Relevant bibliographies by topics / Normal Flux Method (NFM)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Normal Flux Method (NFM)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Normal Flux Method (NFM)"

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Zhang, Y., R. Kitai, and K. Takizawa. "Magnetic helicity transported by flux emergence and shuffling motions." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S294 (August 2012): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131300269x.

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AbstractMagnetic helicity can be transported from sub-photosphere into corona by the emergence of helical magnetic field lines and the shuffling motions of foot-points of pre-existing coronal field lines. Active region NOAA 10930 was observed by SP and NFI of SOT on board Hinode when it pass through the solar meridian. Based on these observations, we calculate magnetic helicity flow of both terms, by regarding Doppler velocity as normal velocity. The results are compared with which calculated by method proposed by Zhang et. al. (2012). Our results show that helicity injection maps calculated by both methods have similar distribution and the integration values have the same magnitude.
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Ghidaglia, Jean-Michel, and Frédéric Pascal. "The normal flux method at the boundary for multidimensional finite volume approximations in CFD." European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids 24, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2004.05.003.

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Lai, Xiang, Zhiqiang Sheng, and Guangwei Yuan. "A Finite Volume Scheme for Three-Dimensional Diffusion Equations." Communications in Computational Physics 18, no. 3 (September 2015): 650–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.140813.230215a.

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AbstractThe extension of diamond scheme for diffusion equation to three dimensions is presented. The discrete normal flux is constructed by a linear combination of the directional flux along the line connecting cell-centers and the tangent flux along the cell-faces. In addition, it treats material discontinuities by a new iterative method. The stability and first-order convergence of the method is proved on distorted meshes. The numerical results illustrate that the method appears to be approximate second-order accuracy for solution.
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Zhong, Shijie, Michael Gurnis, and Gregory Hulbert. "Accurate determination of surface normal stress in viscous flow from a consistent boundary flux method." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 78, no. 1-2 (June 1993): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(93)90078-n.

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Phong, Nguyen Hong, Tran Thu Ha, F. X. Le Dimet, and Duong Ngoc Hai. "An improved numerical method for a 2D pollution water model: Direct model." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 39, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/9714.

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In this paper a 2D pollution water model with an improved numerical method is considered. In order to reduce the approximation errors of the numerical scheme, a new approximation method is introduced to calculate the concentration flux between two cells (j-cell and l-cell) in the direction of the normal vector \(\vec {n}\) orthogonal to their common side. The advantage of this approximation is that the concentration flux \({\partial C}/{\partial \vec {n}}\) from j-cell to l-cell and the other one from l-cell to j-cell are only different by their signs but not by their absolute values. Therefore, the errors of concentration simulated by this scheme are reduced and less than those obtained by a normal differential implicit discretization. This improvement of the scheme will be illustrated by two test cases. In the numerical tests we will display the difference between the exact solution, the classical scheme and the proposed scheme. Numerical results demonstrate the improvement of this approach.
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Liu, Shuangbiao, Michael J. Rodgers, Qian Wang, and Leon M. Keer. "A Fast and Effective Method for Transient Thermoelastic Displacement Analyses." Journal of Tribology 123, no. 3 (June 29, 2000): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1308010.

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Frictional heating due to the relative motion of contacting surfaces causes temperature rise and thermal distortion, which in turn affects the contact geometry and pressure distribution. A fast and effective method is presented for the calculation of the normal surface displacement of an elastic halfspace due to arbitrary transient surface heating. The method uses Fourier-transformed Green’s functions (frequency response functions), found in the closed form by using the approach of Seo and Mura and the heat conduction analyses of Carslaw and Jaeger. The frequency response functions are shown analytically to be the frequency domain representations of the Green’s functions given by Barber. The formulation for the surface normal displacement is in the form of three-dimensional convolution integrals (over surface and time) of the arbitrary transient heat flux and the Green’s functions. Fourier transforms of these convolution integrals are taken, avoiding the Green’s-function singularities and giving a simple multiplication between the transformed heat flux and the (known) frequency response functions. The discrete convolution–fast Fourier transform (DC-FFT) algorithm is applied for accurate and efficient calculations of the normal surface displacement from the frequency response functions for an arbitrary transient heat input. The combination of the frequency-domain formulation and the DC-FFT algorithm makes the solution of transient thermoelastic deformation extremely fast and convenient.
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Wang, Wei, Hang Wang, and Hamid Reza Karimi. "Study on the Characteristics of Electromagnetic Noise of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/764105.

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The normal electromagnetic force distribution in stator system of axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has been thoroughly analyzed in this paper. The main composition of force wave causing vibration and noise has been proposed, and at the same time a calculation method of stator natural frequency of axial flux PMSM has been raised. Through this method electromagnetic force wave, natural frequency, vibration response, and electromagnetic noise of a 15 kW axial flux PMSM with 22 poles and 24 slots have been calculated; calculations and measured values are consistent by comparison. The noise sources of axial flux PMSM have been found in this paper, which provides the theoretical support for the suppression of electromagnetic noise of axial flux PMSM.
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Korpinar, T., R. Cem Demirkol, and Z. Korpinar. "New fractional Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model and solitonic magnetic flux surfaces with normal direction." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 18, no. 09 (May 18, 2021): 2150136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021988782150136x.

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In this paper, we study applications of fractional Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model associated with the magnetic [Formula: see text]-lines in the normal direction. Evolution equations of magnetic [Formula: see text]-lines due to inextensible Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow are computed to construct the soliton surface associated with the inextensible Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow. Then, their explicit solutions are examined in terms of magnetic and geometric quantities via the conformable fractional derivative method. Finally, we obtain new numerical fractional solutions for nonlinear fractional Schrödinger system with the inextensible Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow model.
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BONNARD, B., L. FAUBOURG, and E. TRELAT. "OPTIMAL CONTROL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC ARC OF A SPACE SHUTTLE AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS WITH MULTIPLE-SHOOTING METHOD." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 15, no. 01 (January 2005): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202505003927.

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This article, continuation of previous works,5,3 presents the applications of geometric optimal control theory to the analysis of the Earth re-entry problem for a space shuttle where the control is the angle of bank, the cost is the total amount of thermal flux, and the system is subject to state constraints on the thermal flux, the normal acceleration and the dynamic pressure. Our analysis is based on the evaluation of the reachable set using the maximum principle and direct computations with the boundary conditions according to the CNES research project. The optimal solution is approximated by a concatenation of bang and boundary arcs, and is numerically computed with a multiple-shooting method.
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Molla, Mamun, Anwar Hossain, and Lun-Shin Yao. "Natural-Convection Flow Along a Vertical Complex Wavy Surface With Uniform Heat Flux." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 10 (April 25, 2007): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2755062.

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A natural-convection boundary layer along a vertical complex wavy surface with uniform heat flux has been investigated. The complex surface studied combines two sinusoidal functions, a fundamental wave and its first harmonic. Using a method of transformed coordinates, the boundary-layer equations are mapped into a regular and stationary computational domain. The transformed equations can then be solved straightforwardly by any number of numerical methods designed for regular and stationary geometries. In this paper, an implicit finite-difference method is used. The results were readily obtained on a personal computer. The numerical results demonstrate that the additional harmonic substantially alters the flow field and temperature distribution near the surface. The induced velocity normal to the y axis can substantially thicken the boundary layer, implying that its growth is not due solely to the momentum and thermal diffusion normal to the y axis along a wavy surface.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Normal Flux Method (NFM)"

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Chiron, Laurent. "Couplage et améliorations de la méthode SPH pour traiter des écoulements à multi-échelles temporelles et spatiales." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0007.

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La thèse s’articule en trois axes. Une première partie a été consacrée à l’amélioration de la méthode de flux normal (NFM) dont le développement a été initié dans une précédente thèse. Cet axe de recherche, qui ne s’inscrivait pas dans le sujet initial de la thèse, a été initié afin de répondre à des problématiques industrielles de NEXTFLOW-SOFTWARE, financeur de la thèse. Les développements réalisés ont permis d’adapter au formalisme NFM différents aspects (modélisation de la viscosité, détection de surface libre, désordre particulaire) ainsi que d’améliorer la précision des opérateurs. Le second axe de thèse a porté sur le développement d’une méthode de raffinement particulaire adaptative, et plus particulièrement à son efficacité dans un contexte d’applicabilité industrielle. Un intérêt particulier a été porté à la robustesse, la précision ainsi que le temps de calcul des méthodes de raffinement de l’état de l’art. Delà, de fortes limitations ont été dégagées et ont amené à développer une approche de raffinement inspirée de l’AMR. Les développements ont été validés sur de nombreux cas tests et sont aujourd’hui intégrés au sein des outils utilisés par NEXTFLOW-SOFTWARE. Le dernier axe concernait le couplage entre les méthodes SPH et Volumes Finis. Le développement d’un algorithme de couplage a permis de gérer les entrées/sorties entre les deux solveurs de façon générique et transparente aussi bien pour les simulations 2D que 3D. Ensuite, une amélioration a été proposée permettant de créer/supprimer dynamiquement des particules aux frontières du solveur Volumes Finis. Des validations sont en cours pour l’extension 3D
The thesis is articulated in three axes. A first part was devoted to the improvement of the normal flux method (NFM) whose development was initiated in a previous thesis. This line of research, which was not part of theoriginal subject of the thesis, was initiated in order to answer to the industrial problems of NEXTFLOW SOFTWARE, financier of the thesis. The developments made it possible to adapt to the NFM formalism different aspects (modeling of viscosity, detection of free surface,particle disorder) as well as to improve the precision of the operators.The second part of the thesis focused on the development of a method of adaptive particle refinement,and more particularly its effectiveness in a context of industrial applicability. Particular emphasis has been placed on the robustness, accuracy and calculation time of the state of the art of refinement methods. From there, strong limitations have emerged and have led to develop a refinement approach inspired by the AMR. The developments have been validated on many test cases and are now integrated within the tools used by NEXTFLOW-SOFTWARE. The last part concerned the coupling between SPH and Finite Volumes methods. The development of a coupling algorithm made it possible to manage inputs / outputs between the two solvers in a generic and transparent way for both 2D and 3D simulations. Then, an improvement was proposed allowing to create / remove dynamically particles at the boundaries of the Finite Volume solver. Validations are in progress for the 3D extension
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Book chapters on the topic "Normal Flux Method (NFM)"

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Mavituna, Ferda, Raul Munoz-Hernandez, and Ana Katerine de Carvalho Lima Lobato. "Applications of Metabolic Flux Balancing in Medicine." In Handbook of Research on Systems Biology Applications in Medicine, 458–74. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-076-9.ch027.

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This chapter summarizes the fundamentals of metabolic flux balancing as a computational tool of metabolic engineering and systems biology. It also presents examples from the literature for its applications in medicine. These examples involve mainly liver metabolism and antibiotic production. Metabolic flux balancing is a computational method for the determination of metabolic pathway fluxes through a stoichiometric model of the cellular pathways, using mass balances for intracellular metabolites. It is a powerful tool to study metabolism under normal and abnormal conditions with a view to engineer the metabolism. Its extended potential in medicine is emphasized in the future trends.
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Li, Linfeng, Yating Yu, Qin Hong, and Zhenwei Wang. "Numerical Investigation on Faults Diagnosis for AC Induction Machine by Magnetic Flux Distribution." In Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/saem200016.

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AC induction machines are widely used in electric servo drive, information processing, transportation and other fields. However, the unexpected faults cause the serious threat for the normal operation and operator’s safety. Therefore, timely faults diagnosis is an effective way to ensure the AC induction machines to work in health condition. In AC induction machines, magnetic field is the basis of energy conversion of motor, and the faults have the directly influence on the electromagnetic field distribution. In this paper, 2D numerical model of the AC squirrel-cage asynchronous induction machine is built by using COMSOL Multiphysics according to finite element method; Then, the magnetic flux distribution of AC induction motor with three different faults which commonly occurs in engineering are simulated. Base on the numerical simulation, the influence of the different faults on the magnetic distribution is discussed in detail. The investigation is beneficial to find a nondestructive fault diagnosis approach to the induction machine.
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Conference papers on the topic "Normal Flux Method (NFM)"

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Yan, Chao, Ruize Gao, and Junzhe Li. "A New Method for Estimating the First Normal Grid spacing in Heat Flux Computations." In 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-832.

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Kakinoki, Shumpei, Keizo Matsuura, Kenichi Kitagawa, and Isao Kataoka. "The Applicability of NFI-1 DNB Correlation and Fluid-to-Fluid Similarities to Freon DNB Test." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48348.

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Freon thermal hydraulic test is expected to be one of the workable methods to develop high thermal hydraulic performance PWR fuel. That is, high pressure water and high heat flux condition in PWR core can be substituted with lower pressure Freon and lower heat flux by applying appropriate fluid-to-fluid similarity and modeling parameters. Freon DNB tests and mixing tests were carried out against a 4×4 rod bundle configuration where R-134A flowed vertically upwardly. The tests were carried out at Freon thermal hydraulic test loop in Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). The spacer grid used in these tests was modeled on that of conventional PWR fuel, that is, square lattice grid with split type mixing vanes. Diameter of heater rod simulating PWR fuel rod is about 10.7mm and heating length is about 2000 mm. Freon mixing tests were carried out to estimate Turbulence Diffusivity Coefficient (TDC), which was normally used in conventional thermal hydraulic design of nuclear reactor. Freon CHF test results showed that parametric trends agreed with those of existing CHF data. To predict CHF of 4×4 rod bundle, subchannel analysis code Modified COBRA-3C and NFI-1 DNB correlation were applied. TDC value used in subchannel analysis was determined by fitting Freon mixing test data. NFI-1 DNB correlation was developed for predicting DNB heat flux in rod bundle configuration by using water CHF test results at HTRF test loop at Columbia University. The design of spacer grids used in KAERI Freon DNB test was similar to that used in water CHF test at HTRF. Water equivalent flow condition of this R-134A test was estimated using fluid-to-fluid similarities. NFI-1 DNB correlation was applied to this water equivalent condition to estimate water equivalent DNB heat flux. Then R-134A equivalent DNB heat flux was estimated reversely, and compared to Freon DNB test result. The test results were predicted well and applicability of NFI-1 DNB correlation and fluid-to-fluid similarities in 4×4 rod bundle is discussed.
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Ho, Clifford K., and Siri S. Khalsa. "A Flux Mapping Method for Central Receiver Systems." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54497.

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A new method is described to determine irradiance distributions on receivers and targets from heliostats or other collectors for concentrating solar power applications. The method uses a CCD camera, and, unlike previous beam characterization systems, it does not require additional sensors, calorimeters, or flux gauges on the receiver or target. In addition, spillage can exist (the beam does not need to be contained within the target). The only additional information required besides the digital images recorded from the CCD camera is the direct normal irradiance and the reflectivity of the receiver. Methods are described to calculate either an average reflectivity or a reflectivity distribution for the receiver using the CCD camera. The novel feature of this new PHLUX method is the use of recorded images of the sun to scale both the magnitude of each pixel value and the subtended angle of each pixel. A test was performed to evaluate the PHLUX method using a heliostat beam on the central receiver tower at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility in Albuquerque, NM. Results showed that the PHLUX method was capable of producing an accurate flux map of the heliostat beam with a relative error in the peak flux of 2%.
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Li, Like, Renwei Mei, and James F. Klausner. "Heat Transfer in Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Equation Method." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87990.

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The evaluation of the boundary heat flux and total heat transfer in the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) simulations is investigated. The boundary heat fluxes in the discrete velocity directions of the thermal LBE (TLBE) model are obtained directly from the temperature distribution functions at the lattice nodes. With the rectangular lattice uniformly spaced the effective surface area for the discrete heat flux is the unit spacing distance, thus the heat flux integration becomes simply a summation of all the discrete heat fluxes with constant surface areas. The present method for the evaluation of total heat transfer is very efficient and robust for curved boundaries because it does not require the determination of the normal heat flux on the boundary and the surface area. To validate its applicability and accuracy, several numerical tests with analytical solutions are conducted, including 2-dimensional (2D) steady thermal flow in a channel, 1-D transient heat conduction in an inclined semi-infinite solid, 2-D transient conduction inside a circle, and 3-D steady thermal flow in a circular pipe. For straight boundaries perpendicular to one of the discrete velocity vectors, the total heat transfer is second-order accurate. For curved boundaries only first-order accuracy is obtained for the total heat transfer due to the irregularly distributed lattice fractions cut by the curved boundary.
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Yellowhair, Julius, and Clifford K. Ho. "On-Sun Evaluation of the PHLUX Method for Heliostat Beam Characterization." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59409.

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Flux distributions from solar field collectors are typically evaluated using a beam characterization system, which consists of a digital camera with neutral density filters, flux gauge or calorimeter, and water-cooled Lambertian target panel. The pixels in camera image of the flux distribution are scaled by the flux peak value measured with the flux gauge or the total power value measured with the calorimeter. An alternative method, called PHLUX developed at Sandia National Laboratories, can serve the same purpose using a digital camera but without auxiliary instrumentation. The only additional information required besides the digital images recorded from the camera are the direct normal irradiance, an image of the sun using the same camera, and the reflectivity of the receiver or target panel surface. The PHLUX method was evaluated using two digital cameras (Nikon D90 and D3300) at different flux levels on a target panel. The performances of the two cameras were compared to each other and to measurements from a Kendall radiometer. For consistency in comparison of the two cameras, the same focal length lenses and same number of neutral density filters were used. Other camera settings (e.g., shutter speed, f-stop, etc.) were set based on the aperture size and performance of the cameras. The Nikon D3300 has twice the number of pixels as the D90. D3300 provided higher resolution, however, due to the smaller pixel sizes the images were noisier, and the D90 with larger pixels had better response to low light levels. The noise in the D3300, if not corrected, could result in gross overestimation of the irradiance calculations. After corrections to the D3300 flux images, the PHLUX results from the two cameras showed they agreed to within 8% for a peak flux level of 1000 suns on the target, and less than 10% error in the peak flux when compared to the Kendall radiometer.
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Nicoud, Didier, Catherine Le Bloa, and Olivier-Pierre Jacquotte. "A Finite Element Inverse Method for the Design of Turbomachinery Blades." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-080.

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We present a quasi-3D inverse method for the design of turbomachinery blades corresponding to a velocity distribution given arbitrarily. The theoretical aspect of the problem is first investigated, then the equations governing the quasi three-dimensional potential model are reviewed. The inverse method consists of solving the potential equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions on the profile, then modifying the profile iteratively until there is no mass flux through its surface. The convergence of the process is guaranteed by the preliminary theoretical study. The method is implemented using a finite element discretization, which relies on a mixed variational formulation involving two fields of unknowns: the velocity potential and the normal displacement of the profile. Several results are shown on subsonic and transonic compressor profiles. The modified profiles are then validated with direct calculations such as quasi three-dimensional Navier-Stokes computations. These results illustrate the behavior of the method, in particular its robustness and its effectiveness. The method was adapted to calculations on turbine blade profiles. Preliminary results are shown that illustrate an industrial use of the method on a subsonic profile.
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Matringe, Se´bastien F., Ruben Juanes, and Hamdi A. Tchelepi. "A New Mixed Finite Element and its Related Finite Volume Discretization on General Hexahedral Grids." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68075.

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Modern reservoir simulation grids are generally composed of distorted hexahedral elements populated with heterogeneous and possibly full-tensor coefficients. The numerical discretization of the reservoir flow equations on such grids is a challenging problem. Finite volume methods based on a two-point flux approximation (TPFA) do not properly account for grid distortion or permeability anisotropy that is misaligned with the grid. Multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) methods have been developed to overcome these shortcomings. Although implemented and used in virtually every commercial reservoir simulator, a proof of convergence for MPFA methods on three-dimensional hexahedral grids has remained elusive. Here, we present a link between MPFA and a new mixed finite element methods (MFEM) on hexahedral grids, which provides a powerful mathematical framework for the analysis of MPFA. First, we introduce a new mixed finite element on 3D hexahedra. The new element defines a velocity field with bilinear normal components through element faces. Thus, the new velocity field is defined by four degrees of freedom per face, which are the normal components of the velocity field at the vertices of each face. The new space is compatible with a piecewise constant pressure discretization and yields a convergent discretization. The application of a vertex-based quadrature rule reduces the new mixed finite element method to a multipoint flux control volume method. For Cartesian grids, this is in fact the classical MPFA O-method. This provides for the first time a direct link between MFEM and MPFA on hexahedral grids, which we use to establish convergence of MPFA for 3D rectangular grids.
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Hussainov, M., A. Kartushinsky, E. E. Michaelides, Y. Rudi, I. Shcheglov, and S. Tisler. "Deposition of Fine Solid Particles in Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layers." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37397.

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A method for the assessment of the deposition of fine solid particles in a vertical two-phase laminar flat-plate boundary layer is presented. The method is based on a probabilistic approach to the particles deposition and takes into account both the hydrodynamics of the flow past the plate and the adhesive properties of particles and the plate surface. Electrocorundum powders with particle sizes of 12, 23 and 32 μm were used for the investigations. A stainless steel hollow conical shape was used as a prototype surface for the particles deposition. The experimental investigation used the centrifugal technique for the deposition of particles and examined pairs of particles and surfaces for the characteristics of the deposition process. The results exhibited the typical log-normal distributions of the dependence of the deposition/adhesion process. An overall expression for the particles deposition flux was derived. The expression includes the normal to the surface velocity of the particles, the particle mass concentration observed immediately close to the surface of the plate and the surface of the plate. The hydrodynamic properties of the dispersed phase in the vicinity of the plate surface, namely the normal velocity and the particle mass concentration, were calculated by the mathematical model of the flat-plate laminar boundary layer elaborated in [1]. The validation of the proposed method of assessment of deposition was accomplished by comparing the deposition flux calculated along the plate with experimental data obtained in [2]. A small discrepancy between the numerical and experimental results was observed, which may be attributed to neglecting the microphysics of adhesion, such as the influence of the electric charges and humidity during the experiments.
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Ohtake, Hiroyasu, Tomoyasu Tanaki, and Yasuo Koizumi. "Study on Boiling Heat Transfer and Critical Heat Flux in Mist Cooling: Effect of Droplet Size on Heat Transfer Characteristics." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61840.

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Boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux—CHF—in mist cooling were investigated experimentally and analytically. Especially, the heat transfer in the mist cooling was examined focusing on the effects of droplet size and droplet velocity on the heat transfer characteristics. Steady state experiments of heat transfer were conducted using a pure copper cylinder and mist flow of water-air at room temperature. Liquid flow rate was 0.3, 0.9, 1.8, 4 and 8 l/hr, respectively; each air flow rate on normal condition was 0, 40, 75 and 120 lN/min. Furthermore, liquid mass flux on the heater surface for each experimental condition was measured by using a cylinder with a scale and the same diameter as the heater. Distribution of air velocity, average velocity of droplets and average diameter of droplets were measured by using a fine Pitot tube, laser doppler anemometry and immersion method, respectively. Three correlations of the mist cooling rate for non-boiling, evaporation of droplets and evaporation of the liquid film were developed by using the measured liquid mass flux, characteristic droplet velocity and wall superheat. A CHF model was presented by focusing on maximum evaporation rate of the liquid mass flux on a heater. A droplet evaporation model was proposed by using the transient heat conduction in a sphere. Finally, three dimensionless correlations for the mist cooling were presented.
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DeLallo, Michael R., Marc D. Polanka, and David L. Blunck. "Impact of Trench and Ramp Film Cooling Designs to Reduce Heat Release Effects in a Reacting Flow." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68311.

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High freestream fuel-air ratios are a recent area of concern in film cooling due to the potential for heat release on the surface of film cooled turbine components. This investigation compared the potential for heat release from three cooling designs: namely a fanned, a trenched, and a ramped. Measurements of heat flux to the downstream surface are provided when subjected to a reacting mainstream flow. This work furthermore studied the effect of multiple injection points in series along the surface of a flat plate. The extremes of either an upstream set of normal holes or an upstream slot is evaluated on its ability to protect the downstream coolant flow from the fuel rich mainstream. Results are presented in terms of heat flux, augmentation of heat flux, and normalized temperature which quantifies the magnitude, change, and potential change of downstream heat release, respectively. Downstream heat release was expected to be a result of local equivalence ratio and characteristic chemical and flow times. Results suggest the method of coolant injection to be more impactful on local equivalence ratio than the volume of coolant injected.
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