Books: 'Normal element'

7

Privitera, Joseph Frederic. Language as historical determinant: The Normans in Sicily, 1061-1200. American International Book Development Council, 1995.

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8

Norma elementorum: Studien zum naturphilosophischen und politischen Ordnun[g]sdenken des ausgehenden Mittelalters. Steiner, 1994.

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9

Peterman, Alexander L. Elements of civil government: A text-book for use in public schools, high schools and normal schools and a manual of reference for teachers. Dodo Press, 2009.

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10

Ernst & Young. Normas contables adecuadas: Decreto no. 162/04 y NICs : los elementos básicos para una adecuada presentación de estados contables. Ernst & Young, 2004.

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11

Córdova, Lizardo Taboada. Elementos de la responsabilidad civil: Comentarios a las normas dedicadas por el Código civil a la responsabilidad civil contractual y extracontractual. GRIJLEY, 2001.

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12

The disintegration of the English strong verb system. P. Lang, 1994.

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13

Zakomoldin, Aleksey, and Dmitry Kudzilov. Ethical basis of the preliminary investigation. Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02049-4.

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The monograph deals with the current problems of the ethical element of procedural activity at the stage of preliminary investigation in the modern criminal procedure of Russia. It approaches to the classification of norms governing moral content of pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases, analyses the ethical basis of application of measures of criminal procedural enforcement and production of investigative actions during the preliminary investigation. The publication is intended for students, postgraduates, scientists and teachers of law high schools, judges, prosecutors, investigators, inquirers and other law enforcement and judicial officials, as well as all people interested in the problems of modern criminal procedural law.

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14

Torlone, Francesca, ed. Il diritto al risarcimento educativo dei detenuti. Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-926-9.

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L’esecuzione della pena in ottica (ri)educativa è tema assai dibattuto attraverso approcci anche multidisciplinari. In questo volume esso è affrontato in chiave risarcitoria, ovvero attraverso il riconoscimento della necessità di predisporre dispositivi educativi di contrasto alle ‘azioni educative avverse’, cui può essere esposta la popolazione detenuta all’interno di contesti penitenziari, ed al fenomeno della recidiva. Oltre agli elementi del programma trattamentale (strutturato, intenzionale, normato e proceduralizzato), ogni momento di espiazione della pena – anche quelle taken for granted – ha in sé una valenza educativa e si presenta come opportunità di crescita e miglioramento per ciascun detenuto. Il volume raccoglie una serie di contributi da professionisti del sistema penale a testimonianza della varietà di esperienze, con senso educativo, che supportano i processi di cambiamento dei detenuti.

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15

1942-, Askedal John Ole, Issel Burkhard, and Nordgreen Otto Erlend, eds. Deutsch in Norwegen: Akten der nationalen Fachtagung in Oslo. P. Lang, 2008.

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16

R, Watson Willie, and Langley Research Center, eds. A finite element propagation model for extracting normal incidence impedance in nonprogressive acoustic wave fields. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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17

Grossman, Andrew. Animated Pasts and Unseen Futures: on the Comic Element in Hong Kong Horror. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424592.003.0006.

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Analyses of horror cinema seldom focus on the genre’s intersections with comedy, perhaps because the dominant influence of psychoanalysis on horror has emphasized gender, sexuality, trauma, abandonment, and various aspects of the unconscious. Yet Hong Kong might well boast world cinema’s most successful engagement of the horror-comedy as a sustained genre. From the late 1970s through the early 1990s, the ghosts and animated corpses of Taoist folklore became invested with the martial arts comedy advanced by Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung, rendering supernatural bodies as clownish cyphers rather than the romantic entities of Enchanting Shadow or AChinese Ghost Story. If spirits represent an intermediary stage between life and death, so too does the stylized clown, whose death-defying feats and transgression of “normal” human limitations render our mortal fears absurd. Presenting superstition as a comedy of stubborn familiarity and reveling in the foolishness of a premodern past, the Hong Kong horror-comedy resists the ideology of the encroaching Mainland, which has often censored “backwards” depictions of Chinese folklore and fantasy. In addition to examining the phenomenology of Hong Kong’s horror-comedies, this chapter also considers how such films fit into overall theories of physical comedy, from Bergson to Koestler.

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18

Fox, Ann M. Scene in a New Light. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.14.

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What is the role of the contemporary musical in policing femininity through disability, and how might a reconsideration of the tropes deployed around disabled mothers and daughters provide an answer this question? More specifically, how do monstrous mothers and disabled daughters become figures through which normalcy—whether compulsory femininity, heteronormativity, or able-bodiedness—can be emphasized or subverted? Both the musicalsThe Light in the Piazza(2005) andNext to Normal(2008) feature disabled women whose mental disability is a central element of the plot. Yet the musicals feature radically divergent endings; the former ends in a traditional marriage plot, while the latter concludes with a family breaking apart. What we might term a happy ending has different implications not only for the women in these musicals but also for those watching; not all deployments of disabled daughterhood, or disabled maternity, are created equal.

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19

Ellinson, Michelle, and Tommy Rampling. Normal nutritional function. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0331.

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Normal nutritional function requires a healthy diet. Healthy eating incorporates a variety of nutrients that are essential for energy expenditure, prevention of disease, and maintenance of normal physiological function. An unhealthy diet can result in malnutrition, and this contributes to illness and death throughout the world. The core principle of healthy eating is obtaining an adequate balance, and the diseases resulting from overnourishment differ greatly from those resulting from undernourishment. In the third world, diets tend to rely heavily on staple crops, and can be very seasonal. Energy sources are predominantly cereals, whereas meat and fish are limited. Malnutrition tends to occur from a lack of essential nutrients, leading to conditions such as vitamin deficiencies, kwashiorkor, and iodine deficiency syndromes. In first-world countries, people have more freedom to choose what they eat. Thus, diets tend to be high in fat and dense in energy. Obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer, and hypertension are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. A healthy diet should contain adequate proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and trace elements. The intake of these constituents is sporadic, with meals constituting major boluses of potential energy. Energy expenditure, conversely, is continuous. The human body has, therefore, developed complex mechanisms directing nutrients into storage when in excess, and mobilizing these stores as they are needed, and it is essential that sufficient energy is always available to maintain the basal metabolic rate, which is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment. This energy is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, such as the heart, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, and the CNS.

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20

Apple, Sophia K., and Lawrence W. Bassett. Normal Breast Anatomy and Histology. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0003.

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In this chapter, normal breast anatomy is discussed, with a succinct pictorial summary of breast glandular elements, the chest wall, and the axilla. The locations of breast lesions are often arbitrarily divided into upper outer, upper inner, lower inner, and upper inner quadrants. However, the lobes within a specific quadrant cross over into adjacent quadrants. The terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) is composed of an interlobular duct and associated lobules with multiple grape-like structures where the milk is secreted and drains into the terminal ducts, interlobular ducts, excretory ducts, lactiferous sinus, lactiferous duct, and the nipple. Axillary lymph nodes are divided into three levels, based on their location in relation to the pectoralis minor muscle. Level I axillary lymph nodes are located below the edge of the pectoralis minor; level II lies posterior to the pectoralis minor; and level III lies medial to the pectoralis minor.

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21

Carocci, Sandro. Reframing Norman Italy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0015.

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This chapter relies on the results of a recently published book, in which the author carried out the first systematic analysis of lordship in the Kingdom of Sicily during the Norman, Staufen, and early Angevin periods. Peasant worlds of hitherto unsuspected dynamism are at the heart of the chapter, as well as kings determined to curb the aristocratic authority and nobles forced to adapt their seigneurial power to both the forces at work in rural societies and royal policy. Among the many elements that favoured village society, the chapter focuses only on the size of seigneurial exactions, the superficial, external character of seigneurial power, and clientele relations within the villages.

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22

Blaser, Annika Reintam, and Adam M. Deane. Normal physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0172.

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The gastrointestinal (GI) system is responsible for digestion and absorption, but also has important endocrine, immune and barrier functions. Additionally, the GI system plays a major role in fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The GI system is regulated by complex myogenic, neural and humoral mechanisms, and, in health, these are affected by the presence of luminal nutrient, thereby modulating function of the GI system. Accordingly, GI function varies depending on whether a person is fasted or in the postprandial state. Adequate fasting and postprandial perfusion, motility and exocrine secretion are required for ‘normal’ functioning. The protective mechanisms of the GI system consist of physical (intact gut mucosa), non-immune (gastric acid, intestinal mucin, bile and peristalsis) and immune (gut-associated lymphoid tissue, GALT) elements. Disruption of GI protection is a putative mechanism underlying the development of multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. Maintenance of GI function is increasingly recognised as an important factor underlying survival in critical illness.

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23

Straus, Joseph N. Therapeutic Music Theory and the Tyranny of the Normal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190871208.003.0007.

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This chapter weaves together two stories that are usually told separately. The first is the story of disability, especially how people have talked about bodies perceived as defective, deviant, or deformed. The second is the story of music, especially how music theorists have talked about musical features perceived as in some sense abnormal. Traditional music theory is a normalizing discourse, designed to rationalize abnormal musical elements (like formal anomalies or dissonant harmonies) with respect to normal ones, and it has thus implicitly allied itself with the medical model of disability. A countertradition within music theory is a disablist discourse that embraces elements traditionally understood as strange, odd, eccentric, and idiosyncratic, without making any effort to position them within a normative context, and is thus aligned with the sociocultural model of disability. Disablist music theory crips music.

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24

Labonte, Melissa. R2P’s Status as a Norm. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.8.

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The shifting nature of the ‘wicked problems’ that the responsibility to protect (R2P) was formulated to address requires close examination its normative elements, including assessing its status as a norm and exploring whether and to what degree it may be new. Some of the norms expressed through R2P are well established and enjoy widespread acceptance and strong compliance pull, whereas others are new, which sets the scene for norm contestation, and ambiguous and selective implementation that often characterize a norm’s journey across and within its theoretical ‘life cycle’. Moreover, the constitutive and regulative effects R2P norms have had on policy outcomes and actor behaviour remain uneven and thus deserving of further analysis. The international community’s will and ability to deliver on the promise of civilian protection in mass atrocity cases through R2P continues to face considerable challenges even as some of its component norms experience greater acceptance, institutionalization, and consolidation.

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25

Sensen, Oliver. Respect for Human Beings with Intellectual Disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812876.003.0005.

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Respect for persons is a central element of our ordinary moral views. However, there is a growing demand to include not just normal human adults, but also animals, the environment, and other traditions, etc., and to uphold a unified account of respect that seamlessly includes all of these beings. This chapter argues that this demand is best captured not by a third-person account that grounds the requirement to respect others in an objective value the other possesses, nor in a second-person account, but if one holds that there are internal, first-person reasons to adopt an attitude of respect. This chapter further argues that such reasons can be supported by every major normative outlook, such as Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism, and Deontology. The chapter considers which understanding of respect best fits our intuitions, and it then applies this view to the question of respect for intellectually disabled human beings.

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26

Singer, Ivan. Best Approximation in Normed Linear Spaces by Elements of Linear Subspaces. Springer, 2014.

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27

Perkins, Gavin D. Cardiac massage and blood flow management during cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0062.

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When cardiac arrest occurs, blood flow to the vital organs diminishes rapidly. Chest compressions are an essential element of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), yet they achieve, at best, one-third of the normal cardiac output. The speed of initiating CPR, as well as its quality is critical to patient outcomes. Optimal chest characteristics of compressions are defined as pushing hard (depth > 5 cm) and fast (compression rate 100–120/min). Pressure should be released fully between sequential chest compressions and interruptions in chest compressions should be minimized. Even short interruptions in CPR around the time of attempted defibrillation can be harmful. CPR feedback and prompt devices can be used to monitor the quality of CPR. Studies have shown these devices can improve the quality of CPR, but do not improve overall survival. Mechanical chest compression devices may be usefully deployed when it is difficult or unsafe to perform manual CPR, but there is no evidence that the routine deployment of these devices improves outcome. Vasoactive drugs improve coronary perfusion pressure and increase the chances of return of spontaneous circulation. However, there is no definitive evidence that they improve long-term survival. Recent data have raised the possibility that adrenaline may worsen long-term outcomes.

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28

May, Joshua. The Limits of Emotion in Moral Judgment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797074.003.0014.

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This chapter argues that our best science supports the rationalist idea that, independent of reasoning, emotions are not integral to moral judgment. There is ample evidence that ordinary moral cognition often involves conscious and unconscious reasoning about an action’s outcomes and the agent’s role in bringing them about. Emotions can aid in moral reasoning by, for example, drawing one’s attention to such information. However, there is no compelling evidence for the decidedly sentimentalist claim that mere feelings are causally necessary or sufficient for making a moral judgment or for treating norms as distinctively moral. The chapter concludes that, even if moral cognition is largely driven by automatic intuitions, these should not be mistaken for emotions or their non-cognitive components. Non-cognitive elements in our psychology may be required for normal moral development and motivation but not necessarily for mature moral judgment.

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29

Simon, Gleeson, and Guynn Randall. Part I Elements of Bank Resolution Regimes, 2 Bank Resolution Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199698011.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the available ‘toolkits’—or mechanisms—for resolving all types of banks and their affiliates, with the caveat that such tools can only be implemented on a case-by-case basis. In order to demonstrate the coverage of these methods, the hierarchy of approaches to bank failure is as follows: sale of the business by the purchase of assets and the assumption of liabilities (i.e. a purchase and assumption transaction), write-down or conversion of long-term unsecured debt into equity (bail-in), liquidation, and state aid (bail-out). Additionally, the normal state of resolution for a business in the commercial world is a restructuring in which creditors consent to a variation in their rights in order to maximize the residual value of an insolvent commercial company for the collective benefit of all its stakeholders and preserve its critical operations for the benefit of the broader market—a method that should be adapted for use in the banking industry.

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30

Goebel, Kazimierz, and Stanislaw Prus. Elements of Geometry of Balls in Banach Spaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827351.001.0001.

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One of the subjects of functional analysis is classification of Banach spaces depending on various properties of the unit ball. The need of such considerations comes from a number of applications to problems of mathematical analysis. The list of subjects contains: differential calculus in normed spaces, approximation theory, weak topologies and reflexivity, general theory of convexity and convex functions, metric fixed point theory, and others. The aim of this book is to present basic facts from this field. It is addressed to advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in the subject. For some it may result in further interest, a continuation and deepening of their study of the subject. It may be also useful for instructors running courses on functional analysis, supervising diploma theses or essays on various levels.

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31

Cleaver, Laura. Illuminated History Books in the Anglo-Norman World, 1066-1272. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802624.001.0001.

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During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries texts about the recent and more distant past were produced in remarkable numbers in the lands controlled by the kings of England. This may be seen, in part, as a response to changing social and political circumstances in the wake of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The names of many of the twelfth- and thirteenth-century historians are well known, and they include Orderic Vitalis, William of Malmesbury, John of Worcester, Henry of Huntingdon, Gerald of Wales, and Matthew Paris. Yet the manuscripts in which these works survive are also evidence for the involvement of many other people in the production of history, as patrons, scribes, and artists. This study focuses on history books of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to examine what they reveal about the creation, circulation, and reception of history in this period. In particular, this research concentrates on illuminated manuscripts. These volumes represent an additional investment of time, labour, and resources, and combinations of text and imagery shed light on engagements with the past as manuscripts were copied at specific times and places. Imagery could be used to reproduce the features of older sources, but it was also used to call attention to particular elements of a text, and to impose frameworks onto the past. As a result the study of illuminated history books has the potential to change the way in which we see the medieval past and its historians.

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32

Friis, Peter. Normal elements with finite spectrum in C*-algebras of real rank zero: with applications to almost commuting operators and Brown-Douglas-Fillmore theory. 1999.

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33

Friis, Peter. Normal elements with finite spectrum in C*-algebras of real rank zero: With applications to almost commuting operators and Brown-Douglas-Fillmore theory. 1999.

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34

Mills, Kurt. Winning Humanitarian Interventions? Problematizing Victory and jus post bellum in International Action to Stop Mass Atrocities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801825.003.0010.

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Much contemporary conflict bears little resemblance to traditional understandings of war. This is particularly the case for action intended to protect civilians in the midst of war and mass atrocities, as conceived of in the norm of the responsibility to protect. Humanitarian intervention is frequently invoked as an instance of just war. Yet, particularly within contemporary legal and political frameworks, this is a mischaracterization. It is not war in the traditional sense, although there may be war-like elements. It is more akin to police action, where certain international actors are upholding international law and norms. Some elements of peacekeeping also fall under this heading. This has significant implications for how—and whether—we can conceive of victory in such situations. Further, there are significant questions about what follow-through is required after a humanitarian intervention—and who has a responsibility to rebuild torn societies.

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35

Ferrari, Patrik L., and Herbert Spohn. Random matrices and Laplacian growth. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.39.

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This article reviews the theory of random matrices with eigenvalues distributed in the complex plane and more general ‘beta ensembles’ (logarithmic gases in 2D). It first considers two ensembles of random matrices with complex eigenvalues: ensemble C of general complex matrices and ensemble N of normal matrices. In particular, it describes the Dyson gas picture for ensembles of matrices with general complex eigenvalues distributed on the plane. It then presents some general exact relations for correlation functions valid for any values of N and β before analysing the distribution and correlations of the eigenvalues in the large N limit. Using the technique of boundary value problems in two dimensions and elements of the potential theory, the article demonstrates that the finite-time blow-up (a cusp–like singularity) of the Laplacian growth with zero surface tension is a critical point of the normal and complex matrix models.

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36

Buchler, Justin. Extreme Reversion Points and Party Leadership from 2011 through 2016. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0007.

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When a majority party works on normal legislation, it faces a collective action problem of sincere voting, and must prevent legislators from centrist districts from voting against noncentrist legislation. From 2011 through 2016, though, Republican Party leadership faced a different challenge, and leaders were pitted against the extremists in their caucus. This occurred because of a change to the legislative agenda resulting from the combination of extreme polarization and divided government introduced by the 2010 election. With no incentive to work on normal legislation, the agenda did little but avoid reversion points, like debt ceiling breaches, which the extreme elements in the caucus actually found acceptable. Speaker Boehner was forced to solve a new collective action problem, then, convincing a group of Republicans to join with Democrats on bipartisan deals to avoid these reversion points. While historically unusual, the dynamic is what would be expected from the unified model.

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37

Randall, David, Tobias Dyrks, Bernhard Nett, et al. Research into Design-Research Practices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733249.003.0017.

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The aim of this chapter is to outline a research agenda. Here, this agenda has been termed “meta-research into practice-based computing”; the chapter uses the authors’ own work to exemplify elements of it. Such an agenda requires coherent framing and needs to be conducted in sufficient breadth and depth and so is still evolving. The chapter first presents some of the driving forces behind “post-normal” interdisciplinary science carried out in research consortia, as well as a methodological approach to performing ethnographies on research projects. It then describes two examples of meta-research performed by the Siegen group. Finally, the concluding part highlights the main insights from these projects, outlining a more detailed research agenda.

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38

Bender, David A. 7. Vitamins and minerals. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0007.

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Along with energy and protein, the body needs two further groups of nutrients in the diet, in relatively small amounts: mineral salts and vitamins. ‘Vitamins and minerals’ explains how these micro-nutrients are essential for maintenance of normal health, growth, and metabolic integrity. Vitamin D and niacin are the only vitamins that can be synthesized by the body; all other vitamins must be provided in the diet. The most important minerals are iron and calcium, but other trace elements are required in small amounts. Iron is needed for synthesis of the protein haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in red blood cells, and calcium is required for bone formation and regulating the activity of muscle.

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39

Nardini, Luisa. The Diffusion of Gregorian Chant in Southern Italy and the Masses for St. Michael. Edited by Jonathan Dueck and Suzel Ana Reily. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859993.013.32.

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This chapter examines the ways in which liturgical chants used for the rites of the Catholic church often bear a multiplicity of cultural influences by drawing on local religious and mythic symbols and placing them in a set of shared biblical, theological, and liturgical elements. It focuses on Gregorian chant in the Beneventan region of southern Italy, tracing the ways that chant repertoires adapted thematic elements from the cultural heritage of the different populations who came into the area, including Lombards, Byzantines, and Normans, along with local pre-Christian cultic elements associated with the Monte Gargano. The chapter concludes that this chants show local processes of remodeling and adaptation of liturgical chants—processes of localization that characterize the repertory of Gregorian chant in other times and places as well.

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40

Dinah, Shelton. Jus Cogens. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865957.001.0001.

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The doctrine of peremptory norms (jus cogens) is a set of core obligations in international law. In this volume in the Elements of International Law series, Dinah Shelton explores its origins and history, its revival in the twentieth century, and its place in international and domestic jurisprudence. Providing a fresh, objective, and non-argumentative approach to the discipline of international law, the Elements series is an accessible go-to source for practicing international lawyers, judges and arbitrators, government and military officers, scholars, teachers, and students.

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41

Vásquez V., Luis, Patricio Elgueta M., Gonzalo Hernández C., Raúl Campos P., Jorge Catalán L., and Cristian Reyes Riquelme. Tensiones admisibles de la madera aserrada de Pino radiata proveniente de las Regiones de La Araucanía y Los Ríos para uso en elementos laminados. INFOR, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/20.500.12220/29198.

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En el presente informe se incluyen los resultados de la clasificación visual según norma chilena NCh 2150, en grados A y B, de una muestra de maderas extraídas de las regiones de La Araucanía y Los Ríos

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42

Series, Michigan Historical Reprint. Elements of astronomy: Accompanied with numerous illustration, a colored representation of the solar, stellar, and nebular spectra, and celestial charts ... hemisphere. By J. Norman Lockyer ... Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, 2005.

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43

Fay, Jennifer. Buster Keaton’s Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696771.003.0002.

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Much of Buster Keaton’s slapstick comedy revolves around his elaborate outdoor sets and the crafty weather design that destroys them. In contrast to D. W. Griffith, who insisted on filming in naturally occurring weather, and the Hollywood norm of fabricating weather in the controlled space of the studio, Keaton opted to simulate weather on location. His elaborately choreographed gags with their storm surges and collapsing buildings required precise control of manufactured rain and wind, along with detailed knowledge of the weather conditions and climatological norms on site. Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928) is one of many examples of Keaton’s weather design in which characters find themselves victims of elements that are clearly produced by the off-screen director. Keaton’s weather design finds parallels in World War I strategies of creating microclimates of death (using poison gas) as theorized by Peter Sloterdijk.

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44

Palmieri, Sonia. Gender-Sensitive Parliaments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.215.

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While women have succeeded in promoting a feminist agenda in some parliaments, the international research shows that this is not always possible, and accordingly, not a realistic expectation for women. Parliaments, like any institution, have specific cultural norms and practices, some of which actively work against the advancement of gender equality. Understanding the conditions under which female—and male—parliamentarians might succeed in promoting gender equality outcomes has become an important avenue for research and development practice. The focus on gender-sensitive parliaments allows for a framework to identify, and encourage the development of, those conditions.There are four key elements of a gender-sensitive parliament. First, it accepts that the responsibility to achieve gender equality, both as a policy outcome and as a process, rests with the parliament as a whole (its male and female members and staff) and with the organizations that drive substantial policy, procedural, and normative development (political parties). Second, a gender-sensitive parliament is guided by institutional policies and legal frameworks, which allow the parliament to monitor its achievements toward gender equality and allow follow-up and review. Third, a gender-sensitive parliament institutionalizes a gender mainstreaming approach through its representational, legislative, and oversight work to ensure that all the parliament’s outputs consider, and counteract, any potential discrimination against women or men, girls or boys. This element requires a reconsideration of the process and structures of the parliament, including the respective roles and capacities of members and parliamentary staff. Fourth, a gender-sensitive parliament constantly strives to eliminate institutional cultures that sanction and perpetuate discriminatory, prejudicial norms and attitudes in the workplace against women members and staff.

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45

Scott, W. Richard, and Raymond E. Levitt. Institutional Challenges and Solutions for Global Megaprojects. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.4.

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Megaprojects are characterized by complex technical interdependencies—both compatible and contentious—novel technologies and systems, cross-cutting regional and political forces, and the presence of multiple institutional frameworks. This chapter stresses the role played by institutions. Employing a broad conception, it views institutions as consisting of three types of elements: regulatory (rules, laws, orders), normative (norms and values) and cultural-cognitive (beliefs, schemas, frames). As a form, megaprojects incorporate and are subject to a diverse, complex, and conflicting combination of elements. Viewed as an organization field, megaprojects confront a highly diverse set of participants who exhibit varying degrees of embeddedness in their local environment and are obliged to manage their operations across multiple changing phases which entail shifts over time in their power and influence. These challenges require that successful megaprojects develop flexible legal-contractual managerial controls, common norms and values, and shared identities anchored in a robust project culture.

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Puntis, John. Nutritional assessment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0003.

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Routine assessment of nutritional status should be part of normal practice when seeing any patient. The purpose is to document objective nutritional parameters (e.g. anthropometry), identify nutritional deficiencies, and establish nutritional needs. Protein–energy malnutrition has many adverse consequences including growth failure (identified by reference to standard growth charts). Worldwide, malnutrition contributes to a third of deaths in children under 5 years of age, and one in nine people don’t have enough food to lead an active and healthy life. In developed countries, malnutrition complicates both acute and chronic illness with negative effects on outcomes. In clinical practice, a useful approach to nutritional assessment is to consider three elements: ‘what you are’ (i.e. body habitus—underweight for height; short for age; etc.), ‘what you can do’ (functional activity), and ‘what you eat’ (current nutritional intake).

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Petersson, Magnus. Denmark and Norway. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0021.

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Denmark and Norway joined NATO in 1949. Since then, their goal has been to be a loyal alliance member. After the cold war, the two countries e transformed their defence forces into small, capabilities-based semi-professional and highly mobile units suitable for coalition warfare far away from their territories. They have participated in all major US- and NATO-led operations since 1991. The defence transformation since the end of the cold war has been more far-reaching in Denmark than in Norway. Norway kept the focus on its territory during the whole period, and saved important elements of its territorial defence, while Denmark shut down whole services, such as submarines and stationary ground-to-air defence, which in some ways became a problem after the Ukraine crisis started in 2014, when the defence of the territory again came more into focus.

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Helm, Bennett W. Persons in the First-Person Plural. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.003.0008.

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Individualist conceptions of persons, grounded in individualist understandings of responsibility, rationality, and identity, must be rejected. Preceding chapters developed an account of communities of respect via an essentially interpersonal type of practical rationality in terms of which we can understand responsibility to be essentially social. In addition, there are two senses in which individuals are identified with the communities of respect of which they are members. First, norms of character are, in effect, communal values, defining a (partial) form of life members jointly find worthwhile. In doing so, they form an element of the identities of community members, albeit an element that can conflict with the personal values of each. Second, members identify with each other through their recognition respect, which amounts to a kind of non-intimate love. Taken together, this means that persons are to be understood in terms of communities of respect—from a first-person plural perspective.

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Bratman, Michael E. Rational Planning Agency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867850.003.0010.

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This essay appeals to self-governance to explain why basic planning norms—both synchronic and diachronic—are norms of practical rationality. The best rationale of her own plan-infused practical thinking that is available to a reflective planning agent who has the capacity for self-governance involves a tight connection between plan rationality and conditions of self-governance, both synchronic and diachronic. This leads to the idea that there is rational pressure not only in the direction of forms of coherence involved in a planning agent’s self-governance, both at a time and over time, but also in the direction of an end of one’s diachronic (and so, synchronic) self-governance. This is because that end is central to a planning agent’s diachronic self-governance, given the role of that end in willpower that coheres with such diachronic self-governance. While this end is not essential to agency per se, it is a rationally self-sustaining element of a stable reflective equilibrium that involves basic planning norms.

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de Bruyn, Theodore. Scribal Features of Customary Amulets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687886.003.0005.

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This chapter compares incantations that are similar in purpose and formulation: incantations against snakes and scorpions; incantations against fever and illness; amatory incantations; and curses or prayers for justice. The ways in which incantations in these different groups are ‘christianized’ varies. Commonplace incantations against snakes and scorpions are resistant to change, but may be framed with Christian elements. Incantations against fever and illness may juxtapose customary and Christian elements or may be formulated in a wholly Christian idiom. On the basis of the formulation and writing of specific artefacts, it is suggested that some scribes were closer to the institutional centre of the Egyptian church, and other scribes were further away from the centre. While amatory incantations with Christian elements are rare (probably because scribes shaped by Christian norms would also have been predisposed against such incantations), curses and prayers for justice are not.

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