Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Noonan, Syndrome de – Aspect génétique'
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Edouard, Thomas. "Impact sur la signalisation cellulaire des mutations de la tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 associées aux syndromes de Noonan et LEOPARD." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/849/.
Full textNoonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively frequent (about 1/2000 births) autosomal dominant disease primarily characterized by facial dysmorphism, heart defects and short stature. LEOPARD syndrome (LS) is a rarer but related disorder that associates, roughly, NS symptoms with deafness and cutaneous abnormalities. Both NS and LS belong to the family of "neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous" (NCFC) syndromes, a group of developmental disorders, which display different combinations of the above-mentioned symptoms with mental retardation and tumor predisposition. At least 80% of LS and 50% of NS patients carry germline missense mutations in PTPN11, the gene encoding Shp2. Shp2 is a widely expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that contains Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and promotes Ras-MAPK activation through different molecular mechanisms. Biochemical studies have shown that NS mutations are located at contact points between the catalytic and the SH2 domains and therefore disrupt Shp2 autoinhibitory conformation, stimulating Shp2 catalytic activity (gain-of-function mutations). Conversely, LS mutations are confined within the catalytic domain and repress Shp2 activity. Although genetic studies provided essential advances, how PTPN11 mutations cause the diseases' symptoms remains an open question. We assessed whether LS mutations could influence PI3K activation. To this aim we generated primary and immortalized fibroblast cell lines from LS patient and healthy controls and showed that, in response to EGF stimulation, PI3K/Akt was upregulated in LS cells. This deregulation was due to impaired dephosphorylation of Gab1 PI3K-binding sites by LS mutants. Furthermore, LS mutant promoted PI3K-dependent upregulation of hypertrophy genes in cardiomyocytes, suggesting that this deregulation is involved in LS pathophysiology
Sznajer, Yves. "Etude des manifestations cardiovasculaires chez les patients présentant un syndrome de Noonan porteurs de mutation au sein du gène PTPN11: rôles des gènes de la voie de signalisation des MAP kinases pour les syndromes apparentés." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210210.
Full textAfin d’appréhender les implications possibles du gène PTPN11 dans la survenue des cardiopathies chez les patients porteurs de ces deux syndromes, nous avons conduit une étude chez 272 patients au syndrome de Noonan et une étude chez 19 patients porteurs du syndrome LEOPARD. Parmi la cohorte de patients atteints du syndrome de Noonan, 104 ont été diagnostiqués porteurs d’une mutation du gène (38%). Une prévalence de survenue de cardiopathies affectant les structures droites du cœur se dégage chez les patients identifiés porteurs d’une mutation avec une différence significative pour la SVP, une tendance est relevée pour le canal atrio-ventriculaire et la communication inter-auriculaire de type Ostium Secundum. L’absence de mutation est corrélée avec la survenue de cardiomyopathie hypertrophique et de cardiopathies du cœur gauche. Parmi les patients atteints du syndrome LEOPARD, il n’existe pas de différence statistiquement significative pour les patients porteurs d’une mutation ou non et/ou pour une cardiopathie particulière.
Toutes les mutations identifiées du gène PTPN11 sont des mutations ‘faux-sens’. Ce gène appartient à la famille des gènes codant pour une protéine tyrosyl phosphatase, SHP-2, ne possédant pas de récepteur trans-membranaire. Cette phosphatase est impliquée dans la voie de signalisation cellulaire des MAP (‘Mitogen-activated protein’) kinases dont l’expression est ubiquitaire et inclut le coeur. Depuis nos travaux, le concept de syndrome « neuro-cardio-facio-cutané » est établi puisque, à ce jour, 9 gènes (SOS1, RAF1, BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, NF1, SPRED1 et SHOC2), tous impliqués dans la voie de signalisation RAS (voie des MAP kinases) sont identifiés. Un spectre phénotypique existe avec des signes communs mais aussi distinctifs chez les patients présentant le syndrome de Noonan, le syndrome LEOPARD, le syndrome de Costello, le syndrome Cardio-Facio-Cutané (CFC), le syndrome « Noonan-NF1 », le syndrome de Legius et le syndrome « Noonan/Multiple Giant Cell Lesion ». Nous rapportons enfin l’observation d’une patiente atteinte du syndrome CFC et porteuse d’une mutation (p.R257Q) au sein du gène BRAF ayant développé une cardiomyopathie hypertrophique.
Ces travaux de cohortes de patients au phénotype du syndrome de Noonan, du syndrome LEOPARD et cette dernière description d’une patiente au syndrome CFC ont permis de participer à la découverte de l’implication d’une voie de signalisation cellulaire dont l’origine génétique est maintenant démontrée. Les résultats de nos travaux réalisés depuis 2002 auront permis, avec les équipes travaillant sur le même sujet, d’orienter les investigations et les nouveaux projets de recherche qui étudient spécifiquement le rôle du gène PTPN11 dans l’embryologie du cœur. Les études des orthologues (zebrafish, murin et Drosophila) porteurs à l’état hétérozygote d’une mutation du gène PTPN11 permettent d’intégrer les anomalies phénotypiques et cardiaques observées. Ces études permettent de postuler les effets cellulaires produits par les mutations chez les patients atteints du syndrome de Noonan et chez les patients atteints du syndrome LEOPARD engendrant in vitro une activation de la phosphatase (effet « gain de fonction ») pour les premiers ou une réduction de l’activité phosphatase (« dominant négatif ») mais engendrant un effet gain de fonction in vivo. Nous discutons les connaissances acquises, les compréhensions obtenues et intégrées et traçons enfin les perspectives offertes par ces travaux.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Grootenboer, Sabine. "Nouveau syndrome pléi͏̈otropique : stomatocytose +/-, oedèmes +/-, pseudohyperkaliémie." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA114811.
Full textVigé, Alexandre. "Epigénomique nutritionnelle du syndrome métabolique." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05P602.
Full textEpigenetic changes associated with DNA methylation and histone modifications leading to chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression underlie the developmental programming of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. This review focuses on converging data supporting the hypothesis that, in addition to "thrifty genotype" inheritance, individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases have suffered improper "epigenetic programming" during their fetal/postnatal development due to maternal inadequate nutrition and metabolic disturbances and also during their lifetime, that could even be transmitted to the next generation(s). We highlight the susceptibility of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression to environmental influences due to their inherent malleability, emphasizing the participation of transposable elements and the potential role of imprinted genes during critical time windows in epigenetic programming, from the very beginning of development, throughout life. Increasing our understanding on epigenetic patterns significance and their role in development, evolution and adaptation and on small molecules (nutrients, drugs) that reverse epigenetic (in)activation should provide us with the means to "unlock" silenced (enhanced) genes, and to "convert" the obsolete human thrifty genotype into a "squandering" phenotype
Huang, Hai. "Biophysical Characterization of Three SCN5A Mutations Linked to Long QT Syndrome Type 3, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and Atrial Fibrillation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27250/27250.pdf.
Full textTurcot, Valérie. "Génétique et épigénétique du syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29169/29169.pdf.
Full textHuang, Hai. "Biophysical Characterisation of Two Mutations Causing Long QT Syndrome and Brugada Syndrome." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23724/23724.pdf.
Full textHanna, Nadine. "Maladies héréditaires liées à une dérégulation de la voie Ras-MAPK : Conséquences des mutations de PTPN11 associées au syndrome LEOPARD et étude des corrélations génotype/phénotype dans les syndromes NCFC." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T023.
Full textNeuro-Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous (NCFC) syndromes groups four clinically related developmental disorders: Noonan (NS), LEOPARD (LS), Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous (CFC) and Costello (CS) syndromes. Discovery of PTPNll mutations, coding the phosphatase SHP-2, in NS was the key of the identification of mutations of numerous actors of the Ras-MAPK pathway in the NCFC syndromes. Whereas NS mutations enhance SHP-2 in vitro catalytic activity, we showed that activity of LS mutants is decreased and promote in cellulo Gabl/PI3K binding. How these apparently opposite behaviours of SHP-2 mutants lead to clinically overlapped syndromes still remain to be explained. On the other hand, we performed a genotype/phenotype correlation study in a large NCFC patients cohort. Each of the mutations affecting the Ras-MAPK pathway, by its functional consequences and by the level of the pathway affected, determines a particular symptomatology demonstrating a phenotypic continuum between the clinical entities
Bossé, Yohan. "Genetic Susceptibility to the Metabolic Syndrome." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22151/22151.pdf.
Full textThe metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated cardiovascular risk factors co-occurring in the same individual. People with this syndrome are at increased risk for developing diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, it is important to elucidate the genetic aetiology governing this trait in order to better comprehend its pathogenesis. In the present thesis, heritability and complex segregation analyses as well as candidate gene and genome-wide scan approaches have been applied to shed some lights on the genetic architecture of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components. A total of three candidate genes have been investigated including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPARγ as well as phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP). It has been shown that polymorphisms in both PPARα and PLTP genes are significantly associated with several indices of adiposity. In addition, significant gene-gene interactions have been observed between PPARα and PPARγ on glucose/insulin parameters. It has also been shown that the HDL2-cholesterol response to gemfibrozil therapy is modulated by the PPARα L162V polymorphism. Genome-wide linkage scans have been performed on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Many chromosome regions harbouring lipoprotein/lipid genes have been identified including 1q43, 11q13 q24, 15q26.1, and 19q13.32 for LDL-cholesterol, 12q14.1 for HDL-cholesterol, 2p14, 11p13, and 11q24.1 for triglycerides, 18q21.32 for LDL-apolipoprotein (apo) B, and 3p25.2 for apoAI. The genetic contribution of the variation in LDL peak particle diameter (LDL-PPD) has been also investigated. Overall, the results indicate: 1) that LDL-PPD strongly aggregates within families with heritability estimate above 50%; 2) the existence of a major gene effect affecting the phenotype; and 3) the presence of a major quantitative trait locus located on chromosome 17q. The apo H gene, a positional candidate gene, was then significantly associated with LDL-PPD, suggesting that this gene is responsible for the linkage signal observed on 17q. Finally, factor analyses have been used to construct a quantitative metabolic syndrome variable and a genome-wide linkage scan has been conducted to identify the genomic regions underlying this trait. A major quantitative trait locus has been observed on chromosome 15q suggesting a gene within this region contributing to the clustering of the metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes. Many of these findings must go through independent replication, while others produced new leads that deserve follow-up.
Inscrit au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
Murati, Anne. "Les protéines tyrosine kinases dans les syndromes myéloprolifératifs." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX20686.
Full textAlmeida, Gonçalves Sara de. "Identification of new genes involved in hereditary steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome using next generation sequencing and in vivo functional characterization in drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB030/document.
Full textNephrotic syndrome (NS) is a kidney disease characterized by disruption of the glomerular filtration barrier and the massive loss of proteins into the urine. Although in the majority of cases treatment with steroids leads to remission of the disease, in 15-20% of cases the disease is not responsive to this therapy and is classified as steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). SRNS is a clinical condition with high morbidity leading to progressive renal failure as well as multiple metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Extensive research over the last 20 years has identified more than 40 SRNS causing genes that are crucial for function of the podocyte, a highly specialized kidney epithelial cell. However, the mutated gene is still unknown in about half of the familial cases. We have used exome sequencing to identify new genes mutated in SRNS. In order to prove the pathogenicity of the identified mutations we used the Drosophila model, assessing defects of fly viability and the structure and function of nephrocytes, podocyte like-cells. My thesis work consists of two projects. Firstly, we identified biallelic mutations in a new candidate gene, SGPL1, encoding the sphingosine 1- phosphate lyase, in individuals presenting SRNS with facultative adrenal insufficiency, ichthyosis, neurological defects and immunodeficiency. SGPL1 is the main catabolic enzyme of sphingolipids, irreversibly degrading sphingosine 1-phosphate into phosphoethanolamine and hexadecenal. In flies, these mutations were shown to decrease viability, induce nephrocyte defects and lead to the accumulation of sphingoid bases due to the loss of SGPL1 catabolic activity. Together, these results indicate that the identified SGPL1 mutations are pathogenic and cause a new syndromic form of SRNS. Moreover, in a second project, we defined the contribution of homozygous mutations found in two different genes, ADD3 and KAT2B, to a complex phenotype found in affected individuals from one consanguineous family. These individuals presented with neurological defects, cataracts, mild skeletal defects, cardiomyopathy and SRNS. ADD3 encodes adduciny, an F-actin capping protein that also links the actin cytoskeleton to the spectrin based membrane skeleton, while KAT2B encodes the lysine acetyltransferase 2B, mainly known for acetylation of histones and modulation of transcriptional programs. We found additional nonrelated patients carrying only biallelic ADD3 mutations that presented a partially overlapping syndrome but with no cardiac or renal manifestations. In the Drosophila model we found that both ADD3 and KAT2B mutations impaired fly viability and that the ADD3 mutation also impaired fly motor function. However, only the KAT2B mutation induced functional defects in Drosophila heart and nephrocytes. Altogether, these results suggest that ADD3 mutations are responsible for a neurological phenotype with facultative cataracts and skeletal defects while the KAT2B mutation induces heart and kidney defects. These results highlight the Drosophila as a good in vivo model to test the pathogenicity of the mutations found in SRNS candidate genes
Dury, Alain. "Étude de la compartimentalisation de sous-populations de la Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein au sein de la cellule." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27704.
Full textFragile X syndrome, a monogenic disease linked to the chromosome X, is the first cause of inherited mental retardation. The syndrome affects about one out of 4000 man, and one out of 6000 woman. Fragile X is caused by the inactivation of the Fragile X Mental retardation (FMR1) gene, leading to the absence of its product, the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). The absence of FMRP, an RNA binding protein, is believed to cause translation dysregulation and defects in mRNA transport essential for local protein synthesis and for synaptic development and maturation. It is accepted that FMRP possesses a nuclear localisation signal (NLS), and a nuclear export signal (NES), allowing the protein to enter the nucleus, and possibly to exit from it as well. However, available antibodies do not allow to study the nuclear localisation of FMRP. Thanks to a new generation of monospecific antibodies developed in our laboratory, we were able to study the cytoplasmic and the nuclear distribution of FMRP. I will therefore shortly develop the fate of cytoplasmic FMRP (cFMRP) in neurons, and I will characterise the nuclear FMRP (nFMRP) that has been sought after for many years. nFMRP consists in particular nuclear FMRP isoforms that localize to Cajal bodies, structures described more than a century ago by the famous neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal. Data presented here also raise doubts on the nucleocytoplasmic traficking model, which relies on very few evidence. The discovery of nFMRP could have great implication in the Fragile X domain, opening a whole new field of investigation on the role of FMRP in the cell nucleus, and therefore on the consequences of its absence in patients.
Barc, Julien. "Génétique des troubles de la repolarisation ventriculaire : nouveaux concepts." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=f1bba90a-8592-47d3-8bee-6af0f6c6d4e6.
Full textSudden cardiac death (SD) without structural heart disease affects about 12 to 20000 individuals each year in Europe. These sudden deaths concern mostly young population who died of a primary cardiac arrhythmia. Several studies have been lead on mendelian forms at high risk of SD such as long QT syndrome (LQTS), short QT syndrome (SQTS) and Brugada syndrome (BrS). The identification of genes in LQTS allowed us to explain arrhythmia pathophysiology and a better management for patients. However molecular diagnosis stay lacking within 25% of LQTS patients. A pangenomic approach by CGH array shows 3 deletions in KCNQ1 and KCNH2 genes, two of them concern KCNH2 gene, one take all of gene, the second is partial and was inherited in 6 patients on 3 generations. The SQTS is a rare and heterogeneous cardiopathy, 5 genes explain all of 8 cases reported today. A clinic and molecular study of new families affected by SQTS lead to identification of mutation in CACNA1C and SLC22A5 genes, suggesting a new molecular mechanism. Conversely of LQTS, a main gene (SCN5A) is associated with BrS. However SCN5A dot not constitute discerning marker for risk-stratification of SD. We evaluate the real implication of SCN5A gene in Brugada syndrome by 5 large families study in which the phenotype do not correlate with genotype. Our new molecular results suggest rather oligogenic model
Aury-Landas, Juliette. "Déterminisme génétique du syndrome de Li-Fraumeni : impact des mutations du gène TP53 et contribution des variations du nombre de copies d'ADN." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES003.
Full textBesnard, Thomas. "Syndrome de Usher : outils innovants pour une exploration moléculaire exhaustive." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13512/document.
Full textUsher syndrome is a genetic disorder combining sensorineural hearing loss (HL) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Some patients will also exhibit vestibular areflexia (VA). Clinical and genetic heterogeneity is recognized as the 3 clinical subgroups, defined mainly on the degree of HL and VA, can be caused by mutations in one of the 10 known genes. It is important to use all accessible genetic tools to identify and characterize molecular origin in order to improve the knowledge of the physiopathological mechanisms causing Usher Syndrome.In this context, we have developed an exhaustive approach. In a first step, we have implemented the analysis and established the mutational spectrum of the 2 minor USH2 genes (GPR98 and DFNB31). In addition, we have developed several tools, in particular to study variants susceptible to alter splicing or lying in the promoter regions of the USH2 genes.Thanks to this work, the USH2 mutation detection rate has now been raised to 90%, similar to that of USH1.We have then designed a targeted exome of the Usher genes to be sequenced using the GS Junior system (Roche 454). The aim of the study was to test the feasibility of this new technics for a possible transfer to diagnostic facilities. Quality criteria and variant priorization were set up on a control cohort (previously studied in one of the USH gene). The study has then been extended on a patient cohort. Our results indicate that NGS Usher-exome can be used in molecular diagnostics but improvement of the reliability of the sequencing technology, bioinformatics tools and dedicated databases is essential
Dumanchin-Njock, Cécile. "Les Formes autosomiques dominantes de la maladie d'Alzheimer et des démences frontotemporales associées à un syndrome parkinsonien : analyse moléculaire et fonctionnelle des gènes PS1 et tau." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES063.
Full textDelépine, Chloé. "Les microtubules, cibles potentielles pour le traitement du syndrome de Rett." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC153.
Full textRett syndrome (Ri I) is a severe neurodevelopmental encephalopathy affecting almost exclusively girls with an incidence of 1/15000 female birth. In more than 95% of the typical cases, Rett syndrome is associated with a mutation in the MECP2 gene (methyl-CpG binding protein 2) coding for a modulator of gene expression. Here we show that alteration of microtubule network stability in astrocytes and skin fibroblasts is a cellular phenotype associated with Mecp2/MECP2 deficiency. This alteration of microtubule dynamics triggers cellular dysfunctions in Mecp2-deficient astrocytes such as disorganization of microtubule dependent vesicular transport. Disturbances of microtubule dynamics and vesicular transport have been corrected in vitro in human and mouse astrocytes by a treatment with low level of epothilone D, a microtubule stabilizer. Moreover, a first try of in vivo epothilone D treatment was realized and indicated a beneficial effet of this molecule on Mecp2-deficient mite exploratory behavior
Blauvac, Denis. "Ataxie cérébelleuse familiale à forme autosomique dominante : discussion à propos d'une famille." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11155.
Full textDombrowski, Christian. "Génération et caractérisation d'anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre la protéine FMR1 et leur utilisation pour le diagnostic du syndrome X-fragile." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21058/21058.pdf.
Full textMeeus, Anne de. "Génétique des troubles de conduction cardiaque." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON11044.
Full textMênard, Jean-Christophe. "Le syndrome de Lynch : aspects génétiques du cancer colorectal : à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M003.
Full textAït, El Mkadem Samira. "Déterminisme génétique de la résistance à l'insuline : identification de défauts moléculaires dans le syndrome des ovaires polykistiques, l'obésité et le diabète sucré." Saint-Etienne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STET004T.
Full textMacari, Françoise. "Déterminisme génétique de la résistance à l'insuline : identification de défauts moléculaires dans les syndromes de type A, d'Alström et des ovaires polykystiques." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON13505.
Full textAngers, Martin. "Les facteurs de transcription impliqués dans la régulation de l'expression du gène du retard mental lié à l'X fragile-1 et du gène du récepteur B1 des bradykinines." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17873.
Full textNshimyumukiza, Léon. "Cell-free DNA-based noninvasive prenatal screening for Down syndrome in the Quebec healthcare system : health economic aspects." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27889.
Full textIntroduction: In the Province of Quebec, about 110,000 pregnant women are eligible to voluntary prenatal screening for trisomy 21(T21). Conventional screening strategies select about 4% of women for invasive fetal chromosome testing. Noninvasive prenatal testing using maternal blood cell-free DNA (NIPT) is a new highly accurate screening strategy that could reduce these invasive procedures but evidence about its health economic aspects (cost-effectiveness and affordability) is still lacking. Objectives: The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the expected health economic aspects of introducing NIPT into the Quebec trisomy 21 screening program. The first study systematically reviewed the literature of full economic evaluation studies on NIPT. The second study evaluated the expected cost-effectiveness of screening strategies incorporating NIPT, as well as conventional screening strategies. The third study evaluated the expected budget impact of implementing NIPT into the Quebec trisomy 21 screening program. Methodology: A systematic review of literature was performed for the first study. For the second and third studies, semi-Markov decision-analytic models were built to simulate the cost-effectiveness and the budget impact of NIPT for a virtual cohort of pregnant women similar to that of Quebec in terms of age and pregnancy rate by age. The main outcome for the cost-effectiveness analysis was the incremental cost per additional trisomy 21 detected. The main outcome for the budget impact analysis was the difference in the overall costs between the two alternatives: the current screening strategy vs. the most cost-effective strategy incorporating NIPT). Results: The first study included 16 studies. Results show that compared to current screening practice a universal NIPT screening program is not cost-effective. A program that offers NIPT to high risk pregnant women was found to be the most cost-effective option in the majority of studies included. The second study showed that NIPT as a second-tier test for high-risk women is cost-effective compared to screening algorithms not including NIPT. Out of 13 strategies compared, the integrated serum screening strategy followed by NIPT was the most cost-effective strategy. Other strategies can improve the number of T21 cases identified, but with increasing incremental costs per case (from $ 61,623 to $1,553,615). Results were sensitive to NIPT cost and cut-offs considered to determine high risk pregnant women. The third study found that NIPT as a second-tier test offered to high-risk women identified by the current screening program is affordable for the Quebec health care system. Compared to the current screening program, this strategy could be implemented at a neutral cost considering a modest yearly saving of $80,432 (95% CI: $79,874-$81,462). Results were sensitive to the NIPT costs and the uptake-rate of invasive diagnostic tests. Conclusion: NIPT as a second-tier test offered to high-risk women identified by the current screening program is cost-effective and affordable for the Quebec health care system. Decision makers should consider its introduction after considerations of others aspects such as ethical issues.
Gérard, Aude. "Profils psychologiques de personnes porteuses d'une maladie génétique et présentant des déficits cognitifs." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10017.
Full textGuillaudat, Edith. "Encéphalopathie familiale, progressive avec calcifications intra-craniennes. Syndrome de Fahr ?" Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2MO75.
Full textAkintayo, Ayodélé. "Caractérisation de mutations ponctuelles dans les domaines KH de la protéine FMRP." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27110/27110.pdf.
Full textProslier, Dominique. "L'atteinte rénale dans le syndrone branchio-oto-rénal." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11145.
Full textBégin, Stéphanie. "Étude de variations génétiques et épigénétiques de gènes candidats des complications métaboliques de l'obésité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26948.
Full textObesity is now a major problem worldwide. Its associated morbidity is mostly related to the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia (low HDL-C concentration and high concentration of TG), hyperglycemia and obesity. However, some obese subjects remain metabolically healthy. Genetic has thus been established as playing a major role in the development of obesity and its complications. Epigenetic factors may also be involved. The analysis of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was thus done and led to the discovery of several differentially expressed and methylated genes between groups of obese affected and unaffected with MetS. The two candidate genes NMT1 and DGKZ were part of these and their associations with components of MetS were tested, as well as their methylation and expression levels.
Kaddoum, Lara. "La protéine MeCP2 : étude de son implication dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN et développement de nouveaux outils pour sa détection." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1683/.
Full textRett syndrome is a severe and progressive X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1/10000 female birth. RTT is caused by mutations in the mecp2 gene, encoding the Methyl CpG binding Protein 2. MeCP2 binds to methylated DNA and has several roles in: transcription activation or repression, chromatin remodeling, alternative splicing of mRNA. . . Initially, my thesis project was to explore the hypothesis that MeCP2 may be able to transfer between cells. My results suggest that this phenomenon appears after cell fixation with acetone and doesn't occur in vivo. This work, however, allowed us to develop a new staining method to detect and localize proteins in mammalian cells using the split-GFP system. Within the frame of this project, I have also produced antibodies specific for each of the two MeCP2 isoforms. These novel antibodies should prove to be interesting tools to understand the role of each isoform in the pathology of Rett syndrome. More recently, my work was focalized on the relationship between MeCP2 and DNA damage. I was able to show that MeCP2 accumulates on DNA damage. Future work will be aimed at understanding the mechanisms involved in this newly uncovered function of MeCP2, and will hopefully improve our understanding of Rett syndrome pathogenesis
Moncoucy, Florence. "Le syndrome de Rett : à propos de trois cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M113.
Full textNicolas, Elsa. "Identification du gène responsable du syndrome CAMOS, une forme autosomique récessive d'ataxie cérébelleuse congénitale non progressive." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20707.
Full textBertrand, Clotilde. "Aspects cliniques et génétiques des cutis laxa congénitales : à propos du syndrome de Costello et du syndrome de De Barsy." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23081.
Full textGuenat, David. "Etude de la prédisposition génétique au cancer dans le syndrome de Williams-Beuren." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA3008.
Full textWilliams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion at 7q11.23. The case of a young girl with WBS who developed a Burkitt lymphoma at the age of 7 leads us to explore the genetic link between WBS and cancer. The study of a series of cancers occurred in WBS patients during childhood have shown that B-cell non hodgkin lymphoma are over-represented in this population since 73% cancer cases in WBS were B-NHL. The critical region of WBS was explored by array-CGH and high-throughput sequencing in normal and tumor samples from WBS patients. No loss of heterozygosity at 7q11.23 was found. ln addition, a somatic deletion at 7q11.23 was observed in a sporadic case of Burkitt lymphoma (Guenat D et al., J Hematol Oncol, 2014). DNA damage response mechanisms were then explored in primary fibroblast cell lines derived from WBS patients as well as in 293T cell line treated with siRNA targeting RFC2, GTF2/ and BAZ1 B, 3 genes mapping at 7q11.23 that encode proteins involved in DNA damage response. WBS patients cell lines have shown a defect in ATM/ ATR-dependent DNA damage response pathways (Guenat D et al., DNA Repair, article submitted). Haploinsufficiency of the 7q11.23 region associated with WBS might play a role in B-cell lymphomagenesis through the alteration of ATM/ATR-dependent DNA damage response pathways. However, these results deserve to be confirmed in mouse models that reproduce the complete genotype of human WBS. Finally, strong epidemiological data would be required to confirm the predisposition to cancer in WBS patients
Affentranger, Sandra. "Les néoplasies endocriniennes multiples de type I : étude d'une famille et revue de la littérature." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON11015.
Full textCécille, Agnès. "Etude moléculaire des exons 8 et 9 du gène WT1 dans le syndrome de Denys-Drash et les scléroses mésangiales isolées." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P074.
Full textAumailley, Lucie. "Étude de modèles murins du syndrome de Werner : Impact de la vitamine C sur l'état de santé de souris synthétisant une protéine Wrn mutante, mal-localisée, impliquée dans le syndrome de Werner." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33973.
Full textFor an aging individual, the gradual buildup of a huge number of molecular tiny faults combined with repair defects lead to the possible appearance of various age-related pathologies. Segmental progeroid syndromes like the Werner syndrome partly phenocopy the observations collected from classical aging process of individuals. To date, 83 different mutations affecting the WRN gene are known and result in premature onset of cataracts, graying and hair loss, osteoporosis, type II diabetes and atherosclerosis. Even if the WRN protein plays a major role in the metabolism nuclear genome, the links which relate the loss of a functional WRN protein to the development of ageassociated diseases are not clearly defined. The existence of a mice orthologue of the WRN protein has made possible the genesis of two Werner syndrome mice models. Even without any synthesis of the Wrn protein, Wrn-/- mice do not display any severe pathologies or a shorter lifespan. In contrast, WrnΔhel/Δhel mice produced a Wrn protein lacking part of the helicase domain, the WrnΔhel protein. These mice exhibit many phenotypic features of the Werner syndrome which result in the reduction of their lifespan. The research project associated to this doctoral thesis aimed to characterise different stresses and dysfunctions which differentiate these two mice models and which may explain the dichotomy between their health status. The discovery of the complete loss of enzymatic functions of the WrnΔhel protein, but also its subcellular mislocalization, is a key outcome of the project. Thus, unlike Wrn-/- mice, beside losing a nuclear Wrn protein, WrnΔhel/Δhel mice gain a mutated WrnΔhel protein that is potentially toxic for the proper function of cytoplasmic compartments such as peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. At the age of four/five months, the mislocalized WrnΔhel protein leads to proteome changes and oxidative stress into the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes which response through some key actors of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Interestingly, one previous study has shown that, despite their ability to produce their own ascorbate thanks to the gulonolactone oxidase (Gulo), an additional ascorbate supplementation (0.4% (w/v) added to drinking water of WrnΔhel/Δhel mice since weaning, prevents the emergence of pathologies and extends the lifespan of mice. This doctoral thesis has given evidence that, even if this exogenous ascorbate supplementation did not change the quantity and mislocalization of the WrnΔhel protein, the higher availability of this anti-oxidant and this co-factor succeeds to fill all subcellular requirements in order to fight efficiently against oxidative stress and to contribute to the acquisition of a functional proteome. Since patients from Werner syndrome do not synthesize de novo ascorbate and because this endogenous synthesis in WrnΔhel/Δhel mice makes the assessment of ascorbate on the health of mice difficult to precisely decipher, another objective from this research project was to generate a new mice model which relies entirely on exogenous vitamin C source because of the knockout of the mouse Gulo gene. The gain of a mislocalized WrnΔhel protein and the inability to produce ascorbate drastically impact on the lifespan, metabolic and immune profile of WrnΔhel/Δhel/Gulo-/- mice treated with 0.01% vitamin C. Moreover, these mice are sterile, display testicular hypogonadism and suffer from profound osteopenia like patients with the Werner syndrome. The increased vitamin C requirements of these mice lead to an hypovitaminosis C which is even more severe than Gulo-/- mice under the same ascorbate treatment. This deficiency is reflected at subcellular level in the outbreak of a pronounced hepatic oxidative stress and the exacerbated activation of actors of the UPR. The 0.4% vitamin C supplementation delivered to WrnΔhel/Δhel/Gulo-/- mice succeeded to extend their lifespan and to counteract subcellular stresses but intriguingly established, at the age of four/five months, a metabolic profile reminiscent to the one observed in 20 months old WT mice. Overall, the results from this doctoral project unravel the impact of vitamin C on health status of mice models for the Werner syndrome.
Chatel, Stéphanie. "Anomalies de la repolarisation cardiaque et troubles de la conduction chez l'enfant : identification de nouveaux gènes." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT32VS.
Full textSudden cardiac death on structurally normal heart affects nearly 20 000 individuals each year in Europe. These sudden deaths concern mostly young people who died from a primary cardiac arrhythmia. Among these sudden deaths, several are hereditary as early repolarization syndrome, Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome and congenital auriculoventricular block. Molecular studies are lead on these cardiac diseases. My work was to identify molecular basis of theses syndromes. My research identified the first gene (KCNJ8) involved in the early repolarization syndrome and highlight genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome. My work has also demonstrated the role of a new gene, TRPM4, in Brugada syndrome and congenital auriculoventricular block (AVB), raising the overlapping nature of these pathologies. Finally, after a genome wide association study, my work has enabled the detection of rare variants in genes associated with the QT interval duration in a population of patients with long QT syndrome
Laroche, Mélissa. "Lien entre la prééclampsie et les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire : étude de gènes impliqués dans le processus inflammatoire et associés au syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26217/26217.pdf.
Full textPreeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy complication characterized by increased blood pressure and proteinuria, is associated with significant maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent studies suggest that women who suffered from PE are at increased risk of long term cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and that the link between these two entities could be explained by the metabolic syndrome (MS). As inflammation appears to be a major element involved as much in PE than in MS and CVD, our research aimed to investigate the potential association between genetic variations in candidate genes involved in the inflammatory process and PE risk in a study sample that included 307 women who suffered from PE and 603 matched controls. In this regard, we analysed known polymorphisms of interleukin-1α (IL-1α; 4845G>T), interleukin-6 (IL-6; -174C>G), interleukin-10 (IL-10; -1082A>G, -2849G>A), TNF-α (TNF-α; -308G>A, -857C>T) and TNF-α receptors (TNFRІ 36A>G, TNFRІІ 676T>G) genes. Our results suggest the presence of a dose-effect of the combination of genes involved in the inflammatory process on the risk of PE.
Espiard, Stéphanie. "Génétique de l'hyperplasie macronodulaire des surrénales : identification et caractérisation du gène ARMC5." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB076/document.
Full textPrimary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is a rare cause of adrenal Cushing’s syndrome and bilateral adrenal tumors. We suspected a genetic origin of the disease on the basis of the report of some familial cases and the involvement of both adrenal glands. The aim of this study was to find a genetic cause of non syndromic PBMAH. To look at chromosomal abnormalities, we use single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and microsatellite markers analysis in a first series of 33 patients all operated for PBMAH. We realize whole genome sequencing of 5 patients (blood and tumor DNAs matched). Then we genotyped by Sanger sequencing the gene Armadillo Repeat Containing 5 (ARMC5) in this first series and 66 additional patients. Clinical data were collected to establish genotype-phenotype correlation. In addition, the cohort of patients of our collaborators at the National Institute Health (Dr. Stratakis, Bethesda, USA) was studied. The effects of ARMC5 inactivation and overexpression and the partners of the protein were sought in cell-culture models. The most frequent somatic alteration was a loss of heterozygosity at 16p observed in tumors of 25% of the patients. The gene ARMC5, located at 16p11.2, was the most frequently mutated by whole genome sequencing: a mutation was found in 4/5 patients. 55% of the patients of the first cohort (33 patients treated by adrenalectomy for PBMAH) had ARMC5 alteration. One patient presented with germline microdeletion of the locus identified by SNP array. Every patient had two events: either a mutation or a deletion at the germline level, either a second mutation or a LOH at the somatic level. We showed that the two events were present on different alleles suggesting that ARMC5 is a tumor suppressor gene. In addition, we showed for several patients that the second hit was different in each adrenal nodules of a same patient. This first cohort included only operated patients with serious forms of the disease. The study of the American cohort and the analysis of the total cohort of our lab including non-operated patients and milder forms showed an alteration of ARMC5 in about 25% of the patients. Genotype-phenotype correlation showed that ARMC5 defects are associated with younger age at the diagnosis, higher hypercortisolism, bigger adrenals and higher number of nodules. In addition, a mutation of ARMC5 was shown in a patient with a PBMAH secreting both aldosterone and cortisol. Analysis of a series of patient affected by primary hyperaldosteronism suggested that ARMC5 may be associated with hypertension especially in African-American subjet. Overexpression of ARMC5 leads in vitro to cell apoptosis. We showed that this apoptosis was reduced when transfecting vector harboring missense mutations or single amino-acid deletion found in our cohort. Invalidation of ARMC5 leads to a decreased steroidogenic enzymes expression, cortisol production and reduced protein kinase A (PKA) activity. We showed that ARMC5 interacts with the calaytic subunit alpha of the PKA dissociated from the cAMP-bound regulatory subunits. More than one quarter of sporadic PBMAH patients present a pathogenic germline ARMC5 defect and these index cases present a more severe disease. Systematic genotyping of ARMC5 may help for early diagnosis of PBMAH, familial counseling, and patients’ management. ARMC5 appears to be a new regulator of PKA and might represent a new target for the development of pharmacological agents controlling PKA function and cortisol production
Tournier, Isabelle. "Mécanismes d'inactivation des gènes impliqués dans les deux formes majeures de prédisposition héréditaire aux cancers : la prédisposition aux cancers du sein et de l'ovaire et le cancer colorectal héréditaire non polyposique (HNPCC) ou syndrome de Lynch." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUE04NR.
Full textNectoux, Juliette. "Exploration des mécanismes physiopathlogiques à l'origine du syndrome de Rett." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T056.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
Le, Hellard Stéphanie. "Cartographie génétique de facteurs de susceptibilité à l'épilepsie myoclonique juvénile et étude de l'implication du récepteur nicotinique neuronal à l'acétylcholine dans les épilepsies idiopathiques." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20272.
Full textGadan, Christine. "Microdélétions 22 q 11. 21-q 11. 23, CATCH 22 et variabilité du syndrome de Di George." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M149.
Full textSchneider, Anne. "Étude fonctionnelle de la protéine kinase RSK2 dans l’hippocampe du modèle murin du syndrome de Coffin Lowry." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6026.
Full textMutations in the gene encoding RSK2 lead to the Coffin Lowry Syndrome, a syndromic X-linked mental retardation. Although the study of the CLS mouse model suggests that RSK2 is involved in synaptic plasticity and transmission, the physiopathological mechanism is not yet understood. The aim of my Ph-D was to investigate the RSK2 functions in these cellular processes, in the hippocampus. A comparison of WT and KO murin transcriptomes allows us to identify 100 deregulated genes in the absence of RSK2. In particular, we observed an increased expression of GluR2, especially at the surface of the synapses. A decrease of the basal AMPARs synaptic transmission has thus been measured in KO mice. Moreover, an increased level of P-ERK1/2 has been observed in KO neurons. Their deregulation increases the activity of transcriptional factors, like CREB and ELK1. A higher induction of the expression of several immediate early genes was also identified. The maturation of dendritic spines is also altered in KO neurons, as well as the polymerization state of the actin cytoskeleton. Our results suggest the involvement of Cofilin deregulation in this phenotype. Beside this, electrophysiological analyses revealed a potential decrease of NMDARs transmission. Our study allowed us to confirm the function of RSK2 in synaptic plasticity and transmission, in the post-synaptic compartment of hippocampal neurons. An alteration of these processes can thus intervene in the CLS physiopathological mechanism. However, RSK2 plays a role at several levels, that’s why the molecular and cellular mechanism of this mental retardation is still unclear
Lachapelle, Sophie. "Identification de nouveaux partenaires protéiques de la protéine WERNER." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28276/28276.pdf.
Full textMellaoui, Samia. "Rôle de la protéine FMRP dans la formation et le dynamisme des granules à ARN." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29529/29529.pdf.
Full textLabbé, Adam. "Profil d'expression des fibroblastes de souris embryonnaires avec une suppression dans le domaine hélicase de l'homologue du gène Werner traité avec du peroxyde d'hydrogène." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28800/28800.pdf.
Full textMeulemans, Laetitia. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de variations splicéogéniques à l'origine d'anomalies d'épissage en phase dans des gènes de prédisposition aux cancers : implications en génétique médicale Skipping nonsense to maintain function : the paradigm of BRCA2 Exon 12 Functional characterization of MSH2 variants resulting into in-frame splicing alterations." Thesis, Normandie, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NORMR008.
Full textToday, the major challenge in medical genetics is the clinical interpretation of nucleotide variants detected in a patient’s genome. In the context of a monogenic disease, the identification of the pathogenic variant allows the optimization of the medical care of patients and their relatives. Nonsense variations as well as those located at the canonical splice sites (IVS±1/2) are generally considered pathogenic. However, it is possible that a fraction of them induce in-frame splicing anomalies that can potentially result in the production of a functional protein. To test this hypothesis, we used as model systems two major cancer-predisposition genes: BRCA2, implicated in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome and MSH2, involved in Lynch syndrome. We took advantage of complementary experimental approaches to characterize the impact of this type of variants not only in RNA splicing but also at the protein level. Our study on BRCA2 demonstrated that a subset of IVS±1/2 and nonsense variants (i) induce in-frame skipping of exon 12 via the modification of splice sites or of splicing regulatory elements and (ii) are able to maintain BRCA2 activity though being hypomorphic. These data provide the first evidence, in a cancer-predisposition gene, that certain presumed null variants can bypass total loss of function due to their impact on splicing. Thus our findings call into question the pathogenic nature of these variants. In our study on MSH2 IVS±1/2 variants, we characterized three biotypes of in-frame splicing defects responsible for deletions or insertions at the protein level in different MSH2 functional domains: (i) exon skipping, (ii) deletions of exonic portions and (iii) intron retentions. All the MSH2 protein isoforms resulting from these spliceogenic variants were found to be inactive, thus confirming their pathogenic classification. Altogether, our findings highlight the need to exercise caution in the interpretation of putative pathogenic variants susceptible to induce in-frame splicing modifications. In this context, the combination of complementary experimental approaches assessing the biological impact at the RNA and protein level is essential for a reliable interpretation of this type of variants. Furthermore, our results stress the problem of the clinical interpretation of hypomorphic variants in cancer-predisposition genes