Journal articles: 'Norfolk Island Population'

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Mackey, David A., Justin C. Sherwin, Lisa S. Kearns, Yaling Ma, John Kelly, Byoung-Sun Chu, Robert MacMillan, et al. "The Norfolk Island Eye Study (NIES): Rationale, Methodology and Distribution of Ocular Biometry (Biometry of the Bounty)." Twin Research and Human Genetics 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.14.1.42.

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Aim:To describe the recruitment, ophthalmic examination methods and distribution of ocular biometry of participants in the Norfolk Island Eye Study, who were individuals descended from the English Bounty mutineers and their Polynesian wives.Methods:All 1,275 permanent residents of Norfolk Island aged over 15 years were invited to participate, including 602 individuals involved in a 2001 cardiovascular disease study. Participants completed a detailed questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive eye assessment including stereo disc and retinal photography, ocular coherence topography and conjunctival autofluorescence assessment. Additionally, blood or saliva was taken for DNA testing.Results:781 participants aged over 15 years were seen (54% female), comprising 61% of the permanent Island population. 343 people (43.9%) could trace their family history to the Pitcairn Islanders (Norfolk Island Pitcairn Pedigree). Mean anterior chamber depth was 3.32mm, mean axial length (AL) was 23.5mm, and mean central corneal thickness was 546 microns. There were no statistically significant differences in these characteristics between persons with and without Pitcairn Island ancestry. Mean intra-ocular pressure was lower in people with Pitcairn Island ancestry: 15.89mmHg compared to those without Pitcairn Island ancestry 16.49mmHg (P= .007). The mean keratometry value was lower in people with Pitcairn Island ancestry (43.22 vs. 43.52,P= .007). The corneas were flatter in people of Pitcairn ancestry but there was no corresponding difference in AL or refraction.Conclusion:Our study population is highly representative of the permanent population of Norfolk Island. Ocular biometry was similar to that of other white populations. Heritability estimates, linkage analysis and genome-wide studies will further elucidate the genetic determinants of chronic ocular diseases in this genetic isolate.

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McEvoy, B. P., Z. Z. Zhao, S. Macgregor, C. Bellis, R. A. Lea, H. Cox, G. W. Montgomery, L. R. Griffiths, and P. M. Visscher. "European and Polynesian admixture in the Norfolk Island population." Heredity 105, no. 2 (December 9, 2009): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2009.175.

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Garnett, Stephen T., Penny Olsen, Stuart H. M. Butchart, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Did hybridization save the Norfolk Island boobook owl Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata?" Oryx 45, no. 4 (October 2011): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311000871.

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AbstractThe population of the Norfolk Island boobook owl Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata, a nocturnal bird restricted to the Australian territory of Norfolk Island, was reduced to a single female in 1986. Deliberate introduction of two males of its nearest relative, the New Zealand boobook N. n. novaeseelandiae, as a conservation intervention has allowed the taxon to persist on Norfolk Island, albeit in hybrid form. Although declared Extinct in 2000, a re-examination of this unique situation has concluded there is a strong argument that the taxon should be categorized as Critically Endangered because, on average, approximately half the nuclear genome of the original taxon and all the mitochondrial DNA is conserved in all living owls on the island. This thus represents a special case in which the taxon can be considered to be extant, in hybrid form, even though no pure-bred individuals survive. More generally, we suggest that, in exceptional cases, hybridization may not be a threat to highly threatened species and that guidelines are needed to determine when to consider hybrid populations as extant forms of the original taxon, and when to declare extinction through hybridization.

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DUTSON, GUY. "Population densities and conservation status of Norfolk Island forest birds." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 3 (March 9, 2012): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270912000081.

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SummaryThree weeks of intensive surveys in Norfolk Island National Park in 2009 failed to find White-chested White-eye Zosterops albogularis and it was calculated that there was a less than 17% probability that a population of 10 birds had been overlooked. The last multi-observer record of this species was in 1978, and it is recommended that the species’ IUCN Red List status of “Critically Endangered” is tagged as “Possibly Extinct”. During these surveys, the population densities of seven bird species were calculated from 352 independent point counts. Causes of imprecision and bias were investigated, suggesting a small underestimation. Other species were recorded too infrequently, or their distributions were too biased, for analysis. The population densities of the extant endemic taxa were relatively high and suggest no current declines, and the population estimates were consistent with previous studies. This study recommends monitoring most species by point counts, or line transects if resources are limited, supplemented with specific monitoring of Tasman (Norfolk Island) Parakeet Cyanoramphus cookii, Pacific Robin Petroica multicolor, Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae and seabirds. Ongoing monitoring of these birds is needed to help inform management of the National Park and the island in general, given their small population sizes and their likely susceptibility to rat and cat predation, competition from alien species and drought.

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Bellis, C., H. C. Cox, M. Ovcaric, K. N. Begley, R. A. Lea, S. Quinlan, D. Burgner, S. C. Heath, J. Blangero, and L. R. Griffiths. "Linkage disequilibrium analysis in the genetically isolated Norfolk Island population." Heredity 100, no. 4 (December 19, 2007): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6801083.

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Bellis, C., H. C. Cox, T. D. Dyer, J. C. Charlesworth, K. N. Begley, S. Quinlan, R. A. Lea, S. C. Heath, J. Blangero, and L. R. Griffiths. "Linkage mapping of CVD risk traits in the isolated Norfolk Island population." Human Genetics 124, no. 5 (October 31, 2008): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-008-0580-y.

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Rodriguez-Acevedo, Astrid J., Bridget H. Maher, Rodney A. Lea, Miles Benton, and Lyn R. Griffiths. "Association of oestrogen-receptor gene (ESR1) polymorphisms with migraine in the large Norfolk Island pedigree." Cephalalgia 33, no. 14 (May 14, 2013): 1139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102413486321.

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Background Oestrogen receptor 1 ( ESR1) is located in region 6q25.1 and encodes a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding and transcription activation. Progesterone receptor ( PGR) is located in 11q22-23 and mediates the role of progesterone interacting with different transcriptional co-regulators. ESR1 and PGR have previously been implicated in migraine susceptibility. Here, we report the results of an association study of these genes in a migraine pedigree from the genetic isolate of Norfolk Island, a population descended from a small number of Isle of Man “Bounty Mutineer” and Tahitian founders. Methods A significant number of molecular markers in the ESR1 (143) and PGR (43) genes were evaluated in a sample of 285 related individuals (135 males; 150 females). A pedigree-based analysis in the GenABEL package was used to analyse the results. Results and conclusions A total of 10 markers in the ESR1 gene showed association with migraine ( p < 0.05) in the Norfolk Island population. No association was detected with PGR. Three haplotypes in ESR1 were found to be associated with migraine ( p = 0.004, 0.03, 0.005). Future genetic studies in larger populations and expression analysis are required to clarify the role of ESR1 in migraine susceptibility.

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Rodriguez-Acevedo, A. J., M. A. Ferreira, Miles C. Benton, Melanie A. Carless, Harald H. Goring, Joanne E. Curran, John Blangero, R. A. Lea, and L. R. Griffiths. "Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of migraine in the Norfolk Island population." Human Genetics 134, no. 10 (July 29, 2015): 1079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-015-1587-9.

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Malfroy, Samuel F., John M. K. Roberts, Sabine Perrone, Glynn Maynard, and Nadine Chapman. "A pest and disease survey of the isolated Norfolk Island honey bee (Apis mellifera) population." Journal of Apicultural Research 55, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2016.1189676.

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Sherwin, J. C., A. W. Hewitt, L. S. Kearns, M. T. Coroneo, L. R. Griffiths, and D. A. Mackey. "Distribution of conjunctival ultraviolet autoflourescence in a population-based study: the Norfolk Island Eye Study." Eye 25, no. 7 (April 15, 2011): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2011.83.

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Bellis, Claire, Roger M. Hughes, Kimberly N. Begley, Sharon Quinlan, Rod A. Lea, Simon C. Heath, John Blangero, and Lyn R. Griffiths. "Phenotypical Characterisation of the Isolated Norfolk Island Population Focusing on Epidemiological Indicators of Cardiovascular Disease." Human Heredity 60, no. 4 (2005): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090545.

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Showler, Dave A., Isabelle M. Côté, and Carl G. Jones. "Population census and habitat use of Rodrigues Warbler Acrocephalus rodericanus." Bird Conservation International 12, no. 3 (September 2002): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270902002137.

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The Endangered Rodrigues Warbler Acrocephalus rodericanus is endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Rodrigues, one of the world's most devastated tropical islands, its native forest having been completely destroyed since human colonization three centuries ago. It is now found in thickets and woodland dominated entirely by non-native trees and shrubs. As a step to implementing conservation initiatives, a population census and habitat study was undertaken in April-June 1999. Using a combination of tape playback of song and point counts, at least 103 Rodrigues Warblers spread through nine wooded localities were observed, and a minimum population of 150 birds estimated. The majority (78%) and highest densities (2.3/ha) were found in habitat dominated by one introduced invasive tree, the rose-apple Syzygium jambos. Warblers were also found in plantations dominated by mahogany Swietenia mahagoni, tecoma Tabebuia pallida and Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cunninghamii, but at much lower densities (0.5/ha). Warbler densities were highest in habitat with a dense structure of small branches. There was a strong positive relationship between one index of human disturbance (number of cut branches) and warbler densities. This low-intensity cutting may promote the growth of new shoots thus perpetuating the dense vegetation structure that Rodrigues Warbler favours. At two localities, one supporting an existing population of warblers and the other prone to extirpation (shown from previous surveys), vegetation structure and composition were similar between sites, hinting that in some currently unoccupied areas, habitat is probably suitable and other factors are operating to preclude colonization and establishment. Further ecological studies would be desirable, especially to investigate the effect of nest-predation by introduced mammals and other factors suppressing warbler population growth.

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Sherwin, Justin C., John Kelly, Alex W. Hewitt, Lisa S. Kearns, Lyn R. Griffiths, and David A. Mackey. "Prevalence and predictors of refractive error in a genetically isolated population: the Norfolk Island Eye Study." Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 39, no. 8 (June 14, 2011): 734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02579.x.

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Olsen, Penny D. "Re-establishment of an endangered subspecies: the Norfolk Island Boobook Owl Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata." Bird Conservation International 6, no. 1 (March 1996): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001313.

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SummaryThe Norfolk Island Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata is confined to the small, isolated Norfolk Island group, an Australian territory. On morphological and biogeographical grounds, it is here classified as a large, distinctive subspecies of the New Zealand Morepork N. novaeseelandiae. In 1986 only one specimen, a female, survived. A shortage of large trees with suitable nesting holes appeared to be the immediate problem. The Australian Nature Conservation Agency, islanders and New Zealand wildlife authorities have cooperated in an attempt to re-establish an owl population in situ. Nest-boxes were erected in trees in the area frequented by the female and were used readily as roosts. In September 1987, two male New Zealand Moreporks were introduced. The female paired with one male and produced four hybrid F offspring (in 1989 and 1990). Two of these paired in mid-1991 and have since produced five F offspring (two in 1993 and three in 1994). The original female remains paired but now appears to be reproductively senile. At present there seems to be a shortage of mature males, since two female offspring are paired and both lay eggs and attempt to incubate them in the same nest; and a lone female has established a territory. In early 1995 all eleven owls appeared to be alive in the wild. The effort is low-cost, requires relatively little manpower, is carried out with minimal disturbance to the owls, and goes hand in hand with other conservation programmes.

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Double, Michael, and Penny Olsen. "Simplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sexing assists conservation of an endangered owl, the Norfolk Island Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata." Bird Conservation International 7, no. 3 (September 1997): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001581.

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In 1986 a single Norfolk Island Boobook Owl Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata remained. As part of a re-establishment programme, two male New Zealand Moreporks N. n. novaeseelandiae were introduced, one of which survived to pair with the female in the wild and breed successfully. By 1995 the population numbered 12 or 13 individuals of which seven were second generation (F2). However, there were only two breeding pairs. As the 11 hybrids could not be sexed using morphometrics we developed a molecular method based on a recently described avian polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sexing technique. The population was found to contain six females and five males. A scarcity of mature males was established as the main factor slowing the recovery effort.

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WILSON, NERIDA G., and RICHARD C. WILLAN. "Hypselodoris jacksoni, a new species from the south-western Pacific Ocean (Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae), with a discussion on intraspecific variation in mantle glands in Chromodoris willani Rudman, 1982." Zootaxa 1549, no. 1 (August 15, 2007): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1549.1.2.

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A new species of Hypselodoris (Chromodorididae) is described from the subtropical and temperate south-western Pacific Ocean (eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island). The colouration of Hypselodoris jacksoni sp. nov. is distinctive, though highly variable intraspecifically. Hypselodoris jacksoni belongs to the Indo-Pacific Hypselodoris clade (for which the key synapomorphy is a minute receptaculum seminis) and, based on comparisons of internal and external morphology, appears to belong to a subclade characterised by an elevated branchial sheath, probably most closely related to H. krakotoa Gosliner & Johnson, 1999, H. reidi Gosliner & Johnson, 1999 and H. regina Ev. & Er. Marcus, 1970. Intraspecific variation in the arrangement of mantle glands in H. jacksoni prompted a preand post-fixation comparison of mantle glands in another chromodorid, Chromodoris willani Rudman, 1982. These results indicate these structures can vary significantly within a population (and thus species), and it is likely that too much emphasis has been placed on mantle glands for separating species in the recent literature.

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Spencer, Hamish G., Jonathan M. Waters, and Thomas E. Eichhorst. "Taxonomy and nomenclature of black nerites (Gastropoda:Neritimorpha:Nerita) from the South Pacific." Invertebrate Systematics 21, no. 3 (2007): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is06038.

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Members of the genus Nerita are abundant components of the intertidal fauna in many parts of the world and yet Nerita taxonomy remains unsettled. Here, the relationships among black-shelled Nerita populations from Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, the Kermadec Islands and Easter Island are discussed. Four species are recognised: N. atramentosa Reeve, 1855 from the southern half of Australia; N. melanotragus E.A. Smith, 1884 from eastern Australia, northern New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and the Kermadec Islands; N. morio (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) from Easter Island and the Austral Islands; and N. lirellata Rehder, 1980 from Easter Island alone. These species are of great importance in studies of intertidal community structure and yet two of them have been consistently confused in the ecological and taxonomic literature. Moreover, the relationships among the species are not at all as implied by recent subgeneric classifications; it is argued that all four species should be placed in the subgenus Lisanerita Krijnen, 2002. The superficially similar N. picea Récluz, 1841 is not closely related. An accurate taxonomy of the genus will almost certainly require considerable genetic analysis. The nomenclature for each species is herein established by complete synonymies, and lectotypes for both N. atramentosa and N. melanotragus are selected.

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Wettenhall, Roger. "Decolonizing through integration: Australia’s off-shore island territories." Island Studies Journal 11, no. 2 (2016): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.376.

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Australia’s three small off-shore island territories – Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean and Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Group in the Indian Ocean – can be seen as monuments to 19th century British-style colonization, though their early paths to development took very different courses. Their transition to the status of external territories of the Australian Commonwealth in the 20th century – early in the case of Norfolk and later in the cases of Christmas and Cocos – put them on a common path in which serious tensions emerged between local populations which sought autonomous governance and the Commonwealth government which wanted to impose governmental systems similar to those applying to mainstream Australians. This article explores the issues involved, and seeks to relate the governmental history of the three island territories to the exploration of island jurisdictions developed in island studies research.

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Hughes, Justin, Cuan Petheram, Andrew Taylor, Matthias Raiber, Phil Davies, and Shaun Levick. "Water Balance of a Small Island Experiencing Climate Change." Water 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111771.

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Small islands provide challenges to hydrological investigation, both in terms of the physical environment and available resources for hydrological monitoring. Furthermore, small islands are generally more vulnerable to natural disasters and water shortages for resident populations. Norfolk Island in the South–west Pacific, is typical in these respects, and recent water shortages have highlighted the lack of hydrological knowledge required to make informed decisions regarding water supply. Accordingly, a campaign of field measurements and analysis was conducted on Norfolk Island in the 2019–2020 period and these were compared to data from the 1970’s and 1980’s along with climate records to provide some insight into the behaviour and changes to the hydrology of the island over the last 50 years. Data indicates that a decline in rainfall across the 50 year water balance period (13%) combined with increased potential evapo-transpiration and changes to land cover have reduced recharge by 27%. Reduced recharge resulted in a significant decline in the groundwater potentiometric surface and runoff (reduced by around 57%). Examination of the water balance indicates that the majority (70–80%) of recharge across the 50 year period discharges to the ocean via cliff or submarine discharge.

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Connors, Matthew G., Honglei Chen, Haokun Li, Adam Edmonds, Kimberley A. Smith, Colin Gell, Kelly Clitheroe, et al. "Citizen scientists track a charismatic carnivore: Mapping the spread and impact of the South African Mantis (Miomantidae, Miomantis caffra) in Australia." Journal of Orthoptera Research 31, no. 1 (May 19, 2022): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.31.79332.

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The recent integration of citizen science with modern technology has greatly increased its applications and has allowed more people than ever to contribute to research across all areas of science. In particular, citizen science has been instrumental in the detection and monitoring of novel introduced species across the globe. This study provides the first records of Miomantis caffra Saussure, 1871, the South African Mantis, from the Australian mainland and uses records from four different citizen science and social media platforms in conjunction with museum records to track the spread of the species through the country. A total of 153 wild mantises and oothecae were observed across four states and territories (New South Wales, Norfolk Island, Victoria, and Western Australia) between 2009 and 2021. The large number of observations of the species in Victoria and the more recent isolated observations in other states and territories suggest that the species initially arrived in Geelong via oothecae attached to plants or equipment, likely from the invasive population in New Zealand. From there it established and spread outwards to Melbourne and eventually to other states and territories, both naturally and with the aid of human transport. We also provide a comparison of M. caffra to similar native mantises, specifically Pseudomantis albofimbriata (Stål, 1860), and comment on the potential impact and further spread of the species within Australia. Finally, we reiterate the many benefits of engaging directly with citizen scientists in biodiversity research and comment on the decision to include them in all levels of this research investigation.

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Tidemann, CR. "Morphological Variation in Australian and Island Populations of Goulds Wattled Bat, Chalinolobus-Gouldii (Gray) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 4 (1986): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860503.

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Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to demonstrate that C. gouldii increases in size from north to south and, to a lesser extent, from west to east. There is little difference between the sexes in most dimensions. Although significant differences exist between animals from localities widely separated geographically, multivariate analyses suggest that C. gouldii once occurred over most of mainland Australia, Tasmania, Norfolk I. and New Caledonia. The species appears to have become extinct or very rare in recent times on Norfolk I.; the possibility of re-introduction is discussed.

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Barker, R. D., and G. Caughley. "Distribution and abundance of kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) at the time of European contact: Tasmania." Australian Mammalogy 13, no. 2 (1990): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am90016.

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The Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus giganteus originally extended from the River Forth in the northwest to the east coast and south to North West Bay. It occurred on both sides of the Derwent River upstream beyond New Norfolk and into the central highlands along the Ouse and Shannon Rivers to the Great Lake, Lake Echo and Arthur's Lakes. Its highest density was probably in the coastal areas of the northeast and in the Norfolk Plains areas of the Macquarie and South Esk Rivers. Its present range comprises islands within that original range, augmented by a few populations established by translocation.

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Liebherr, James K. "Cladistic classification of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) and taxonomic revision of the New Caledonian subgenus Phacothorax Jeannel." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 65, no. 1 (January 18, 2018): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.21000.

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The 15 species of Mecyclothorax Sharp precinctive to New Caledonia are revised and shown by cladistic analysis to comprise a monophyletic lineage, here treated as subgenus Phacothorax Jeannel. The New Caledonian species of subgenus Phacothorax include Mecyclothoraxfleutiauxi (Jeannel), M.najtae Deuve, and 13 newly described species: M.jeanneli sp. n., M.laterobustus sp. n., M.laterorectus sp. n., M.laterosinuatus sp. n., M.laterovatulus sp. n., M.manautei sp. n., M.megalovatulus sp. n., M.octavius sp. n., M.paniensis sp. n., M.picdupinsensis sp. n., M.plurisetosus sp. n., and two jointly authored species; M.kanak Moore & Liebherr sp. n., and M.mouensis Moore & Liebherr sp. n.. subgenus Phacothorax is one of five subgenera recognized within genus Mecyclothorax based on cladistic analysis of 65 exemplar taxa utilizing information from 137 morphological characters. The four other monophyletic subgenera include the precinctive Australian Eucyclothorax subgen. n. (type species Mecyclothoraxblackburni [Sloane]), the precinctive Queensland Qecyclothorax subgen. n. (type species Mecyclothoraxstoreyi Moore), the precinctive New Zealand Meonochilus Liebherr & Marris status n., and the geographically widespread and very diverse nominate subgenus, distributed from St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, eastward across Australia and New Guinea, and in the Sundas, Timor Leste, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, New Zealand, and the Society and Hawaiian Islands. The biogeographic history of Mecyclothorax can be derived from the parsimony cladogram time-calibrated by times of origin of particular geographic areas inhabited by resident representative species. Based on sister-group status of subgenus Phacothorax and subgenus Mecyclothorax, and occupation of Lord Howe Island–an island originating no earlier than 6 Ma–by the earliest divergent lineage within subgenus Mecyclothorax, the ancestor of present-day Phacothorax spp. is hypothesized to have colonized New Caledonia 6 Ma, subsequent both to Cretaceous Gondwanan vicariance as well as any Oligocene submergence. Area relationships among the New Caledonian Phacothorax point to earliest diversification incorporating the northern massifs, and most recent diversification on the ultramafic volcanic substrates in the south of Grand Terre. Flight wing loss has played an important role in shaping the various island faunas, both in their morphology as well as their diversity. The retention of flight capability in only a few of the many hundred Mecyclothorax spp. is presented in light of how populations evolve from macropterous colonizing propagules to vestigially winged specialists. Interspecific differences in genitalic structures for the sister-species pair M.fleutiauxi + M.jeanneli are shown to involve functional complementarity of male and female structures. Extensive geographic variation of male genitalia is demonstrated for several New Caledonian Mecyclothorax spp. This variation deviates from the geographically uniform male genitalia exhibited by species in the hyperdiverse Mecyclothorax radiation of Haleakalā volcano, Maui, suggesting that extensive sympatry occurring among species in that diverse species swarm selects for stability within this mate recognition system. Conversely, lower levels of sympatry characterizing the depauperate New Caledonian radiation permit the presence of more extensive male genitalic variation, this variation not selected against due to the lower likelihood of interspecific mating mistakes.

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Cuneo, Peter, Catherine A. Offord, and Michelle R. Leishman. "Seed ecology of the invasive woody plant African Olive (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata): implications for management and restoration." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 5 (2010): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10061.

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Knowledege of the seed ecology of invasive exotic species, including soil seedbank dynamics, is essential to understanding key factors in successful invasion and in identifying management opportunities. African Olive, Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata, is an exotic invasive woody plant in Hawaii, Norfolk Island and eastern Australia, and is now well established in the Cumberland Plain region of western Sydney, Australia. In the present study, the key aspects of the seed ecology of African Olive were determined for populations in western Sydney. Extracted seed germinated at a wide range of temperatures, consistent with tolerance of a wide range of climatic conditions. A seed-burial experiment indicated a slow decrease in viability down to 70.3% during the first year, followed by a rapid decline down to 14.7% in the second year. Probit analysis indicated that under field conditions, seed persistence in the soil was ~29 months (2.4 years). In situ germination was low (3.3%) and did not occur until the mechanical constriction of the endocarp was released through decomposition. The woody seed endocarp was found to be permeable to water, indicating that physical dormancy was not imposed by providing a barrier to water uptake. Within its invasive range, African Olive produces abundant seed. However, the rapid loss of viability of soil-stored seed results in a narrow window of opportunity for germination. The short persistence of seed in the soil may provide an opportunity for managers to achieve control of African Olive once mature plants are removed.

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Corrigan, Karen P. "Grammatical variation in Irish English." English Today 27, no. 2 (June 2011): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000198.

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Irish English (IrE) was initially learned as a second language as a result of the successive colonizations of Ireland by speakers of English and Scots dialects that began in the Middle Ages and reached a peak during what is termed ‘The Plantation Period’ of Irish history. The scheme persuaded English and Scottish settlers to colonize the island of Ireland, hailing from urban centres like London as well as more rural areas like Norfolk and Galloway. This intensive colonization process created the possibility that a novel type of English could emerge. This new variety is characterized by: (i) innovative forms; (ii) the incorporation of features drawn from Irish, the indigenous language prior to colonization, and (iii) other characteristics caused by the mixing of Irish with the regional Scots and English vernaculars of the new settlers. Interestingly (and not uncommonly when migratory movements of these kinds arise), modern varieties of IrE still retain this mixed heritage. Moreover, the colonization is preserved culturally – particularly in the north of Ireland – by ethnic divisions between the descendants of the migrant and indigenous populations. Thus, Catholics, who reflect the latter group, celebrate events like ‘St Patrick's Day’ while their Protestant neighbours commemorate ‘The Glorious Twelfth’ each July, celebrating the day in 1690 when King William III's victory at the Battle of the Boyne ensured the ultimate success of the Plantation scheme in which their forefathers participated. The linguistic consequences of this contact permeate all aspects of the speech used within these communities (accent, grammar and vocabulary). Moreover, some of the grammatical features that are the focus of this article have travelled to regions that have been intensively settled by Irish migrants. Hence, these features also have important implications for the study of transported dialects, which has recently become very topical and is the focus of a new strand of research in English variation studies typified by the publication of Hickey (ed. 2004).

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Connell, J. R., M. C. Benton, R. A. Lea, H. G. Sutherland, J. Chaseling, L. M. Haupt, K. M. Wright, and L. R. Griffiths. "Pedigree derived mutation rate across the entire mitochondrial genome of the Norfolk Island population." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (April 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10530-3.

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AbstractEstimates of mutation rates for various regions of the human mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) vary widely, depending on whether they are inferred using a phylogenetic approach or obtained directly from pedigrees. Traditionally, only the control region, or small portions of the coding region have been targeted for analysis due to the cost and effort required to produce whole mtGenome Sanger profiles. Here, we report one of the first pedigree derived mutation rates for the entire human mtGenome. The entire mtGenome from 225 individuals originating from Norfolk Island was analysed to estimate the pedigree derived mutation rate and compared against published mutation rates. These individuals were from 45 maternal lineages spanning 345 generational events. Mutation rates for various portions of the mtGenome were calculated. Nine mutations (including two transitions and seven cases of heteroplasmy) were observed, resulting in a rate of 0.058 mutations/site/million years (95% CI 0.031–0.108). These mutation rates are approximately 16 times higher than estimates derived from phylogenetic analysis with heteroplasmy detected in 13 samples (n = 225, 5.8% individuals). Providing one of the first pedigree derived estimates for the entire mtGenome, this study provides a better understanding of human mtGenome evolution and has relevance to many research fields, including medicine, anthropology and forensics.

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27

Connell, J. R., M. C. Benton, R. A. Lea, H. G. Sutherland, J. Chaseling, L. M. Haupt, K. M. Wright, and L. R. Griffiths. "Pedigree derived mutation rate across the entire mitochondrial genome of the Norfolk Island population." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (April 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10530-3.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractEstimates of mutation rates for various regions of the human mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) vary widely, depending on whether they are inferred using a phylogenetic approach or obtained directly from pedigrees. Traditionally, only the control region, or small portions of the coding region have been targeted for analysis due to the cost and effort required to produce whole mtGenome Sanger profiles. Here, we report one of the first pedigree derived mutation rates for the entire human mtGenome. The entire mtGenome from 225 individuals originating from Norfolk Island was analysed to estimate the pedigree derived mutation rate and compared against published mutation rates. These individuals were from 45 maternal lineages spanning 345 generational events. Mutation rates for various portions of the mtGenome were calculated. Nine mutations (including two transitions and seven cases of heteroplasmy) were observed, resulting in a rate of 0.058 mutations/site/million years (95% CI 0.031–0.108). These mutation rates are approximately 16 times higher than estimates derived from phylogenetic analysis with heteroplasmy detected in 13 samples (n = 225, 5.8% individuals). Providing one of the first pedigree derived estimates for the entire mtGenome, this study provides a better understanding of human mtGenome evolution and has relevance to many research fields, including medicine, anthropology and forensics.

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O’Dwyer, Terence, Nicholas Carlile, Lisa O’Neill, and Luke R. Halpin. "Changing fortunes of the Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis following the Lord Howe Island Rodent Eradication Project - interactions with other recovering species." Bird Conservation International, August 9, 2022, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270922000132.

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Summary In 2019, a Rodent Eradication Project (REP) was implemented on World Heritage listed Lord Howe Island, Australia. Among the species expected to benefit was a burrow-nesting seabird, the Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis. Prior to the REP, we assessed causes of Black-winged Petrel nest failure using surveillance cameras. We also measured breeding success before and after the REP and investigated emerging pressures on breeding success from other native species. In 2017, ship rats Rattus rattus were a major cause of Black-winged Petrel nest failure, and breeding success was as low as 2.5%, compared to 47.5% on rodent-free Phillip Island (Norfolk Island Group). In 2020, in the absence of rodents, breeding success on Lord Howe Island increased dramatically to 67% and remained high (50%) in 2021. This result suggests that reproductive output of small seabirds has been heavily supressed by rodents on Lord Howe Island for decades. A subsequent increase in the population of a predatory endemic rail, the Lord Howe Woodhen Hypotaenida sylvestris, combined with burrow competition from Little Shearwaters Puffinus assimilis, indicated that initial high breeding success may not be sustained. However, the surge in successful breeding of Black-winged Petrels is likely to result in a significant increase in fledgling numbers and the recruitment of hundreds of additional birds each year. Given the important role of petrels in global nutrient cycling, and their positive influence on island biodiversity, their expansion should benefit the ecological restoration of Lord Howe Island.

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Liggins, Libby, Liam Kilduff, Thomas Trnski, Erwan Delrieu-Trottin, Jose I. Carvajal, Vanessa Arranz, Serge Planes, Pablo Saenz-Agudelo, and J. David Aguirre. "Morphological and genetic divergence supports peripheral endemism and a recent evolutionary history of Chrysiptera demoiselles in the subtropical South Pacific." Coral Reefs, October 8, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02179-7.

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AbstractThe delineation of species and their evolutionary relationships informs our understanding of biogeography and how regional faunas are assembled. The peripheral geography and local environment of reefs in the subtropical South Pacific likely promotes the allopatric and adaptive divergence of taxa colonising from the tropics; however, the fauna of this region has been relatively understudied. Here, we address the taxonomic and evolutionary relationships among Chrysiptera taxa of the subtropical South Pacific. We use meristic counts, morphometrics and genetic markers to characterise the similarities and differences among four taxa restricted to the South Pacific region that have strikingly different colouration: C. notialis, a taxon restricted to eastern Australia, New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island; C. galba, found in the Cook Islands, southern French Polynesia and Pitcairn Islands; and the two disjunct populations of C. rapanui, found in the eastern Pacific around Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua or Easter Island) and Motu Motiro Hiva (Salas y Gómez) and in the South-western Pacific around Rangitāhua (Kermadec Islands). Our morphometric analysis confirmed that these four taxa, including the two disjunct populations of C. rapanui, are morphologically distinct. However, our genetic analysis revealed that only C. rapanui from Rapa Nui was genetically differentiated, whereas C. rapanui of Rangitāhua, C. galba and C. notialis all shared a common haplotype. Furthermore, none of the taxa could be consistently differentiated based on individual meristic features. Our study reconciles a formerly perplexing and disjunct distribution for C. rapanui, to reveal that C. rapanui is an endemic of Rapa Nui and that the Chrysiptera of French Polynesia, Rangitāhua, and the South-western Pacific have only a very recent history of divergence. Our analyses suggest these subtropical taxa have diverged from a predominantly tropical Chrysiptera genus in morphological features important in determining colonisation success, locomotion and feeding ecology.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Norfolk Island Population'

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