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Journal articles on the topic 'Normal labor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Larimore, Walter L., and Matthew K. Cline. "KEEPING NORMAL LABOR NORMAL." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 27, no. 1 (March 2000): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(05)70157-3.

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2

Vidovich, M. I., C. A. Wong, and T. C. Krejcie. "IS NORMAL LABOR NORMAL?" Anesthesiology 94, no. 1A (April 1, 2001): NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200104001-00059.

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3

Brennand, Janet E., and Andrew A. Calder. "Labor and normal delivery." Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, no. 6 (December 1991): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001703-199112000-00004.

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4

Kilpatrick, S. J., and R. K. Laros. "Characteristics of Normal Labor." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 10, no. 1 (April 1990): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132582-199004000-00007.

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5

Choudhary, Anjali, and Meenakshi Tanwar. "Partogram and its relevance in modern obstetrics." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2019): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20191207.

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Background: Normal labor and childbirth is fraught with complexities. In the modern times the child birth has proven to be more challenging than ever. Partogram has proven to be a simple and useful tool in monitoring normal labor. The objective of this endeavor was to site our experiences in using partogram for ‘plotting’ labors, to assess its utility, limitations and cite controversies.Methods: Authors analyzed progress of labor plotted on partograms in parturient women to see whether their labor patterns conform to the standard partogram, and can logical conclusions be drawn from their use to decide partogram’s utility and applicability.Results: The use of partogram was not universal and its charting inadequate due to lack of motivation on part of labor room residents, busy labor rooms. When plotted meticulously they showed a wide variation, and many women did not conform to the rates of dilatation of the graph. The use of partogram did not alter the rate of cesarean section for non-progressive labors with use and non-use of partogram.Conclusions: Philpott’s partogram is a very visual and useful tool to monitor labours and detect labour abnormalities timely. Although it has served as a labour management tool across the labour rooms its use is not universal. There is a plethora of conflicting opinions regarding its utility in modern obstetrics today, ranging from a complete faith in the tool to finding it obsolete and in need of a revision to calling it a medicalization of a natural process.
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Liao, John B., Catalin S. Buhimschi, and Errol R. Norwitz. "Normal Labor: Mechanism and Duration." Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 32, no. 2 (June 2005): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2005.01.001.

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7

Harper, Lorie M., Aaron B. Caughey, Anthony O. Odibo, Kimberly A. Roehl, Qiuhong Zhao, and Alison G. Cahill. "Normal Progress of Induced Labor." Obstetrics & Gynecology 119, no. 6 (June 2012): 1113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e318253d7aa.

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Harper, L. M., A. B. Caughey, A. O. Odibo, K. A. Roehl, Q. Zhao, and A. G. Cahill. "Normal Progress of Induced Labor." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 33, no. 2 (June 2013): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000429137.80456.07.

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9

Paliulyte, Virginija, Diana Ramasauskaite, and Grazina Drasutiene. "Uterine ultrasound after normal labor." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 234 (March 2019): e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.08.175.

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10

Utami, Fitria Siswi, and Intan Mutiara Putri. "PENATALAKSANAAN NYERI PERSALINAN NORMAL." Midwifery Journal: Jurnal Kebidanan UM. Mataram 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/mj.v5i2.1262.

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Nyeri selama fase persalinan dapat mempengaruhi frekuensi jantung, napas, bahkan tekanan darah dan stress sehingga menganggu hormon okstitosin yang bekerja untuk persalinan. Literature review dilakukan pada studi penatalaksanaan nyeri persalinan. 3 database dan 2 sumber grey literature diditelaah untuk memperoleh informasi terkait penatalaksanaan nyeri persalinan. 32 literatur diperoleh dari hasil penyaringan data dengan menggunakan framework PEOS. Beberapa faktor nyeri, dampak, penatalaksanaan, respon dan dukungan yang dibutuhkan selama menghadapi nyeri persalinan diperoleh dari proses ekstraksi data. Pemahaman tentang hal berkaitan nyeri, pengembangan terapi, dan dukungan adekuat sangat diperlukan dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas layanan kebidanan khususnya persalinan.Labor pain affects to heart beat frequency, breath rate, blood pressure, and stress. As a result, oxytocin may does not work properly during labor process. A literature review study was conducted to provide information related to labor pain management. 3 databases and 2 grey literatures analyzed and 32 literatures extracted by PEOS framework. Some factors related to labor pain, impacts, managements, responses, and supports needed during labor gained from data extraction. A clearly understanding related labor pain, developing therapy technique, and adequate support are needed in order to improve the quality of midwifery care on labor.
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11

Stout, Molly, Candice Woolfolk, Methodius Tuuli, George Macones, Alison Cahill, and Janine Rhoades. "Normal Cervical Effacement in Term Labor." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 01 (April 24, 2018): 034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1645858.

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Objective To estimate the natural history of cervical effacement in labor. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of term, vertex, singletons who reached 10 cm of cervical dilation from 2010 to 2014. Interval-censored regression was used to estimate the median number of hours between changes in effacement (measured in centimeters of the residual cervix) and to estimate the median effacement at a given cervical dilation. Analysis was stratified by parity and labor type. Results In total, 7,319 patients were included. Multiparas had faster effacement from 1 cm to complete effacement than nulliparas, but nulliparas were significantly more effaced at each cervical dilation. Patients in spontaneous labor had faster effacement and were significantly more effaced at each centimeter of cervical dilation than those who were induced or augmented. Once active labor was established (>6 cm of cervical dilation), 95% of patients had an effacement of 1 cm or less. By 8 cm of cervical dilation, 50% of all patients were completely effaced. Conclusion There is a wide range in the normal length of time for the progression of cervical effacement. However, once a patient is in active labor, 95% of patients have effaced to 1 cm or less.
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12

Mckay, Susan, and Joyce Roberts. "Second Stage Labor: What Is Normal?" Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 14, no. 2 (March 1985): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1985.tb02212.x.

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Tuuli, Methodius, Aaron Caughey, Kimberly Roehl, Qiuhong Zhao, Alison Cahill, and Janine Spain. "Normal First Stage of Preterm Labor." American Journal of Perinatology 31, no. 04 (June 17, 2013): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1348951.

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14

Ackroyd, Stephen. "Labor Process Theory as ‘Normal Science’." Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10672-009-9119-1.

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15

Harper, Lorie, Aaron B. Caughey, Anthony Odibo, Kimberly Roehl, Qiuhong Zhao, and Alison Cahill. "358: Induced labor: what is normal?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 206, no. 1 (January 2012): S168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2011.10.376.

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Rhoades, Janine S., Molly J. Stout, Kimberly A. Roehl, Methodius G. Tuuli, George A. Macones, and Alison G. Cahill. "740: Normal cervical effacement in labor." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 216, no. 1 (January 2017): S430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.11.1017.

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17

Scherger, Joseph E. "MANAGEMENT OF NORMAL LABOR AND BIRTH." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 20, no. 3 (September 1993): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00422-x.

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18

Lam, Raphael, Xiaoguang Liu, and Alfred Schipke. "China’s Labor Market in the “New Normal”." IMF Working Papers 15, no. 151 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513570693.001.

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19

Schouten, Frits, Hans Wolf, Bert Smit, Dick Bekedam, and Rien de Vos. "Maternal temperature during normal and abnormal labor." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 189, no. 6 (December 2003): S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2003.10.129.

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20

CARLSON, J. M., J. A. DIEHL, M. SACHTLEBEN-MURRAY, M. MCRAE, L. FENWICK, and E. A. FRIEDMAN. "Maternal Position During Parturition in Normal Labor." Survey of Anesthesiology XXXI, no. 3 (June 1987): 168???169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-198706000-00032.

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21

Berlinerblau, Rubin, Annie Yessian, Edgar Lichstein, Shoshana Haberman, Edward Oruci, and Raymond Jewelewicz. "Maternal Arrhythmias of Normal Labor and Delivery." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 52, no. 2 (2001): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000052957.

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22

Eliasson, LTC Arn H., LTC Yancy Y. Phillips, MAJ Karl C. Stajduhar, MAJ Michael A. Carome, and LTC John D. Cowsar. "Oxygen Consumption and Ventilation during Normal Labor." Chest 102, no. 2 (August 1992): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.102.2.467.

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23

Zhang, Jun, Paul Vanveldhuisen, James Troendle, Uma Reddy, Ware Branch, Jennifer Bailit, Michelle Kominiarek, et al. "80: Normal labor patterns in U.S. women." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199, no. 6 (December 2008): S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.09.106.

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24

Hochler, Hila, Joshua Guedalia, Michal Lipschuetz, Asnat Walfisch, Simcha Yagel, Efrat Guedalia-Friedman, Ron Unger, et al. "49 Normal Labor Curve in Twin Gestations." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 224, no. 2 (February 2021): S62—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.12.090.

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25

Erşahin, Suat Süphan. "The comparison of amniotic fluid nuclearfactor-kappa B levels in pregnant women who underwent cesarean section or normal vaginal labor." Perinatal Journal 29, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/prn.21.0291002.

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Objective Inflammatory changes in the amniotic membranes during prenatal period have a critical important in the rupture of membranes and the onset of labor. The inflammatory changes in the membranes caused by normal vaginal labors and cesarean sections (C/S) are different than each other. Nuclear factor-kappa B (Nf- kB) is the basic cellular marker of the inflammation change in biological fluids and tissues. We planned this study to compare amniotic fluid NF-kB (AF-NF-kB) concentrations in normal vaginal labor cases and those who underwent non-emergency C/S. Methods One-hundred singleton term pregnant women who did not have any serious fetal and maternal problems were included in the study. The pregnant women were separated into two groups, which contained 50 cases each. The week of gestation was calculated according to the last menstrual period and ultrasonography measurements. The groups included 50 patients who did not have the history of clinical chorioamnionitis and preterm premature rupture of membranes and were decided to have normal vaginal labor, and 50 term pregnant women who were decided to have cesarean section due to maternal or perinatal reasons. The amniotic fluid samples were collected during cesarean section or normal vaginal labor. After opening the membranes by scalpel in C/S cases and following spontaneous or artificial membrane rupture in vaginal labor cases, the amniotic fluid samples were collected. AF-NF-kB concentrations were evaluated by ELISA method. Results AF-NF-kB levels of the patients in the group of normal vaginal labor were significantly higher than AF-NF-kB levels of the patients in C/S group. AF-NF-kB levels were about 2 times higher in the group of normal vaginal labor (1.44±0.40 ng/ mL vs. 0.71±2.60 ng/mL, p<0.001). There was a positive but insignificant correlation between the fetal birth weight and AF-NF-kB levels in the patients who underwent normal vaginal labor. There was no significant correlation between AF-NF-kB levels and demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients who underwent labor by C/S. Conclusion Normal vaginal labor is associated with the increased AF-NF-kB concentrations compared to C/S cases. AF-NF-kB levels seem to be a potential predictor for the spontaneous fetal membrane rupture.
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Hosagoudar, Pradeep, Pradeep Hosagoudar, K. R Vimala, Uday Bhaskar, Vallur Swetha Redd, L. Krishna, K. R Vimala, Obstetrics and Gynecology Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vallur Swetha Reddy, and L. Krishna. "The effects of epidural analgesia in normal labor." Indian Journal of Clinical Anaesthesia 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/2394-4994.2018.0077.

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FRIEDMAN, E. "The length of active labor in normal pregnancies." Obstetrics & Gynecology 88, no. 2 (August 1996): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(96)80258-4.

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28

Blankenship, Stephanie A., Candice L. Woolfolk, Nandini Raghuraman, Molly J. Stout, George A. Macones, and Alison G. Cahill. "805: Does fetal size affect normal labor progress?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 220, no. 1 (January 2019): S526—S527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.828.

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Fleischer, A., A. A. Anyaegbunam, H. Schulman, G. Farmakides, and G. Randolph. "Uterine and umbilical artery velocimetry during normal labor." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 157, no. 1 (July 1987): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(87)80342-3.

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Pierce, Brian T., Byron C. Calhoun, Kimberly R. Adolphson, Alan F. Lau, and Lisa M. Pierce. "Connexin 43 expression in normal versus dysfunctional labor." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186, no. 3 (March 2002): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.121108.

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31

Romero, Roberto, Edward Snyder, David Scott, Enrique Oyarzun, John Hobbins, and Thomas Duffy. "Beta-Thromboglobulin During Normal Pregnancy, LABOR, and Puerperium1." American Journal of Perinatology 5, no. 02 (April 1988): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-999667.

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32

Rempen, Andreas, and Martin Kraus. "Pressures on the fetal head during normal labor." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 19, no. 3 (January 1991): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpme.1991.19.3.199.

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33

Simpson, Kathleen Rice. "New Evidence for Reconsideration of Normal Labor Progress." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 37, no. 6 (2012): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0b013e318269a277.

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Zaitsev, LM, AP Makarovsky, and AP Karpenko. "The pattern of uterine contractility in normal labor." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 38, no. 3 (July 1992): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(82)90158-8.

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35

Euliano, Tammy Y., Dorothee Marossero, Minh Tam Nguyen, Neil R. Euliano, Jose Principe, and Rodney K. Edwards. "Spatiotemporal electrohysterography patterns in normal and arrested labor." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200, no. 1 (January 2009): 54.e1–54.e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.09.008.

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36

Albers, L. "The Length of Active Labor in Normal Pregnancies." Obstetrics & Gynecology 87, no. 3 (March 1996): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-7844(95)00423-8.

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37

Dahlen, Hannah, Soo Downe, Margie Duff, and Gill Gyte. "Vaginal Examination During Normal Labor: Routine Examination or Routine Intervention?" International Journal of Childbirth 3, no. 3 (2013): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2156-5287.3.3.142.

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Despite a continuing lack of good quality studies of the effect of routine vaginal examination, it is often routinely used in clinical practice. Indeed, internationally respected authorities such as the U.K. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) continue to recommend the offer of a vaginal examination when a woman enters a hospital in suspected established labor and 4 hourly vaginal examinations as labor progresses. In this article, we explore historical and clinical drivers for the widespread implementation of routine vaginal examination in labor to predominantly assess the dilation of the cervical os and examine some of the reasons for continuing use of the procedure, current critiques of its routine use, and possible alternatives for assessing labor progress. We discuss the possibility that both covert and overt knowledge operate in the assessment of labor progress, and we consider the consequent potential for dissonance between what midwives actually do and what they record as having been done. The final discussion theorizes these findings and suggests alternative ways of framing labor progress for the future.
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38

Graseck, Anna S., Anthony O. Odibo, Methodius Tuuli, Kimberly A. Roehl, George A. Macones, and Alison G. Cahill. "Normal First Stage of Labor in Women Undergoing Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery." Obstetrics & Gynecology 119, no. 4 (April 2012): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e31824c096c.

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Graseck, A. S., A. O. Odibo, M. Tuuli, K. A. Roehl, G. A. Macones, and A. G. Cahill. "Normal First Stage of Labor in Women Undergoing Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 33, no. 2 (June 2013): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000429138.18575.6a.

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40

Jennings, Jenifer C. "Pharmacological Management of Labor." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 6, no. 5 (October 1993): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009300600508.

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Normal spontaneous labor at term without maternal or fetal complications does not always occur. In these situations, pharmacological intervention is often the safest and most suitable method of delivery. The pharmacological management of labor includes the use of multiple agents that alter cervical dilatation and uterine contractions, resulting in delivery of the fetus and treatment of postpartum emergencies. This article provides a description of normal and abnormal labor patterns and possible peripartum complications. The use of oxytocin, ergot derivatives, and prostaglandins for augmentation of dysfunctional labor, induction of labor, and management of peripartum emergencies is discussed to provide information on availability of product, indications for use, clinical efficacy, potential adverse effects, and contraindications to use.
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Panni, Moeen K., and Scott Segal. "Local Anesthetic Requirements Are Greater in Dystocia Than in Normal Labor." Anesthesiology 98, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200304000-00024.

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Background Dystocia is characterized by abnormal progress of labor and is a common contemporary indication for cesarean delivery in the United States. There has been considerable controversy as to whether epidural analgesia causes dysfunctional labor leading to cesarean delivery for dystocia. The minimum local analgesic concentration (MLAC) is a clinical model used to determine the relative potencies of local anesthetics in the first stage of labor. In this article, the authors report a prospective study determining the MLAC of bupivacaine in early labor of parturients who eventually delivered either vaginally or via cesarean section. Methods An up-down sequential allocation technique was used to determine the MLAC of bupivacaine in 57 nulliparous parturients assigned to either vaginal delivery or cesarean section arms. In addition, patients were assigned to groups receiving or not receiving intravenous oxytocin at the time of epidural placement. Only patients who delivered by the assigned delivery mode were included in the MLAC analyses. Results Parturients who later delivered vaginally had 25% and 31% lower MLAC values (0.078% and 0.085% wt/vol bupivacaine, receiving or not receiving intravenous oxytocin, respectively) than those who later delivered by cesarean section (0.102% and 0.106% wt/vol bupivacaine, receiving or not receiving intravenous oxytocin, respectively). Conclusions These data suggest that an increased local anesthetic requirement for epidural labor analgesia is associated with more intense pain related to dystocia. Women in early, clinically normal labor but who later develop dystocia require more local anesthetic and, by inference, are experiencing more severe pain than women who deliver vaginally. This association should be considered when studying the relation between the method of labor analgesia and the course of labor.
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Anita, Wan. "TECHNIQUES OF PAIN REDUCTION IN THE NORMAL LABOR PROCESS : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Jurnal Endurance 2, no. 3 (October 13, 2017): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jen.v2i3.2357.

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<p><em>Pain during labor is a physiological condition commonly experienced by most maternity mothers. Labor pain is a subjective experience caused by uterine muscle ischemia, withdrawal and traction of uterine ligaments, ovarian traction, fallopian tubes and lower uterine distension, pelvic floor muscles and perineum. The pain in labor arises from psychic responses and physical reflexes. The purpose of this Systematic review is to look at effective methods for reducing pain in the labor process so that it can be used as an alternative method of reducing pain in patients who will give birth. This review systematic review of the published artike through google scholar site with 17 journals reviewed. In an effort to reduce labor pain there are various methods that can be used in providing midwifery care in the process of childbirth. Based on this systematic review it can be concluded that many methods of pain reduction that can be used in reducing labor pain are counter pressure and abdominal lifting, hypnobirthing, religious and murottal music, classical music and local music, relaxation, compress, warm ginger drink, acupressur , TENS, account and aromatherapy.</em><em></em></p>
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Soleh, Evrina Solvia, Masrul Masrul, and Desmiwarti Desmiwarti. "Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pelaksanaan Penerapan Standar Asuhan Persalinan Normal Oleh Bidan Puskesmas Rawat Inap di Kabupaten Bungo Provinsi Jambi." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 18, no. 3 (October 6, 2018): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v18i3.512.

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Implementation of Standard Normal Birth Assembly is an integrated effort in reducing MMR and IMR. This activity is very important to be carried out considering that Bungo Regency has the highest maternal and infant mortality rates in Jambi Province. Several factors related to Standard Application of Normal Birth care in Bungo Regency are: Education, Training, Motivation, Perceptions of Rewards, Experience and Facilities. The objective of this research is to know factors related to the implementation of Normal Birth Standard by Inpatient Health Center Midwife in Bungo Regency. This study is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design of 47 midwives who served in Bungo Regency inpatient Health Center from July to September 2017. Respondents were interviewed and observed in implementing normal labor standards. Data processing was done by computerization and analyzed statistically using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis with product moment correlation. There is a relationship between training with the implementation of normal labor standards (p = 0.001), there is a relationship between experience with the implementation of normal labor standards (p = 0.010). There is no correlation between perceptions of rewards and the implementation of normal labor (p = 0.539), there is no educational relationship with the implementation of normal labor standards (p = 0.404) and motivation with the implementation of normal labor standards (p = 1,000). The conclusion of this study is that training is the dominant factor that relates to the implementation of normal labor standards by midwives at the health center in Bungo regency..
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44

Jones, Marcia, and Elaine Larson. "Length of Normal Labor in Women of Hispanic Origin." Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 48, no. 1 (January 2, 2003): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-9523(02)00367-7.

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45

RANDEL, SUSAN B., ROY A. FILLY, PETER W. CALLEN, ROBERT L. ANDERSON, and MITCHELL S. GOLBUS. "Management of Normal Pregnancy, Labor and Puerperium Amniotic Sheets." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 43, no. 11 (November 1988): 675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-198811000-00008.

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Maheux, P. C., B. Bonin, A. Dizazo, P. Guimond, D. Monier, J. Bourque, and J. L. Chiasson. "Glucose homeostasis during spontaneous labor in normal human pregnancy." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 81, no. 1 (January 1996): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.1.8550753.

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Zhang, Jun, Helain J. Landy, Ware Branch, Ronald Burkman, Shoshana Haberman, Kimberly D. Gregory, Christos G. Hatjis, et al. "Contemporary Patterns of Spontaneous Labor With Normal Neonatal Outcomes." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 66, no. 3 (March 2011): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0b013e31821685d0.

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Maheux, P. C. "Glucose homeostasis during spontaneous labor in normal human pregnancy." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 81, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.81.1.209.

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Zhang, Jun, Helain J. Landy, D. Ware Branch, Ronald Burkman, Shoshana Haberman, Kimberly D. Gregory, Christos G. Hatjis, et al. "Contemporary Patterns of Spontaneous Labor With Normal Neonatal Outcomes." Obstetrics & Gynecology 116, no. 6 (December 2010): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e3181fdef6e.

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Chalmers, Beverley, and Richard Porter. "Assessing Effective Care in Normal Labor: The Bologna Score." Birth 28, no. 2 (June 2001): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-536x.2001.00079.x.

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