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Journal articles on the topic 'Nonthermal positrons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

P, C. Singhadiya, and K. Chawla J. "Effect of positrons and nonthermal electrons on large amplitude ion-acoustic soliton in unmagnetized plasmas." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 10, no. 11s (2023): 127–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10639419.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The large amplitude of an ion-acoustic soliton in a plasma consisting of ions, positrons and nonthermal electrons is considered the pseudo-potential method (SPM). An energy integral equation for the system has been derived with the help of SPM. It is found that compressive and rarefactive solitons exist in the plasma system for selected set of plasma parameters. It is also found that the effect of nonthermal parameters   positron concentration ionic temperature ratio positron temperature ratio and Mach number (M) on the characteristics of the large amplitude

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2

Ghosh, Basudev, and Sreyasi Banerjee. "Modulation Instability of Ion-Acoustic Waves in Plasma with Nonthermal Electrons." Journal of Astrophysics 2014 (July 16, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/785670.

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Modulational instability of ion-acoustic waves has been theoretically investigated in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma with nonthermal electrons, Boltzmann positrons, and warm positive ions. To describe the nonlinear evolution of the wave amplitude a nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation has been derived by using multiple scale perturbation technique. The nonthermal parameter, positron concentration, and ion temperature are shown to play significant role in the modulational instability of ion-acoustic waves and the formation of envelope solitons.

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3

McMullen, T., and M. J. Stott. "Resonance trapping of nonthermal positrons." Physical Review B 34, no. 12 (1986): 8985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.34.8985.

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4

Lynn, K. G., T. McKay, and Bent Nielsen. "Trapping of nonthermal positrons in metals." Physical Review B 36, no. 13 (1987): 7107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.36.7107.

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5

Wilson, A. S., and K. W. Weiler. "Relativistic Positrons in Nonthermal Radio Sources." Astrophysical Journal 475, no. 2 (1997): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/303581.

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6

Hirotani, Kouichi, Hsien 賢. Shang 尚, Ruben Krasnopolsky, and Kenichi Nishikawa. "R-JET: A Postprocessing Code for Radiative Transport in Relativistic Jets." Astrophysical Journal 984, no. 1 (2025): 16. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adbaf2.

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Abstract We describe a postprocessing radiative transport code for computing the spectra, the core shift, and the surface-brightness distribution of special relativistic jets with arbitrary optical thickness. The jet consists of an electron–positron pair plasma and an electron–proton normal plasma. Electrons and positrons are relativistic and composed of thermal and nonthermal components, while protons are nonrelativistic and nonradiating. The fraction of a pair plasma, as well as the fraction of a nonthermal component, can be arbitrarily chosen. Only the synchrotron process is considered for

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7

Rahman, M. M., A. A. Mamun, and M. S. Alam. "Positron acoustic shock waves in four-component plasmas with nonthermal electrons and positrons." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 64, no. 12 (2014): 1828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.64.1828.

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8

Gramsch, E., and K. G. Lynn. "Trapping model for thermal and nonthermal positrons in metals." Physical Review B 40, no. 4 (1989): 2537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.40.2537.

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9

Tian, Shiting, Liancheng Zhou, Yunlu Gong, Keyao Wu, Jun Fang, and Huan Yu. "Investigating the Multiband Nonthermal Radiative Properties of HESS J1420−607." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 135, no. 1049 (2023): 074503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ace3f8.

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Abstract HESS J1420−607 is a γ-ray emitting source associated with the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) powered by the energetic pulsar PSR J1420−6048. Based on 14 yr of data obtained with the Fermi Large Area Telescope, we re-analyzed its GeV γ-ray radiative properties, resulting in detailed spectra obtained within the band 10–200 GeV. Moreover, we use a one-zone time-dependent model for the multiband nonthermal emission from pulsar wind nebulae to investigate the radiative properties of the nebula associated with HESS J1420−607. Assuming that the electrons/positrons are injected into the PWN with a

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10

Berg, D., M. Mentzel, and G. Wunner. "Polarized One-Quantum Annihilation in Strong Magnetic Fields as a Process for Particle Deceleration in Neutron Star Atmospheres." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 142 (1994): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100078295.

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AbstractSince several gamma-ray bursts seem to have their origin in the vicinity of neutron stars, where strong magnetic fields are present (B ≃ 108T), electrons and positrons have to be described, in this instance, by relativistic Landau states. As is well known, strong magnetic fields produce important effects: motion perpendicular to the field is quantized, transverse momentum is not conserved, and polarization effects become important. Moreover, in contrast to the field-free case, exotic processes such as 1γ pair-annihilation are not forbidden. With growing magnetic field, the cross sectio

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11

Jung, Young-Dae. "One-Photon Annihilation of Nonthermal Positrons in the Interstellar Medium." Astrophysical Journal 457 (January 1996): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/176742.

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12

Rahman, M. M., M. S. Alam, and A. A. Mamun. "Cylindrical and spherical positron-acoustic Gardner solitons in electron-positron-ion plasmas with nonthermal electrons and positrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 352, no. 1 (2014): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-014-1899-6.

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13

Jilani, K., Arshad M. Mirza, and J. Iqbal. "Electron acoustic solitons in magneto-rotating electron-positron-ion plasma with nonthermal electrons and positrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 355, no. 2 (2015): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-014-2167-5.

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14

Arons, Jonathan, Yves A. Gallant, Masahiro Hoshino, A. Bruce Langdon, and Claire E. Max. "Relativistic Shock Waves and the Excitation of Plerions." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 128 (1992): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600154782.

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AbstractThe shock termination of a relativistic magnetohydrodynamic wind from a pulsar is the most interesting and viable model for the excitation of the synchrotron sources observed in plerionic supernova remnants. We have studied the structure of relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in plasmas composed purely of electrons and positrons, as well as those whose composition includes heavy ions as a minority constituent by number. We find that relativistic shocks in symmetric pair plasmas create fully thermalized distributions of particles and fields downstream. Therefore, such shocks are not g

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15

Grošelj, Daniel, Lorenzo Sironi, and Andrei M. Beloborodov. "Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks." Astrophysical Journal 933, no. 1 (2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac713e.

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Abstract We perform particle-in-cell simulations to elucidate the microphysics of relativistic weakly magnetized shocks loaded with electron-positron pairs. Various external magnetizations σ ≲ 10−4 and pair-loading factors Z ± ≲ 10 are studied, where Z ± is the number of loaded electrons and positrons per ion. We find the following: (1) The shock becomes mediated by the ion Larmor gyration in the mean field when σ exceeds a critical value σ L that decreases with Z ±. At σ ≲ σ L the shock is mediated by particle scattering in the self-generated microturbulent fields, the strength and scale of w

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16

Wen, Lu, Ke-Yao Wu, Huan Yu, and Jun Fang. "Investigating the energy distribution of the high-energy particles in the Crab nebula." Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 21, no. 11 (2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/21/11/286.

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Abstract The Crab nebula is a prominent pulsar wind nebula detected in multiband observations ranging from radio to very high-energy γ-rays. Recently, γ-rays with energies above 1 PeV have been detected by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory, and the energy of the most energetic particles in the nebula can be constrained. In this paper, we investigate the broadest spectral energy distribution of the Crab nebula and the energy distribution of the electrons emitting the multiwavelength nonthermal emission based on a one-zone time-dependent model. The nebula is powered by the pulsar, a

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17

Abdelwahed, H. G., E. K. El-Shewy, M. A. Zahran, and S. A. Elwakil. "Compressive and rarefactive dressed solitons in plasma with nonthermal electrons and positrons." Physics of Plasmas 23, no. 2 (2016): 022306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4942224.

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18

Chatterjee, Prasanta, Deb Kumar Ghosh, and Biswajit Sahu. "Planar and nonplanar ion acoustic shock waves with nonthermal electrons and positrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 339, no. 2 (2012): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-012-1011-z.

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19

Xiao, Yifan, Keyao Wu та Jun Fang. "Likely Detection of GeV γ-Ray Emission from Pulsar Wind Nebula G32.64+0.53 with Fermi-LAT". Astrophysical Journal 972, № 1 (2024): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad6563.

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Abstract In this study, we report the likely GeV γ-ray emissions originating from the pulsar PSR J1849-0001's pulsar wind nebula (PWN) G32.64+0.53. Our analysis covers approximately 14.7 yr of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope Pass 8. The position of the source and its spectrum matches those in X-ray and TeV energy bands, so we propose that the GeV γ-ray source is indicative of PWN G32.64+0.53. We interpret the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) using a time-dependent one-zone model, which assumes that the multiband nonthermal emission of the target source can be generated by

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20

Lashgarinezhad, Soodabeh, Amir Hossein Sari, and Davoud Dorranian. "Effects of nonthermal electrons and positrons on the characteristics of ion-acoustic cnoidal wave in electron-positron-ion plasma." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 103 (October 2017): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2017.06.010.

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21

Hoshino, Masahiro, Jonathan Arons, Yves A. Gallant, and A. B. Langdon. "Relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in synchrotron sources - Shock structure and nonthermal acceleration of positrons." Astrophysical Journal 390 (May 1992): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/171296.

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22

Javidan, Kurosh, and Danial Saadatmand. "Effect of high relativistic ions on ion acoustic solitons in electron-ion-positron plasmas with nonthermal electrons and thermal positrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 333, no. 2 (2011): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-011-0645-6.

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23

Zhu, Bo-Tao, Li Zhang, and Jun Fang. "Multiband nonthermal radiative properties of pulsar wind nebulae." Astronomy & Astrophysics 609 (January 2018): A110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629108.

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Aims. The nonthermal radiative properties of 18 pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are studied in the 1D leptonic model. Methods. The dynamical and radiative evolution of a PWN in a nonradiative supernova remnant are self-consistently investigated in this model. The leptons (electrons/positrons) are injected with a broken power-law form, and nonthermal emission from a PWN is mainly produced by time-dependent relativistic leptons through synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton process. Results. Observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of all 18 PWNe are reproduced well, where the indexes of low-

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24

Pakzad, Hamid Reza, and Mouloud Tribeche. "Ion Acoustic Solitary Waves and Double-Layers in a Plasma with Nonthermal Electrons and Positrons." Journal of Fusion Energy 31, no. 6 (2012): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10894-012-9513-9.

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25

Ali, Sajad, Mushtaq Ahmad, and M. Farooq. "Coupled drift shock and soliton in collisional ambiplasma with nonthermal effects of electrons and positrons." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 112 (July 2018): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2018.04.031.

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26

Pakzad, Hamid Reza, and Kurosh Javidan. "Ion acoustic shock waves in weakly relativistic and dissipative plasmas with nonthermal electrons and thermal positrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 331, no. 1 (2010): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-010-0444-5.

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27

Banerjee, Gadadhar, and Sarit Maitra. "Arbitrary amplitude dust ion acoustic solitons and double layers in the presence of nonthermal positrons and electrons." Physics of Plasmas 23, no. 12 (2016): 123701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4971223.

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28

Paul, A., A. Bandyopadhyay, and K. P. Das. "Dust Ion Acoustic Solitary Structures at the Acoustic Speed in the Presence of Nonthermal Electrons and Isothermal Positrons." Plasma Physics Reports 45, no. 5 (2019): 466–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x19050088.

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29

Sardar, Sankirtan, Anup Bandyopadhyay, and K. P. Das. "Stability of dust ion acoustic solitary waves in a collisionless unmagnetized nonthermal plasma in presence of isothermal positrons." Physics of Plasmas 23, no. 7 (2016): 073703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4956462.

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30

Hafez, M. G., Sudhir Singh, R. Sakthivel, and S. F. Ahmed. "Dust ion acoustic multi-shock wave excitations in the weakly relativistic plasmas with nonthermal nonextensive electrons and positrons." AIP Advances 10, no. 6 (2020): 065234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0011086.

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31

Ghosh, B., and S. Banerjee. "Effect of nonthermal electrons and positrons on ion-acoustic solitary waves in a plasma with warm drifting ions." Indian Journal of Physics 89, no. 12 (2015): 1307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12648-015-0706-8.

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32

Sullivan, Andrew G., and Roger W. Romani. "High-energy Emission from the Intrabinary Shocks in Redback Pulsars." Astrophysical Journal 984, no. 2 (2025): 146. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc720.

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Abstract The intrabinary shocks (IBS) of spider pulsars emit nonthermal synchrotron X-rays from accelerated electrons and positrons in the shocked pulsar wind, likely energized by magnetic reconnection. In redback spider pulsars, the IBS typically wraps around the pulsar, leading to a near-normal IBS shock with relatively bright X-ray emission. The characteristic energies of radiating particles and the magnetic fields in the IBS suggest spectral features in the hard X-ray band. Here, we perform joint soft–hard X-ray analyses of three redback pulsars, J1723-2837, J2215+5135, and J2339-0533, inc

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33

Paul, A., and A. Bandyopadhyay. "Ion acoustic solitons, double layers and supersolitons in a collisionless unmagnetized plasma consisting of nonthermal electrons and isothermal positrons." Indian Journal of Physics 92, no. 9 (2018): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12648-018-1180-x.

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34

Klinger, Marc, Annika Rudolph, Xavier Rodrigues, et al. "AM³: An Open-source Tool for Time-dependent Lepto-hadronic Modeling of Astrophysical Sources." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 275, no. 1 (2024): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad725c.

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Abstract We present the Astrophysical Multimessenger Modeling (AM 3 ) software. AM 3 is a documented open-source software (source code at https://gitlab.desy.de/am3/am3; user guide and documentation at https://am3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) that efficiently solves the coupled integro-differential equations describing the temporal evolution of the spectral densities of particles interacting in astrophysical environments, including photons, electrons, positrons, protons, neutrons, pions, muons, and neutrinos. The software has been extensively used to simulate the multiwavelength and neutrino emi

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35

Wu, Keyao, Yifan Xiao, Jun Fang, and Huan Yu. "Multi-wavelength Non-thermal Radiative Properties of Pulsar Wind Nebulae with Ages Around 10 kyr." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 137, no. 5 (2025): 054102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/adcf58.

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Abstract With the advancement of detector technology, significant progress has been made in understanding Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe) through multi-wavelength observations, particularly in the X-ray and TeV γ-ray bands. While young PWNe have been extensively studied, PWNe with ages around 10 kyr remain relatively underexplored. In this study, we investigate the radiative properties of four selected PWNe associated with the γ-ray sources HESS J1420-607, HESS J1418-609, HESS J1427-608, and HESS J1303-631 using a time-dependent electron population model. High-energy electrons and positrons are inj

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36

Nishiwaki, Kosuke, Katsuaki Asano, and Kohta Murase. "High-energy Neutrino Constraints on Cosmic-Ray Reacceleration in Radio Halos of Massive Galaxy Clusters." Astrophysical Journal 954, no. 2 (2023): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aceaf2.

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Abstract A fraction of merging galaxy clusters host diffuse radio emission in their central region, termed a giant radio halo (GRH). The most promising mechanism of GRHs is the reacceleration of nonthermal electrons and positrons by merger-induced turbulence. However, the origin of these seed leptons has been under debate, and either protons or electrons can be primarily accelerated particles. In this work, we demonstrate that neutrinos can be used as a probe of physical processes in galaxy clusters and discuss possible constraints on the number of relativistic protons in the intracluster medi

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37

Arons, Jonathan, and Marco Tavani. "Relativistic Particle Acceleration in Plerions." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 142 (1994): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100078118.

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AbstractWe discuss recent research on the structure and particle acceleration properties of relativistic shock waves in which the magnetic field is transverse to the flow direction in the upstream medium, and whose composition is either pure electrons and positrons or primarily electrons and positrons with an admixture of heavy ions. Particle-in-cell simulation techniques as well as analytic theory have been used to show that such shocks in pure pair plasmas are fully thermalized—the downstream particle spectra are relativistic Maxwellians at the temperature expected from the jump conditions.

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38

Gnatyk, R., and K. Vynokurova. "TeV gamma-ray radiation from Vela supernova remnant." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Astronomy, no. 58 (2018): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/btsnua.2018.58.44-48.

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Sources and mechanisms of acceleration of the cosmic rays (CR) – a stream of nuclei, electrons and, to a lesser extent, antiparticles with a nonthermal power law energy spectrum extending to energies above 1020 eV, are still unknown. Theoretical calculations and experimental data show that the diffusive acceleration of the CR at the shock wave fronts (first order Fermi mechanism) in Galactic sources, first of all in the Supernova remnants (SNR), may be responsible for the observed CR flux with energies up to E ≤ 1018 eV. In this case, the lepton component of the CR (electrons, positrons) is co

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39

Gharaati, Abdolrasoul, Mandana Mohammadi, and Leila Rejaei. "Multi-component dense plasma with ion and super-thermal electrons with kappa distribution." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 29, no. 03n04 (2020): 2050006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886352050006x.

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The soliton waves are one of the nonlinear phenomena which can propagate in the different types of plasma such as multiple particles of plasma, nonthermal plasma, and space plasma. Using the Sagdeev potential technique, the stability conditions of the soliton waves in the nonthermal plasma have been theoretically studied. One of the significant factors that can affect the propagation of the soliton waves is the distribution function such as nonMaxwellian distribution function or Kappa distribution function. In this paper, we try to investigate the soliton wave in the unmagnetized multi-compone

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40

Rahman, M. M., M. S. Alam, and A. A. Mamun. "Cylindrical and Spherical Positron-Acoustic Shock Waves in Nonthermal Electron-Positron-Ion Plasmas." Brazilian Journal of Physics 45, no. 3 (2015): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13538-015-0324-0.

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41

El-Taibany, W. F., and N. A. Zedan. "Langmuir oscillations in a nonthermal nonextensive electron-positron plasma." Physics of Plasmas 24, no. 2 (2017): 022116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4976128.

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42

SHUKLA, P. K., T. FARID, L. STENFLO, and O. G. ONISHCHENKO. "Sheared-flow-driven vortices in a magnetized dusty electron–positron plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 64, no. 4 (2000): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800008667.

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It is shown that sheared plasma flows can generate nonthermal electrostatic waves in a magnetized dusty electron–positron plasma. Linearly excited modes attain large amplitudes and start interacting among themselves. Nonlinearly coupled modes self-organize in the form of coherent vortices comprising a vortex chain and a double vortex. Conditions under which the latter appear are given. The relevance of our investigation to space, astrophysical, and laboratory plasmas is pointed out.

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43

Cleary, E., K. G. Lynn, and J. Throwe. "Thermal and nonthermal positron diffusion in solid and liquid aluminum." Solid State Communications 89, no. 9 (1994): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(94)90725-0.

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44

VIEYRO, FLORENCIA L., GUSTAVO E. ROMERO, and GABRIELA S. VILA. "NONTHERMAL RADIATION FROM CYGNUS X-1 CORONA." International Journal of Modern Physics D 19, no. 06 (2010): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271810016804.

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Cygnus X-1 was the first X–ray source widely accepted to be a black hole candidate, and remains among the most studied astronomical objects in its class. The detection of nonthermal radio, hard X–rays and gamma-rays reveals the fact that this kind of objects are capable of accelerating particles up to very high energies. In order to explain the electromagnetic emission from Cygnus X-1 in the low-hard state we present a model of a black hole corona with both relativistic lepton and hadron content. We characterize the corona as a two-temperature hot plasma plus a mixed nonthermal population in w

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45

Pakzad, Hamid Reza. "Ion acoustic solitary waves in plasma with nonthermal electron and positron." Physics Letters A 373, no. 8-9 (2009): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2008.12.066.

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46

Fiorillo, Damiano F. G., Maria Petropoulou, Luca Comisso, Enrico Peretti, and Lorenzo Sironi. "TeV Neutrinos and Hard X-Rays from Relativistic Reconnection in the Corona of NGC 1068." Astrophysical Journal Letters 961, no. 1 (2024): L14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad192b.

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Abstract The recent discovery of astrophysical neutrinos from the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068 suggests the presence of nonthermal protons within a compact “coronal” region close to the central black hole. The acceleration mechanism of these nonthermal protons remains elusive. We show that a large-scale magnetic reconnection layer, of the order of a few gravitational radii, may provide such a mechanism. In such a scenario, rough energy equipartition between magnetic fields, X-ray photons, and nonthermal protons is established in the reconnection region. Motivated by recent 3D particle-in-cell simul

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47

Gill, Tarsem Singh, Amandeep Singh Bains, Nareshpal Singh Saini, and Chanchal Bedi. "Ion-acoustic envelope excitations in electron–positron–ion plasma with nonthermal electrons." Physics Letters A 374, no. 31-32 (2010): 3210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2010.05.046.

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48

Tomaschitz, Roman. "Ultra-relativistic nonthermal power-law ensembles: Cosmic-ray electrons and positron fraction." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 394 (January 2014): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.09.068.

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49

NISHIKAWA, K. I., Y. MIZUNO, G. J. FISHMAN, and P. HARDEE. "PARTICLE ACCELERATION, MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATION, AND ASSOCIATED EMISSION IN COLLISIONLESS RELATIVISTIC JETS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 10 (2008): 1761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808013388.

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Nonthermal radiation observed from astrophysical systems containing relativistic jets and shocks, e.g., active galactic nuclei (AGNs), gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and galactic microquasar systems usually have power-law emission spectra. Recent PIC simulations using injected relativistic electron-ion (electron-positron) jets show that acceleration occurs within the downstream jet. Shock acceleration is an ubiquitous phenomenon in astrophysical plasmas. Plasma waves and their associated instabilities (e.g., the Buneman instability, other two-streaming instability, and the Weibel instability) create

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50

Reza Pakzad, Hamid. "Effect of nonthermal distribution of electrons on solitons in electron–positron–ion plasmas." Physica Scripta 79, no. 2 (2009): 025503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/79/02/025503.

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