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Journal articles on the topic 'North America Boundary Commission'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Birrell, Andrew J. "The North American Boundary Commission: Three photographic expeditions, 1872–74." History of Photography 20, no. 2 (June 1996): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03087298.1996.10443633.

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2

Kwiatkowska, Barbara. "Submissions to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: The Practice of Developing States in Cases of Disputed and Unresolved Maritime Boundary Delimitations or Other Land or Maritime Disputes. Part One." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28, no. 2 (2013): 219–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341279.

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Abstract This is the first part of a two-part article surveying state practice regarding Disputed and Unresolved Maritime Boundary Delimitations or Other Land or Maritime Disputes under the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) Rules. It reviews basic principles and the interpretation of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and the CLCS Rules. As the 2006 Annex VII Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago Award and the 2012 ITLOS Bangladesh v. Myanmar Judgment reaffirmed, the CLCS Recommendations must in no way prejudice existing and prospective boundary delimitations, nor must they prejudice other land or maritime disputes. All practical means of giving effect to such “without prejudice” principles are carefully analysed. The present Part covers Latin America and the Wider Caribbean, Northeast and Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific. Part Two will cover South Asia and the Middle East, East Africa—Indian Ocean, South Africa, West Africa and North Africa.

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Kwiatkowska, Barbara. "Submissions to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: The Practice of Developing States in Cases of Disputed and Unresolved Maritime Boundary Delimitations or Other Land or Maritime Disputes. Part Two." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28, no. 4 (2013): 615–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341296.

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Abstract This is the second part of a two-part article surveying state practice regarding Disputed and Unresolved Maritime Boundary Delimitations or Other Land or Maritime Disputes under the Rules of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). It reviews basic principles and the interpretation of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and the CLCS Rules. As the 2006 Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago Award and the 2012 ITLOS Bangladesh v. Myanmar Judgment reaffirmed, the CLCS Recommendations must in no way prejudice existing and prospective boundary delimitations, nor must they prejudice other land or maritime disputes. All practical means of giving effect to such “without prejudice” principles are carefully analysed. Part One covers Latin America and the Wider Caribbean, Northeast and Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific. The present Part Two covers South Asia and the Middle East, East Africa-Indian Ocean, South Africa, West Africa and North Africa.

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4

CHRISTISON, BRIGID E., DARREN H. TANKE, and JORDAN C. MALLON. "CANADA'S FIRST KNOWN DINOSAURS: PALAEONTOLOGY AND COLLECTING HISTORY OF UPPER CRETACEOUS VERTEBRATES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN, 1874–1889." Earth Sciences History 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 184–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-39.1.184.

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The early collecting history of dinosaurs and other fossil vertebrates in Western Canada during the 1870s and 1880s is poorly documented. Initial finds were made by the British North American Boundary Commission and the Geological Survey of Canada in modern Saskatchewan and Alberta but, beyond a few well-publicized examples, little is known about precisely what was found and where. Much of the collected material is now housed in the collections of the Canadian Museum of Nature in Gatineau, Quebec, and a recent survey of these historic finds allows for the first comprehensive narrative regarding their identity and procurement. The collection is heavily biased towards vertebral centra and phalanges, reflective of both taphonomic and collecting biases. Given current understanding of Upper Cretaceous assemblages of North America, ornithomimids and small theropods are overrepresented, whereas ceratopsids and ankylosaurs are underrepresented. Fossils from the Belly River Group are best represented, after repeated visits to the areas of present-day Dinosaur Provincial Park and Ross Coulee near Irvine, Alberta. Taxonomic identification of the material has yielded numerous first Canadian occurrences, in addition to some first global occurrences. The latter include the first ever occurrences of Caenagnathidae (1884) and Thescelosauridae (1889). The Upper Cretaceous fossil record of Western Canada is among the richest in the world, and has been thoroughly studied over the last century. These fossils have informed our understanding of dinosaur behaviour, taphonomy, ecology, diversity dynamics, and extinction, among other aspects. But, like the animals themselves, the story of Canada's dinosaur-hunting legacy had humble beginnings—a story that has not been fully revealed before now.

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5

Suckley, George. "XXX.-Notices of certain New Species of North American Salmonidae, chiefly in the Collection of the N. W. Boundary Commission, in charge of Archibald Campbell, Esq., Commissioner of the United States, collected by Doctor C. B. R. Kennerly, Naturalist to the." Annals of The Lyceum of Natural History of New York 7, no. 1 (May 22, 2009): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1862.tb00161.x.

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6

Santiago, Roger, and Jean-Pierre Pelletier. "Contaminated Sediment Management: the Canadian Experience." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.024.

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Abstract Since the beginning of North America's industrialization, the Great Lakes have been negatively impacted by the discharge of industrial, agricultural and municipal pollutants. The governments of Canada and the United States have recognized that the accumulation of pollutants within the bottom sediment and the water column has had a detrimental effect on the Great Lakes ecosystem. In 1972, Canada and the United States signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, which established common water quality objectives and commitments to programs and other measures to achieve these objectives. This included measures for the abatement and control of pollution from dredging activities. By 1985, the International Joint Commission, a body established by the two countries to provide advice on boundary water issues, identified 43 Areas of Concern where impaired water quality prevented full beneficial use of rivers, bays, harbours and ports. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, amended in 1987, committed both countries to concentrate remediation efforts in these 43 Areas of Concern. This led to the development of Remedial Action Plans to assess and remediate contamination problems. Contaminated sediment was identified in all of these Areas of Concern. In 1989, the Canadian government created the 5-year $125-million Great Lakes Action Plan in support of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Of this, $55 million was allocated to the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund for the 17 Canadian Areas of Concern. A portion of the Cleanup Fund was designated for the development and demonstration of technologies for assessment, removal and treatment of contaminated sediment. Since its creation, the Remediation Technologies Program, established under the Cleanup Fund, has successfully performed 3 full-scale remediation projects, 11 pilot-scale technology demonstrations and 29 bench-scale tests. In addition to these projects, the program also evaluated existing sediment management practices and processes.

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7

Bocking, S. "The ecosystem: research and practice in North America." Web Ecology 13, no. 1 (July 4, 2013): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-13-43-2013.

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Abstract. Since the early 1940s, the ecosystem approach has been developed in a variety of forms by North American ecologists. Lindeman established its foundation, with his focus on functional components and energy transfers between trophic levels; this view was developed further by several ecologists, including G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and H. T. and E. P. Odum. Ecosystem ecology eventually became closely associated with powerful American institutions, such as the Atomic Energy Commission, receiving ample support; in association with the International Biological Program it became known as "big ecology''. More recently, ecosystem ecology has exhibited strengthened interest in spatial patterns, the role of species in ecosystems, and global change. This history has encompassed various ontological, methodological, ethical and political claims regarding the place of this approach in the discipline of ecology and in environmental governance.

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8

Neville, Grace. "Westward Bound : Emigration to North America in the Irish Folklore Commission Archives." Études irlandaises 17, no. 1 (1992): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/irlan.1992.1059.

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9

DeMets, Charles, Richard G. Gordon, Seth Stein, and Donald F. Argus. "A revised estimate of Pacific-North America motion and implications for Western North America Plate boundary zone tectonics." Geophysical Research Letters 14, no. 9 (September 1987): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl014i009p00911.

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10

Rychert, Catherine A., Karen M. Fischer, and Stéphane Rondenay. "A sharp lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary imaged beneath eastern North America." Nature 436, no. 7050 (July 28, 2005): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03904.

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11

Wdowinski, Shimon, Bridget Smith-Konter, Yehuda Bock, and David Sandwell. "Diffuse interseismic deformation across the Pacific–North America plate boundary." Geology 35, no. 4 (2007): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g22938a.1.

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12

Carpentier, Chantal Line. "NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation: ongoing assessment of trade liberalization in North America." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 24, no. 4 (December 2006): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/147154606781765048.

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13

Prothero, Donald R. "Evolutionary patterns at the terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene boundary in North America." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000798x.

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Recent breakthroughs in magnetostratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar dating have shown that the boundary between the Chadronian and Orellan land mammal “ages” (long thought to be mid-Oligocene) correlates with the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (about 33.9 Ma). This boundary gives an exceptionally dense, detailed record of faunal, floral, and climatic changes, well constrained by magnetostratigraphy and radiometric dating.Evidence from paleosols and land floras (Retallack, 1992) document a striking cooling and drying event across this boundary, with a woodland vegetation (greater than 1000 mm annual precipitation) replaced by a wooded grassland (500 mm annual precipitation). According to Wolfe (1992), mean annual temperature declined almost 13°, and the annual range of temperature increased dramatically from 5° to about 25°. Sedimentological evidence from eastern Wyoming (Evanoff et al., 1992) show an abrupt transition from moist floodplains to semi-arid landscapes with abundant wind-blown volcaniclastic dust. Most of these events took place over a few thousand years. This is certainly one of the most severe climatic events in the Cenozoic.Late Eocene land snails (Evanoff et al., 1992) are large-shelled subtropical taxa now typical of central Mexico, indicating a mean annual range of temperature of 16.5° and annual precipitation of about 450 mm. In the early Oligocene, these were replaced by drought-tolerant small-shelled taxa indicative of a warm-temperate open woodland with a pronounced dry season. Reptiles and amphibians (Hutchison, 1992) show a trend toward cooling and drying, with aquatic forms (crocodilians, freshwater turtles, and salamanders) replaced by land tortoises; size reduction in turtles also indicates increased aridity. Mammals show only minor changes across this boundary. A few archaic groups which may have depended on woodland browsing (such as the rhino-like brontotheres, the camel-like oromerycids, and several archaic rodent groups) are the only taxa to go extinct. Minor speciation events occur in horses, the deer-like leptomerycids, and camels. The oreodont Miniochoerus shows a gradual dwarfing of about 30% over about 100,000 years. Most other species show no significant changes across this climatic crisis, although some change in relative abundance. Most mammals show stasis spanning millions of years before and after this transition, and some of the land snails are virtually indistinguishable from modern taxa.Traditional Neo-Darwinian theory would predict that animals should evolve rapidly in response to such strong climatic selection. Instead, most animals respond by going extinct and being replaced by unrelated forms, or do not change at all. A few show punctuated speciation events at the boundary, and only one shows prolonged gradual dwarfing. This suggests that animals are not infinitely flexible “balls” on an adaptive landscape, but have some kind of internal homeostasis that prevents gradual change in response to selection. Extinction, emigration, or punctuated speciation events seem to be the preferred response.

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14

Freymueller, Jeffrey T., Mark H. Murray, Paul Segall, and David Castillo. "Kinematics of the Pacific-North America Plate Boundary Zone, northern California." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 104, B4 (April 10, 1999): 7419–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998jb900118.

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15

Eaton, Jeffrey G. "The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Western Interior of North America." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 18, no. 1 (October 28, 1987): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nos/18/1987/31.

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16

Mann, Paul, Eric Calais, and Victor Huerfano. "Earthquake shakes “Big Bend” Region of North America-Caribbean Boundary Zone." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 85, no. 8 (2004): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004eo080001.

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17

Dirmeyer, Paul A., Yan Jin, Bohar Singh, and Xiaoqin Yan. "Evolving Land–Atmosphere Interactions over North America from CMIP5 Simulations." Journal of Climate 26, no. 19 (September 24, 2013): 7313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00454.1.

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Abstract Long-term changes in land–atmosphere interactions during spring and summer are examined over North America. A suite of models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulating preindustrial, historical, and severe future climate change scenarios are examined for changes in soil moisture, surface fluxes, atmospheric boundary layer characteristics, and metrics of land–atmosphere coupling. Simulations of changes from preindustrial to modern conditions show warming brings stronger surface fluxes at high latitudes, while subtropical regions of North America respond with drier conditions. There is a clear anthropogenic aerosol response in midlatitudes that reduces surface radiation and heat fluxes, leading to shallower boundary layers and lower cloud base. Over the Great Plains, the signal does not reflect a purely radiatively forced response, showing evidence that the expansion of agriculture may have offset the aerosol impacts on the surface energy and water cycle. Future changes show soils are projected to dry across North America, even though precipitation increases north of a line that retreats poleward from spring to summer. Latent heat flux also has a north–south dipole of change, increasing north and decreasing south of a line that also moves northward with the changing season. Metrics of land–atmosphere feedback increase over most of the continent but are strongest where latent heat flux increases in the same location and season where precipitation decreases. Combined with broadly elevated cloud bases and deeper boundary layers, land–atmosphere interactions are projected to become more important in the future with possible consequences for seasonal climate prediction.

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18

Leroy, Sylvie, Nadine Ellouz-Zimmermann, Jordane Corbeau, Frédérique Rolandone, Bernard Mercier de Lépinay, Bertrand Meyer, Roberte Momplaisir, et al. "Segmentation and kinematics of the North America-Caribbean plate boundary offshore Hispaniola." Terra Nova 27, no. 6 (November 10, 2015): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ter.12181.

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19

Prescott, William H., James C. Savage, Jerry L. Svarc, and David Manaker. "Deformation across the Pacific-North America plate boundary near San Francisco, California." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106, B4 (April 10, 2001): 6673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900397.

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20

Davis, J. L., B. P. Wernicke, S. Bisnath, N. A. Niemi, and P. Elósegui. "Subcontinental-scale crustal velocity changes along the Pacific–North America plate boundary." Nature 441, no. 7097 (June 2006): 1131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04781.

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21

Yuan, Huaiyu, and Vadim Levin. "Stratified seismic anisotropy and the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath eastern North America." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119, no. 4 (April 2014): 3096–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jb010785.

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22

Gingerich, Philip D. "Paleocene/Eocene boundary and continental vertebrate faunas of Europe and North America." GFF 122, no. 1 (March 2000): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035890001221057.

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23

Bona, Paula, Martín D. Ezcurra, Francisco Barrios, and María V. Fernandez Blanco. "A new Palaeocene crocodylian from southern Argentina sheds light on the early history of caimanines." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (August 22, 2018): 20180843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0843.

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Caimanines are crocodylians currently restricted to South and Central America and the oldest members are from lower Palaeocene localities of the Salamanca Formation (Chubut Province, Argentina). We report here a new caimanine from this same unit represented by a skull roof and partial braincase. Its phylogenetic relationships were explored in a cladistic analysis using standard characters and a morphogeometric two-dimensional configuration of the skull roof. The phylogenetic results were used for an event-based supermodel quantitative palaeobiogeographic analysis. The new species is recovered as the most basal member of the South American caimanines, and the Cretaceous North American lineage ‘ Brachychampsa and related forms' as the most basal Caimaninae. The biogeographic results estimated north-central North America as the ancestral area of Caimaninae, showing that the Cretaceous and Palaeocene species of the group were more widespread than thought and became regionally extinct in North America around the Cretaceous–Palaeocene boundary. A dispersal event from north-central North America during the middle Late Cretaceous explains the arrival of the group to South America. The Palaeogene assemblage of Patagonian crocodylians is composed of three lineages of caimanines as a consequence of independent dispersal events that occurred between North and South America and within South America around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary.

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24

Jordan, Richard. "A Militant Crusade In Africa: The Great Commission And Segregation." Church History 83, no. 4 (December 2014): 957–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640714001188.

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During the Cold War and in the aftermath of the Brown v. Board of Education decision, the Calvinist and political fundamentalists of North America opposed the integration of American society and the extension of civil rights to African-Americans. Both were viewed as contrary to God's plan for humankind and omens for the end times. At the same time, these militant clerics spread reformed theology and eschatology to non-white societies across the globe. An important missionary field was Africa, where American and British racial mores influenced the cultural and political struggle. western, capitalistic and democratic principles, white minority-rule, and British imperialism faced African nationalism and communist aid to independence movements. Accordingly, the contrast between militant theology and liberal, modernist Protestantism was interjected into the conflict. Two American crusaders, Carl McIntire and Billy James Hargis, made Africa an important battleground to defend segregation and western influence. Both pursued individual ministries and had differing theological agendas towards race. The International Council of Christian Churches, an organization that McIntire led, spread God's word to black Africans, while Hargis' Christian Crusade Against Communism worked with Rhodesia's white minority government. Their efforts provide insight into the militant theological and political crusade in North America and how they projected their Calvinist ideals into the international arena and into Africa.

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Fuoli, Francesca. "Incorporating north-western Afghanistan into the British empire: experiments in indirect rule through the making of an imperial frontier, 1884–87." Afghanistan 1, no. 1 (April 2018): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2018.0004.

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This article analyses the British-led demarcation of Afghanistan's north-western border in the Maimana region between 1884–7. Historians of Afghanistan have largely neglected the Afghan Boundary Commission as a minor episode in Amir Abdur Rahman Khan's process of internal reform and ‘modernisation’. This article nuances these approaches and reconsiders the role of boundary-making as an instrument for building empire at the level of local indigenous political organisation. It argues that the demarcation became an occasion for increasing British interference in Afghan affairs that aimed at establishing embryonic forms of colonial rule along Afghanistan's borderlands. Commissioners sought the collaboration of local intermediaries – Afghan officials and ethnic minorities – in ways that bypassed official relations with the court in Kabul. The Boundary Commission became instrumental in enabling the extension and consolidation of the government of Kabul's authority over previously semi-autonomous areas. In the long term, it became the blueprint for the demarcation of Afghanistan's northern boundaries in Turkestan, Badakhshan and the Pamirs.

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26

Mumme, Stephen P., and Pamela Duncan. "The Commission for Environmental Cooperation and Environmental Management in the Americas." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, no. 4 (1998): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166423.

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To what extent has the North American Free Trade Agreement contributed to strengthening and deepening international environmental management in the Americas? Should the system be broadened to incorporate other nations? While a complete answer to these queries is currently beyond reach, there should be little doubt that NAFTA has influenced and continues to influence the direction of environmental management in North America and the hemisphere at large. The agreement has spawned a series of new institutions that are already reshaping current practices and that have considerable promise for broadening the range of international commitments to environmental management in the Americas. The most prominent and most relevant of these is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC).

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Young, Keith. "The Albian-Cenomanian (Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous) boundary in Texas and northern Mexico." Journal of Paleontology 60, no. 6 (November 1986): 1212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000002973.

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As first designated by Böse, the Albian-Cenomanian (Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous) boundary in northern Mexico and Texas is selected at the base of the ammonite zone ofPlesioturrilites brazoensis(Römer). This boundary seems to best agree with boundaries selected for North Africa and Europe, but in North America it may not be the optimum boundary for paleontologists working with foraminiferans.

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Kreemer, Corné, Rob Govers, Kevin P. Furlong, and William E. Holt. "Plate boundary deformation between the Pacific and North America in the Explorer region." Tectonophysics 293, no. 3-4 (August 1998): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00089-4.

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Lucas, S. G., and L. H. Tanner. "The nonmarine Triassic–Jurassic boundary in the Newark Supergroup of eastern North America." Earth-Science Reviews 84, no. 1-2 (September 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.05.002.

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30

Rudstam, Lars G., Sandra L. Parker-Stetter, Patrick J. Sullivan, and David M. Warner. "Towards a standard operating procedure for fishery acoustic surveys in the Laurentian Great Lakes, North America." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 6 (February 10, 2009): 1391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp014.

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Abstract Rudstam, L. G., Parker-Stetter, S. L., Sullivan, P. J., and Warner, D. M. 2009. Towards a standard operating procedure for fishery acoustic surveys in the Laurentian Great Lakes, North America. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1391–1397. Acoustic surveys are conducted annually in all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Champlain to assess forage-fish abundance. The main target species are rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), and several coregonine species (Coregonus spp.). The Great Lakes Fishery Commission sponsored an Acoustic Study Group from 2002 to 2006 to discuss common problems and suggest standardized methods across these lakes. The study group produced a set of recommendations, available as a Great Lakes Fishery Commission Special Publication and on the web, that use in situ target strength (TS) to scale volume backscattering. Here, we review these recommendations with special attention to four often-overlooked topics of interest to all acoustic users, namely issues associated with first, the choice of thresholds for both TS and volume-backscattering strength, second, different settings for single-echo detection algorithms for measures of in situ TS, third, those taking account of measuring in situ TS in dense fish concentrations, and finally, detection limits.

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Kjelland, Arnfinn. "Mapping and Analysing Remigration Based upon Norwegian Farm- and Genealogical History Projects." Journal of Migration History 4, no. 2 (September 12, 2018): 314–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00402005.

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In this article I attempt to utilise the vast efforts invested in a particularly Norwegian genre of local history, namely the farm and genealogy books (bygdebok, plural bygdebøker), to analyse aspects of migration, especially remigration from North America, in a micro-historical perspective. Such books, of which a rather large corpus exists, contain detailed longitudinal data on people and holdings within a limited region, usually a rural municipality or parish. Consulting two works from this bygdebok genre as primary sources, I identify and analyse those people who re-migrated to Norway after having been in North America prior to the commission of the 1910 census.

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Patriat, M., T. Pichot, G. K. Westbrook, M. Umber, E. Deville, F. Bénard, W. R. Roest, and B. Loubrieu. "Evidence for Quaternary convergence across the North America–South America plate boundary zone, east of the Lesser Antilles." Geology 39, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32474.1.

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33

Leslie, Stephen A. "Mohawkian (Upper Ordovician) conodonts of eastern North America and Baltoscandia." Journal of Paleontology 74, no. 6 (November 2000): 1122–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000017662.

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A collection of 57,877 conodont elements that includes 39 species representing 30 genera was made from the upper part of the Phragmodus undatus Zone and the lower part of the Plectodina tenuis Zone (late Turinian–early Chatfieldian). Conodont samples were collected from 30 sections in eastern North America and Baltoscandia, where the P. undatus–P. tenuis Zone boundary projects into B. alobatus Subzone based on K-bentonite bed correlation. Elements previously assigned to form-species of Oistodus are shown to be apparatus associates in coniform apparatuses of Besselodus. Pseudobelodina manitoulinensis new species is described and the apparatus-based taxonomy of Scyphiodus primus and Staufferella polonica are proposed.

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Jin, Jisuo, and Paul Copper. "Parastrophinella (Brachiopoda): Its paleogeographic significance at the Ordovician/Silurian boundary." Journal of Paleontology 71, no. 3 (May 1997): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000039391.

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The type species of Parastrophinella, P. reversa, a pentamerid brachiopod from the uppermost Ordovician (Hirnantian) Ellis Bay Formation of Anticosti Island, Quebec, shows that the genus is characterized by three features: 1) a ventral median septum apically buried in a thickened valve floor, but anteriorly rising above valve floor; 2) prominent alate plates, which are homologous to brachial processes; and, 3) a pseudocruralium consisting of a dorsal median septum, which is largely buried in the valve floor posteriorly, and outer plates that are connected to the median septum via prismatic substance (with poorly developed lamellar layer at the junctions) at, or slightly above, the valve floor. These constitute criteria by which many species previously assigned to Parastrophinella are excluded from the genus. Late Ordovician species that fit the redefinition of Parastrophinella are now confined to eastern North America. The genus crosses the Ordovician/Silurian boundary without major morphologic change, and Early Silurian species of Parastrophinella occur in both eastern North America and Great Britain. In the Late Ordovician, the pentamerid fauna of North America (Laurentia) contrasted sharply with that of Baltica and Kazakhstan, where the Holorhynchus fauna was dominant. Typical elements of the Holorhynchus fauna, such as the large-shelled Holorhynchus and Proconchidium, are known only in the northern parts of Laurentia (Baffin Island, Greenland, and Kolyma), and are absent in the Hudson Bay and Williston basins and southwards.

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35

Jinnah, Sikina, and Abby Lindsay. "Secretariat Influence on Overlap Management Politics in North America: NAFTA and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation." Review of Policy Research 32, no. 1 (January 2015): 124–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12106.

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36

Betsill, Michele M. "Regional Governance of Global Climate Change: The North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation." Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 2 (May 2007): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.2.11.

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Over the past decade the governance of global climate change has evolved into a complex, multi-level process involving actors and initiatives at multiple levels of social organization from the global to the local in both the public and private spheres. This article analyzes the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) as one component of this multilevel governance system. Specifically, it evaluates the CEC as a site of regional climate governance based on three potential advantages of governance through regional organizations: a small number of actors, opportunities for issue linkage, and linkage between national and global governance systems. On each count I find that the benefits of a CEC-based climate governance system are limited and argue for greater consideration of how such a system would interact with other forms of climate governance in North America.

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Parazoo, N. C., A. S. Denning, S. R. Kawa, K. D. Corbin, R. S. Lokupitiya, and I. T. Baker. "Mechanisms for synoptic variations of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in North America, South America and Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 23 (December 10, 2008): 7239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7239-2008.

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Abstract. Synoptic variations of atmospheric CO2 produced by interactions between weather and surface fluxes are investigated mechanistically and quantitatively in midlatitude and tropical regions using continuous in-situ CO2 observations in North America, South America and Europe and forward chemical transport model simulations with the Parameterized Chemistry Transport Model. Frontal CO2 climatologies show consistently strong, characteristic frontal CO2 signals throughout the midlatitudes of North America and Europe. Transitions between synoptically identifiable CO2 air masses or transient spikes along the frontal boundary typically characterize these signals. One case study of a summer cold front shows CO2 gradients organizing with deformational flow along weather fronts, producing strong and spatially coherent variations. In order to differentiate physical and biological controls on synoptic variations in midlatitudes and a site in Amazonia, a boundary layer budget equation is constructed to break down boundary layer CO2 tendencies into components driven by advection, moist convection, and surface fluxes. This analysis suggests that, in midlatitudes, advection is dominant throughout the year and responsible for 60–70% of day-to-day variations on average, with moist convection contributing less than 5%. At a site in Amazonia, vertical mixing, in particular coupling between convective transport and surface CO2 flux, is most important, with advection responsible for 26% of variations, moist convection 32% and surface flux 42%. Transport model sensitivity experiments agree with budget analysis. These results imply the existence of a recharge-discharge mechanism in Amazonia important for controlling synoptic variations of boundary layer CO2, and that forward and inverse simulations should take care to represent moist convective transport. Due to the scarcity of tropical observations at the time of this study, results in Amazonia are not generalized for the tropics, and future work should extend analysis to additional tropical locations.

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Frederickson, Joseph A., and Richard L. Cifelli. "New Cretaceous lungfishes (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from western North America." Journal of Paleontology 91, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.131.

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AbstractCeratodontid lungfishes are generally rare, poorly represented elements of North America’s Mesozoic ecosystems, with previously known maximum diversity in the Late Jurassic. Herein we describe four new species of the form genusCeratodus, from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior, considerably expanding fossil representation of post-Triassic dipnoans in North America. To model taxonomic and morphologic diversity, we adopt a four-fold system of phenetically based species groups, named for exemplars from the Morrison Formation.Ceratodus kirklandin. sp. (Potamoceratodus guentherigroup) andC.kempaen. sp. (C.frazierigroup) represent a hitherto unsampled time interval, the Valanginian.Ceratodus nirumbeen. sp. andC.molossusn. sp. extend the temporal ranges of theC.fossanovumandC.robustusgroups upward to the Albian and Cenomanian, respectively. These new occurrences show that ceratodontids maintained their highest diversity from the Late Jurassic through the mid-Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian), an interval of ~60 Myr. The existing record suggests that some of the later (mid-Cretaceous) ceratodontids may have been tolerant of salt water; to date, there is no evidence that they aestivated. Only a few occurrences are known from horizons younger than Cenomanian. Demise of ceratodontids appears to be part of a broader pattern of turnover that occurred at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in North America.

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Wheeler, R. L. "Earthquakes and the Southeastern Boundary of the Intact lapetan Margin in Eastern North America." Seismological Research Letters 67, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.67.5.77.

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40

Munson, Kathleen M., Jeffrey Latonas, Wen Xu, Ashley Elliot, Debbie A. Armstrong, Gary A. Stern, and Feiyue Wang. "Elemental mercury in the marine boundary layer of North America: Temporal and spatial patterns." Marine Chemistry 220 (March 2020): 103755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103755.

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41

Lundgren, P. R., and R. M. Russo. "Finite element modeling of crustal deformation in the North America-Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 101, B5 (May 10, 1996): 11317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jb03747.

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42

Gordon, Mark B., Paul Mann, Dámaso Cáceres, and Raúl Flores. "Cenozoic tectonic history of the North America-Caribbean plate boundary zone in western Cuba." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 102, B5 (May 10, 1997): 10055–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jb03177.

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SHABBAR, AMIR, KAZ HIGUCHI, and JIANPING HUANG. "Boundary and initial flow induced variability over Pacific North America in CCC-AGCM simulations." Tellus A 55, no. 5 (October 2003): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.2003.00029.x.

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Shabbar, Amir, Kaz Higuchi, and Jianping Huang. "Boundary and initial flow induced variability over Pacific North America in CCC-AGCM simulations." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 55, no. 5 (January 2003): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v55i5.12109.

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Miller, Merrell A., Marco Vecoli, and Christian Cesari. "New palynomorphs from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary interval: Eastern North America and Saudi Arabia." Palynology 41, sup1 (December 15, 2017): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2017.1373241.

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46

Ramsay, Joseph, Monica D. Kohler, Paul M. Davis, Xinguo Wang, William Holt, and Dayanthie S. Weeraratne. "Anisotropy from SKS splitting across the Pacific-North America plate boundary offshore southern California." Geophysical Journal International 207, no. 1 (July 25, 2016): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw271.

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47

Tréhu, Anne M., Jochen Braunmiller, and John L. Nabelek. "Probable low-angle thrust earthquakes on the Juan de Fuca–North America plate boundary." Geology 36, no. 2 (2008): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g24145a.1.

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48

Kent-Corson, Malinda L., Laura S. Sherman, Andreas Mulch, and C. Page Chamberlain. "Cenozoic topographic and climatic response to changing tectonic boundary conditions in Western North America." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 252, no. 3-4 (December 2006): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.049.

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49

Demski, Matthew W., Benjamin J. Wheadon, Lori A. Stewart, Robert J. Elias, Graham A. Young, Godfrey S. Nowlan, and Edward P. Dobrzanski. "Hirnantian strata identified in major intracratonic basins of central North America: implications for uppermost Ordovician stratigraphy." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 1 (January 2015): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0156.

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Carbon isotopes are analyzed for the first time from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary interval in the Williston and Hudson Bay basins of Manitoba, revealing a prominent positive excursion. The nature of this excursion and its co-occurrence with the appearance of the Ozarkodina hassi Conodont Zone and a distinctive coral-dominated macrofauna indicate that this is the upper portion (Metabolograptus persculptus Graptolite Zone) of the globally recognized Hirnantian isotopic carbon excursion (HICE). As a result, the Ordovician–Silurian boundary is placed at a higher position than previously thought, at the disconformable Stonewall – Fisher Branch formational boundary in the Williston Basin, and probably the Port Nelson – Severn River formational boundary in the Hudson Bay Basin. Disconformities within sections suggest periods of nondeposition due to subaerial exposure as sea level fluctuated during the Late Ordovician glaciation. Latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) deposition was far more widespread on the Laurentian craton than realized previously. Age determination and correlation having unprecedented precision are attainable within and between the Williston and Hudson Bay basins, and beyond.

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Galli, Christof. "Trends in Europe and North America: The Statistical Yearbook of the Economic Commission for Europe, 1998/1999." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 5 (September 2000): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(00)00213-6.

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