events, electrons are primarily accelerated in the loop top and likely experience trapping and/or scattering effects. By combining the focused particle transport equation with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of solar flares, we present a macroscopic particle model that naturally incorporates

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Gershman, S., and Y. Raitses. "Moderate pressure plasma source of nonthermal electrons." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, no. 23 (2018): 235202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aabfb1.

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Sahu, Biswajit, and Rajkumar Roychoudhury. "Nonplanar Ion Acoustic Waves with Nonthermal Electrons." Earth, Moon, and Planets 109, no. 1-4 (2012): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11038-012-9405-z.

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Maciołek-Niedźwiecki, Andrzej, Andrzej A. Zdziarski, and Alan P. Lightman. "Acceleration Efficiency in Nonthermal Sources and the Soft Gamma-rays from NGC 4151 Observed by OSSE and SIGMA." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 159 (1994): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900175710.

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We show that the recent observations of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 in hard X-rays and soft γ-rays by the OSSE and SIGMA detectors onboard CGRO and GRANAT, respectively, are well explained by a nonthermal model with acceleration of relativistic electrons at an efficiency of ≲50% and with the remaining power dissipated thermally in the source (the standard nonthermal e± pair model assumed 100% efficiency). Such an acceleration efficiency is generally expected on physical grounds. The resulting model unifies previously proposed purely thermal and purely nonthermal models. The pure nonthermal mod

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Tsunetoe, Yuh, Dominic W. Pesce, Ramesh Narayan, et al. "Limb-brightened Jet in M87 from Anisotropic Nonthermal Electrons." Astrophysical Journal 984, no. 1 (2025): 35. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc37a.

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Abstract Very long baseline interferometry observations reveal that relativistic jets like the one in M87 have a limb-brightened, double-edged structure. Analytic and numerical models struggle to reproduce this limb-brightening. We propose a model in which we invoke anisotropy in the distribution function of synchrotron-emitting nonthermal electrons such that electron velocities are preferentially directed parallel to magnetic field lines, as suggested by recent particle-in-cell simulations of electron acceleration and the effects of synchrotron cooling. We assume that the energy injected into

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Pallister, Ross, Peter F. Wyper, David I. Pontin, C. Richard DeVore, and Federica Chiti. "Spatially Separated Electron and Proton Beams in a Simulated Solar Coronal Jet." Astrophysical Journal 923, no. 2 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2e6d.

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Abstract Magnetic reconnection is widely accepted to be a major contributor to nonthermal particle acceleration in the solar atmosphere. In this paper we investigate particle acceleration during the impulsive phase of a coronal jet, which involves bursty reconnection at a magnetic null point. A test-particle approach is employed, using electromagnetic fields from a magnetohydrodynamic simulation of such a jet. Protons and electrons are found to be accelerated nonthermally both downwards toward the domain’s lower boundary and the solar photosphere, and outwards along the axis of the coronal jet

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Ghosh, Basudev, and Sreyasi Banerjee. "Modulation Instability of Ion-Acoustic Waves in Plasma with Nonthermal Electrons." Journal of Astrophysics 2014 (July 16, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/785670.

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Modulational instability of ion-acoustic waves has been theoretically investigated in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma with nonthermal electrons, Boltzmann positrons, and warm positive ions. To describe the nonlinear evolution of the wave amplitude a nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation has been derived by using multiple scale perturbation technique. The nonthermal parameter, positron concentration, and ion temperature are shown to play significant role in the modulational instability of ion-acoustic waves and the formation of envelope solitons.

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Yin 尹, Zhiyu 志宇, J. F. Drake, and M. Swisdak. "Simultaneous Proton and Electron Energization during Macroscale Magnetic Reconnection." Astrophysical Journal 974, no. 1 (2024): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7131.

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Abstract The results of simulations of magnetic reconnection accompanied by electron and proton heating and energization in a macroscale system are presented. Both species form extended power-law distributions that extend nearly three decades in energy. The primary drive mechanism for the production of these nonthermal particles is Fermi reflection within evolving and coalescing magnetic flux ropes. While the power-law indices of the two species are comparable, the protons overall gain more energy than electrons, and their power law extends to higher energy. The power laws roll into a hot ther

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Fleishman, Gregory D., Gelu M. Nita, and Galina G. Motorina. "Data-constrained 3D Modeling of a Solar Flare Evolution: Acceleration, Transport, Heating, and Energy Budget." Astrophysical Journal 953, no. 2 (2023): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace1f4.

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Abstract Solar flares are driven by the release of free magnetic energy and its conversion to other forms of energy—kinetic, thermal, and nonthermal. Quantification of partitions between these energy components and their evolution is needed to understand the solar flare phenomenon including nonthermal particle acceleration, transport, and escape as well as the thermal plasma heating and cooling. The challenge of remote-sensing diagnostics is that the data are taken with finite spatial resolution and suffer from line-of-sight (LOS) ambiguity including cases when different flaring loops overlap

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Alinejad, H., and M. Mahdavi. "Existence and stability of modulated dust-acoustic wave packets in the presence of nonthermal ions." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 3 (2015): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0007.

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The effects of dust temperature and energetic (nonthermal) ions are incorporated in the study of modulated instability of dust-acoustic (DA) waves in a dusty plasma containing warm adiabatic dust grains, isothermal electrons and hot ions obeying a nonthermal distribution. Based on the multiple space and time scales perturbation, a nonlinear Schrödinger equation is derived with a solution showing a new relationship between the modulated DA wave packets and ion nonthermality. It is shown that as the population of fast ions increases, the transition from stable dark envelope solitons to unstable

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Zhang 张, Lijie 利杰, Dejin 德金 Wu 吴, Ling 玲. Chen 陈, and Zongjun 宗军 Ning 宁. "Electron Cyclotron Maser with Moderately Relativistic Electrons." Astrophysical Journal 977, no. 2 (2024): 260. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95ea.

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Abstract Electron cyclotron maser (ECM) emission is an important coherent emission mechanism for the direct amplification of electromagnetic waves by nonthermal electrons in a magnetized plasma. This paper will report on our recent study on ECM emission by fast electron beams with moderately relativistic energy. The results show that, similar to the spontaneous emission by the magnetic cyclotron motion of energetic electrons in a magnetic field, the coherent emission also exhibits the characteristic of a gradual transition from harmonic emission to continuous emission as the energy of the ener

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Hoshino, M., and N. Shimada. "Nonthermal Electrons at High Mach Number Shocks: Electron Shock Surfing Acceleration." Astrophysical Journal 572, no. 2 (2002): 880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/340454.

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Abdoul-Carime, Hassan, Elena Lys, Jeanne Gipouloux, and Franck Rabilloud. "Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Fragmentation of Ethylenediamine Induced by Low-Energy (<10 eV) Electrons." Molecules 29, no. 1 (2023): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010191.

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Ethylenediamine is industrially used as an intermediate for the fabrication of many products. The development of new methodologies for synthesis compatible with the environment and sustainability, such as cold plasma processes, implicates reactions induced by nonthermal electrons. In this contribution, we study the interaction of low-energy (<10 eV) electrons with ethylenediamine. We show that electrons induce the fragmentation of the molecule into various anion fragments and associated neutral counterparts via dissociative electron attachment. The fragmentation mechanisms and energetics ar

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Nishio, Masanori, Hiroshi Nakajima, Shinzo Enome, et al. "Radio Imaging Observations of the Evolution of Thermal and Nonthermal Sources during a Gradual Solar Burst." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 46, no. 2 (1994): L11—L15. https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/46.2.11.

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Abstract With the Nobeyama Radioheliograph, evolution of thermal and nonthermal radio sources was observed during a gradual solar radio burst. Two thermal sources were located near the top of an arcade-like soft X-ray structure observed by the Yohkoh satellite, while a nonthermal source was observed near the foot points of the arcade-like structure. During the early phase of the burst, an elongated structure was observed connecting one of the thermal sources and the nonthermal source. The elongation started from the location of the nonthermal source and gradually progressed to the thermal sour

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Kerr, Graham S., Vanessa Polito, Yan Xu, and Joel C. Allred. "Solar Flare Ribbon Fronts. II. Evolution of Heating Rates in Individual Flare Footpoints." Astrophysical Journal 970, no. 1 (2024): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad47e1.

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Abstract Solar flare ribbon fronts appear ahead of the bright structures that normally characterize solar flares, and can persist for an extended period of time in spatially localized patches before transitioning to “regular” bright ribbons. They likely represent the initial onset of flare energy deposition into the chromosphere. Chromospheric spectra (e.g., He i 10830 Å and the Mg ii near-UV lines) from ribbon fronts exhibit properties rather different to typical flare behavior. In prior numerical modeling efforts we were unable to reproduce the long lifetime of ribbon fronts. Here we present

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Morita, S. "Nonthermal X-Ray Spectra from the JIPPT-IIU Tokamak." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 102 (1988): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100107729.

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Titanium full Kα spectra have been measured using a wide-band crystal spectrometer in lower-hybrid current drive experiments and increase in the total Kα counts has been observed at electron densities below 7×1012cm−3. Highly resolved titanium He-like spectra have been also measured using a high-resolution crystal spectrometer to obtain electron temperature with intensity ratio of IS/Iwand ion temperature with w line broadening. The results show that the intensity ratio has remarkably high values and the narrowing of the w line is occured at ohmic phase. The production of suprathermal electron

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Band, D. L., and M. A. Malkan. "Combined Accretion Disk and Nonthermal Source Model for AGN." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 134 (1989): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900140963.

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We model the infrared through gamma ray AGN spectrum with a combined accretion disk and nonthermal source model and fit the spectra of a number of sources. The accretion disk model of Sun and Malkan (Sun 1987) adds relativistic effects to the emission from an optically thick, geometrically thin accretion disk; further details can be found in Sun and Malkan (1988) in these proceedings. In the nonthermal source model of Band and Grindlay (1986) relativistic electrons radiate the infrared continuum by synchrotron emission, and the X-ray spectrum by inverse Compton scattering of ultraviolet photon

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B., Ghosh. "Modulational Instability of Ion-Acoustic Waves in a Plasma with Warm Ions, Nonthermal Electrons and Nonthermal Positrons." J. of Physical and Chemical Sciences Volume 3, Issue 2 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1000320.

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The modulational instability and envelope solitons of ion-acoustic waves have been investigated in an unmagnetized collisionless warm electron–positron–ion (e-p-i) plasma with both the electrons and positrons having nonthermal distribution. Using standard multiple scale perturbation technique a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) governing nonlinear evolution of the wave envelope has been derived. Using this equation we have shown through numerical analysis that the presence of nonthermal electrons and positrons plays significant role on the formation and the structure of ion-acoustic envelo

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Zhao, Shan-Shan, Lei Huang, Ru-Sen Lu, and Zhiqiang Shen. "Impact of nonthermal electron radiation effects on the horizon scale image structure of Sagittarius A*." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 29, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3482.

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Abstract The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), with ∼20 μas high angular resolution, recently resolved the millimeter image of the suppermassive black hole in the Galaxy, Sagittarius A*. This opens a new window to study the plasma on horizon scales. The accreting disk probably contains a small fraction of nonthermal electrons and their emissions should contribute to the observed image. We study if such contributions are sufficient to cause structural differences detectable by current and future observational capabilities. We introduce nonthermal electrons in a semi-analytical accretion disk, whic

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Zaidi, Syed Ahmad Muzammil, M. N. S. Qureshi, and Saba Khalid. "Co-Existence of Compressive and Rarefactive Dust Acoustic Solitary Structures in Saturn’s Rings with Non-Maxwellian Ions and Electrons." Communications in Theoretical Physics, December 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1572-9494/ada37a.

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Abstract In the present study, we investigated the existence of arbitrary amplitude dust acoustic (DA) solitons by considering the Cairns distributed ions, negatively charged streaming dust grains along with (r,q) distributed electrons in an un-magnetized dusty plasma. We used the pseudopotential technique to obtain the solitary wave solution. It is seen that the coexistence of rarefactive and compressive solitons is possible when ions and electrons are nonthermally distributed. We found that the soliton characteristics are strongly dependent on the choice of velocity distribution function thr

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Barazandeh Kian, Rasool, and Mohammad Hossein Mahdieh. "Small amplitude dust acoustic solitary waves in a magnetized dusty plasma with nonthermal distribution for both electrons and ions." Fluid Dynamics Research, May 16, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1873-7005/acd5fb.

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Abstract The propagation of dust acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) has been investigated in a magnetized dusty plasma consisting of negatively charged dust particles, nonthermal ions and nonthermal electrons. Using reductive perturbation method, the korteweg-de-vries (K-dV) equation is derived. It is found that the basic structures (such as polarity, amplitude, width) of DASWs are influenced by nonthermal ions and nonthermal electrons. The results show that both compressive and rarefactive DASWs exist in such dusty plasma. It is observed that by increasing the nonthermality parameter of ions and

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Abid, A. A., Wu Zhengwei, Abdullah Khan, M. N. S. Qureshi, and Amin Esmaeili. "Formation of dust acoustic rarefactive solitary structures in a Cairns distributed electron–ion plasma." AIP Advances 13, no. 10 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0161545.

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The Cairns-distributed electrons and positive ions in a plasma made up of a negative dust fluid are taken into account to examine the presence of arbitrary amplitude dust-acoustic solitons. It has previously been noted that nonthermal ions and thermal electrons generate both compressive and rarefactive solitons. In this paper, we noticed that nonthermal electrons together with nonthermal ions are responsible for producing the rarefactive solitons. It is found that the Sagdeev potential strongly depends on plasma parameters, such as nonthermal index α and Mach number, which, in turn, influence

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