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Journal articles on the topic 'North American Indian'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Tyquiengco, Marina, and Monika Siebert. "Are Indians in America's DNA?" Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 8 (October 30, 2019): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2019.288.

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A conversation between Dr. Monika Siebert and Marina Tyquiengco on:  Americans National Museum of the American Indian January 18, 2018–2022 Washington, D.C.  Monika Siebert, Indians Playing Indian: Multiculturalism and Contemporary Indigenous Art in North America. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2015.

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2

Wiemers, Serv. "The International Legal Status of North American Indians After 500 Years of Colonization." Leiden Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (1992): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001990.

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Next year, the ‘discovery’ of America by Columbus, 500 years ago, will be commemorated. The discovery of America started a time of colonization for the original inhabitants, the Indians. Since the 1970s an Indian movement has emerged in North America demanding the Indians' ‘rightful place among the family of nations’. This article contains a survey of the current international legal position of Indians in North America. Wiemers holds that international legal principles, developed in the decolonization context, are applicable to the North American Indian population. The right of a people to selfdetermination is the most discussed one.

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3

Gidley, Mick. "North American Indian PhotographsIImages." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 09, no. 3 (1985): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.09.3.v0601168t016148t.

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4

Carriker, Robert C., and Richard H. Dillon. "North American Indian Wars." American Indian Quarterly 10, no. 3 (1986): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1184125.

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5

Duncan, Kate C., Peter Furst, and Jill L. Furst. "North American Indian Art." American Indian Quarterly 9, no. 1 (1985): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1184678.

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6

King, J. C. H. "Native American Ethnicity: a View from the British Museum1." Historical Research 73, no. 182 (2000): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00106.

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Abstract Identity in Native North America is defined by legal, racial, linguistic and ethnic traits. This article looks at the nomenclature of both Indian, Eskimo and Native, and then places them in a historical context, in Canada and the United States. It is argued that ideas about Native Americans derive from medieval concepts, and that these ideas both constrain Native identity and ensure the survival of American Indians despite accelerating loss of language.

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7

Greaves, Tom. "Stargate Messages." Practicing Anthropology 20, no. 3 (1998): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.20.3.ug94388183441uh3.

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The arrival of Europeans in North America resulted in the outright extinction of many Indian peoples, and, for those who survived, confinement to small reservations. Despite a subsequent cascade of determined efforts by Euro-Americans to extinguish the Indians' cultural lineages, the reservations allowed tribal groups to nurture and retain key elements of their ancestral cultures. Reservations, however, were composed of only a fraction of the lands formerly used by the Indian nations. The remainder of former Indian homelands, usually vast tracts, passed into Euro-American control. Whille it may be a surprise to many, Indian connections to these lost lands did not cease. As the papers of this special issue testify, the ceded lands continue to be anchors of essential cultural meaning and to play important roles in the cultural practices of American Indian peoples.

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8

Leone, Catherine L. "American Indian Autobiographies for Teaching “Indians of North America”." Teaching Anthropology: Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges Notes 4, no. 2 (1997): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tea.1997.4.2.11.

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9

Kella, Elizabeth. "Indian Boarding School Gothic in Older than America and The Only Good Indian." American Studies in Scandinavia 47, no. 2 (2015): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v47i2.5347.

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This article examines the appropriation and redirection of the Gothic in two contemporary, Native-centered feature films that concern a history that can be said to haunt many Native North American communities today: the history of Indian boarding schools. Georgina Lightning’s Older than America (2008) and Kevin Willmott’s The Only Good Indian (2009) make use of Gothic conventions and the figures of the ghost and the vampire to visually relate the history and horrors of Indian boarding schools. Each of these Native-centered films displays a cinematic desire to decenter Eurocentric histories and to counter mainstream American genres with histories and forms of importance to Native North American peoples. Willmott’s film critiques mythologies of the West and frontier heroism, and Lightning attempts to sensitize non-Native viewers to contemporary Native North American concerns while also asserting visual sovereignty and affirming spiritual values.

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10

Allen, Robert C., Tommy E. Murphy, and Eric B. Schneider. "The Colonial Origins of the Divergence in the Americas: A Labor Market Approach." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (2012): 863–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000629.

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This article introduces the Americas in the Great Divergence debate by measuring real wages in various North and South American cities between colonization and independence, and comparing them to Europe and Asia. We find that for much of the period, North America was the most prosperous region of the world, while Latin America was much poorer. We then discuss a series of hypotheses that can explain these results, including migration, the demography of the American Indian populations, and the various labor systems implemented in the continent.

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11

Phillips, Kaitlin Ugolik. "American Indian Health in North Carolina." North Carolina Medical Journal 82, no. 6 (2021): 428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18043/ncm.82.6.428.

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12

Tanner, Helen Hornbeck, and Carl Waldman. "Atlas of the North American Indian." Western Historical Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1987): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969112.

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13

Sutton, Imre, and Carl Waldman. "Atlas of the North American Indian." Geographical Review 76, no. 3 (1986): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/214155.

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14

Mithun, Marianne. "Studies of North American Indian Languages." Annual Review of Anthropology 19, no. 1 (1990): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001521.

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15

Kehoe, Alice B., and Carl Waldman. "Atlas of the North American Indian." American Indian Quarterly 11, no. 2 (1987): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1183698.

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16

Schilz, Thomas F., Ralph Shanks, and Lisa Woo Shanks. "The North American Indian Travel Guide." American Indian Quarterly 14, no. 2 (1990): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185100.

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17

Jennings, Francis, and Michael J. Gillis. "Essays in North American Indian History." Ethnohistory 39, no. 1 (1992): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482572.

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18

Watkins, Joe E. "Beyond the Margin: American Indians, First Nations, and Archaeology in North America." American Antiquity 68, no. 2 (2003): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3557080.

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In North America, American Indians and First Nations have often been at odds with archaeologists over the status of their relationships, about who should have control over research designs and research questions, the interpretation of information about past cultures, and the ways past cultures are represented in the present. While the influence of the voice of Indigenous Nations in the discipline has risen, in many ways their voices are as stifled now as they were in the 1960s. This paper gives an American Indian perspective on the current practice of archaeology in North America and offers suggestions for improving relationships.

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19

BERLO, JANET CATHERINE. "Art of the Ancestors: Antique North American Indian Art:Art of the Ancestors: Antique North American Indian Art." Museum Anthropology 29, no. 1 (2006): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mua.2006.29.1.83.

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20

Stannard, David E. "Disease and Infertility: a New Look at the Demographic Collapse of Native Populations in the Wake of Western Contact." Journal of American Studies 24, no. 3 (1990): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800033661.

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During the past fifty years few subjects of historical consequence have been more controversial than that of the population history of the American Indian. At one extreme, in 1939 Alfred L. Kroeber estimated the population of pre-Columbian North America at about 900,000. At the other extreme, in 1983 Henry F. Dobyns estimated it at about 18,000,000. Since the total North American Indian population by the early twentieth century was no more than 350,000 to 450,000, the human question concealed in the statistical controversy is staggering: did the North American Indian population decline by a ratio of about 2 to 1 between the end of the fifteenth century and the end of the nineteenth century – or did it decline by 50 to 1 ? Or more?

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21

Tyler, Varro E. "NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN DRUGS - FACT AND FICTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 426 (August 1996): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1996.426.15.

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22

Dundes, Alan. "Structural Typology in North American Indian Folktales." Journal of Anthropological Research 42, no. 3 (1986): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.42.3.3630045.

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23

Wang, Xiaohui. "North American Indian Ecological Traditions Reflected in Animal Dreams." Learning & Education 10, no. 7 (2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i7.2967.

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Keeping harmony with nature is the essence of the native American Indian culture. This analysis underscores the North  American Indian ecological traditions and mainly focuses on how the North American Indian people maintain a harmonious and  balanced relationship with nature by efforts as reflected in Animal Dreams, Kingsolver’s novel.

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24

KAKALIOURAS, ANN M. "The repatriation of the Palaeoamericans: Kennewick Man/the Ancient One and the end of a non-Indian ancient North America." BJHS Themes 4 (2019): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2019.9.

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AbstractThis article considers the repatriation of some the most ancient human skeletal remains from the United States as two sorts of ending: their end as objects of scientific study, and their end as ancient non-American Indian settlers of North America. In the 1990s, some prominent physical anthropologists and archaeologists began replacing ‘Palaeoindian’ with the new category of ‘Palaeoamerican’ to characterize the western hemisphere's earliest inhabitants. Kennewick Man/the Ancient One, a nearly nine-thousand-year-old skeleton, convinced some anthropologists that contemporary Native American people (descendants of Palaeoindians) were not biologically related to the very first American colonists. The concept of the Palaeoamerican therefore denied Native American people their long-held status as the original inhabitants of the Americas. New genetic results, however, have contradicted the craniometric interpretations that led to these perceptions, placing the most ancient American skeletons firmly back in the American Indian family tree. This article describes the story of Kennewick Man/the Ancient One, the most famous ‘Palaeoamerican’; explores how repatriation has been a common end for many North American collections (Palaeoindians included); and enumerates what kind of ending repatriation may represent materially and ethically for anthropological science.

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25

Prins, Harald E. L. "Coming to Light: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indians. 2000.; Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated.:Coming to Light: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indians.;Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated." American Anthropologist 102, no. 4 (2000): 891–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.891.2.

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26

Lane, N. Gary, and Robert M. Howell. "Unusual crinoids from the Ramp Creek Formation (Mississippian), Indian Creek, Montgomery County, Indiana." Journal of Paleontology 60, no. 4 (1986): 898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000043055.

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Three new species of inadunate crinoids of Early Mississippian age from the Ramp Creek Formation along Indiana Creek, southern Montgomery County, Indiana, are described. Poteriocrinites amplus n. sp. is the first correctly identified record from North America of this long-ranging Old World genus. Poteriocrinites macropleurus and P. doris from the Burlington Limestone are here reassigned to Springericrinus. Interchange of Mississippian crinoid genera between Europe and North America is rare, many genera being endemic. Springericrinus sacculus n. sp. is the youngest reported species of this North American counterpart of Poteriocrinites. This new species exhibits two advanced features: presence of only one, rather than three, anal plate, and presence of 3 or 4, rather than 1 or 2, primibrachial plates per ray. The third species, Decadocrinus stellatus n. sp., presents an interesting blend of characters usually used as generic discriminators between Decadocrinus and Histocrinus. The specimen could possibly be considered to be an intermediate between these two genera that are currently placed, incorrectly we believe, in two separate superfamilies.

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27

Bell, Ronny A., Tomi Akinyemiju, and Stephanie B. Wheeler. "Abstract C112: Understanding and addressing cancer disparities among American Indians in North Carolina: The Southeastern cancer health equity partnership." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (2023): C112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-c112.

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Abstract North Carolina (NC) is home to the largest American Indian population in the Eastern United States (approximately 300,000 residents, about 2.8% of the total NC population), represented by eight state and federally recognized tribes (Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Sappony, Occaneechi Band of Saponi Nation, Meherrin, Haliwa Saponi, Coharie, Lumbee, Waccamaw Siouan) and four urban Indian organizations (Metrolina Native American Association, Guilford Native American Association, Triangle Native American Society, Cumberland County Association for Indian People). This population experiences significant health disparities largely related to adverse social determinants of health and limited access to health care. With regards to cancer, disparities exist for incidence and mortality for certain cancer, although there are limited data available with regards to cancer screening stage at diagnosis, treatment and survivorship. Furthermore, evidence suggests that racial misclassification contributes to a significant underestimation of the true cancer incidence and mortality in this population. To address the cancer care needs of NC American Indians, a unique collaboration was established in 2021 among the leadership of the Community Outreach and Engagement programs at the three NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers in North Carolina (Duke Cancer Institute, University of North Carolina Lineberger Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center). The collaboration, entitled, The Southeastern American Indian Cancer Health Equity Partnership (SAICEP), has as its mission to "understand and address the cancer-related health needs of American Indian communities in our catchment areas and beyond." SAICEP includes: (1) a quarterly speakers' series, featuring nationally recognized experts in the area of American Indian cancer research and care; (2) educational outreach and engagement activities at tribal and state cultural events; and, (3) cutting-edge culturally respectful research to understand and address cancer disparities at the tribal and state level. Partnerships have been established with tribal leaders across the state as well as researchers at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke in the traditional homeland of the Lumbee tribe (the largest tribe in the state). Future endeavors will include partnerships with tribes in other states in our catchment areas (Virginia, South Carolina). Citation Format: Ronny A. Bell, Tomi Akinyemiju, Stephanie B. Wheeler. Understanding and addressing cancer disparities among American Indians in North Carolina: The Southeastern cancer health equity partnership [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C112.

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28

Jacknis, Ira. "Heafitz Hall of the North American Indian: Change and Continuity:Heafitz Hall of the North American Indian: Change and Continuity,." Museum Anthropology 15, no. 3 (1991): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mua.1991.15.3.29.

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29

Palmer, Mark. "Cartographic Encounters at the Bureau of Indian Affairs Geographic Information System Center of Calculation." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 36, no. 2 (2012): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.36.2.m41052k383378203.

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The centering processes of geographic information system (GIS) development at the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was an extension of past cartographic encounters with American Indians through the central control of geospatial technologies, uneven development of geographic information resources, and extension of technically dependent clientele. Cartographic encounters included the historical exchanges of geographic information between indigenous people and non-Indians in North America. Scientists and technicians accumulated geographic information at the center of calculation where scientific maps, models, and simulations emerged. A study of GIS development at the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs will demonstrate some centering processes.

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30

Guenther, Alan M. "Ghazals, Bhajans and Hymns: Hindustani Christian Music in Nineteenth-Century North India." Studies in World Christianity 25, no. 2 (2019): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2019.0254.

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When American missionaries from the Methodist Episcopal Church arrived in India in the middle of the nineteenth century, they very soon published hymn-books to aid the Christian church in worship. But these publications were not solely the product of American Methodists nor simply the collection of foreign songs and music translated into Urdu. Rather, successive editions demonstrate the increasing participation of both foreigners and Indians, of missionaries from various denominations, of both men and women, and of even those not yet baptised as Christians. The tunes and poetry included were in both European and Indian forms. This hybrid nature is particularly apparent by the end of the century when the Methodist press published a hymn-book containing ghazals and bhajans in addition to hymns and Sunday school songs. The inclusion of a separate section of ghazals was evidence of the influence of the Muslim culture on the worship of Christians in North India. This mixing of cultures was an essential characteristic of the hymnody produced by the emerging church in the region and was used in both evangelism and worship. Indian and foreign evangelists relied on indigenous music to draw hearers and to communicate the Christian gospel.

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31

Beck, Thomas J. "Native American Indians, 1645‐1819." Charleston Advisor 24, no. 1 (2022): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.24.1.45.

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Native American Indians, 1645‐1819, a Readex database, describes itself as “every major book printed in North America about native peoples.” This resource contains more than 1,600 publications addressing the relationship between American Indians and European settlers. Its focus is on the British American colonies (after 1644) and roughly the first 40 years of the American republic (circa 1775‐1819), so it is not a comprehensive overview of the interactions between American Indians and Europeans in the U.S. Therefore, the above claim that this database contains “every major book printed” on this relationship is misleading. Nevertheless, it is an impressive collection of materials. The documents contain information (much of it primary sources) on 35 American Indian nations and other groupings. The database is not difficult to navigate. Unfortunately, no specific pricing is available. The licensing agreement for this database is long, overly complex, and often repetitive, but isn't especially unusual in its composition. Therefore, it presents only moderate reason for concern.

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32

HIGHAM, C. L. "Saviors and Scientists: North American Protestant Missionaries and the Development of Anthropology." Pacific Historical Review 72, no. 4 (2003): 531–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2003.72.4.531.

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Few historians of anthropology and missionary work examine the relationship of Protestant missionaries with nineteenth-century anthropologists and its effect on anthropological portrayals of Indians. This paper poses the question: Does it make a difference that early anthropologists in Canada and the United States also worked as Protestant missionaries or relied on Protestant missionaries for data? Answering yes, it shows how declining support for Indian missions led missionaries to peddle their knowledge of Indians to scholarly institutions. These institutions welcomed missionaries as professionals because of their knowledge, dedication, and time in the field. Such relationships helped create a transnational image of the Indian in late nineteenth-century North American anthropology.

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33

Hoxie, Frederick E. "Towards a "New" North American Indian Legal History." American Journal of Legal History 30, no. 4 (1986): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845309.

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34

Levine, Victoria Lindsay, and Richard Keeling. "Women in North American Indian Music: Six Essays." Ethnomusicology 38, no. 1 (1994): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852276.

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35

Levine, Victoria Lindsay, Richard Keeling, and Orin T. Hatton. "Women in North American Indian Music: Six Essays." American Indian Quarterly 16, no. 1 (1992): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185618.

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36

Mencel, Elizabeth, Jerald B. Moon, and Herbert A. Leeper. "Speaker Race Identification of North American Indian Children." Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 40, no. 4 (1988): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000265908.

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37

Starna, William A., William C. Sturtevant, and Wilcomb E. Washburn. "Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 4: History of Indian-White Relations." William and Mary Quarterly 47, no. 3 (1990): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2938099.

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38

Anderson, Gary Clayton, and Wilcomb E. Washburn. "Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 4: History of Indian-White Relations." Journal of American History 77, no. 4 (1991): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078422.

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39

Hoxie, Frederick E., and Wilcomb E. Washburn. "Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 4: History of Indian-White Relations." American Indian Quarterly 15, no. 4 (1991): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185368.

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40

Merrell, James H., and Wilcomb E. Washburn. "Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 4, History of Indian-White Relations." Ethnohistory 38, no. 1 (1991): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482794.

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41

Neves, Walter A., Joseph F. Powell, Andre Prous, Erik G. Ozolins, and Max Blum. "Lapa vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphological affinities of the earliest known American." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 4 (1999): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000400001.

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Several studies concerning the extra-continental morphological affinities of Paleo-Indian skeletons, carried out independently in South and North America, have indicated that the Americas were first occupied by non-Mongoloids that made their way to the New World through the Bering Strait in ancient times. The first South Americans show a clear resemblance to modern South Pacific and African populations, while the first North Americans seem to be at an unresolved morphological position between modern South Pacific and Europeans. In none of these analyses the first Americans show any resemblance to either northeast Asians or modern native Americans. So far, these studies have included affirmed and putative early skeletons thought to date between 8,000 and 10,000 years B.P. In this work the extra-continental morphological affinities of a Paleo-Indian skeleton well dated between 11,000 and 11,500 years B.P. (Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1, or "Luzia") is investigated, using as comparative samples Howells' (1989) world-wide modern series and Habgood's (1985) Old World Late Pleistocene fossil hominids. The comparison between Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1 and Howells' series was based on canonical variate analysis, including 45 size-corrected craniometric variables, while the comparison with fossil hominids was based on principal component analysis, including 16 size-corrected variables. In the first case, Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1 exhibited an undisputed morphological affinity firstly with Africans and secondly with South Pacific populations. In the second comparison, the earliest known American skeleton had its closest similarities with early Australians, Zhoukoudian Upper Cave 103, and Taforalt 18. The results obtained clearly confirm the idea that the Americas were first colonized by a generalized Homo sapiens population which inhabited East Asia in the Late Pleistocene, before the definition of the classic Mongoloid morphology.

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42

Devade, Omkar Namdev, Vikas Chandrakant Gavali, Asst Dr Prof S. P. Jadhav, and Asst Prof S. V. Thorat. "The Impact of Stock Market on Indian Economy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (2023): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48513.

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Abstract: The Third Largest within the world of Indian Economy in terms of buying power. it's going to touch new heights in coming back years. The Global investment Bank , by once North American country and China 2035 India would third largest economy of the globe. it'll grow to hour of size of the North American country economy. This booming economy of nowadays must pass through several phases before it will bring home the bacon the current milestone of Sept. 11 gross domestic product. Movements within the stock exchange will have a profound economic impact on the economy and individual shoppers. A collapse in share costs has the potential to cause widespread economic disruption. This paper deal s with stock market play very important role growth of Indian Economy and additionally the Impact stock exchange on Indian Economy by approach of Conceptual Methodology exploitation to the Journals of Indian stock exchange.

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43

Goel, Ruchika, K. Bates Gribbons, Simon Carette, et al. "Derivation of an angiographically based classification system in Takayasu’s arteritis: an observational study from India and North America." Rheumatology 59, no. 5 (2019): 1118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez421.

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Abstract Objectives To develop and replicate, using data-driven methods, a novel classification system in Takayasu’s arteritis based on distribution of arterial lesions. Methods Patients were included from four international cohorts at major academic centres: India (Christian Medical College Vellore); North America (National Institutes of Health, Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium and Cleveland Clinic Foundation). All patients underwent whole-body angiography of the aorta and branch vessels, with categorization of arterial damage (stenosis, occlusion or aneurysm) in 13 territories. K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify subgroups of patients based on pattern of angiographic involvement. Cluster groups were identified in the Indian cohort and independently replicated in the North American cohorts. Results A total of 806 patients with Takayasu’s arteritis from India (n = 581) and North America (n = 225) were included. Three distinct clusters defined by arterial damage were identified in the Indian cohort and replicated in each of the North American cohorts. Patients in cluster one had significantly more disease in the abdominal aorta, renal and mesenteric arteries (P &lt; 0.01). Patients in cluster two had significantly more bilateral disease in the carotid and subclavian arteries (P &lt; 0.01). Compared with clusters one and two, patients in cluster three had asymmetric disease with fewer involved territories (P &lt; 0.01). Demographics, clinical symptoms and clinical outcomes differed by cluster. Conclusion This large study in Takayasu’s arteritis identified and replicated three novel subsets of patients based on patterns of arterial damage. Angiographic-based disease classification requires validation by demonstrating potential aetiological or prognostic implications.

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44

Grumet, Robert S. "A New Ethnohistorical Model for North American Indian Demography." North American Archaeologist 11, no. 1 (1990): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/a0xj-vt9r-1kqn-aecr.

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45

Barron. "North American Indian Alliance Mental Health Needs Assessment Report." American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 8, no. 3 (1999): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5820/aian.0803.1999.13.

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46

Root, Dolores, and Barbara Isaac. "Hall of the North American Indian: Change and Continuity." Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (1990): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078992.

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Woodworth-Ney, Laura. "Inconstant Companions: Archaeology and North American Indian Oral Traditions." Oral History Review 35, no. 1 (2008): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohn011.

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Kryatova, Maria S., and Ginette A. Okoye. "Dermatology in the North American Indian/Alaska Native population." International Journal of Dermatology 55, no. 2 (2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12977.

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Gallagher, Edward J., and Mick Gidley. "Edmund S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated." American Indian Quarterly 23, no. 1 (1999): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185938.

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Bee, Robert, Raymond J. DeMallie, and Alfonso Ortiz. "North American Indian Anthropology: Essays on Society and Culture." Ethnohistory 43, no. 3 (1996): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/483459.

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