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Journal articles on the topic 'Normal heights'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Popadyev, V. V. "On the advantage of normal heights." Geodesy and Cartography 939, no. 9 (2018): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-939-9-2-9.

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The author analyzes the arguments in the report by Robert Kingdon, Petr Vanicek and Marcelo Santos “The shape of the quasigeoid” (IX Hotin-Marussi Symposium on Theoretical Geodesy, Italy, Rome, June 18 June 22, 2018), which presents the criticisms for the basic concepts of Molodensky’s theory, the normal height and height anomaly of the point on the earth’s surface, plotted on the reference ellipsoid surface and forming the surface of a quasigeoid. The main advantages of the system of normal heights, closely related to the theory of determining the external gravitational field and the Earth’s

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Odalovic, Oleg, Danilo Joksimovic, Sanja Grekulovic, Miljana Todorovic-Drakul, and Jovan Popovic. "Evaluation of normal heights by the means of global navigation satellite systems and global geopotential model." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 95, no. 4 (2015): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1504103o.

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This paper presents geometrically and physically defined height systems, along with their evaluation by the means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Global Geopotential Models (GGM). The paper defines ellipsoid heights as an instance of geometrically defined heights; with physically defined heights being represented by definitions of orthometric and normal heights. Methods of normal heights calculation by the means of ellipsoid heights are presented in detail, as determined using the GNSS and height anomalies calculated from the GGM application. Apart from the above, numerical p

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3

Maheen Ahmed, Waqar Jeelani, and Mubassar Fida. "Maxillary sinus and alveolar bone levels in subjects with skeletal anterior open bite: Is there room for mini-implant supported molar intrusion?" Professional Medical Journal 30, no. 06 (2023): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2023.30.06.7475.

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Objective: To compare the maxillary sinus (MS) and alveolar bone (AB) heights in adult subjects with normal occlusion and those with skeletal anterior open bite (AOB). Study Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Period: December 2020 to June 2021. Material & Methods: The study was conducted on the pretreatment orthodontic records of sixty adult subjects (30 males, 30 females). Skeletal high angle cases with AOB >1 mm were included in skeletal AOB while a matched sample with normal dental and skeletal relationships was included in normal occlusion group

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Mustafin, Murat, and Hiba Moussa. "Accurate Height Determination in Uneven Terrains with Integration of Global Navigation Satellite System Technology and Geometric Levelling: A Case Study in Lebanon." Computation 12, no. 3 (2024): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation12030058.

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The technology for determining a point’s coordinates on the earth’s surface using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is becoming the norm along with ground-based methods. In this case, determining coordinates does not cause any particular difficulties. However, to identify normal heights using this technology with a given accuracy, special research is required. The fact is that satellite determinations of geodetic heights (h) over an ellipsoid surface differ from ground-based measurements of normal height (HN) over a quasi-geoid surface by a certain value called quasi-geoid height o

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5

Murai, Masafumi. "Normal subgroups and heights of characters." Journal of Mathematics of Kyoto University 36, no. 1 (1996): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/kjm/1250518602.

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Moussa, Hiba, and Mohammad Abboud. "Methodology of Applying Inverse Distance Weighting Interpolation Method in Determining Normal Heights." Resourceedings 4, no. 1 (2024): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v4i1.1068.

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This article explores the application of the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method in determining normal heights, utilizing a network of points with measured ellipsoidal and normal heights by the use of GNSS/levelling method. The IDW method, which assumes that points closer to each other are more alike, is employed to locate points within the correct quadrant and calculate their normal height based on the determined average height anomaly across the entire area. The accuracy of this method is validated using check points. The article further discusses the methodology of normal

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Szelachowska, Malgorzata, Walyeldeen Godah, and Jan Krynski. "Contribution of GRACE Satellite Mission to the Determination of Orthometric/Normal Heights Corrected for Their Dynamics—A Case Study of Poland." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (2022): 4271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174271.

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Physical heights were traditionally determined without considering the dynamic processes of the Earth induced from temporal mass variations. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission provided valuable data that allow the estimation of geoid/quasigeoid height changes and vertical deformations of the Earth’s surface induced from temporal mass loading, and thereby temporal variations of physical heights. The objective of this investigation is to discuss the determination of orthometric/normal heights considering mass transports within the Earth’s system. An approach to determine

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Sjöberg, Lars E. "On the geoid and orthometric height vs. quasigeoid and normal height." Journal of Geodetic Science 8, no. 1 (2018): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2018-0011.

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Abstract The geoid, but not the quasigeoid, is an equipotential surface in the Earth’s gravity field that can serve both as a geodetic datum and a reference surface in geophysics. It is also a natural zero-level surface, as it agrees with the undisturbed mean sea level. Orthometric heights are physical heights above the geoid,while normal heights are geometric heights (of the telluroid) above the reference ellipsoid. Normal heights and the quasigeoid can be determined without any information on the Earth’s topographic density distribution, which is not the case for orthometric heights and geoi

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Tenzer, Robert, Viliam Vatrt, Luzi Gan, Ahmed Abdalla, and Nadim Dayoub. "Combined approach for the unification of levelling networks in New Zealand." Journal of Geodetic Science 1, no. 4 (2011): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10156-011-0012-0.

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Combined approach for the unification of levelling networks in New ZealandThe unification of levelling networks in New Zealand is done using a combined approach. It utilises the joint levelling network adjustment and the geopotential-value approach. The levelling and normal gravity data are used for a joint adjustment of the levelling networks at the South and North Islands of New Zealand while fixing the heights of tide gauges in Dunedin and Wellington. The results reveal a good quality of levelling data; the STD of residuals is 2 mm for the whole country. The comparison of the newly determin

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Kim, Daekyoo, Cara L. Lewis, and Simone V. Gill. "Effects of obesity and foot arch height on gait mechanics: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (2021): e0260398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260398.

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Foot arch structure contributes to lower-limb joint mechanics and gait in adults with obesity. However, it is not well-known if excessive weight and arch height together affect gait mechanics compared to the effects of excessive weight and arch height alone. The purpose of this study was to determine the influences of arch height and obesity on gait mechanics in adults. In this study, 1) dynamic plantar pressure, 2) spatiotemporal gait parameters, 3) foot progression angle, and 4) ankle and knee joint angles and moments were collected in adults with normal weight with normal arch heights (n =

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Balodis, J., K. Morozova, M. Reiniks, and M. Normand. "Normal heights for GNSS reference station antennas." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 251 (October 2017): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/251/1/012063.

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Popadyev, V. V., and S. S. Rakhmonov. "A method of high-precision calculating the normal height as the coordinate line`s length at an arbitrary distances from the Earth." Geodesy and Cartography 989, no. 11 (2022): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2022-989-11-12-20.

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The authors highlight some special issues of the theory of heights. In establishing a global system of normal heights, one of the key matters is the final choice of a system of altitudes to represent elevation marks. In addition to proving the advantages of the mentioned system, it is necessary to eliminate some “white spots” within itself. In 2004, a more accurate way of calculating normal heights as the length of a coordinate line in a spheroidal system was considered. Simultaneously with this, in the papers by foreign researchers, methods of "practically accurate" calculation of the orthome

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Cartwright, Mont J., Usha R. Kurumety, Christine C. Nelson, Bartley R. Frueh, and David C. Musch. "Measurement of Normal Eyebrow, Eyelid, and Pretarsal Skin Heights." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 12, no. 4 (1995): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880689501200403.

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The anatomic relationships of the eyebrows and eyelids influence facial appearance. Restoration or preservation of the symmetry of the eyebrows and eyelids through surgical means can restore a normal appearance. To establish the normal relationships of these facial structures in 143 normal Caucasian individuals, measurements were taken of the eyebrow height, the upper eyelid crease height, and the amount of visible pretarsal skin. It was noted that with increasing age the variation of the mean estimates for eyelid and eyebrow measurements was increased. Aging affected the measurements in young

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Kang, Cheol, Koo-Yong Park, and Yong-Sik Cho. "Numerical and Statistical Analyses of Tsunami Heights with the L-Moments Method." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (2019): 5517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245517.

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As devastating and unpredictable tsunamis generated by underwater earthquakes are occurring more frequently, the need for tsunami disaster prevention measures is rapidly increasing. In this study, tsunami heights were estimated, and the best-fit distribution was examined through a combination of numerical analyses and statistical methods. A numerical model was employed to estimate the tsunami heights, and the parameters were estimated using the method of L-moments applied to the estimated tsunami heights. The best-fit distribution was determined by applying the estimated parameters to the L-mo

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Fazilova, Dilbarkhon, and Khasan Magdiev. "Creating and updating of topographic maps height base in the new national spatial coordinate system: case Fergana valley." InterCarto. InterGIS 27, no. 2 (2021): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2021-2-27-155-164.

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The use of high-precision technology of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has put forward the task of developing the methods for the creation and the use of a new national open coordinate system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the country, up to now the CS42 coordinate system, based on the Krasovsky ellipsoid used for geodetic works. The Baltic normal system of heights (1977), tied to the mean sea level with the zero mark of the Kronstadt tide gauge, was adopted as a height datum. Due to lack geoid information for the territory of the country determined by modern methods, the rea

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Vieira, Fabiano Paiva, Arnaldo Pinzan, Guilherme Janson, Thais Maria Freire Fernandes, Renata Carvalho Sathler, and Rafael Pinelli Henriques. "Facial height in Japanese-Brazilian descendants with normal occlusion." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 5 (2014): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.19.5.054-066.oar.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the standards of facial height in 30 young (14-year-old) Japanese-Brazilian descendants with normal occlusion, and assess whether sexual dimorphism is evident. METHODS: The cephalometric measurements used followed the analyses by Wylie-Johnson, Siriwat-Jarabak, Gebeck, Merrifield and Horn. RESULTS: Results showed dimorphism for total anterior facial height (TAFH), lower anterior facial height (LAFH), anterior facial height (AFH), total posterior facial height (TPFH) and upper posterior facial height (UPFH) measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The standar

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Mihalache, Raluca Maria, and Andreea Manescu. "Interpolation Grid for Local Area of Iasi City." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (2014): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2014-0014.

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Abstract Definitive transition to GNSS technology of achieving geodetic networks for cadastre implementation in cities and municipalities, enforce establishing a unique way of linking between current measurements and existing geodetic data, with a sufficient accuracy proper to urban cadastre standards. Regarding city of Iasi, is presented a different method of transformation which consist in an interpolation grid for heights system. The Romanian national height system is „Black Sea-1975” normal heights system. Founded in 1945 by Molodenski, this system uses the quasigeoid as reference surface,

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18

Zeevi, Danny, Adi Ben Yehuda, Dafna Nathan, David Zangen, and Leonid Kruglyak. "Accurate Prediction of Children’s Target Height from Their Mid-Parental Height." Children 11, no. 8 (2024): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11080916.

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Background: For the past 50 years, standard guidelines have recommended the use of sex-adjusted mid-parental height to predict a child’s final height. Here, we studied the accuracy of this procedure. Methods: We used height data in a cohort of 23 very large nuclear families (mean = 11 adult children per family). We compared the actual final height of the children to their height predicted by the standard procedure, as well as to alternative height predictions that incorporate corrections of mid-parental height for age, sex, and regression to the mean. Results: Standard mid-parental height expl

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Ameti, Perparim, and Reiner Jager. "ON THE DEFINITION OF HEIGHT REFERENCE SURFACES OVER AN ARBITRARY SELECTED AREA BY MEANS OF DFHRS APPROACH." Geodesy and cartography 42, no. 4 (2016): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2016.1268431.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the best fitting geoid model for an arbitrary selected area of investigation. The Digital Finite Element Height Reference Surface (DFHRS) method, developed by Hochschule Karlsruhe has been chosen to define the height reference surface for the territory of Kosovo, which should be defined as national vertical datum. This approach allows the conversion of ellipsoidal heights determined by GPS into the standard heights, which refer to the height reference surface (HRS) of an orthometric, or normal surface system. The DFHRS is defined as continues HRS in arbitrar

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Mustafin, M. G., and Thanh Son Tran. "Method of transferring marks to the installation horizons using satellite measurement technology." Geodesy and Cartography 946, no. 4 (2019): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-946-4-2-8.

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Today, during the construction of especially high-rise buildings and structures GNSS technologies have found wide application. The authors proposed the method of transmission marks on mounting horizons. It is very promising to investigate the matter concerning with the rapid applying of satellite technologies coordinates into life. It is known that satellite definitions are not very accurate, especially in identifying normal heights. However, the geodetic height is determined sufficiently. In this investigation, the algorithm of using satellite definitions is shown, taking into account the res

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Yadeta, Samuel Milki, Godah Walyeldeen, Małgorzata Szelachowska, and Georgia Fotopoulos. "Assessment of temporal variations of orthometric/normal heights at proposed International Height Reference Frame sites using GRACE/GRACE-FO." Survey Review 56, no. 398 (2023): 489–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14674375.

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The objective of this research is to assess temporal variations of orthometric/normal height (Δ<em>H</em>/Δ<em>H</em>*) at proposed International Height Reference Frame (IHRF) sites. GRACE/GRACE-FO-based Global Geopotential Models were utilized to determine temporal variations of geoid/quasigeoid height (Δ<em>N</em>/Δ<em>ζ</em>) and time-dependent changes of ellipsoidal height (Δ<em>h</em>) induced from the temporal mass loading at those sites. Δ<em>H</em>/Δ<em>H</em>* at each site were determined by combining Δ<em>N</em>/Δ<em>ζ</

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Wang, Hongliang, Zhongdong Qian, Di Zhang, Tao Wang, and Chuan Wang. "Numerical Study of the Normal Impinging Water Jet at Different Impinging Height, Based on Wray–Agarwal Turbulence Model." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071744.

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As a kind of water jet technology with strong impinging force and simple structure, the submerged impinging water jet can produce strong scouring action on subaqueous sediments. In order to investigate the flow field characteristics and impinging pressure of submerged impinging water jets at different impinging heights, the Wray-Agarwal (W-A) turbulence model is used for calculation. The velocity distribution and flow field structure at different impinging heights (1 ≤ H/D ≤ 8), and the impinging pressure distribution at the impingement plate under different Reynolds numbers (11, 700 ≤ Re ≤ 35

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Fazilova, Dilbarkhon, Aziz Kazakov, and Ilkhom Alimukhamedov. "Improving global Geoid by GPS and leveling data over the Fergana valley territory." InterCarto. InterGIS 28, no. 1 (2022): 568–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-1-28-568-579.

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The Republic of Uzbekistan currently uses the Baltic normal system of heights associated with the quasi-geoid surface. The introduction of innovative technologies of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) made it possible to determine with high accuracy the geometric heights related to the Earth model — an ellipsoid. For a complex representation of spatial data and analysis of information about the territory, natural resources, man-made objects, their dynamics in the National Geographic Information System (NGIS), first of all, it is necessary to solve the problem of refining the reference

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Sjöberg, L. E. "The geoid or quasigeoid – which reference surface should be preferred for a national height system?" Journal of Geodetic Science 3, no. 2 (2013): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jogs-2013-0013.

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Abstract Most European states use M. S. Molodensky’s concept of normal heights for their height systems with a quasigeoid model as the reference surface, while the rest of the world rely on orthometric heights with the geoid as the zero-level. Considering the advances in data caption and theory for geoid and quasigeoid determinations, the question is which system is the best choice for the future. It is reasonable to assume that the latter concept, in contrast to the former, will always suffer from some uncertainty in the topographic density distribution, while Molodensky’s approach to quasige

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LaFranchi, Stephen, Cheryl E. Hanna, and Scott H. Mandel. "Constitutional Delay of Growth: Expected versus Final Adult Height." Pediatrics 87, no. 1 (1991): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.1.82.

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Constitutional delay of growth and puberty is believed to represent a variation of normal growth, and it is expected that children with this condition will grow for a longer duration than average and reach a height that is normal for their genetic potential. The records of children with constitutional delay of growth and puberty who were initially seen in the Pediatric Endocrine Clinic at the Oregon Health Sciences University between 1975 and 1983 were retrospectively reviewed. Criteria for study included a height more than 2 SD below the mean, a significantly delayed bone age, and a normal gr

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Krzan, G., K. Dawidowicz, K. Stępniak, and K. Świątek. "Determining normal heights with the use of Precise Point Positioning." Survey Review 49, no. 355 (2016): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2016.1164939.

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Manoussakis, Gerassimos. "Estimation of the normal Eötvös matrix for low geometric heights." Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica 48, no. 2 (2013): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40328-013-0014-8.

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Tribbia, J. J., and R. A. Madden. "Projection of time-mean geopotential heights onto normal, hough modes." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 38, no. 1-2 (1988): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01029943.

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Buschang, Peter H., Roberto Carrillo, Sean S. Liu, and Arto Demirjian. "Maxillary and Mandibular Dentoalveolar Heights of French-Canadians 10 to 15 Years of Age." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 1 (2008): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/092006-381.1.

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Abstract Objective: To establish reference data for anterior and posterior dentoalveolar heights of growing French-Canadians with untreated normal occlusions and malocclusions. Materials and Methods: The mixed longitudinal sample includes 227 French-Canadians, 119 male and 108 female, with cephalograms taken annually between 10–15 years of age. Maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar heights were measured as the perpendicular distances of the incisor tips and first molar mesial cusp tips to the palatal (ANS-PNS) and mandibular (Go-Me) planes. Results: Male dentoalveolar heights were significant

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Lee, S., and E. Loth. "On ramped vanes to control normal shock boundary layer interactions." Aeronautical Journal 122, no. 1256 (2018): 1568–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.88.

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ABSTRACTA novel vortex generator design positioned upstream of a normal shock followed by a subsequent diffuser was investigated using large eddy simulations. In particular, “ramped-vane” flow control devices with three different heights relative to the incoming boundary layer thickness (0.34δ, 0.52δ and 0·75δ) were placed in a supersonic boundary layer with a freestream Mach number of 1.3 and a Reynolds number of 2400 based on the momentum thickness. This is the first numerical study to investigate the size effect of the ramped-vane for flow control device in terms of shape factor, flow separ

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Nicacio, E., R. Dalazoana, and S. R. C. de Freitas. "Evaluation of recent combined global geopotential models in Brazil." Journal of Geodetic Science 8, no. 1 (2018): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2018-0008.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to present a quantitative analysis of the adequacy of the main currently existing combined Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) for modeling normal-geoid heights throughout Brazil. As major advances have been reached since mid-2016 in the combined GGMs elaboration and development, the main objective of this analysis is to verify if, in fact, the most recent models present superior or equivalent performance to the most performant previous models. The analysis was based on comparisons between normal-geoid height values obtained fromGNSS/leveling solutions and value

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Znotina, Madara, Ivars Liepins, and Ksenija Kosenko. "DEVELOPMENT OF LATVIAN NATIONAL 2ND ORDER LEVELING NETWORK." Geodesy and cartography 42, no. 4 (2016): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2016.1226395.

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Latvian National First Order Levelling Network consist of 15 polygons and 51 lines and was reestablished in 2011. From 1st of December of year 2014 in Latvia Republic is new Latvian normal height system at epoch 2000,5. Normal heights are widely used in origination and application of geospatial data in civil engineering and quasigeoid computation etc. The main objective of this work is to describe 2nd order leveling network development idea, purpose and process. Essential of work is option, check, used and analyze historical height data, which has all Eastern European countries, and newly meas

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Jamaludin, Nazatul Izzati, Farhah Nadhirah Aiman Sahabuddin, Raja Khairul Mustaqim Raja Ahmad Najib, Muhamad Lutfi Hanif Shamshul Bahari, and Shazlin Shaharudin. "Bottom-Up Kinetic Chain in Drop Landing among University Athletes with Normal Dynamic Knee Valgus." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (2020): 4418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124418.

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The study investigated the influence of ankle strength and its range of motion (ROM) on knee kinematics during drop landing. Fifteen male and fifteen female university athletes with a normal range of dynamic knee valgus (DKV) (knee frontal plane projection angle: men = 3° to 8°, females = 7° to 13°) were recruited. They performed drop landing at height 30 cm and 45 cm with three-dimensional motion capture and analysis. Knee angles were compared at specific landing phases. Isokinetic ankle strength was tested at 60°/s angular velocity while the weight-bearing lunge test was conducted to evaluat

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SOM, SUPARNA, STANLEY ULIJASZEK, MANORANJAN PAL, SUSMITA BHARATI, and PREMANANDA BHARATI. "VARIATION IN HEIGHT AND BMI OF ADULT INDIANS." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 1 (2013): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201300014x.

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SummaryIt is well known that height and weight are interrelated, and that both are related to socioeconomic variables. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of socioeconomic variables on the heights and weights of different groups of people, formed according to different levels of heights and weights, and to see whether there are sex differences in the variations in heights and weights. Data for adults aged 15–49 years were taken from the India National Family Health Survey-3 and descriptive studies and multiple linear regression analyses carried out. A clear positive associatio

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Ahmed, Marion L., Alison D. Allen, David B. Dunger, and Aidan Macfarlane. "The Oxford Growth Study: A District Growth Surveillance Programme 1988–1994." Journal of Medical Screening 2, no. 3 (1995): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914139500200313.

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Objectives — To develop a method of community based growth assessment. Setting — Oxford District, United Kingdom. Methods — A system of growth surveillance involving a community consultant paediatrician, a paediatric endocrinologist, a clinical auxologist, a project coordinator, and the many primary health care teams was started. Letters and meetings were arranged to introduce the programme to general practitioners and health visitors, emphasising the importance of growth assessment in normal child development. They were asked to measure all children as part of their routine developmental chec

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Mustafin, M. G., and Kh I. Moussa. "Results of creating an altitude-base using a local quasi-geoid model in the Republic of Lebanon." Geodesy and Cartography 1005, no. 3 (2024): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2024-1005-3-6-13.

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The technology for determining the coordinates of points on the earth using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is becoming a standard along with ground-based methods. In this case, determining the plane coordinates of points does not cause any particular difficulties. However, to identify normal altitudes using this technique with a given accuracy, a special research is required. The fact is that according to satellite definitions, the geodetic height (H) is directly obtained, which differs from the normal one (HN) by an amount called height anomaly. This and the above mentioned val

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Rao, S., and C. R. Houska. "X-ray particle-size broadening." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 42, no. 1 (1986): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767386099981.

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X-ray diffraction profiles and Fourier coefficients are given for particles distributed according to experimentally verified size distributions. Calculations are based upon the log normal distribution of sphere diameters and intercept lengths in addition to a normal distribution of column heights. It is found that the diffraction profile is not sensitive to the fine details of the distribution but rather the mean column height and the column-height variation coefficient. Errors in particle-size determinations will result from an improper choice of the variation coefficient. Two simplified mode

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Elagin, Alexandr V., Mikhail V. Zaitsev, Dmitry A. Prokhorov, and Nikolay K. Shendrik. "ESTIMATION OF COORDINATES ACCURACY DETERMINATION BY EFT M3 GNSS AND EFT M4 GNSS SATELLITE RECEIVERS IN RTK MODE." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 25, no. 3 (2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2020-25-3-26-33.

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The paper presents the test results of satellite receivers EFT M3 GNSS and EFT M4 GNSS in Real Time Kinematic (RTK) mode. At ten points near the NSKW permanent operating base station, measurements were made in the RTK mode by the tested receivers and in the "static" mode by the Trimble 5700 receiver. In addition, the normal heights of points from leveling of class II with the N-05 level were determined. The points are removed from the base station at distances from 39 m to 1227 m. The accuracy was estimated by the differences of double non-equal measurements in the RTK and "static" modes. For

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Tenzer, Robert, and Albertini Nsiah Ababio. "On the Consistency between a Classical Definition of the Geoid-to-Quasigeoid Separation and Helmert Orthometric Heights." Sensors 23, no. 11 (2023): 5185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115185.

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It is acknowledged that a classical definition of the geoid-to-quasigeoid separation as a function of the simple planar Bouguer gravity anomaly is compatible with Helmert’s definition of orthometric heights. According to Helmert, the mean actual gravity along the plumbline between the geoid and the topographic surface in the definition of orthometric height is computed approximately from the measured surface gravity by applying the Poincaré-Prey gravity reduction. This study provides theoretical proof and numerical evidence that this assumption is valid. We demonstrate that differences between

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Michael, Itoro Tim, A. A. Isaac, and A. C. Etim. "Fitting a Normal Distribution to the Heights of Akwa Ibom State University Students Using Chi-square." Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics 27, no. 5 (2025): 42–49. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2025/v27i5753.

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This paper fits a normal probability distribution to the heights of Students of the Akwa Ibom State University. Normal probability distribution is a well-known continuous probability model for a real-valued random variable. Goodness of fit tests indicate whether or not it is reasonable to assume that a random sample comes from a specific probability distribution. A sample of 617 Students was drawn from the Medical Centre of the Institution’s Main Campus, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State. Some exploratory data analyses were carried out to observe the behaviour of the data set graphically. A chi-sq

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Eshagh, Mehdi. "Error calibration of quasi-geoidal, normal and ellipsoidal heights of Sweden using variance component estimation." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 40, no. 1 (2010): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10126-010-0001-9.

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Error calibration of quasi-geoidal, normal and ellipsoidal heights of Sweden using variance component estimation Errors of estimated parameters in an adjustment process should be scaled according to the size of the estimated residuals or misclosures. After computing a quasi-geoid (geoid), its biases and tilts, due to existence of systematic errors in the terrestrial data, are removed by fitting a corrective surface to the misclosures of the differences between the GNSS/levelling data and the quasi-geoid (geoid). Variance component estimation can be used to re-scale or calibrate the error of th

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Lukoševičius, Viktoras. "DFHRS-BASED COMPUTATION OF QUASI-GEOID OF LATVIA." Geodesy and Cartography 39, no. 1 (2013): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2013.788827.

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In geodesy, civil engineering and related fields high accuracy coordinate determination is needed, for that reason GNSS technologies plays important role. Transformation from GNSS derived ellipsoidal heights to orthometric or normal heights requires a high accuracy geoid or quasi-geoid model, respectively the accuracy of the currently used Latvian gravimetric quasi-geoid model LV'98 is 6–8 cm. The objective of this work was to calculate an improved quasi-geoid (QGeoid) for Latvia. The computation was performed by applying the DFHRS software. This paper discusses obtained geoid height reference

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Wang, Y. T., D. D. Pascoe, V. Farrar, and T. Ford. "654 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEEL HEIGHTS AND FORCE PATTERNS IN NORMAL WALKING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, Supplement (1993): S116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199305001-00656.

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Rogowski, Jerzy B., and Magdalena Klek. "Determination of normal heights in the area of Polish Economic Zone." TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 11, no. 4 (2017): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12716/1001.11.04.22.

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Ribeiro, José Gabriel Gonçalves, Nyeppson de Sousa Soares, Walter Mesquita Filho, Mayara Ribeiro de Araujo, Roberto Antonio Zucchi, and Marcoandre Savaris. "Influence of the height of multilure traps in the collection of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." EntomoBrasilis 14 (February 25, 2021): e934. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v14.e934.

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The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is a polyphagous pest adapted to tropical and subtropical climates, which are responsible for the highest share of fruit production. Fruit fly surveys are frequently done by installing traps at heights easily reached by the collector, between 1.5 and 2.5 meters. This study aims to inform fruit fly monitoring strategies by assessing two trap heights (around 2 m and 10 m) in four environments (agricultural and forest) at the “Luiz de Queiroz” Campus, Piracicaba, São Paulo state, Brazil. Each collection environment was considered a block,

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Gray, Laurence, David Burgess, Luke Copland, Thorben Dunse, Kirsty Langley, and Geir Moholdt. "A revised calibration of the interferometric mode of the CryoSat-2 radar altimeter improves ice height and height change measurements in western Greenland." Cryosphere 11, no. 3 (2017): 1041–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1041-2017.

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Abstract. We compare geocoded heights derived from the interferometric mode (SARIn) of CryoSat to surface heights from calibration–validation sites on Devon Ice Cap and western Greenland. Comparisons are included for both the heights derived from the first return (the point-of-closest-approach or POCA) and heights derived from delayed waveform returns (swath processing). While swath-processed heights are normally less precise than edited POCA heights, e.g. standard deviations of ∼ 3 and ∼ 1.5 m respectively for the western Greenland site, the increased coverage possible with swath data complem

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Agichani, Sonali Rajesh, Subhash D. Joshi, and Sharda Subhash Joshi. "Morphometric Study of Lumbar Intervertebral Discs in a Tertiary Care Centre in Central India." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 31 (2021): 2895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/529.

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BACKGROUND The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the primary load-bearing structure in the vertebral column. It is avascular, has low metabolic rate and hence most vulnerable to damage. One of the most important causes of low back pain is the disc lesions. Hence, the present study was done to provide morphometric data of lumbar intervertebral discs in central Indians. METHODS Anterior and posterior heights of lumbar intervertebral discs were measured in (a) 10 cadavers by digital vernier calipers; (b) 120 normal, lateral view digital radiographs divided in three age groups in both the sexes, digita

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Burak, Kostyantyn. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 95,2022, no. 95 (2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2022.95.039.

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The purpose of this work is to prove the necessity and possibility of returning to the orthometric system of heights in Ukraine and to substantiate the ways of solving this problem. The method of achieving the goal is provided by theoretical studies of existing methods of astronomical and geodetic leveling, modern methods of forecasting neotectonic processes, GNSS accuracy and geometric leveling. The main results are: the requirements for the accuracy of gravimetric support of high-precision geometric leveling, both DGM of Ukraine and high-altitude network of geodynamic and man-made landfills.

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Bjo¨rklund, S. "A Random Model for Micro-Slip Between Nominally Flat Surfaces." Journal of Tribology 119, no. 4 (1997): 726–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833877.

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A random surface model has been developed for the deformations of contacting surfaces subjected to both normal and tangential load. The model is restricted to nominally flat (rough) elastic surfaces in contact with perfectly flat (smooth) elastic surfaces. The deformations of the asperities are assumed to be independent of each other and the heights of the asperities are assumed to be randomly distributed. Depending on the height of an asperity, it will either slip or stick. The relation between tangential deformation and load will consequently be non-linear and this effect is often named micr

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Lobasov, A. S., and A. V. Minakov. "The investigation of the height effect of a slit microchannel with a textured wall on its hydrodynamic drag." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2119, no. 1 (2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2119/1/012050.

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Abstract The numerical investigation of the fluid flow in a slit microchannel with a textured wall was carried out. The effect of the channel height on the hydrodynamic drag coefficient, as well as on the pressure drop in such channel and the effective slip length on the wall for various Reynolds numbers, are presented in the paper. The channel length was 100 µm, and its height was varied from 25 µm to 500 µm. The Reynolds number was varied from 0.1 to 100. The main studied characteristics were compared to the similar ones obtained for a channel with normal walls (no-slip conditions). It was f

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