Journal articles: 'North American integration'

1

Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V. Deardorff, and Robert M. Stern. "North American Integration." Economic Journal 102, no. 415 (November 1992): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234806.

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Hoberg, George. "Canada and North American Integration." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 26 (August 2000): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552570.

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Rugman, Alan M. "Continental Accord: North American Economic Integration." Journal of International Business Studies 24, no. 1 (March 1993): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.1993.13.

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Bernard-Meunier, Marie. "The “Inevitability” of North American Integration?" International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 60, no. 3 (September 2005): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200506000307.

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McDougall, John N. "North American Integration and Canadian Disunity." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 17, no. 4 (December 1991): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3551702.

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Bemard-Meunier, Marie. "The "Inevitability" of North American Integration?" International Journal 60, no. 3 (2005): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204057.

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Kanji, Mebs. "North American Environmentalism and Political Integration." American Review of Canadian Studies 26, no. 2 (August 1996): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722019609480906.

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8

Kostyunina, G. M. "North American Integration after 20 Years." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(41) (April 28, 2015): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-152-162.

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Formation of the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) among the three countries - the U.S., Canada and Mexico is the most striking example of successful development of integration processes in the Western Hemisphere. This year NAFTA marks the 20th anniversary of its foundation (1994). NAFTA covers trade in goods, services and movement of capital, intellectual property rights, environmental cooperation and labor cooperation. Its main advantages for member countries related to the dynamic growth of regional trade and investments, promoting the growth of industrial production (capital-intensive and high-tech industries in the U.S. and Canada, and labor-intensive industries in Mexico), increase the investment attractiveness of the economies of member countries and the promotion of employment. But there are costs, both general and specific to the individual member countries. Common costs are primarily asymmetrical level of economic interdependence, where mutual economic relations are the most developed between the U.S. and Canada, the U.S. and Mexico, and the least developed between Mexico and Canada due to historical conditions. Other costs are the differentiation in the levels of economic development, in volumes of overall GDP and per capita, population and size of the territory. But despite the costs, integration processes are successfully developed and repeatedly raised the issue of deepening economic integration between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. So, in 2000, there was put forward the concept of creating the North American community as an economic and security community by 2010, and in 2005 proposed the idea of a common currency called the Amero. But these proposals did not come true. On the agenda - the possibility of signing a new, more expanded NAFTA+, and even in the last year - the possibility to form a customs union under NAFTA.

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CAPLING, ANN, and KIM RICHARD NOSSAL. "The contradictions of regionalism in North America." Review of International Studies 35, S1 (February 2009): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210509008468.

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AbstractStudents of regionalism almost reflexively include North America in their lists of regions in contemporary global politics. Inevitably students of regionalism point to the integrative agreements between the countries of North America: the two free trade agreements that transformed the continental economy beginning in the late 1980s – the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement that came into force on 1 January 1989, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, that came into force on 1 January 1994 – and the Secutity and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP), launched in March 2005. These agreements, it is implied, are just like the integrative agreements that forge the bonds of regionalism elsewhere in the world. We argue that this is a profound misreading, not only of the two free trade agreements of the late 1980s and early 1990s and the SPP mechanism of 2005, but also of the political and economic implications of those agreements. While these integrative agreements have created considerable regionalisation in North America, there has been little of the regionalism evident in other parts of the world. We examine the contradictions of North America integration in order to explain why North Americans have been so open to regionalisation but so resistant to regionalism.

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10

O'Brien, Robert. "North American Integration and International Relations Theory." Canadian Journal of Political Science 28, no. 4 (December 1995): 693–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900019351.

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AbstractAlthough North American integration has been the topic of heated public debate, it has not yet received adequate theoretical attention from the field of international relations. This article reviews the movement to codify North American integration, and explores the implications for integration and international relations theory. The first section reviews the intellectual history of integration theory as it developed in the European context. The second considers the North American experience of codifying integration, 1982–1994. The third part returns to integration theory and international relations, offering some amendments and suggestions considering the North American experience. The article argues that the clearest understanding of regional integration in the 1990s can be achieved through an approach which stresses developments in the global political economy as catalysts for change, and looks to national and transnational institutions and social forces to explain variations in integration projects. Because other international relations theories such as neofunctionalism and interstate bargaining are unable to integrate these levels of analysis, they offer an incomplete view of present dynamics.

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11

Villeneuve, Paul. "Canada, Québec, and North American Continental Integration." Recherche 39, no. 2-3 (April 12, 2005): 393–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/057213ar.

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Une façon, maintenant classique, d'étudier l'évolution de la formation sociale canadienne consiste à voir celle-ci comme résultant de tensions entre deux champs d'interaction, l'un est-ouest, l'autre sud-nord. Depuis le milieu du XIX' siècle, la conjoncture géopolitique mondiale favorisa tantôt un champ, tantôt l'autre. Présentement, elle avantagerait surtout le développement des rapports sud-nord. Trois types d'interaction spatiale entre le Canada et les États-Unis sont considérés à la lumière de cette hypothèse générale. L'analyse de l'évolution des flux de marchandises, de passagers aériens et d'images télévisuelles permet de préciser certains aspects du processus d'intégration continentale qui a cours présentement en Amérique du Nord. Ce processus chaotique et multiforme peut avoir des effets imprévus sur les liens entre le Canada et le Québec.

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12

McMillan, Carl H., and Tamara V. Lavrovskaya. "North American Integration: Economic and Political Aspects." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 16, no. 2 (June 1990): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3550975.

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13

Adler, Michael. "Integration of the North American Financial Markets." Journal of Investing 4, no. 3 (August 31, 1995): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/joi.4.3.81.

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14

Hanson, G. "North American economic integration and industry location." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 14, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/14.2.30.

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15

Alper, Donald K., and James Loucky. "Introduction: North American Integration: Paradoxes and Prospects." American Review of Canadian Studies 26, no. 2 (August 1996): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722019609480905.

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16

Fox, Jonathan. "The Politics of North American Economic Integration." Latin American Research Review 39, no. 1 (2004): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.2004.0009.

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17

Globerman, Steven. "Canada's interests in North American economic integration." Canadian Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada 36, no. 1 (March 1993): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.1993.tb02168.x.

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18

Adler, Michael, and Rong Qi. "Mexico's integration into the North American capital market." Emerging Markets Review 4, no. 2 (June 2003): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1566-0141(03)00023-2.

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19

Beaulieu, Eugene. "North American integration and plant closures in Ontario." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 8, no. 2 (January 2001): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2001.9673243.

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20

Robertson, Raymond. "Wage Shocks and North American Labor-Market Integration." American Economic Review 90, no. 4 (September 1, 2000): 742–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.4.742.

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This study uses household-level data from the United States and Mexico to examine labor-market integration. I consider how the effects of shocks and rates of convergence to an equilibrium differential are affected by borders, geography, and demographics. I find that even though a large wage differential exists between them, the labor markets of the United States and Mexico are closely integrated. Mexico's border region is more integrated with the United States than is the Mexican interior. Evidence of integration precedes the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and may be largely the result of migration. (JEL F15, F20, J61)

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21

Parent, C., and M. C. Pinch. "NAD83 SECONDARY INTEGRATION." CISM journal 42, no. 4 (January 1988): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1988-0028.

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The Canadian geodetic network that was adjusted with networks of other North American countries, in the July 1986 Continental Adjustment, included only the 8000-station national primary framework. There still remains many thousands of stations contained in regional and local secondary networks to integrate into the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Secondary Integration is a cooperative project organized by member agencies of the Canadian Control Survey Committee (CCSC) which first met in 1982. Since then, members have automated and evaluated secondary network data for approximately 100 000 stations established by conventional, inertial and satellite surveying methods. The task of compiling and testing Helmert blocks for input to the simultaneous adjustment of primary and secondary networks is now underway. This paper describes the plans and progress, and some of the problems that challenge us in the NAD83 Secondary Integration Project.

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22

Hale, Geoffrey E. "Canadian federalism and the challenge of North American integration." Canadian Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada 47, no. 4 (December 2004): 497–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.2004.tb01190.x.

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23

Samson, Lucie. "Asset pricing, size and North American stock market integration." Applied Financial Economics 20, no. 13 (July 2010): 1031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603101003742507.

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24

Ediss, Geoffrey A., Joshua Crabtree, Kirk Crady, Erik Gaines, Morgan McLeod, Greg Morris, Rick Williams, Antonio Perfetto, and John Webber. "ALMA North American Integration Center Front-End Test System." Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 31, no. 10 (August 27, 2010): 1182–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-010-9688-y.

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25

Rahman, A. K. M. Matiur, M. M. Moosa Khan, and M. Anisul Islam. "Mexican integration into the North American free trade zone." Journal of Economics and Finance 17, no. 1 (March 1993): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02920079.

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26

Spener, David. "Mexican Labor at the Center of North American Economic Integration." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 42, no. 2 (2000): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166285.

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27

Gravelle, Timothy B. "Partisanship, Border Proximity, and Canadian Attitudes toward North American Integration." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 26, no. 4 (2014): 453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edu006.

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28

Nash, June. "American Environments North and South: Indigenous Counterplots to Global Integration." Anthropology of Work Review 21, no. 2 (June 2000): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/awr.2000.21.2.1.

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29

Coiteux, Martin. "North American Integration and Monetary Policy Convergence: A Canadian Perspective." Latin American Business Review 6, no. 1 (September 27, 2005): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j140v06n01_02.

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30

BARNES, NIELAN. "North American Integration? Civil Society and Immigrant Health Policy Convergence." Politics & Policy 39, no. 1 (February 2011): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00283.x.

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31

Holmes, J. "The Continental Integration of the North American Automobile Industry: From the Auto Pact to the FTA and beyond." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 1 (January 1992): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a240095.

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The continental integration of the US and Canadian automobile industries quickly followed the negotiation of a sectorial managed trade agreement—the Auto Pact—in 1965. Thus the recent Canada—US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) will likely have less short-term impact on restructuring in the auto industry than it will in most other industries. The paper begins with an analysis of the significant restructuring that occurred within the North American auto industry during the 1980s in response to the globalization of production and dramatic changes in competitive conditions. The future prospects of the industry as it enters the 1990s are examined with regard to three issues: the likely impact of the implementation of the automotive-industry provisions of the FTA; the consolidation of the significant auto-manufacturing presence in North America established by Japanese automakers during the 1980s; and the fact that, with or without the negotiation of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it appears likely that Mexico during the 1990s will become fully integrated into a truly North American automotive industry.

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32

Rosenberg, Kenneth V., Adriaan M. Dokter, Peter J. Blancher, John R. Sauer, Adam C. Smith, Paul A. Smith, Jessica C. Stanton, et al. "Decline of the North American avifauna." Science 366, no. 6461 (September 19, 2019): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1313.

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Species extinctions have defined the global biodiversity crisis, but extinction begins with loss in abundance of individuals that can result in compositional and functional changes of ecosystems. Using multiple and independent monitoring networks, we report population losses across much of the North American avifauna over 48 years, including once-common species and from most biomes. Integration of range-wide population trajectories and size estimates indicates a net loss approaching 3 billion birds, or 29% of 1970 abundance. A continent-wide weather radar network also reveals a similarly steep decline in biomass passage of migrating birds over a recent 10-year period. This loss of bird abundance signals an urgent need to address threats to avert future avifaunal collapse and associated loss of ecosystem integrity, function, and services.

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Macdonald, Laura. "Canada in the North America Region: Implications of the Trump Presidency." Canadian Journal of Political Science 53, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 505–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423920000219.

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AbstractThe election of Donald Trump and his decision to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) represented a shock to the Canadian and Mexican governments and business elites. Drawing on the New Regionalism(s) Approach (NRA), this article reviews the response of the Canadian state to the crisis in the North American regional project. I argue that this newer theoretical approach better explains the dynamics of regionalization or regional decomposition than mainstream theories by integrating the role played by uneven globalization, normative and ideational dimensions, and civil society in processes of regional integration and/or decomposition.

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Alba, Richard, and Nancy Foner. "Comparing Immigrant Integration in North America and Western Europe: How much do the Grand Narratives Tell Us?" International Migration Review 48, no. 1_suppl (September 2014): 263–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12134.

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In comparing different countries, studies often seek to account for the success of immigrant integration, or lack of it, in a small number of “grand ideas,” such as nationally specific “models” of integration, which attempt to provide overarching explanations for cross-national differences and similarities. This article evaluates five grand ideas in light of our study examining how four European (Britain, France, Germany, and the Netherlands) and two North American (U.S., Canada) countries are meeting the challenges of integrating immigrants and their second-generation children across a variety of domains from the labor market, to the educational system, to the polity. We conclude that while some of the grand ideas help to illuminate patterns of integration in particular domains, none provides a sufficiently encompassing explanation – and each has significant failings. Moreover, none of these ideas highlights all of the features that we argue are critical, although these do not boil down to one “grand narrative.” These features are the characteristics or qualities that immigrants bring with them when they move to Europe or North America; demographic and other social and economic trends there; and, perhaps most important, historically rooted social, political, and economic institutions in each receiving society that create barriers as well as bridges to integration and inclusion.

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35

Jordan, Richard. "A Militant Crusade In Africa: The Great Commission And Segregation." Church History 83, no. 4 (December 2014): 957–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640714001188.

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During the Cold War and in the aftermath of the Brown v. Board of Education decision, the Calvinist and political fundamentalists of North America opposed the integration of American society and the extension of civil rights to African-Americans. Both were viewed as contrary to God's plan for humankind and omens for the end times. At the same time, these militant clerics spread reformed theology and eschatology to non-white societies across the globe. An important missionary field was Africa, where American and British racial mores influenced the cultural and political struggle. western, capitalistic and democratic principles, white minority-rule, and British imperialism faced African nationalism and communist aid to independence movements. Accordingly, the contrast between militant theology and liberal, modernist Protestantism was interjected into the conflict. Two American crusaders, Carl McIntire and Billy James Hargis, made Africa an important battleground to defend segregation and western influence. Both pursued individual ministries and had differing theological agendas towards race. The International Council of Christian Churches, an organization that McIntire led, spread God's word to black Africans, while Hargis' Christian Crusade Against Communism worked with Rhodesia's white minority government. Their efforts provide insight into the militant theological and political crusade in North America and how they projected their Calvinist ideals into the international arena and into Africa.

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David, Charles H., Paul Dufour, and Janet Halliwell. "La collaboration scientifique et technologique en Amérique du Nord : un point de vue Canadien." Études internationales 24, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703167ar.

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Canada, as a country with a small, open economy, faces the immediate challenge of learning to shape dynamic comparative advantage in the emerging international economy. About 75 % of Canada's trade linkages are with the United States, and a very large component of the Canadian experience of « globalization » is driven by North American economic integration. This integration is taking place in the absence of institutions and policy mechanisms to promote and manage science, technology, and innovation relations on a continental scale. Bilateral s & T arrangements centered on the United States presently characterize the North American innovation System. Circumstances in North America pose three sets of challenges to Canadian s & T policy. 1) Science and technology are increasing in importance in international trade, environmental, and social/cultural matters. This means that Canada must learn to improve its management of an increasingly internationalized domestic s & T System. 2) Canada must cultivate mutually beneficial bilateral s & T relationships with its two partners in NAFTA, Mexico and the United States. 3) Canada must identify where its interests lie in the development and governance of trilateral and international rules and arrangements for science, technology, and innovation.

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37

Gabriel, Christina, and Laura Macdonald. "Of Borders and Business: Canadian Corporate Proposals for North American “Deep Integration”." Studies in Political Economy 74, no. 1 (September 2004): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19187033.2004.11675138.

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38

Hinojosa-Ojeda, Raúl. "The North American Development Bank: Forging New Directions in Regional Integration Policy." Journal of the American Planning Association 60, no. 3 (September 30, 1994): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944369408975588.

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39

Kawaura, Akihiko, and Sumner La Croix. "INTEGRATION OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN PLAYERS IN JAPAN'S PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUES." International Economic Review 57, no. 3 (August 2016): 1107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iere.12187.

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40

Smith, Sarah E. K. "The Permeable Border: Examining Responses to North American Integration in Video Art." Comparative American Studies An International Journal 13, no. 1-2 (June 2015): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1477570015z.000000000101.

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41

Reinert, Kenneth A., G. Chris Rodrigo, and David W. Roland-Holst. "North American economic integration and industrial pollution in the Great Lakes region." Annals of Regional Science 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001680200088.

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42

S. Ivy, Steven. "Significant Change in the North American Spiritual Care Education and Psychotherapy Movement." Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications 73, no. 3 (September 2019): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1542305019867863.

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ACPE: The Standard for Spiritual Care and Education (previously Association for Clinical Pastoral Education) has received the membership of the American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC) into an integrated organization. This integration may mark the beginning of an organizational trend.

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43

Shahi, Chander K., and Shashi Kant. "Cointegrating relationship and the degree of market integration among the North American softwood lumber product markets." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 11 (November 2009): 2129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-110.

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Studies in spatial market integration of the North American softwood lumber products have mostly focused on the question of whether prices in distinct market locations are cointegrated or not. However, the informational deficiencies in market integration studies were fulfilled in this analysis by examining a continuum of the degree of market integration rather than using the dichotomous approach whereby markets are deemed either integrated or not. Firstly, the methodology of permanent–transitory decomposition in a multivariate vector error correction model was used to estimate the cointegrating relationship of the North American markets for three categories of softwood lumber products: Spruce–Pine–Fir (SPF), Douglas fir (DF), and Hemlock fir (HF). Secondly, a consistent ranking of the degree of market integration was constructed by estimating the reaction time for prices to return back to the steady-state equilibrium, using generalized impulse response functions and persistence profiles. Our results indicate that the long-run price equilibrium relationship for all SPF and HF products is driven by both the production (in Canada) and consumption (in USA) sides of the markets, whereas that for DF products is driven by the consumption (USA) side only. Generally, the degree of market integration for HF products is lower than that for SPF products and higher than that for DF products.

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Campbell, Dana L., Anne E. Thessen, and Leslie Ries. "A novel curation system to facilitate data integration across regional citizen science survey programs." PeerJ 8 (July 29, 2020): e9219. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9219.

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Integrative modeling methods can now enable macrosystem-level understandings of biodiversity patterns, such as range changes resulting from shifts in climate or land use, by aggregating species-level data across multiple monitoring sources. This requires ensuring that taxon interpretations match up across different sources. While encouraging checklist standardization is certainly an option, coercing programs to change species lists they have used consistently for decades is rarely successful. Here we demonstrate a novel approach for tracking equivalent names and concepts, applied to a network of 10 regional programs that use the same protocols (so-called “Pollard walks”) to monitor butterflies across America north of Mexico. Our system involves, for each monitoring program, associating the taxonomic authority (in this case one of three North American butterfly fauna treatments: Pelham, 2014; North American Butterfly Association, Inc., 2016; Opler & Warren, 2003) that shares the most similar overall taxonomic interpretation to the program’s working species list. This allows us to define each term on each program’s list in the context of the appropriate authority’s species concept and curate the term alongside its authoritative concept. We then aligned the names representing equivalent taxonomic concepts among the three authorities. These stepping stones allow us to bridge a species concept from one program’s species list to the name of the equivalent in any other program, through the intermediary scaffolding of aligned authoritative taxon concepts. Using a software tool we developed to access our curation system, a user can link equivalent species concepts between data collecting agencies with no specialized knowledge of taxonomic complexities.

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Courchene, Thomas J. "FTA at 15, NAFTA at 10: a Canadian perspective on North American integration." North American Journal of Economics and Finance 14, no. 2 (August 2003): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1062-9408(03)00018-4.

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46

Fairbrother, Malcolm. "Trade policymaking in the real world: Elites' conflicting worldviews and North American integration." Review of International Political Economy 17, no. 2 (June 3, 2010): 319–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290903208040.

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47

McDougall, John N., Bradley J. Condon, and Tapen Sinha. "Drawing Lines in Sand and Snow: Border Security and North American Economic Integration." International Journal 59, no. 1 (2003): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203919.

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48

Britton, John N. H. "Regional Implications of North American Integration: A Canadian Perspective on High Technology Manufacturing." Regional Studies 36, no. 4 (June 2002): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400220131133.

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DeCesare, Nicholas J., Byron V. Weckworth, Kristine L. Pilgrim, Andrew B. D. Walker, Eric J. Bergman, Kassidy E. Colson, Rob Corrigan, et al. "Phylogeography of moose in western North America." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz163.

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Abstract Subspecies designations within temperate species’ ranges often reflect populations that were isolated by past continental glaciation, and glacial vicariance is believed to be a primary mechanism behind the diversification of several subspecies of North American cervids. We used genetics and the fossil record to study the phylogeography of three moose subspecies (Alces alces andersoni, A. a. gigas, and A. a. shirasi) in western North America. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (16,341 base pairs; n = 60 moose) and genotyped 13 nuclear microsatellites (n = 253) to evaluate genetic variation among moose samples. We also reviewed the fossil record for detections of all North American cervids to comparatively assess the evidence for the existence of a southern refugial population of moose corresponding to A. a. shirasi during the last glacial maximum of the Pleistocene. Analysis of mtDNA molecular variance did not support distinct clades of moose corresponding to currently recognized subspecies, and mitogenomic haplotype phylogenies did not consistently distinguish individuals according to subspecies groupings. Analysis of population structure using microsatellite loci showed support for two to five clusters of moose, including the consistent distinction of a southern group of moose within the range of A. a. shirasi. We hypothesize that these microsatellite results reflect recent, not deep, divergence and may be confounded by a significant effect of geographic distance on gene flow across the region. Review of the fossil record showed no evidence of moose south of the Wisconsin ice age glaciers ≥ 15,000 years ago. We encourage the integration of our results with complementary analyses of phenotype data, such as morphometrics, originally used to delineate moose subspecies, for further evaluation of subspecies designations for North American moose.

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Balthazar, Louis. "Les relations canado-américaines : Nationalisme et continentalisme." Études internationales 14, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701465ar.

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This paper's objective is to bring forth some elements which confirm the following hypothesis : Canada is consigned to continentalism, namely to economic and cultural integration with the United States though this fact is shrouded in a Canadian nationalism of sorts. The continentalist mentality is rooted in the history of British North America, inhabited mostly by refugees from America who have remained inherently "Yankees" in spite of their anti-americanism. The Confederation itself is based on a sort of complicity with the United States. More recently there were talks of a "North American nationality", and continentalism both cultural and economic has come to be seen as a 'force of nature" which the governments, at the most, put into a chanelling process. Still, it is possible for Canadian nationalism to exist provided it does not go beyond the threshold whence it would run headlong into the continental mentality. Canada has defined itself through an international or non-national perspective far too long for today's nationalism not to remain weak and poorly established. But the Americans whose "manifest destiny" has succeeded in spreading over Canada without even their having tried to hoist their flag there find it to their advantage to maintain some form of Canadian sovereignty. Canada as a "friendly nation" can be of use to Washington. That is why there are almost as many advocates for Canada's independence in the United States as there are north of the border. Canadian nationalism can thus further the interests of some Canadian elites without seriously prejudicing continental integration which can very well afford not to be set up into formalized structures.

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Journal articles on the topic 'North American integration'

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