Journal articles: 'North American Fruit Explorers'

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Volkening, Tom. "North American Fruit Explorers, Inc. (NAFEX) http://www.nafex.org." Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 5, no. 4 (October 4, 2003): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j108v05n04_03.

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Augustinos, A. A., C. A. Moraiti, E. Drosopoulou, I. Kounatidis, P. Mavragani-Tsipidou, K. Bourtzis, and N. T. Papadopoulos. "Old residents and new arrivals of Rhagoletis species in Europe." Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, no. 6 (February 12, 2019): 701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000063.

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AbstractThe genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises more than 65 species distributed throughout Europe, Asia and America, including many species of high economic importance. Currently, there are three Rhagoletis species that infest fruits and nuts in Europe. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (may have invaded Europe a long time ago from the Caucasian area of West Asia), and two invasive species (recently introduced from North America): the eastern American cherry fruit fly, R. cingulata, and the walnut husk fly, R. completa. The presence of different Rhagoletis species may enhance population dynamics and establish an unpredictable economic risk for several fruit and nut crops in Europe. Despite their excessive economic importance, little is known on population dynamics, genetics and symbiotic associations for making sound pest control decisions in terms of species-specific, environmental friendly pest control methods. To this end, the current paper (a) summarizes recently accumulated genetic and population data for the European Rhagoletis species and their association with the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis, and (b) explores the possibility of using the current knowledge for implementing the innovative biological control methods of sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique.

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Bertram, Laurie K. "Icelandic Cake Fight: History of an Immigrant Recipe." Gastronomica 19, no. 4 (2019): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2019.19.4.28.

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This article explores the history of vínarterta, a striped fruit torte imported by Icelandic immigrants to North America in the late nineteenth century and obsessively preserved by their descendants today. When roughly 20–25 percent of the population of Iceland relocated to North America between 1870 and 1914, they brought with them a host of culinary traditions, the most popular and enduring of which is this labor-intensive, spiced, layered dessert. Considered an essential fixture at any important gathering, including weddings, holidays, and funerals, vínarterta looms large in Icelandic–North American popular culture. Family recipes are often closely guarded, and any alterations to the “correct recipe,” including number of layers, inclusion or exclusion of cardamom or frosting, and the use of almond extract, are still hotly debated by community members who see changes to “original” recipes as a controversial, even offensive sign of cultural degeneration. In spite of this dedication to authenticity, this torte is an unusual ethnic symbol with a complex past. The first recipes for “Vienna torte” were Danish imports via Austria, originally popular with the Icelandic immigrant generation in the late nineteenth century because of their glamorous connections to continental Europe. Moreover, the dessert fell out of fashion in Iceland roughly at the same time as it ascended as an ethnic symbol in wartime and postwar North American heritage spectacles. Proceeding from recipe books, oral history interviews, memoirs, and Icelandic and English language newspapers, this article examines the complex history of this particular dessert.

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Hancock, J. F., C. E. Finn, and C. Heider. "A History of the Ecuadorian Strawberry, Huachi (Ambato)." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 610a—610. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.610a.

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Spaniards brought Fragaria chiloensis when they conquered Ecuador the mid-1700s. The `Fluachi' strawberry, which was developed from these plants, became renowned in Ecuador and was eventually produced or on 500 to 800 ha in the town of Huachi Grande near Ambato. This white-fruited, long, wedge-shaped strawberry is still praised for its firmness, flavor, aroma, and shipping quality. The fruit are produced year-round on plants grown on volcanic, sandy soils in a very dry environment at an ≈3000-m elevation near the equator. The USDA germplasm explorers Paopenoe and Darrow documented the production of the `Huachi' in the 1920s and 1950s and brought it to North America for breeding. Selections from seedling populations were determined to be red stele resistant and found their way into several Pacific Northwest cultivars, although the `Huachi' was eventually lost in North America. Recently, we traveled to Ecuador to re-collect `Huachi' and assess the strawberry industry there. Huachi is still grown commercially in Ecuador, although there are now only 4 to 5 ha remaining. Drought in the 1970s, “tired” soils, and the introduction of the more productive and easier to produce California cultivars have supplanted its cultivation. Ecuador now produces ≈350 ha of strawberries using California production systems. This fruit is exported fresh, primarily to the United Sates, or is frozen in a 4 + 1 sugar pack. We brought `Huachi' back for distribution to interested breeders and to set up fertilizer trials on an established field to try to boost its productivity.

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JOHNSTON, DAVID W. "The earliest known compiled list of North American birds (1582)." Archives of Natural History 29, no. 2 (June 2002): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2002.29.2.265.

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ABSTRACT: Richard Hakluyt in 1582 published the names of certain commodities found in the New World from reports of French sixteenth-century explorers. The commodities included a compiled list of birds, the earliest known from North America.

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Winkler, Martina. "Another America: Russian mental discoveries of the North-west Pacific region in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries." Journal of Global History 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002281100057x.

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AbstractThis article explores Russian perceptions of ‘America’ as they emerged in the eighteenth century when traders, explorers, and scholars approached the North American continent from the Pacific side. It argues that these perceptions were fundamentally different from the European mental discovery of America via the Atlantic. Rather than imagining a ‘new world’, the protagonists saw the north-west American coastline as a part of the North Pacific basin, which, in turn, was considered a part of the Russian empire. Only in the early nineteenth century did Russian geographic and cultural concepts change, becoming more similar to those of Europeans and to contemporary ideas of continents and global structures.

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Capelotti, P. J. "Chapter 2. The historical geography of an archipelago of polar explorers." Septentrio Conference Series, no. 3 (September 9, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/5.3579.

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An outline of the rationale for a workshop, held in Oslo, Norway, from 12-13 May 2015, to discuss the historic place names of the High Arctic archipelago of Franz Josef Land. The islands contain hundreds of place names that amount to a virtual catalog of polar exploration and explorers of the mid- to late-19th Century. As an example, three American expeditions spent seven years there between 1898-1905, in failed attempts to try to reach the geographic North Pole. However, in the process, they left behind a record of the American Gilded Age that survived even 70 years of Soviet Communism.

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Henson, Pamela M. "Invading Arcadia: Women Scientists in the Field in Latin America, 1900-1950." Americas 58, no. 4 (April 2002): 577–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0045.

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Let us keep a place where real research men can find quiet, keen intellectual stimulation, freedom from any outside distraction." This was the response of a prominent North American naturalist opposed to a 1924 proposal to build facilities for women at the Barro Colorado Island Biological Laboratory in Panama. In the first decades of the twentieth-century, in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War and as the United States built the Panama Canal, the American tropics became a major focus for North American politics and natural history, with government funding and logistical support from the military for scientific expeditions. As the North American western frontier closed, the New World tropics—or Neotropics—assumed the role that the West had played for an earlier generation of nineteenth-century explorers. In a post-Darwinian world, a field trip to the tropics with its rich biodiversity had become a rite of passage and a route to fame for young North American naturalists. And in the decades during and after the successful campaign for women's suffrage in the United States, tensions between men and women ran high, in the home, at the ballot box, and at the field station.

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Whelan, Christopher J., and Mary F. Willson. "Fruit Choice in Migrating North American Birds: Field and Aviary Experiments." Oikos 71, no. 1 (October 1994): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546181.

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Lietzow, Calvin D., Huayu Zhu, Sudhakar Pandey, Michael J. Havey, and Yiqun Weng. "QTL mapping of parthenocarpic fruit set in North American processing cucumber." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 129, no. 12 (August 31, 2016): 2387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2778-z.

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11

Clark, H. O. "The history of arid-land fox discoveries in North America." Archives of Natural History 38, no. 2 (October 2011): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2011.0036.

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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1805 wrote the first substantial details of an arid-land fox. It was not until 1823, however, that Thomas Say described this same species of fox scientifically, and gave it a Latin name. Since then several other arid-dwelling foxes have been discovered. It almost seems that each south-western state in the United States and northern Mexico had its own fox, neatly described and named. But with the advent of modern biology and genetics, and the re-thinking of the “species concept”, has the rich history of arid-land fox discoveries become just a footnote? In this paper I bring the work of nineteenth- and twentieth-century explorers and naturalists to the modern reader, providing the historical accounts that can only be found in library archives. I focus only on foxes that occur in North American desert and prairie habitats, excluding those fox species that occur in woodland and forested communities.

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Gibbons, Russell W., and Raimund E. Goerler. "Discovering a Long-Forgotten Aspect of Northern Studies: The Relationship of the Inuit to the North American/European Explorers." Polar Geography 26, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/789609349.

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Polashock, J. J., P. Oudemans, C. Constantelos, F. L. Caruso, P. McManus, and J. Crouch. "SPECIES IDENTIFICATION AND VARIATION IN THE NORTH AMERICAN CRANBERRY FRUIT ROT COMPLEX." Acta Horticulturae, no. 810 (March 2009): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.810.51.

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Brown, Mark W. "Role of biodiversity in integrated fruit production in eastern North American orchards." Agricultural and Forest Entomology 14, no. 1 (July 15, 2011): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00540.x.

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Quetchenbach, Bernard. "Illuminating the Anthropocene: Ecopoetic Explorers at the Edge of the Naturecultures Abyss." American Literary History 31, no. 2 (2019): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajz010.

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Abstract This essay-review considers three recent ecocritical texts that examine the environmental imagination at work in contemporary North American experimental ecopoetry. Compensating for decades of ecocritical neglect, the scholars represented by these volumes turn their attention to experimental poetry of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Special attention is focused on the work of poets attempting to synthesize art and science, and to develop poetics as a means to forge and communicate new links between species. Striving to incorporate environmental systems into poetic structures, contemporary ecopoets promote a crucial role and an ambitious agenda for the genre. Spurred by the Anthropocene imperative to reconfigure relationships between human and nonhuman, civilization and planet, nature and culture, experimental ecopoets create art that is both playful and urgent, but often difficult and obscure. The criticism gathered in these texts provides timely and much-needed theory and context illuminating a vibrant and important movement, or series of related movements, meant to equip both poetry and human culture for coping with the challenges posed by Anthropocene conditions and necessities.

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Mitich, Larry W. "Poison-Ivy/Poison-Oak/Poison-Sumac—The Virulent Weeds." Weed Technology 9, no. 3 (September 1995): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023976.

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The word poison entered the English language in 1387 as ‘poysoun”, and in Memoirs of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 1, 1785, the word poison-ivy was used for the first time: “Poison ivy … produces the same kind of inflammation and eruptions … as poison wood tree”.The first known reference to poison-ivy, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze., dates from the 7th century in China and the 10th century in Japan. Since Toxicodendron species do not grow in Europe, the plants remained unknown to Western civilization until explorers visited the New World seven centuries later. Capt. John Smith (1579–1631) wrote the first description of poison-ivy and originated its common name; he noted a similarity in the climbing habit of North American poison-ivy to English ivy (Hedera helix L.).

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Kupfer, Carl, and David Buisseret. "Seventeenth-Century Jesuit Explorers’ Maps of the Great Lakes and Their Influence on Subsequent Cartography of the Region." Journal of Jesuit Studies 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00601005.

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When the French coureurs des bois and missionaries began to penetrate the interior of North America around the middle of the seventeenth century, they were confronted with a hydrological system of remarkable complexity, unique in the world. Some hints of the relationship of the five Great Lakes had been garnered by Samuel de Champlain in the early part of the century, but the western Great Lakes remained virtually unknown to Europeans about 1650. The delineation of this region was the work of four Jesuit-trained cartographers, whose work can (rather unusually) be completely traced from exploration to the original manuscript and then to the versions printed in Europe. It was in this way that French Jesuit maps came to form part of the North American cartographic image of many contemporary Europeans.

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Sattler, Klaus. "The correct name of the North American dried fruit moth in Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 19, no. 4 (1988): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631289x00564.

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AbstractThe status of the North American dried fruit moth in Europe is reviewed and the type-material of Vitula serratilineella Ragonot, 1887 is discussed. As a result the name serratilineella is reinstated, as Vitula edmandsii serratilineella Ragonot, 1887, for the western form of the dried fruit moth and the name Moodna bombylicolella Amsel, 1955 is again relegated to synonymy. Lectotypes are designated for Vitula dentosella Ragonot, 1887 and Vitula serratilineella Ragonot, 1887.

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Graves, W. R. "Phenology and fruit set of promising North American shrubs in the genus Dirca." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1242 (July 2019): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1242.88.

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Rariden, John M., and Douglas V. Shaw. "Performance of North American Strawberry Cultivars under Conditions Mimicking California Production Systems." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (September 1994): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.1034.

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Runner plants from 16 strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) cultivars were grown using annual Mediterranean production systems to test for differences in productivity, performance traits, and vegetative growth attributes. Genotypes were included from germplasm adapted to four geographic regions: California and northwestern, northeastern, and mid-Atlantic or southeastern United States. The California genotypes were divided further into day-neutral and June-bearing categories. With these treatments, California cultivars had significantly larger plants and grew more rapidly during the fall and winter, had larger fruit, and produced at least twice the quantity of fruit of cultivars from the other regions. Variance components due to region explained 64% and 26% of the phenotypic variance for early and total yield, respectively, whereas differences among cultivars within regions explained 12% and 7% of the variance for these traits. Cultivars from all regions had significantly larger plants and were more productive when treated with 3 weeks of artificial vernalization. However, region × vernalization effects were nonsignificant for all traits, a result suggesting that selection in Mediterranean environments has not adapted germplasm specifically for low vernalization conditions.

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Shetty, Nischit V., and Todd C. Wehner. "Evaluation of Oriental Trellis Cucumbers for Production in North Carolina." HortTechnology 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 130a. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.130a.

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Eighteen cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars (15 oriental trellis and three standard American slicers) were grown on trellis and flat-bed production systems during the spring and summer seasons of 1995. Vine, flower, fruit quality, keeping ability, and yield traits were measured. Vine length, incidence of powdery mildew, fruit shape, fruit quality, fruit firmness, yield of Fancy plus No. 1 grade slicer fruits, marketable yield, and percentage of culled fruits were all higher when cultivars were grown on trellis support. Anthracnose damage, fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit mass, fruit color, overall impression, fruit shriveling, seedcell size, branch number, percentage of staminate nodes, and total yield were not significantly affected by production system. The best cultivars for marketable yield (mass of Fancy, No. 1 and 2 grade slicers) were `Summer Top', `Tasty Bright', and `Sprint 440' on trellis support and `Sprint 440' and `Poinsett 76' on flat bed. The cultivars with the best fruit quality were `Tasty Bright', `Summer Top', and `Sprint 440' on trellis and `Poinsett 76', `Sprint 440', and `Tasty Bright' on flat bed. The best cultivars overall on the trellis production system were `Sprint 440', `Summer Top', `Tasty Bright', and `89-211', and the worst were `Sky Horse', `Hongzhou Green 55', and `Fengyan'. The best cultivars overall on the flat bed were `Poinsett 76', `Sprint 440', and `89-211', while the worst cultivars were `Sky Horse' and `Hongzhou Green 55'.

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Shetty, Nischit V., and Todd C. Wehner. "Evaluation of Oriental Trellis Cucumbers for Production in North Carolina." HortScience 33, no. 5 (August 1998): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.891.

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Eighteen cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars (15 oriental trellis and three standard American slicers) were grown on trellis and flat-bed production systems during the spring and summer seasons of 1995. Vine, flower, fruit quality, keeping ability, and yield traits were measured. Vine length, incidence of powdery mildew, fruit shape, fruit quality, fruit firmness, yield of Fancy plus No. 1 grade slicer fruits, marketable yield, and percentage of culled fruits were all higher when cultivars were grown on trellis support. Anthracnose damage, fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit mass, fruit color, overall impression, fruit shriveling, seedcell size, branch number, percentage of staminate nodes, and total yield were not significantly affected by production system. The best cultivars for marketable yield (mass of Fancy, No. 1 and 2 grade slicers) were `Summer Top', `Tasty Bright', and `Sprint 440' on trellis support and `Sprint 440' and `Poinsett 76' on flat bed. The cultivars with the best fruit quality were `Tasty Bright', `Summer Top', and `Sprint 440' on trellis and `Poinsett 76', `Sprint 440', and `Tasty Bright' on flat bed. The best cultivars overall on the trellis production system were `Sprint 440', `Summer Top', `Tasty Bright', and `89-211', and the worst were `Sky Horse', `Hongzhou Green 55', and `Fengyan'. The best cultivars overall on the flat bed were `Poinsett 76', `Sprint 440', and `89-211', while the worst cultivars were `Sky Horse' and `Hongzhou Green 55'.

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Holmes, G. J. "Pumpkin Fruit Rot in North Carolina Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae." Plant Disease 84, no. 8 (August 2000): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.8.923a.

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In 1999, during an evaluation of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) fruit for susceptibility to naturally occurring postharvest diseases, a soft rot of unknown etiology was noted. No fungal growth or sporulation was seen on the fruit surface and no root or crown rot was observed in the field. When fruit were cross-sectioned, masses of white, floccose mycelium covering large sections of the seed cavity were observed. Rot was observed in 21 fruit (6.4% of the total). The fungus was isolated from symptomatic fruit on a modified P10ARPH agar medium, semi-selective for Phytophthora spp. (2). Isolates from eight fruit formed papillate, ovoid sporangia, abundant chlamydospores, and colonies characteristic of P. nicotianae (1). No oospores were produced. Four sound pumpkin fruit (cv. Early Autumn) were inoculated with four isolates (one isolate per fruit). Each isolate was recovered from a different fruit. Pumpkins were surface sterilized at the point of inoculation by wetting with 70% ethanol. Inoculation was done by removing a small amount of mycelium from pure culture using a sterile, wooden toothpick and inserting it 2 cm deep into opposite sides of the mid section of sound fruit (two inoculations per fruit). Control fruit were punctured with sterile toothpicks (once per fruit). First symptoms appeared 4 days after inoculation at room temperature (22 to 24°C). Symptoms consisted of circular, water-soaked areas originating from the point of inoculation. Average diameter (based on four measurements on two fruit) of the water-soaked lesions were 3 cm at first appearance (i.e., 4 days) and 11 cm 10 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on controls. When symptomatic fruit were cross-sectioned, masses of white, floccose mycelium were noted. Reisolation of this mycelium onto selective medium yielded P. nicotianae, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. This is the first report of P. nicotianae causing fruit rot of pumpkins. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) H. D. Shew. Phytopathology 77:1090, 1987.

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Smith, Barbara J. "Epidemiology and Pathology of Strawberry Anthracnose: A North American Perspective." HortScience 43, no. 1 (February 2008): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.1.69.

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Three Colletotrichum species—Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds (teleomorph Glomerella acutata J.C. Guerber & J.C. Correll), Colletotrichum fragariae A.N. Brooks, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. [teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk]—are major pathogens of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa). Strawberry anthracnose crown rot has been a destructive disease in commercial strawberry fields in the southeastern United States since the 1930s. The causal fungus, C. fragariae, may infect all aboveground plant parts; however, the disease is most severe when the fungus infects the crown, causing crown rot, wilt, and death. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was responsible for an epidemic of anthracnose crown rot in strawberry nurseries in Arkansas and North Carolina in the late 1970s. The anthracnose fruit rot pathogen, C. acutatum, was first reported in 1986 on strawberry in the United States. Since the 1980s, increased losses due to anthracnose fruit and crown rots in the United States may be related to changes in cultivars and to widespread use of annual plasticulture production rather than the matted-row production system. Anthracnose investigations in the United States have concentrated on its epidemiology and differences among the three causal Colletotrichum spp. in their cultural, morphological, and molecular characteristics; their infection processes; and their pathogenicity. Results from these studies have resulted in a better understanding of the diseases and have led to better disease control. Strawberries grown in soils with high nitrogen levels are more susceptible to anthracnose than are those grown in soils with lower nitrogen levels or those amended with calcium nitrate. Anthracnose is spread more rapidly in fields that have overhead irrigation and plastic mulch than in fields where drip irrigation and straw mulch are used. Fungicide efficacy has been determined in in-vitro, greenhouse, and field studies, and pathogen resistance to some fungicides has been detected. Anthracnose-resistant cultivars are a major objective of most strawberry breeding programs in the southern United States.

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White, Sam. "A comparison of drought information in early North American colonial documentary records and a high-resolution tree-ring-based reconstruction." Climate of the Past 15, no. 5 (October 11, 2019): 1809–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1809-2019.

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Abstract. Historical documentary records contain valuable information on climate, weather, and their societal impacts during the pre-instrumental period, but it may be difficult to assess the objectivity and reliability of this information, particularly where the documentary record is incomplete or the reliability of the information it contains is uncertain. This article presents a comprehensive review of information relating to drought found in original written records concerning all early European expeditions (1510–1610 CE) into the present-day US and Canada, and compares this information with maps and time series of drought generated from the tree-ring-based North American Drought Atlas (NADA). The two sources mostly agree in the timing and location of droughts. This correspondence suggests that much of the information in these early colonial historical records is probably objective and reliable, and that tree-ring-based drought atlases can provide information relevant to local and regional human historical events, at least in locations where their reconstruction skill is particularly high. This review of drought information from written sources and tree-ring-based reconstructions also highlights the extraordinary challenges faced by early European explorers and colonists in North America due to climatic variability in an already unfamiliar and challenging environment.

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Koslanund, Rumphan, and Douglas D. Archbold. "392 Postharvest Quality Of Eastern North American Strawberry Cultivars during Short-term Storage." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 511D—511. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.511d.

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Strawberry cultivars grown for “pre-picked” markets need to maintain quality during short-term postharvest storage in contrast to those destined for “U-pick” harvest. However, very little information is available on berry quality during postharvest storage of cultivars grown in matted-row culture in eastern North America. To determine how rapidly berry quality may change and identify cultivars best-suited for pre-picked markets, the postharvest performance of 16 cultivars grown in matted rows was compared. Berries were sampled at harvest, after 3 days of 4 °C storage within sealed plastic bags, and after 3 subsequent days at 20 °C. Quality traits assessed included fruit firmness, color, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, and percent weight loss. At harvest, berry quality varied by cultivar and from early to late harvest dates. Berry quality changed very little during 4 °C storage. During the subsequent 20 °C storage, berry quality traits changed more for some cultivars than others. In particular, soft fruit at harvest and/or a rapid decline in berry firmness indicated that several cultivars were not suited for short-term storage. Based on the cumulative data, several cultivars can be identified as better suited for pre-picked markets.

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Hale, Alison N., Samantha M. Imfeld, Chloé E. Hart, Kevin M. Gribbins, Jay A. Yoder, and Matthew H. Collier. "Reduced Seed Germination after Pappus Removal in the North American Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale; Asteraceae)." Weed Science 58, no. 4 (December 2010): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00036.1.

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This study examined seed ultrastructure in relation to germination of North American dandelion seeds. Based on laboratory rearing observations, it was thought that the design of the pappus acts as a conduit facilitating water entry into the seed. It was hypothesized that seeds without a pappus would yield fewer seedlings and require more time to germinate than seeds with an intact pappus. Seed ultrastructure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, while relative humidity and fungal association were explored as factors that may confer an advantage to intact seeds. Results indicate that germination for seeds lacking a pappus is 31% lower than control seeds (with an intact pappus) and that the seeds lacking a pappus require more time to germinate. Relative humidity did not differentially affect germination, and while a fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides was recovered internally, its presence neither enhanced germination nor decreased time to germination when tested by antimycotic removal. Electron micrographs revealed that (1) the pappus is hollow and (2) the pericarp of the fruit fuses with and partially encloses the pappus. Fusion of the pappus with the fruit suggests that this structure acts as a device to regulate seed hydration.

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Pomper, Kirk W., Jeremiah D. Lowe, Sheri B. Crabtree, and William Keller. "Identification of Annonaceous Acetogenins in the Ripe Fruit of the North American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, no. 18 (September 23, 2009): 8339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9018239.

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Aulinger, Katharina, Norbert Arnold, and Wolfgang Steglich. "Metabolites of 2-Aminophenol from Fruit Bodies of Lepiota americana (Agaricales)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2000): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-5-628.

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From the acetone extract of the North American toadstool Lepiota americana 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one (1) and a novel amino-1,4-benzoquinone derivative, lepiotaquinone (2), were isolated. The structure of 2 was confirmed by its preparation from 2-aminophenol and amino-1,4-benzoquinone.

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Egea, J., and L. Burgos. "Detecting Cross-incompatibility of Three North American Apricot Cultivars and Establishing the First Incompatibility Group in Apricot." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 6 (November 1996): 1002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1002.

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Laboratory and orchard tests have shown that the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars `Hargrand', `Goldrich', and `Lambertin-1' are cross-incompatible. All three cultivars are from North American breeding programs and have `Perfection' as a common ancestor. In orchard tests, compatible pollinations resulted in 19% to 74% fruit set, while incompatible pollinations resulted in <2% fruit set. Microscopic examination showed that, in incompatible pollinations, pollen tube growth was arrested in the style, most frequently in its third quarter, and that the ovary was never reached. It is proposed that self-incompatibility in apricot is of the gametophytic type, controlled by one S-locus with multiple alleles, and that these three cultivars are S1S2.

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Rop, O., V. Řezníček, J. Mlček, T. Juríková, J. Sochor, R. Kizek, P. Humpolíček, and J. Balík. "Nutritional values of new Czech cultivars of Saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.)." Horticultural Science 39, No. 3 (August 15, 2012): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/194/2011-hortsci.

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The Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) belongs to less known cultivated pomaceous fruit. Over the last two decades new cultivars have been bred in the Czech Republic. In our work the fruit of those new cultivars were analysed as far as basic nutritional characteristics were concerned. Moreover, the content of phenolic substances, antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content were determined. For comparison, the fruit of selected North American cultivars grown in the conditions of Central Europe were analysed. Besides North American cultivars also the Tisnovsky cultivar seems to be promising since both the highest content of phenolic substances (3.80 g of gallic acid equivalent/kg of fresh mass) and the highest antioxidant capacity (5.05 g of ascorbic acid equivalent – measured by the ABTS test) were recorded. In Central European cultivars there were high contents not only of pectins, but also of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium and manganese as far as mineral elements were concerned.

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Graves, William R., and Andrew L. Thomas. "Survival and Growth of Callicarpa americana (American Beautyberry) of Northern and Southern Origin in USDA Hardiness Zones 5 and 6." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.1.9.

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Abstract Our objective was to determine whether provenance of origin and use of organic mulch influence survival, vegetative growth, and the number and size of fruit of Callicarpa americana L. (American beautyberry) planted north of its natural distribution in the central United States. Forty-eight plants were established in 2006 at each of four locations north of the natural distribution, two in Missouri and two in Iowa, and at one location within the natural distribution in Arkansas. Plants at each location (24 per provenance) were propagated from seeds collected from plants indigenous to southern Missouri and central Florida. Use of organic mulch increased percentage survival at two of four sites north of the natural distribution after Winter 2006–2007 and across all four northern locations after Winter 2007–2008. Survival of plants from the two origins was similar after Winter 2007–2008. Plants from Florida grew taller than plants from Missouri at the two planting locations in Missouri during the 2007 growing season. Development of fruit was poor in Iowa and was greatest on plants from Florida installed in southern Missouri and on plants from Missouri installed in central Missouri. Survival after Winter 2007–2008 was reduced to an average of 47% at the two sites in Iowa, and, across all sites, more plants from Missouri survived than plants from Florida. Plants within the natural distribution in Arkansas were 68% taller and had clusters of fruit 31% larger in late 2008 than plants at the closest site north of the natural distribution. We conclude American beautyberry can survive when planted in areas with winters colder than those where the species occurs naturally, and that plants from a northern provenance (Missouri) possess a greater capacity to survive than plants from Florida when planted north of the natural distribution in the Upper Midwest. Although the genetic potential for growth and displays of fruit is not manifest north of the species' natural limit, American beautyberry can be an attractive addition to landscapes in United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones as cold as zone 5b, where plants from a northern origin that are mulched during winter should be used.

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Chick, John H., Robert J. Cosgriff, and Lori S. Gittinger. "Fish as potential dispersal agents for floodplain plants: first evidence in North America." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 1437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-155.

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In river–floodplain ecosystems with seasonal flood pulses, many species display adaptations to take advantage of resources in the aquatic–terrestrial transition zone. Frugivory and seed dispersal by fishes is a clear example of such adaptations, known primarily from South American river–floodplain systems. Here, we document consumption of red mulberry (Morus rubra) and swamp privet (Forestiera acuminata) fruit by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the floodplain of the Mississippi River, U.S.A., and demonstrate that red mulberry and swamp privet seeds will germinate after being consumed by channel catfish. In a common-garden experiment, consumption of fruits and seeds by channel catfish improved germination success of these riparian plants relative to a treatment simulating fruit dropped during a flood without being consumed by fish. This is the first study to provide evidence of frugivory and viability of seeds ingested by fish in a North American river–floodplain ecosystem. Frugivory and seed dispersal by fishes may be more widespread than previously thought.

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Duquet, Michel. "The Timeless African and the Versatile Indian in Seventeenth-Century Travelogues." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 14, no. 1 (February 4, 2005): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010318ar.

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Abstract The seventeenth century saw the early stages of significant trading on the west coast of Africa as well as the establishment of permanent settlements in North America by Dutch, French and English explorers, merchants, colonists and missionaries in a period marked by the imperial contest that had been set in motion on the heels of the discovery of America in 1492. The travelers who wrote about their voyages overseas described at length the natives they encountered on the two continents. The images of the North American Indian and of the African that emerged from these travel accounts were essentially the same whether they be of Dutch, French or English origin. The main characteristic in the descriptions of African native populations was its permanent condemnation while representations of the Indian were imbued with sentiments ranging from compassion, censure and admiration. The root causes for this dichotomy were the inhospitable and deadly (to Europeans) tropical environment of Africa’s West Coast and the growing knowledge of local societies that Europeans acquired in North America. The analysis of the contrasting images of natives on both sides of the Atlantic and the context within which they were produced are the focus of the paper.

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Graburn, Nelson. "Inuksuk: Icon of the Inuit of Nunavut." Études/Inuit/Studies 28, no. 1 (March 24, 2006): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012640ar.

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Abstract The Inuit of the Canadian Arctic have long been known to the outside world through the accounts of explorers, whalers, traders, and missionaries. Famous for their igloos, dog sleds, kayaks and skin clothing, they became the quintessential hardy people of the American Arctic as portrayed in the film “Nanook of the North.” Now that they have emerged with their own agency in the world, their iconic distinctiveness is threatened by their near disuse of these traditional markers. In the past few years, the Inuit have combined their visibility to outsiders with their pride in heritage to select and foreground a few items, such as the inuksuk, the qulliq and the amautik, which have gone from the ordinary to the extraordinary. This paper explores the emergence of the inuksuk as an icon both for and of the Inuit in Canada, and considers its development, reintegration, commercialization and diaspora.

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Lepczyk, Christopher A., K. Greg Murray, Kathy Winnett-Murray, Paul Bartell, Eric Geyer, and Timothy Work. "Seasonal Fruit Preferences for Lipids and Sugars by American Robins." Auk 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.3.709.

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AbstractFruit preference by birds is a complex process based upon the morphology and spatial arrangement of fruits and on the physiological needs and capabilities of birds. In North America, most fruits can be divided into two groups based on nutritional content: those rich in sugars relative to lipids, and those rich in lipids relative to sugars. To investigate how fruit preference may change seasonally and to determine if it is correlated with physiological state, we designed a simple laboratory experiment using American Robins (Turdus migratorius) and artificial fruits. During summer and autumn, we offered eight robins a choice between synthetic sugar-rich and lipid-rich fruits of equal caloric value and then measured food intake and assimilation efficiency for each fruit type. Overall, robins preferred sugar-rich to lipid-rich fruits during both seasons. Robins had a higher assimilation efficiency for sugars than for lipids during both seasons, although assimilation efficiency of lipids increased significantly from summer to autumn. During experiments, robins consumed significantly more sugar-rich than lipid-rich fruits in summer but not in autumn. Coupling fruit intake with assimilation efficiency indicates that in summer, robins had a higher rate of energy gain from sugars than from lipids, but by autumn the rate of energy gain from lipids increased to nearly the same level as that from sugars. Our results suggest that robins prefer sugar-rich fruits because of their simple and fast rate of digestion, enabling higher rates of energy gain, but that lipid-rich fruits become important with the onset of autumn.

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Pomper, Kirk W., Jeremiah D. Lowe, Sheri B. Crabtree, Jacob Vincent, Andrew Berry, Clifford England, and Krit Raemakers. "Ploidy Level in American Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) Cultivars." HortScience 55, no. 1 (January 2020): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14274-19.

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The American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) is a slow-growing, moderately sized tree fruit native to the forests of Kentucky. This tree fruit is in the early stages of commercial production with many cultivars selected from the wild. Small orchards of commercially available cultivars are planted in Kentucky. Persimmons are normally dioecious, and female trees require cross-pollination to produce fruit. There are two races of persimmon: the tetraploid (60-chromosome) race is centered in the southern Appalachian region, while the hexaploid (90-chromosome) race generally occupies a range north and west of the tetraploid range. These ranges overlap in Kentucky. Because the ranges overlap, cross-pollination may cause sexual incompatibility, resulting in pollination without fertilization, and therefore seedless fruits of poor quality. The objective of this study was to assess the ploidy level of commercially available American persimmon cultivars and native Kentucky persimmon populations. Leaf samples were collected from 45 cultivars and advanced selections, as well as 45 trees from native populations in Bullitt, Barren, and Franklin Counties. Flow cytometer analysis showed that only four of the selected cultivars were from the tetraploid race: Ennis Seedless, Weeping, Sugar Bear, and SFES; the remaining cultivars were from the hexaploid race. Both hexaploid and tetraploid American persimmon trees were identified in the populations sampled in the Bullitt County locations, but only tetraploid races were found in Franklin and Barren Counties. Because pollen from native trees could result in seedless fruit formation of poor quality when native seedlings are used as pollinizers in commercial production of American persimmon, ploidy level of seedlings needs to be considered.

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Drapeau, Raynald, and Denis Charlebois. "American elder cultivation under cold climates: Potential and limitations." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 3 (May 2012): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-145.

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Drapeau, R. and Charlebois, D. 2012. American elder cultivation under cold climates: Potential and limitations. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 473–484. The hardiness, development, fruit yield and anthocyanin content of six American elder (Sambucus canadensis L.) cultivars from an orchard in a relatively cold area (Normandin, QC) were evaluated over a 7-yr period. Although the study site was located further north than this species’ natural range, the six cultivars tolerated the climatic conditions well and exhibited good growth. Fruit production was moderate in the first 2 yr after planting and then hovered around 5 kg per plant in the following 2 yr for all cultivars except for the wild ecotype. The short growing season under Normandin's climatic conditions limited fruit maturation, however. The fruits produced in Normandin generally had a lower anthocyanin content than their counterparts produced in L'Acadie, in southern Quebec. The selection or development of early cultivars or the production of flowers should therefore be recommended in cold climates. Conversion of the biomass produced during pruning could be considered as an additional source of revenue. The results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, the production potential of American elder in orchards under climatic conditions comparable with those in the Saguenay–Lac–Saint-Jean region.

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Morin, Patrick, Dominique Berteaux, and Ilya Klvana. "Hierarchical habitat selection by North American porcupines in southern boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-129.

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In habitat-selection studies, a multi-scale approach is considered necessary to ensure that all elements of selection are depicted and that management decisions accurately reflect the needs of the species under study. We examined hierarchy in summer habitat selection in North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum (L., 1758)) in Eastern Canada at the scales of landscape, home range, and single tree. We used radiotelemetry to locate and observe animals visually to record their behaviour and exact location in the habitat. Den use in summer was unexpectedly high for some of our animals, which forced us to use a restricted number of locations per individual for comparison among scales. Although porcupines are generalists at the landscape level, selection patterns appear at the home-range and tree levels. Human-used land and conifer forests were least selected features of home ranges, while deciduous forests dominated by trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and mixed forests were most selected. At the tree scale, trembling aspen was found to be selected over other deciduous trees. However, fruit-producing trees were even more selected. This study shows the importance of a multi-scale approach that includes fine-scale selection.

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Yue, Chengyan, R. Karina Gallardo, Vicki A. McCracken, James Luby, James R. McFerson, Lan Liu, and Amy Iezzoni. "Technical and Socioeconomic Challenges to Setting and Implementing Priorities in North American Rosaceous Fruit Breeding Programs." HortScience 47, no. 9 (September 2012): 1320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.9.1320.

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Rosaceous crops (e.g., almond, apple, apricot, caneberry, cherry, pear, peach, plum, rose, and strawberry) contribute to human health and well-being and collectively constitute the economic backbone of numerous North American rural communities. We conducted a survey of U.S. and Canadian rosaceous fruit crop breeders to assess priority setting in their programs, sources of information for setting priorities, and challenges in making technical and management decisions. Input from producers and consumers was most important in establishing breeding program targets, although respondents’ direct interaction with consumers was not frequent. Breeding targets and management decisions were mostly associated with the breeder’s type of organization, scope and range of crops, and intended use of the crop (fresh, processed, or both).

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Polashock, J. J., F. L. Caruso, P. V. Oudemans, P. S. McManus, and J. A. Crouch. "The North American cranberry fruit rot fungal community: a systematic overview using morphological and phylogenetic affinities." Plant Pathology 58, no. 6 (December 2009): 1116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02120.x.

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Finneseth, Cynthia H., Desmond R. Layne, and Robert L. Geneve. "Morphological Development of the North American Pawpaw during Germination and Seedling Emergence." HortScience 33, no. 5 (August 1998): 802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.802.

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The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal], a temperate member of the Annonaceae, is a deciduous woody tree with ornamental value and has merit as a fruit crop. Anatomical studies of pawpaw seed revealed a small, linear embryo that does not change in length during cold or warm stratification. Radicle and cotyledon growth from planting until radicle protrusion was concurrent and at about the same rate. Cotyledons grew through a specialized channel of cells extending above the cotyledon tips, but never emerged from the seed. The extended period of time required for the development of the cotyledons delayed seedling emergence more than 50 days. The cotyledons appear to be haustorial and translocate storage material from the endosperm to the growing embryo. At the time of epicotyl elongation, the radicle and developing root system were well developed and comprised 81 % of the seedling biomass. Seedling development could be divided into four distinct stages, including radicle protrusion, hypocotyl emergence, epicotyl elongation, and seedcoat abscission.

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Hatfield, Philip. "Exhibition Note: Lines in the Ice at the British Library." Scientia Canadensis 38, no. 1 (April 7, 2016): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036043ar.

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During the winter of 2014-15 the British Library ran a medium-sized exhibition in its Entrance Hall Gallery, Lines in the Ice: Seeking the Northwest Passage. Fortuitously benefiting from news in the summer of 2014 about the location of HMS Erebus, one of the ships from the fateful expedition of Sir John Franklin, the exhibition sought to take a long view of the history of polar exploration, particularly in the Canadian Arctic. In so doing, the aim of the exhibition was to explore the circumstances which have maintained European and North American interest in the Arctic, from trade to resources and geopolitics. The exhibition sought to ask how this has developed and what effect it has had on the societies of the explorers and the indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Within this historical narrative, science, innovation and technology played an important role. This note considers how the exhibition developed our understanding of the historic and contemporary significance of science and its practice in the Arctic.

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HOLSTEIN, NORBERT, JULIANA CHACÓN, ANA OTERO, PEDRO JIMÉNEZ-MEJÍAS, and MAXIMILIAN WEIGEND. "Towards a monophyletic Omphalodes—or an expansion of North American Mimophytum." Phytotaxa 288, no. 2 (December 14, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.288.2.3.

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Molecular studies have recently led to major changes to the systematics of Boraginaceae and changed our perception of fruit morphology, previously used as the most important character in Boraginaceae classification. Navel-shaped nutlets as the key character for Omphalodes turned out to be highly homoplasious, thus the genus was revealed to be polyphyletic. After the recent reclassifications, the genus Omphalodes is still left paraphyletic, since the remaining taxa correspond to two different lineages: a clade of essentially Mediterranean perennials including the type species (O. verna) and a clade with the annual to subperennial North American taxa including the genus Mimophytum. We here advocate transferring all taxa of the North American clade into the genus Mimophytum, subdividing the genus Omphalodes into morphologically coherent and monophyletic entities. Mimophytum was initially removed from Omphalodes based on its glochidiate nutlets, but this character state does not define a monophyletic entity. In overall morphology, the redefined genus Mimophytum is highly homogeneous and easily differentiated from the other clades: it has a lax growth habit, and leaves are long-petiolate, abruptly contracted at the base into a more or less cordate base, and with a fine pubescence of erect trichomes. After the proposed rearrangements, only O. erecta remains as a problematic species whose systematic placement is still to be found out.

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Fonsah, Esendugue G., and Sebastain Nde Awondo. "Discussion: Future Domestic and International Competitiveness of the Southern Fruit and Vegetable Industry." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 45, no. 3 (August 2013): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800004995.

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Remarkable changes have occurred over the years in the domestic and international economic environment of the fruit and vegetable industry. These changes are partly driven by the North American Free Trade Agreement, nutrition policies, and development and enforcement of new food safety standards. The articles in this invited session examined the effect of these drivers and their implication on the future competitiveness of the southern fruit and vegetable industry.

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Brannan, Robert G., and Maria N. Coyle. "Worldwide Introduction of North American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba): Evidence Based on Scientific Reports." Sustainable Agriculture Research 10, no. 3 (May 5, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v10n3p19.

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The North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a small tree native to the Appalachian region of the United States that produces large, yellowish-green to brown fruit that has the flavor of a banana and mango. The scope of this review is limited to pawpaw orchards outside of North America that were intentionally planted for commercial or research purposes and are documented in the scientific literature. This review identified nine countries outside of North America (Romania, Italy, Ukraine, Slovakia, Austria, Georgia, Russia, Japan, Korea) and across two continents that have scientific literature that describes pawpaw cultivation. There are reports that pawpaws are cultivated in China, Israel, Belgium, and Portugal, however, no scientific literature could be found that describes pawpaw research from these countries. Most of the research since 2010 has featured pawpaws grown in Romania, Italy, and Korea with a focus on characterizing roots, twigs, leaves, pulp and seeds or the toxicity and/or bioactivity of the annonaceous acetogenins naturally found in these parts of the pawpaw.

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CANO SANCHIZ, JUAN M. "Mamita Yunai, a North American fruit company in Central America: the case of Palmar Sur (Costa Rica)." Memorias, no. 33 (September 15, 2017): 88–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.33.10876.

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Shaw, Douglas V., and Kirk D. Larson. "Relative Performance of Strawberry Cultivars from California and other North American Sources in Fumigated and Nonfumigated Soils." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 5 (September 1996): 764–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.5.764.

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Performance characteristics for eighteen strawberry cultivars (Fragaria ×ananassa), nine from California and nine from other North American sources, were evaluated in annual hill culture, with and without preplant soil fumigation (2 methyl bromide : 1 chloropicrin, 392 kg·ha-1). Plants grown in nonfumigated soil yielded 57% and 46% of the fruit produced by plants on adjacent fumigated soil for cultivars from California and other North American origins, respectively. Plants in nonfumigated soils also developed fruit with lower berry weight (94% and 95% of fumigated trials) and smaller spring plant diameter (83% and 76%) for California and other sources, respectively. Trait values for exotic cultivars ranged from 39% to 80% of those for California cultivars, and the variance component due to germplasm sources explained 41% to 81% of the phenotypic variance of random effects in the experiment. Conversely, significant germplasm source × fumigation interactions were not detected for any of the growth or performance traits evaluated, and the proportion of variance attributable to these interactions was at most 2% of that due to germplasm source. These results demonstrate that strawberry growth and productivity for California and other North American germplasm sources are increased similarly by fumigation. Despite differing selection history, germplasm developed outside of California contains no obvious genetic diversity useful for developing cultivars specifically adapted to the sublethal effects of organisms in nonfumigated soils.

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Blanpied, G. D., Wm J. Bramlage, C. L. Chu, M. Ingle, M. M. Kushad, O. L. Lau, and P. D. Lidster. "A survey of the relationships among accumulated orchard hours below 10 °C, fruit maturity, and the incidences of storage scald on 'Starkrimson Delicious' apples." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-091.

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Incidences of storage scald were recorded in three seasons for 'Starkrimson Delicious' apples sampled 137, 144 and 151 d after full bloom and stored for 150 d in air at 0 °C at several North American locations. Severity of storage scald was inversely related to fruit maturity (determined by starch index) and the number of accumulated hours when orchard air temperature was below 10 °C between 100 d after full bloom and harvest. Key words: Malus domestica, climate, fruit maturity, physiological disorder, apples

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Thomas, Andrew L., Patrick L. Byers, and Mark R. Ellersieck. "Productivity and Characteristics of American Elderberry in Response to Various Pruning Methods." HortScience 44, no. 3 (June 2009): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.3.671.

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American elderberry [Sambucus canadensis L.; Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) Bolli] is being increasingly cultivated in North America for its edible fruit and flowers, yet it remains largely undeveloped as a horticultural crop. Elderberry is a shrub that produces fruit on both new and old wood, thereby offering unique pruning management opportunities and challenges. The objective of this study was to document the response of American elderberry to various pruning methods in terms of flowering, fruit yield, phenology, plant growth, and incidence of disease and arthropod pests and to consider the impact of various pruning methods on horticultural management. Four pruning treatments (annual removal of all shoots, biannual removal of all shoots, annual selective pruning, and no pruning) were studied among three cultivars at two Missouri sites over 5 years. Although significant interactions among experimental effects made interpretation challenging, several trends were evident. Annual selective pruning was an excellent way to manage elderberries with mean yields of 1086 g/plant across all experimental parameters; however, pruning to the ground annually or biannually also resulted in satisfactory yields (855 and 1085 g/plant, respectively) with a fraction of pruning labor involved. Pruning plants to the ground consistently resulted in fewer, but larger, fruiting cymes compared with selectively pruned or unpruned plants, which may be important in terms of harvest efficiency. Pruning treatment generally affected the time of flowering and fruit ripening; plants that flowered only on new stems (after removal of all shoots) ripened fruit 14 to 21 days later than plants that fruited on old wood. Although annually pruned plants generally yielded lower, the plants remained vigorous and productive, and this pruning management technique may have numerous advantages over other pruning methods.

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Journal articles on the topic 'North American Fruit Explorers'

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