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Books on the topic 'Normative evaluation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Rose, Richard. Evaluating the presidency: A positive-and-normative approach. Glasgow, Scotland: Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde, 1990.

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2

Bargain, Olivier. Normative evaluation of tax policies: From households to individuals. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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3

Street, Roger R. An analysis of police accountability according to: normative political theory; values and affect; epistemologies and evaluation. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1986.

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4

Sirotkin, Sergey, and Natal'ya Kel'chevskaya. Economic evaluation of investment projects. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014648.

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The tutorial focuses on challenges of economic evaluation of investment projects. It provides both theoretical and methodological foundations of economic evaluation of investment projects and required a substantial mathematical reasoning. Lighted the economic substance of the investment structure of the investment project, commercial efficiency and financial marketability, and methods of evaluation of investment project risks. The material is presented using the normative legal documents, in particular the Tax code of the Russian Federation, Federal laws, accounting regulations and other sources and meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities (departments), researchers and practitioners, experts in the field of investment activities of organizations.
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5

Nicholas, Rescher. The validity of values: A normative theory of evaluative rationality. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1993.

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6

Méjica, Juan. Derecho sanitario de la incapacidad temporal: Con estudio de la última normativa aplicable a la fiscalización de la incapacidad temporal. Granada: Comares, 1998.

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7

Lobovikov, V. O. Mathematical jurisprudence and mathematical ethics: A mathematical simulation of the evaluative and the normative attitudes to the rigoristic sub-systems of the positive law and of the natural-law-and-morals. Ekaterinburg: Urals State University Press, 1999.

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8

Lobovikov, V. O. Mathematical jurisprudence and mathematical ethics: A mathematical simulation of the evaluative and the normative attitudes to the rigoristic sub-systems of the positive law and of the natural-law-and-morals. Ekaterinburg: The Urals State University Press, 1999.

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9

Novoa, Nadia Vazquez. Data Envelopment Analysis: From Normative to Descriptive Performance Evaluation. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2017.

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10

Radioactive Waste Technical And Normative Aspects Of Its Disposal. Springer, 2011.

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11

Karahanna, Elena. Evaluative criteria and user acceptance of end-user information technology: A study of end-user cognitive and normative pre-adoption beliefs. 1994.

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12

Lenman, James. The Primacy of the Passions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786054.003.0015.

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Value is not perceived as the empirical world is but is constituted by the order and structure reflection and deliberation impose upon desires—the passions in our souls—that furnish the basic currency of evaluative and normative thought. Perception, like our other cognitive resources, is nonetheless shaped and informed by our passions as they in turn shape and inform it. Evaluative reason and justification is driven by our passions and ultimately grounded in them. While locally we generally desire things because they are valuable, globally, in the last analysis, they are valuable because we (at our best) desire them. Here the role of desire is grounding and global but it is still not Archimedean: it is not a matter of raw, brute desire but of evaluation informed by all the substantive ideals from which the whole complex web of our evaluative and normative thought itself is woven.
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13

Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua Saloman, and Aki Tsuchiya. Measuring and Valuing Health Benefits for Economic Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.001.0001.

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This is the second edition of the first comprehensive textbook about the measurement and valuation of health benefits for economic evaluation. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and similar agencies around the word require cost-effectiveness evidence in the form of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in order to make comparisons across competing demands on resources, and this has resulted in an explosion of theoretical and empirical work in the field. This book addresses the theoretical and practical considerations in the measurement and valuation of health benefit with empirical examples and applications to help clarify understanding and make relevant links to the real world. It includes a glossary of key terms and provides guidance on the use of different methods and instruments. This updated edition provides an-up-to date review of the theoretical basis of the QALY; the definition of health; the techniques of valuation (including ordinal); the modelling of health state values (including mapping between measures); a detailed review of generic preference-based measures and other instruments for obtaining health state utility values (with recent developments); cross-cultural issues (including the disability-adjusted life year); the aggregation of QALYs; and the practical issues surrounding the use of utility values in cost-effectiveness models. The book concludes with a discussion on the way forward in light of the substantial methodological differences, the role of normative judgements, and where further research is most likely to take forward this fascinating component of health economics.
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14

Wedgwood, Ralph. Objective and Subjective ‘Ought’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0006.

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This chapter offers an account of the truth conditions of sentences involving terms like ‘ought’. These truth conditions involve a function from worlds of evaluation to domains of worlds, and an ordering of the worlds in such domains. Every such ordering arises from a probability function and a value function—since it ranks worlds according to the expected value of certain propositions that are true at those worlds. With the objective ‘ought’, the probability function is the omniscient function, which assigns 1 to all truths and 0 to all falsehoods; with the subjective ‘ought’, the probability function captures the uncertainty of the relevant agent. The relevance of this account for understanding conditionals is explored, and this account is defended against objections. For present purposes, the crucial point is that any normative use of ‘ought’ is normative because of the value that is semantically involved. The fundamental normative concepts are evaluative.
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15

Rowland, Richard. The Normative and the Evaluative. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833611.001.0001.

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Many have been attracted to the idea that for something to be good is just for there to be reasons to favour it. This view has come to be known as the buck-passing account of value. According to the buck-passing account, for pleasure to be good is just for there to be reasons for us to desire and pursue it. And for liberty and equality to be values is just for there to be reasons for us to promote and preserve them. There has been extensive discussion of some of the problems that the buck-passing account faces such as the wrong kind of reason problem. But there has been little discussion of why we should accept the buck-passing account or what the theoretical pay-offs and other implications of accepting it are. This book provides the first comprehensive motivation and defence of the buck-passing account of value. It argues that the buck-passing account explains several important features of the relationship between reasons and value, as well as the relationship between the different varieties of value, in a way that its competitors do not. It argues that alternatives to the buck-passing account are inconsistent with important views in normative ethics, are uninformative, and are at odds with the way in which we should see practical and epistemic normativity as related. And it extends the buck-passing account to provide an account of moral properties as well as all other normative and deontic properties, such as fittingness and ought, in terms of reasons.
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16

Tripkovic, Bosko. Values and Normative Judgment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808084.003.0005.

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The chapter develops an account of value and normative judgment by exploring the tension between the theoretical and practical perspective. The theoretical perspective explains moral values as contingent upon our evaluative attitudes, and the practical perspective presents values as independent from these attitudes. To overcome this tension, the chapter develops the notions of confidence and reflection. It describes how confidence in our practical perspective emerges through reflection: this process involves seeking greater coherence, introspection, and imagination to discover more authentic and self-definitional evaluative attitudes, and accommodation of other evaluative perspectives through openness, flexibility, tolerance, and persuasion. The chapter argues that values are both revealed and reshaped in this process, and that dynamics between confidence and reflection provides an apposite model for making normative judgments, including judicial moral judgments.
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17

Hawley, Katherine. Coercion and Lies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743965.003.0012.

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Can we be coerced into lying? Or does the very fact of coercion undercut the possibility of making an assertion? Through discussion of capitulations and other forms of coerced speech, this chapter explores the ways in which apparent assertions may be drained of standard normative significance, and thus excluded from the category of lies. Coerced pseudo-assertions are in this way similar to coerced pseudo-promises, and to coerced pseudo-gifts, neither of which have the standard normative significance associated with genuine promises and gifts. Nevertheless, our speech and actions under coercion are liable to moral evaluation, and coercion does not always make it permissible to speak falsely or attempt to mislead an audience.
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18

Boadway, Robin. Cost-Benefit Analysis. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.2.

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This is an overview of the methods used to evaluate projects or policies when a normative approach is taken based on individual preferences. The evaluation of individual welfare change is first outlined and related to the concepts of willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept. The use of individual welfare measures in project evaluation is outlined. This is followed by approaches to aggregating individual welfare changes. The case for ignoring equity considerations based on the compensation criterion is critically discussed. The use of a social welfare function for cost-benefit analysis is presented, and it application to project evaluation outlined. Several extensions are considered, including the evaluation of non-marketed commodities, the treatment of uncertainty, and multi-period project evaluation. Throughout, the conceptual difficulties of measuring and aggregating welfare change are emphasized.
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19

Normative and the Evaluative: The Buck-Passing Account of Value. Oxford University Press, 2019.

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20

Congleton, Roger D., Bernard Grofman, and Stefan Voigt, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, Volume 1. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190469733.001.0001.

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The two volume Oxford Handbook of Public Choice provides a comprehensive overview of the Public Choice literature. Volume 1 covers rational choice models of elections, interest groups, rent seeking, and public choice contributions to normative political economy. It begins with introductory chapters on rational choice politics, the founding of public choice, and the evaluation and selection of constitutions. The chapters were all written for this handbook by scholars who are well known for their contributions to research in the areas discussed.
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21

Timmons, Mark C., ed. Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics Volume 8. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828310.001.0001.

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This series aims to provide, on an annual basis, some of the best contemporary work in the field of normative ethical theory. Each volume features new chapters that contribute to an understanding of a wide range of issues and positions in normative ethical theory, and represents a sampling of recent developments in this field. This eighth volume brings together thirteen new essays that collectively cover a range of fundamental topics in the field, including: the irreplaceable value of human beings, interpersonal morality and conceptions of welfare, what it is for something to be good for an animal (including humans), the relation between good will and right action, moral advice and joint agency, moral responsibility and wrongdoing, the basis of equality, the role of needs claims in ethical theory, threshold conceptions of deontology, prudential reasons, the significance of evaluative beliefs, and Stoic conceptions of insults. This volume features chapters by Ben Bramble, Samantha Brennan, Talbot Brewer, Dale Dorsey, Patricio A. Fernandez, Guy Fletcher, Christine M. Korsgaard, Chelsea Rosenthal, Grant J. Rozeboom, Roy Sorensen, Julie Tannenbaum, and Alex Worsnip.
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22

Chiappori, Pierre-Andre. Welfare and the Household. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.26.

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Inequality measures typically consider inequality between households, whereas one should ultimately be interested in inequality between individuals. We review some conceptual issues raised by the evaluation of intra-household inequality, in particular in the presence of public consumptions. We then describe recent theoretical and empirical advances in modelling household behavior, which are based on the collective model of household behavior. Lastly, we discuss normative issues involved, in particular when the weighting of individual welfare that is implicit in the household’s decision process is not socially optimal.
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23

de Melo-Martín, Inmaculada. Different Things Delight Different People. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190460204.003.0007.

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This chapter deals with another problematic assumption that grounds mainstream defenses of reprogenetic technologies: the value-neutrality of science and technology. The thesis that science and technology are value-neutral or value-free is presented and called into question. The value-neutrality thesis presents an implausible view of scientific and technological practices; it limits the ethical evaluation of reprogenetic technologies to an assessment of risk and potential benefits and thus leads to a neglect of other relevant normative concerns; and it renders democratic participation in scientific and technological policy making unnecessary.
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24

Morel, Nathalie, and Joakim Palme. A Normative Foundation for the Social Investment Approach? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0013.

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The SIA has been criticized for its productivist view of social policy and one-sided emphasis on economic returns. Indeed, it is fair to say that the social dimension of social investment has been paid lip service both in terms of policy developments and in academic research. In fact, it may be that one of the weaknesses of the SIA is its lack of clear normative underpinning or theory of social justice against which to develop a well-founded evaluative framework for assessing the quality of social policies and social arrangements both for society as a whole and from the life perspective of individuals. This contribution discusses the possible relevance of the capabilities approach developed by Amartya Sen, both in developing a normative framework for social investment, but also in developing indicators for assessing social outcomes, and for analysing how different institutional arrangements support or hinder agency and capabilities.
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25

Stroud, Natalie Jomini. Understanding and Overcoming Selective Exposure and Judgment When Communicating About Science. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.41.

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Before turning to an evaluation of strategies to overcome selective exposure and judgment, this chapter demonstrates that these selectivity processes occur with respect to science but not in all circumstances. Strategies to curb the occurrence of selectivity are discussed based on the information conveyed and the motivational state of a person encountering scientific information. Theories and research on accountability to others, anxiety, self-affirmation, defensive confidence, and normative information are discussed as ways to reduce selectivity. No one strategy emerges as a cure-all, prompting the presentation of a future research agenda to examine strategies to overcome selective exposure and judgment.
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26

Clift, Ben. The IMF, Economic Schools of Thought, and Their Normative Underpinnings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813088.003.0003.

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This chapter places the IMF’s recent and longer-term evolution within the context of evolving prevailing approaches in economics on macroeconomic and fiscal policy. It outlines briefly the intellectual underpinnings of these economic ideas, their significance, and their coexistence alongside each other within Fund thinking and practice. The view that ‘New Consensus Macroeconomics’ had solved economic stabilization problems was demolished by the GFC and the deep recession that followed. The chapter charts how parallel re-evaluations were helpful to those within the Fund seeking to shift positions and priorities, since they could draw on the views of leading economists evolving in a similar direction. A key finding of the chapter and the book is the breadth of the policy approaches reconcilable to mainstream economic thinking. Provided certain form conditions are met, the content of acceptable new economic thinking is surprisingly open.
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27

Silliman, Brian, and Stephanie Wear. Conservation bias: What have we learned? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0028.

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Conservation science is unique among scientific disciplines in that it was founded on a set of normative principles. The often dogmatic adherence to these principles has made conservation science vulnerable to confirmation bias. When confronted with data, many foundational ideas in conservation, such as all nonnative species are bad, reserves are the best method to save nature, and biodiversity is declining locally, are found to be inconsistent or inaccurate. Evaluation of the validity of these ideas, however, is not crippling. Instead critical evaluation provides opportunities to learn and pivot to take advantage of new opportunities. These new conservation frontiers include planning to co-exist with nature in addition to protecting nature from humans, and creating novel and hybrid ecosystems in addition to restoring ecosystems to a pristine state. The future holds great promise for nature to expand and thrive if data are used to correct biases and conservation practices are adjusted accordingly.
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28

Stecker, Robert. Value in Art. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0017.

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Questions about artistic value are not nicely uniform or all raised at the same level of inquiry. In this article they are divided up into three groups of issues: meta-aesthetic, ontological, and normative. The first of these concern the nature of a judgement of artistic value. The second concerns the nature of such value itself. The last concerns the core question of what is artistically valuable about art, and how one brings the various valuable features of a work to bear in arriving at an evaluation of the work. Though these are different questions, there are not sharp boundaries between them. The article begins with the latter two issues, saving meta-aesthetics for last.
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29

Attridge, Derek. ‘A Yes without a No’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805281.003.0006.

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Derek Attridge’s chapter takes Coetzee’s short story, ‘The Old Woman and the Cats’ (2013), as the starting point for an exploration of the divergence between rational accounts of the good, and the ways in which literary experience can expose the reader to non-rational forms of evaluation and decision-making, which are more akin to conversion experiences. Attridge shows that Coetzee does not shy away from the unsettling implication that Socrates also feared: namely, the potential of literary texts to be morally harmful. In exploring this non-rational attunement to alterity as ‘the ethical’ in itself, and examining the kinds of conversion it can involve, Attridge’s chapter positions Coetzee’s fiction as radically at odds with normative ways of understanding of the good and the true.
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30

Collins, Richard. Sources and the Legitimate Authority of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0034.

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This chapter is concerned with international law’s claim to legitimate authority and the role played by the doctrine of sources in meeting this claim. It argues that the kind of formal assessment of legality inherent in sources doctrine expresses a specific view of the legitimate authority of international law. Here, the chapter tries to defuse two misleading lines of attack: one based on the vagaries of the processes of customary law formation and ascertainment and the other based upon the exhaustiveness of sources doctrine as traditionally conceived. As this chapter shows, both criticisms miss their target by overplaying what is at stake in this view of international law’s legitimate authority. Whilst the chapter therefore defends this ‘doctrinal’ view, it nonetheless shows how a broader theory of the legitimacy of international law will necessarily have to balance content-dependent and content-independent normative evaluation.
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31

Düwell, Marcus. Human Dignity and the Ethics and Regulation of Technology. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.8.

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This chapter investigates how human dignity might be understood as a normative concept for the regulation of technologies. First, various distinctions that are relevant for the way human dignity can be understood are discussed. It is argued that it is particularly important that we should see human dignity as a concept that ascribes a specific status that forms the basis of the human rights regimes. Second, the author’s own approach, inspired by Kant and Gewirth, is presented, it being proposed that we should see the concrete content of human dignity as the protection of the authority of human beings to govern their own lives. Third, various consequences for the evaluation of technologies are discussed. In a context of major global and ecological challenges, together with the replacement of human action by automation, the role of human dignity becomes one of guiding the development of a technology-responsive human rights regime.
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32

Owen, David L., and Brendan O'Dwyer. Corporate Social Responsibility. Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0017.

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The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the development of corporate social and environmental reporting practice since it first began to achieve some degree of prominence on an international scale in the 1970s, before offering a critical evaluation of the state of current practice. This article focuses on the contribution of present day reporting, and associated assurance, initiatives made towards enhancing the transparency of corporate social and environmental impact, together with delivering enhanced levels of accountability to organizational stakeholders. A large part of this article draws on research in social and environmental accounting within the field of interdisciplinary accounting research. This research field has a thirty-five-year history and has developed in parallel with certain streams of corporate social responsibility research in the management literature. For example, social and environmental accounting research embraces both normative concerns with fulfilling obligations and duties to the wider society.
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33

Peled, Yael. Language Ethics and the Interdisciplinary Challenge. Edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Pérez-Milans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.5.

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This chapter offers a normative engagement with language policy and politics, particularly involving the moral evaluation of power structures associated with language, and their possible alternatives. Questions about language rights and linguistic equality, the compatibility between particular language regimes and democratic principles, and the global ethics of English as a lingua franca, as well as emerging debates in political philosophy on linguistic justice, involve language ethics, namely, inquiry on the moral problems, practices, and policies related to language. Language ethics must be fundamentally interdisciplinary, not merely to bridge political philosophy and applied linguistics, but rather to combine their distinct scientific epistemologies in a principled and systematic way. The concluding section of the chapter turns its attention to the intrinsic tension between the aim of language policy to achieve particular moral outcomes and the messy, uncertain, and often unpredictable realities that shape local and global social change.
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34

System of Pragmatic Idealism, Volume II: The Validity of Values, a Normative Theory of Evaluative Rationality. Princeton University Press, 2014.

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35

Rescher, Nicholas. System of Pragmatic Idealism Vol. II: The Validity of Values, a Normative Theory of Evaluative Rationality. Princeton University Press, 2014.

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36

Rescher, Nicholas. System of Pragmatic Idealism, Volume II: The Validity of Values, a Normative Theory of Evaluative Rationality. Princeton University Press, 2014.

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37

Rescher, Nicholas. System of Pragmatic Idealism Vol. II: The Validity of Values, a Normative Theory of Evaluative Rationality. Princeton University Press, 2016.

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38

Korsgaard, Christine M. What’s Different about Being Human? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753858.003.0003.

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This chapter defends the traditional view that what is unique about humans is rationality, a form of cognition involving normative self-government. Rational beings are conscious of the grounds or potential reasons for our beliefs and actions, able to evaluate those reasons, and capable of being moved accordingly. The chapter explains how rationality is distinguished from intelligence, and how this difference makes human action different from animal action. It traces the connection between being rational in this sense and having a normative or evaluative conception of the self, a practical identity, and argues that animals do not conceive of themselves normatively. Finally, it relates these distinctive properties of human beings to Feuerbach and Marx’s idea that human beings are characterized by “species-being,” a kind of identification with our species as such, and also to the special forms of knowledge and action involved in science and ethics.
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39

Stalnaker, Robert C. Knowledge and Conditionals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810346.001.0001.

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A set of interconnected chapters on topics in the theory of knowledge. Part 1 considers the concept of knowledge, its logical properties, and its relation to belief and partial belief, or credence. It includes a discussion of belief revision, two discussions of reflection principles, a chapter about the status of self-locating knowledge and belief, a chapter about the evaluation of normative principles of inductive reasoning, and a development and defense of a contextualist account of knowledge. Part 2 is concerned with conditional propositions, and conditional reasoning, with chapters on the logic and formal semantics of conditionals, a discussion of the relation between indicative and subjunctive conditionals and of the question whether indicative conditionals express propositions, a chapter considering the relation between counterfactual propositions and objective chance, a critique of an attempt to give a metaphysical reduction of counterfactual propositions to nonconditional matters of fact, and a discussion of dispositional properties, and of a dispositional theory of chance.
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40

Rascher, Wolfgang. The hypertensive child. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0218_update_001.

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Arterial hypertension is a well-recognized manifestation of various forms of renal disease both in adults and children. In the paediatric age group, standards for normal blood pressure are different from adults and have now been satisfactorily defined as have standards for measuring blood pressure. The epidemic of overweight and obesity in youth is increasing the prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents. Measurement of blood pressure requires a technique specific for different age groups of the paediatric population, is more complex and requires particular expertise. Reference values in children requires adaptation to the age and size of the child and interpretation must be related to normative values specific for age, sex, and height. Evaluation for causes of secondary hypertension and for end-organ damage is basically similar in children as in adults. This chapter discusses measuring blood pressure, blood pressure standards, definition, classification, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approach to hypertension in children.
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41

Wedgwood, Ralph. The Pitfalls of ‘Reasons’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0005.

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Many philosophers working on normative issues follow the ‘Reasons First’ program. According to this program, the concept of a ‘normative reason’ for an action or an attitude is the most fundamental normative concept, and all other normative and evaluative concepts can be defined in terms of this fundamental concept. This paper criticizes the foundational assumptions of this program. In fact, there are many different concepts that can be expressed by the term ‘reason’ in English. The best explanation of the data relating to these concepts is that they can all be defined in terms of explanatory concepts and other normative or evaluative notions: for example, in one sense, a ‘reason’ for you to go is a fact that helps to explain why you ought to go, or why it is good for you to go. This implies that none of the concepts expressed by ‘reason’ is fundamental.
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42

Bramble, Ben. Evaluative Beliefs First. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828310.003.0013.

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Many philosophers think that it is only because we happen to want or care about things that we think some things of value. We start off caring about things, and then project these desires onto the external world. This chapter makes a preliminary case for the opposite view, that it is our evaluative thinking that is prior. On this view, it is only because we think some things of value that we care about or want anything at all. This view explains (i) the special role that pleasure and pain play in our motivational systems, (ii) why phenomenal consciousness evolved, and (iii) how the two main competing theories of normative reasons for action—objectivism and subjectivism—can be reconciled. The chapter responds to the most serious objections to this view, including that it cannot account for temptation and willpower, or for the existence and appropriateness of the reactive attitudes.
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43

Weirich, Paul. Rational Responses to Risks. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089412.001.0001.

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A philosophical account of risk, such as this book provides, states what risk is, which attitudes to it are rational, and which acts affecting risks are rational. Attention to the nature of risk reveals two types of risk, first, a chance of a bad event, and, second, an act’s risk in the sense of the volatility of its possible outcomes. The distinction is normatively significant because different general principles of rationality govern attitudes to these two types of risk. Rationality strictly regulates attitudes to the chance of a bad event and is more permissive about attitudes to an act’s risk. Principles of rationality governing attitudes to risk also justify evaluating an act according to its expected utility given that the act’s risk, if any, belongs to every possible outcome of the act. For a rational ideal agent, the expected utilities of the acts available in a decision problem explain the agent’s preferences among the acts. Maximizing expected utility is just following preferences among the acts. This view takes an act’s expected utility, not just as a feature of a representation of preferences among acts, but also as a factor in the explanation of preferences among acts. It takes account of an agent’s attitudes to an act’s risk without weakening the standard of expected-utility maximization. The view extends to evaluations of combination of acts, either simultaneous or in a sequence. Applications cover hedging, return-risk evaluation, professional advice, and government regulation.
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44

Geddes, Jacqueline. Evaluating a predictive model: Assessing the effects of normative expectations and perceived outcomes on intentionto report sexual harassment. 1996.

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45

Gold, Andrew S., John C. P. Goldberg, Daniel B. Kelly, Emily Sherwin, and Henry E. Smith, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the New Private Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190919665.001.0001.

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This book discusses developments in scholarship dedicated to reinvigorating the study of the broad domain of private law. This field, which embraces the traditional common law subjects “property, contracts, and torts” as well as adjacent, more statutory areas, such as intellectual property and commercial law, also includes important subjects that have been neglected in the United States but are beginning to make a comeback. The book particularly focuses on the New Private Law, an approach that aims to bring a new outlook to the study of private law by moving beyond reductively instrumentalist policy evaluation and narrow, rule-by-rule, doctrine-by-doctrine analysis, so as to consider and capture how private law’s various features fit and work together, as well as the normative underpinnings of these larger structures. This movement is resuscitating the notion of private law itself in United States and has brought an interdisciplinary perspective to the more traditional, doctrinal approach prevalent in Commonwealth countries. The book embraces a broad range of perspectives to private law “including philosophical, economic, historical, and psychological” yet it offers a unifying theme of seriousness about the structure and content of private law.
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46

Joas, Hans. The Power of the Sacred. Translated by Alex Skinner. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933272.001.0001.

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“Disenchantment” is a key term in the self-understanding of modernity. But what exactly does this concept mean? What was its original meaning when Max Weber introduced it? And can the conventional meaning or Max Weber’s view really be defended, given the present state of knowledge about the history of religion? This book attempts to divest this concept of its enduring enchantment. The first chapters of the book deal with three empirical disciplines—history, psychology, and sociology of religion—to develop an understanding of religion that then lays the groundwork for chapter 4, which amounts to the most thorough study ever undertaken of Weber’s views on disenchantment. It turns out that Weber’s use of this term was highly ambiguous and that his grand narrative leading from the prophets of ancient Judaism to the crisis of meaning on the eve of World War I collapses when we recognize this ambiguity. This makes it possible to construct an alternative that takes into account the dynamics of ever new sacralizations, their normative evaluation in light of a universalist morality, and the dangers of the misuse of religion in connection with the formation of power. This book constitutes a challenge—for believers and nonbelievers alike.
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47

Archard, David. Family and Family Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786429.003.0003.

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Much contemporary writing on ‘family’ and ’family law’ cites extensive changes to the family as evidence that the very concept of the ‘family’ is redundant, or that the family has disappeared. Conceptual questions (What counts as a family?) should be distinguished from normative ones (Is the family a good thing? Are some families better than others?). The use of the term ‘the family’ can be normatively innocent such that there are different family forms none of which should be privileged. Having distinguished ‘the family’ as an extra-legal concept and as a legal construct, I defend a functional definition of the family. This value-free definition can serve as the basis of evaluative judgments about the family. There are good reasons why law might recognize the family, consistent with law also recognizing non-familial personal relations. Nevertheless we need not accord familial status to such relations, or abandon the term ‘family’.
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Finnigan, Bronwyn. The Nature of a Buddhist Path. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499778.003.0002.

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Is there a “common element” in Buddhist ethical thought from which one might rationally reconstruct a Buddhist normative ethical theory? Many construe this as the question Which contemporary normative theory does Buddhist ethics best approximate: consequentialism or virtue ethics? This essay argues that two distinct evaluative relations underlie these positions: an instrumental and a constitutive analysis. This chapter raises some difficulties for linking these distinct analyses to particular normative ethical theories but gives reasons to think that both may be justified as meta-ethical grounds for rationally reconstructing Buddhist thought as an ethical theory. It closes with some reflections on the complexity involved in trying to establish a single and homogeneous position on the nature of Buddhist ethics.
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Helm, Bennett W. Rationality, the Evaluative Attitudes, and Import. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.003.0002.

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Understanding communities of respect requires understanding evaluative attitudes like caring, valuing, loving, and respecting. This Chapter sketches the author’s existing background theory of how evaluative attitudes are constituted by rational patterns of emotions: to care about something, for example, is for it to be the focus of a rational pattern of emotions. Different kinds of evaluative attitudes are constituted by patterns of distinct types of emotions and, conversely, we can delineate types of emotions in terms of the sorts of rational patterns they form constituting distinct forms of evaluative attitudes. The result is a revisionist account of practical rationality, in particular of a rationality of import, in terms of a type of commitment implicit in the subject’s emotions and the normative implications of such commitments. This account of rationality and the relationship between evaluative attitudes and patterns of emotions will form the backbone of the account of communities of respect.
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Dingwerth, Klaus, Antonia Witt, Ina Lehmann, Ellen Reichel, and Tobias Weise, eds. International Organizations under Pressure. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837893.001.0001.

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The book reconstructs how the normative yardsticks that underpin evaluations of international organizations have changed since 1970. Based on in-depth case studies of normative change in five international organizations over a period of five decades, the authors argue that, these days, international organizations confront a longer and more heterogeneous list of normative expectations than in previous periods. Two changes are particularly noteworthy. First, international organizations need to demonstrate not only what they do for their member states, but also for the individuals in member states. Second, while international organizations continue to be evaluated in terms of what they achieve, they are increasingly also measured by how they operate. As the case studies reveal, the more pluralist patchwork of legitimacy principles today’s international organizations confront has multiple origins. It includes the politicization of expanding international authority, but also a range of other driving forces such as individual leadership or normative path dependence. Despite variation in the sources, however, the consequences of the normative shift are similar. Notably, a longer and more heterogenous list of normative expectations renders the legitimation of international organizations more complex. Strikingly, then, at a time when many feel international cooperation is needed more than ever, legitimating the forms in which such cooperation takes place has become most difficult. International organizations have come under pressure.
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