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Journal articles on the topic 'Norphlet Formation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Bearden, Bennett L., and Robert M. Mink. "Seismic expression of structural style in Norphlet formation, offshore Alabama." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 10 (October 1989): 1230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442582.

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During the past several years, the Jurassic Norphlet formation in offshore Alabama has been the focus of active exploration and development operations. Since the 1979 discovery of deep gas [greater than 6096 m (20 000 ft)] in Norphlet sandstones which contain estimated reserves of several trillion cubic feet, six Norphlet fields have been established in Alabama state waters and an additional six fields have been established in Federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) waters in offshore Alabama. We describe, using seismic data, the structural style associated with the Norphlet formation in offshore Alabama. More than 563 line‐kilometers (350 line‐miles) of multifold common‐depth‐point (CDP) seismic reflection data in Mobile Bay and offshore Alabama have been analyzed, interpreted, and mapped. The Lower Mobile Bay‐Mary Ann natural gas field provides an excellent seismic case study for the structural style in the deep Norphlet play. The field may be used as a geophysical exploration model for other Jurassic structures in offshore Alabama and the central and eastern Gulf of Mexico. Interpretation of the seismic data and maps indicates that Norphlet structures in offshore Alabama are predominantly east‐west trending, low‐relief, broad, elongate anticlines. The Lower Mobile Bay fault trend associated with the anticlines consists of pull‐apart, listric, normal faults characteristic of salt‐detachment structures. Many of these faults exhibit small‐scale growth. Salt thickness ostensibly increases from Mobile Bay to offshore Alabama and is exemplified by the development of a sequence of various structures typically associated with basinward increase of salt. Offshore Alabama structures may be classified as early horizontal phase or pillow‐stage features. Strata above the Haynesville seismic marker appear to be relatively flat, indicating early salt movement in the area. Small downbends associated with salt withdrawal exhibit thickening in the Haynesville‐Smack‐over section and are further complicated by normal faulting. The preponderance of the data suggests that the structures containing the large gas accumulations in the Norphlet formation in offshore Alabama are the result of salt tectonism.

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2

Weiss, Chester J., and Gregory A. Newman. "Electromagnetic induction in a fully 3‐D anisotropic earth." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 4 (July 2002): 1104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1500371.

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The bulk electrical anisotropy of sedimentary formations is a macroscopic phenomenon which can result from the presence of porosity variations, laminated shaly sands, and water saturation. Accounting for its effect on induction log responses is an ongoing research problem for the well‐logging community since these types of sedimentary structures have long been correlated with productive hydrocarbon reservoirs such as the Jurassic Norphlet Sandstone and Permian Rotliegendes Sandstone. Presented here is a staggered‐grid finite‐difference method for simulating electromagnetic (EM) induction in a fully 3‐D anisotropic medium. The electrical conductivity of the formation is represented as a full 3 × 3 tensor whose elements can vary arbitrarily with position throughout the formation. To demonstrate the validity of this approach, finite‐difference results are compared against analytic and quasi‐analytic solutions for tractable 1‐D and 3‐D model geometries. As a final example, we simulate 2C–40 induction tool responses in a crossbedded aeolian sandstone to illustrate the magnitude of the challenge faced by interpreters when electrical anisotropy is neglected.

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3

Hunt, Bryan, Delores M. Robinson, Amy L. Weislogel, and Ryan C. Ewing. "Sediment source regions and paleotransport of the Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation, eastern Gulf of Mexico." AAPG Bulletin 101, no. 09 (September 2017): 1519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/10171615156.

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4

Mankiewicz, Paul J., Robert J. Pottorf, Michael G. Kozar, and Peter Vrolijk. "Gas geochemistry of the Mobile Bay Jurassic Norphlet Formation: Thermal controls and implications for reservoir connectivity." AAPG Bulletin 93, no. 10 (October 2009): 1319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/05220908171.

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5

Mudford, Brett, Paul Lundegard, and Ian Lerche. "Timing of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in fault-bounded compartments in the Norphlet Formation, offshore Alabama." Marine and Petroleum Geology 12, no. 5 (January 1995): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)91508-m.

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6

Ajdukiewicz, J. M., P. H. Nicholson, and W. L. Esch. "Prediction of deep reservoir quality using early diagenetic process models in the Jurassic Norphlet Formation, Gulf of Mexico." AAPG Bulletin 94, no. 8 (August 2010): 1189–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/04211009152.

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7

Thomas, Andrew R. "40Ar/39Ar Analyses of Authigenic Muscovite, Timing of Stylolitization, and Implications for Pressure Solution Mechanisms: Jurassic Norphlet Formation, Offshore Alabama." Clays and Clay Minerals 41, no. 3 (1993): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1993.0410301.

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8

Pilcher, Robin S., Ryan T. Murphy, and Jessica McDonough Ciosek. "Jurassic raft tectonics in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico." Interpretation 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): SM39—SM55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0058.1.

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The northeastern Gulf of Mexico is dominated by the 900–1800-m Florida Escarpment, which forms the bathymetric expression of the Cretaceous carbonate shelf edge. Outboard of the escarpment lies a region of salt-detached raft blocks, which are closely analogous to type examples in the Kwanza Basin, Angola, in terms of structural style, scale, and amount of extension. We undertook the first detailed structural interpretation of an emerging petroleum exploration province. The rafts detached and translated basinward by gravity gliding on the autochthonous Louann salt in the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous. The Upper Jurassic source rock (lime mudstones) of the Smackover Formation and eolian sandstone reservoir intervals of the Norphlet Formation are structurally segmented and entirely contained within the raft blocks. The rafts are separated by salt ridges and/or extensional fault gaps containing expanded uppermost Jurassic and lower Cretaceous strata of the Cotton Valley Group. The main episode of rafting occurred after deposition of the Smackover and Haynesville Formations and broke the Jurassic carbonate platform into raft blocks 2–40 km in length, which were then translated 25–40 km basinward from their original position. Map-view restoration of the raft blocks suggested a minimum extension of 100%, with basinward transport directions indicating a radial divergence of rafts. In the north of the study area, the transport direction was westerly, whereas in the south, translation was southerly. This pattern, which mimics the Florida Escarpment, suggested that the morphology of the Jurassic slope controlled the style of gravitational tectonics and the location of subsequent Cretaceous carbonate buildups. As with other linked systems on mobile substrates, the observed extension and translation must be balanced by downdip contraction. In the case of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, the contraction is largely cryptic, being accommodated by salt evacuation, compression of salt walls/stocks, and possibly open-toed canopy advance.

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9

ELIAS, ANDRÉIA REGINA DIAS, LUIZ FERNANDO DE ROS, and ANA MARIA PIMENTEL MIZUSAKI. "Padrões Diagenéticos em Arenitos de Sistemas de Sabkha Costeiros-Eólicos: Um Estudo Comparativo dos Reservatórios Juruá da Área de Urucu, Bacia do Solimões, AM." Pesquisas em Geociências 31, no. 1 (June 30, 2004): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19567.

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Coastal-eolian sabkha sandstones from different ages and basins show similar diagenetic patterns, which understanding is important for their evaluation as geochemical systems and as hydrocarbon reservoirs. The Carboniferous sandstones of the Juruá Formation (Solimões Basin) are one of the most important gas reservoirs of Brazil. The sandstones and interbedded mudrocks, evaporites and dolostones were deposited within a coastal sabkha environment with pervasive eolian reworking, under increasing marine influence, and hot and dry climate. Four stacked drying/wetting upward cycles were identified, with sabkha facies in the base overlain by eolian deposits, followed again by sabkha deposits, commonly eroded by the next cycle. Eolian dune and sandsheet sandstones are the best reservoirs. The diagenetic evolution and the relationships among diagenesis, depositional facies and stratigraphic unit boundaries show similarities with other coastal-eolian sabkha sandstones. The eodiagenesis is characterized by mechanical compaction, hematite and infiltrated clay coatings, framboidal pyrite, microcrystalline and blocky dolomite. Mesodiagenesis comprises chemical compaction, K-feldspar and quartz overgrowths, poikilotopic anhydrite, feldspar dissolution and albitization, illite and chlorite authigenesis, and late quartz, Fedolomite/ ankerite, calcite and siderite. Localized telogenetic effects include oxidation of ferroan constituents and kaolinite precipitation. Blocky dolomite and quartz cementation, and chemical compaction through intergranular and stylolitic pressure dissolution are more abundant in the non-eolian sandstones. Microcrystalline pore-filling and pore-lining dolomite, and patchy, poikilotopic, post-compactional anhydrite cementation, mostly close to the contacts with interbedded evaporites, are more abundant in the eolian sandstones. These diagenetic patterns are similar to those of the Rotliegend Group in northern Germany and in the North Sea, of the Norphlet and Tensleep Formations in USA, of the Muschelkalk Formation in Spain, and of the Monte Alegre Formation from the Amazonas Basin, northern Brazil. The similarities among the diagenetic histories of these coastal-eolian sabkha sandstones are ascribed to their similar patterns of stratigraphic organization (intercalated evaporite and carbonate beds) and of composition and circulation of pore fluids.

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10

L. Kugler, Robert M. Mink, Ralph. "Depositional and Diagenetic History and Petroleum Geology of the Jurassic Norphlet Formation of the Alabama Coastal Waters Area and Adjacent Federal Waters Area." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 17, no. 2-3 (June 1999): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/106411999273909.

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11

Carpenter, Chris. "Dynamic Simulation in Deep Water Enhances Operations From Design to Production." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0047-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 30838, “Shell Appomattox Model-Based Operations From Design to Production: A Game Changer in Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Operation,” by Robert Tulalian, Shell, and Evan Keever and Ankur Rastogi, Kongsberg, prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. The complete paper discusses how large operations such as Appomattox in the Gulf of Mexico’s deepwater Norphlet formation can use an integrated dynamic simulation-based solution throughout the project life cycle to aid in design verification, operator training, startup support, and real-time surveillance. The authors write that their recommendations and findings can be applied to similar project implementation efforts elsewhere in the industry. Introduction The Appomattox development spans Mississippi Canyon Blocks 348, 391, 392, and 393. Peak production rates are estimated to be approximately 175,000 BOE/D, with water injection planned for the future to support reservoir pressures. Appomattox includes a combined cycle steam system, using process waste heat to generate steam. This steam can be used to drive a generator, providing extra power for the facility. The Appomattox facility can be seen in Fig. 1. A multipurpose dynamic simulator (MPDS) was developed to address the inherent complexities of the Appomattox system, providing a high-fidelity integrated model that simulates both top-sides and subsea process conditions. This model was integrated with the Appomattox control system and deployed in a setup to mimic the offshore control room, creating a realistic training environment for operators. The MPDS was completed over 1 year before first oil, providing ample time for operator training and other use cases such as distributed-control-system (DCS) checkout and engineering studies. Because of the success of the MPDS, the operator applied the existing Appomattox model to the operation phase through the creation of a real-time surveillance system (RTS). Connecting the process model to the facility’s historian by open-platform communications (OPC) enables the RTS to serve as a virtual copy of the live facility, mimicking process conditions in real time. This enables the RTS to serve as a platform for useful surveillance applications such as virtual flow metering, blockage detection, and equipment-performance monitoring. Process Model Development Once the decision to build an MPDS was made, the project team determined which systems would be included in the scope of the model as well as what data would be used for input and validation. Because the MPDS would be used for both engineering and operations use, most systems were included in the scope and modeled at high fidelity to maximize potential benefits.

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12

Greg W. Scott, Leonard M. Young. "Petrology and Provenance of Norphlet Formation, Florida Panhandle: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 72 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c9915-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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13

AJDUKIEWICZ, J. M., S. T. PAXTON, a. "Deep Porosity Preservation in the Norphlet Formation, Mobile Bay, Alabama." AAPG Bulletin 75 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/20b23abb-170d-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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14

SCHMOKER, JAMES W., U.S. Geological. "Porosity of the Norphlet Formation (Upper Jurassic), Southwestern Alabama and Vicinity." AAPG Bulletin 77 (1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/d9cb633f-1715-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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15

THOMAS, ANDREW R., WILLIAM M. DAHL,. "Authigenic Muscovite and Stylolitization Timing, Jurassic Norphlet Formation, Offshore Alabama : ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 81 (1997) (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/3b05c384-172a-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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16

Brian E. Lock, Samuel W. Broussard. "Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution, Norphlet Formation in Mobile Bay, Alabama: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 72 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c87bd-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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17

Andrew R. Thomas, William M. Dahl,. "Authigenic Muscovite and Stylolitization Timing, Jurassic Norphlet Formation, Offshore Alabama: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 80 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/522b3de9-1727-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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18

Ernest A. Mancini, Robert M. Mink,. "Recoverable Natural Gas Reserves from Jurassic Norphlet Formation, Alabama Coastal Waters: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 71 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c7f9d-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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19

S. A. Dixon (2), D. M. Summers (3),. "Diagenesis and Preservation of Porosity in Norphlet Formation (Upper Jurassic), Southern Alabama." AAPG Bulletin 73 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/44b4a24e-170a-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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20

DUNN, THOMAS L., and RONALD C. SURD. "Effects of Thermal Sulfate Reduction on Permeability Distributions of the Norphlet Formation." AAPG Bulletin 75 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/20b2401a-170d-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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21

C. W. Keighin, Christopher J. Schen. "Diagenesis of Fluvial Sands in Norphlet Formation (Upper Jurassic), Escambia County, Alabama: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 73 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c9f8c-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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22

Lorraine Fischer Torres. "Model for Isopaching Jurassic-Age Norphlet Formation in Mobile Bay, Alabama Area: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 73 (1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/44b49eed-170a-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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23

Robert Hoar, C. A. Taylor, K. R. St. "Origin and Exploration Significance of Lensing in the Norphlet Formation, Offshore Mafla: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 74 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/44b4b2a2-170a-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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24

R. L. Vaughan, Jr., D. J. Benson. "Diagenesis of Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation, Mobile and Baldwin Counties and Offshore Alabama: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 72 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c9947-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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25

J. M. Ajdukiewicz. "A Model for Quartz Cementation in the Norphlet Formation, Mobile Bay, Offshore Alabama: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 79 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/7834df4e-1721-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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26

Ernest A. Mancini (2), Robert M. Mi. "Norphlet Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Southwestern and Offshore Alabama: Environments of Deposition and Petroleum Geology." AAPG Bulletin 69 (1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/ad462b14-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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27

MITCHELL, RAY W., Conoco Exploratio. "Diagenesis and the Convective Flow of Formation Waters: An Example from the Norphlet Formation (Jurassic), Mobile Bay, Offshore Alabama." AAPG Bulletin 77 (1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/d9cb5ead-1715-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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28

SCHENK, C. J., and J. W. SCHMOKER,. "Role of Halite in the Evolution of Sandstone Porosity, Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation, Mississippi Salt Basin." AAPG Bulletin 77 (1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/bdff7d22-1718-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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29

Ernest A. Mancini. "Depositional Environments and Petroleum Geology of Jurassic Eolian Deposits (Norphlet Formation), Eastern Gulf of Mexico Area: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 71 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c80c4-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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30

R. Scott Higginbotham, Leonard M. Y. "A Subsurface Study of the Denkman Sandstone Member, Norphlet Formation, Hatters Pond Field, Mobile County, Alabama: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 74 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/20b230bb-170d-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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31

James W. Schmoker, Christopher J. S. "Regional Porosity Trends of the Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation in Southwestern Alabama and Vicinity, with Comparisons to Formations of Other Basins." AAPG Bulletin 78 (1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/bdff9050-1718-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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32

A. Thomson, R. J. Stancliffe, R. D. "Reservoir Quality, Sediment Source, and Regional Aspects of Norphlet Formation, South State Line Field, Greene County, Mississippi: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 71 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/948877ad-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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33

E. F. McBride, L. S. Land, L. E. Ma. "Diagenesis of Eolian and Fluvial Feldspathic Sandstones, Norphlet Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rankin County, Mississippi, and Mobile County, Alabama." AAPG Bulletin 71 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/703c7dea-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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34

David A. Kemmer, Roger L. Reagan. "Norphlet Formation (Upper Jurassic) Sand Erg: Depositional Model for Northeastern De Soto Salt Basin, Eastern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 71 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/94887398-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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35

SHEW, ROGER D., Shell Development C. "Origin and Variability of H2S Concentrations in Siliciclastic and Carbonate Reservoirs--Smackover and Norphlet Formations of Central and Eastern Mississippi." AAPG Bulletin 76 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/f4c8ee04-1712-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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