Relevant bibliographies by topics / North American trees

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'North American trees'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "North American trees"

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Schmid, Rudolf, and Arthur Lee Jacobson. "North American Landscape Trees." Taxon 45, no. 3 (1996): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1224175.

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Pregitzer, Kurt S., Jared L. DeForest, Andrew J. Burton, Michael F. Allen, Roger W. Ruess, and Ronald L. Hendrick. "FINE ROOT ARCHITECTURE OF NINE NORTH AMERICAN TREES." Ecological Monographs 72, no. 2 (2002): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0293:fraonn]2.0.co;2.

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Hollingsworth, Phillip R., and C. Darrin Hulsey. "Reconciling gene trees of eastern North American minnows." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61, no. 1 (2011): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.05.020.

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Hemmerly, Thomas E. "The living earth book of North American trees." Economic Botany 48, no. 1 (1994): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02901384.

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Kawa, Nicholas C., Bradley Painter, and Cailín E. Murray. "Trail Trees: Living Artifacts (Vivifacts) of Eastern North America." Ethnobiology Letters 6, no. 1 (2015): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.410.

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Living trees historically modified by human populations, oftentimes referred to as “culturally modified trees” (CMTs), are found throughout the North American landscape. In eastern North America specifically, indigenous populations bent thousands of trees to mark trails, and some of these still exist in the region today. In this article, we present a synthesis of current knowledge on trail trees, including their speculated functions, formation, and selection. We also examine the theoretical implications of these living artifacts (or vivifacts) and how they may open new avenues for investigation by archaeologists, environmental historians, and ethnobiologists. To conclude, we make a call for expanded public recognition and documentation of trail trees, discussing the need for their incorporation into forest and park management plans.
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Schlachter, Kyle J. "Range Shape and Range Elongation of North American Trees." Physical Geography 31, no. 1 (2010): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.31.1.40.

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Xing, Dingliang, Nathan G. Swenson, Michael D. Weiser, and Zhanqing Hao. "Determinants of species abundance for eastern North American trees." Global Ecology and Biogeography 23, no. 8 (2014): 903–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12167.

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Morin, Xavier, and Martin J. Lechowicz. "Niche breadth and range area in North American trees." Ecography 36, no. 3 (2012): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07340.x.

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Navar, Jose, Felipa de Jesus Rodriguez-Flores, and Julio Rios-Saucedo. "Biomass estimation equations for mesquite trees in the Americas." PeerJ 7 (April 25, 2019): e6782. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6782.

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Mesquite trees are the preferred dendroenergy sources in arid and semi-arid forests. In spite of their relative importance, regional aboveground biomass (AGB) equations for mesquite trees are scarce in the scientific literature. For that reason, the aims of this study were to: (a) harvest trees and develop regional biomass equations; (b) contrast measured data with equations developed previously; and (c) test the applicability of the fitted equation for mesquite trees in the arid and semi-arid forests of the Americas. We harvested 206 new mesquite trees from arid and semi-arid forests in northern Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas) in addition to using two other previously compiled data sets from Mexico (N = 304) to develop a regional equation. To test the validity of this equation, for biomass equations reported for the rest of the country, as well as for North and South American mesquite trees, we contrasted AGB measurements with predictions of fitted equations. Statistical analysis revealed the need for a single, regional, semi-empirical equation as together the three data sets represented the variability of the aboveground biomass of mesquite trees across northern Mexico, as well as mesquite trees in America’s arid and semiarid regions. Due to the large quantity of mesquite trees harvested for sampling and their variability, the regional biomass equation developed encompasses all other North and South American equations, and is representative of mesquite trees throughout the arid and semi-arid forests of the Americas.
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Asbeck, T., M. Basile, J. Stitt, J. Bauhus, I. Storch, and K. T. Vierling. "Tree-related microhabitats are similar in mountain forests of Europe and North America and their occurrence may be explained by tree functional groups." Trees 34, no. 6 (2020): 1453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-02017-3.

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Abstract Key message Drivers of the abundance and richness of tree-related microhabitats are similar in mountain forests of Europe and North America and their occurrence may be explained by tree functional groups. Abstract A common approach to support forest-dwelling species in managed forests is to preserve valuable habitat trees. To assess the quality of habitat trees, a hierarchical typology of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is applied in the European context for inventory standardization. The first aim of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to use this hierarchical typology as a standard protocol regardless of location, which is important for potentially standardizing future studies of TreMs, by testing whether the typology could be applied to the western North American mountain forests of Idaho. The second aim of the study was to analyse drivers that influence TreMs in forests of the region. Thirdly, we assessed whether the occurrence of TreMs could be explained by functional groups of trees across the western mountain forests of Idaho and Central European mountain forests, using TreM inventory data previously collected in the Black Forest, Germany. Abundance and richness of TreMs per tree were analyzed as a function of tree species, live status (dead vs. live trees), diameter at breast height (DBH), and site factors (latitude and altitude). Our results show that the TreM typology could be applied with slight modifications in the forests of Idaho. The abundance and richness of TreMs per tree increased with DBH. Snags offered more TreMs per tree than live trees. We were able to group tree species from the two continents in functional groups that were related to the occurrence of certain TreMs. Tree functional groups offer an opportunity to predict the role of certain tree species for habitat provision through TreMs. Combinations of trees from different functional groups could be used to optimize provisioning of TreMs within forest stands.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "North American trees"

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Crabtree, Sheri Beth. "SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN PAWPAW [ASIMINA TRILOBA (L.) DUNAL]." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2004. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukypssc2004t00208/etd.pdf.

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Thesis (m.s.)--University of Kentucky, 2004.<br>Title from document title page (viewed Jan. 7, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 80p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-79).
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Donoghue, John, and John Donoghue. "Geographic Range Size: Measuring The Fundamental Unit Of Biogeography and Evaluating Climatic Factors That May Influence Longitudinal Range Size Gradients In North American Trees." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623260.

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This research seeks to advance our understanding of how to make better informed species conservation decisions on a global scale and advance our understanding of how species' spatial distributions (their geographic ranges) may be respond to climate change, so we can know which areas should be set aside to ensure their present and future conservation. To understand how species' geographic ranges may change, it's important to first assess how geographic ranges are defined and measured. The quantifiable measurement of a species' geographic range, (its geographic range size), is a key criterion the International Union for the Conservation of Nature uses to determine the conservation status and prioritization of species worldwide. Thus, part one of this thesis evaluates different measures for how geographic range size is commonly quantified in the conservation community, to determine whether some range size measures are more reliable than others.Further, to evaluate how species' geographic ranges may respond to climate change, I examine the climatic factors influencing observable longitudinal range size gradients in the North American tree species range maps from E.L. Little's Atlas of North American Trees.
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Griffin, Richard Daniel. "North American Monsoon Paleoclimatology From Tree Rings." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301558.

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The North American monsoon is central to Southwestern climate and is a research focus in climatology. Of the various monsoon paleoclimate proxies, precisely dated and seasonally resolved tree-ring records offer unique opportunity for contextualizing modern instrumental observations and climate model projections. Focused on latewood, the dark-colored sub-annual component of conifer tree rings that forms in the late growing season, this dissertation research represents a systematic effort to diagnose the tree-growth response to monsoon climate, to develop a replicated network of monsoon-sensitive chronologies, and to characterize monsoon paleoclimate variability in the southwestern United States. A pilot study using latewood measurements from five locations assessed seasonal climate response sensitivity to various chronology development techniques. Results informed a protocol for chronology development, which was used to produce a unique network of 53 monsoon-sensitive latewood chronologies for the southwestern United States. A chronology subset was used to develop the first monsoon precipitation reconstruction for a large and important region of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. This reconstruction revealed monsoon paleodroughts more persistent and extreme than any during the instrumental era and indicated that the southwestern decadal droughts of the last 470 years were characterized not just by cool-season precipitation deficits, but also by persistently dry monsoon conditions. The previously noted tendency for winter and summer precipitation to be out of phase was found to be unstable through time and anomalously strong during the recent instrumental era. The paleoclimatic significance of the new sub-annual chronology network was characterized in terms of chronology signal strength, climate response seasonality, and dominant spatiotemporal structure. With only a few exceptions, the latewood chronologies were found to contain monsoon-specific climate signal that was not available from previously existing records of annual tree-ring width. Principal components analysis revealed that the chronology network captures both temporal variability and spatial structure inherent to monsoon precipitation. As such, proxy data developed in this dissertation are unique are uniquely suited for studying spatiotemporal variability in monsoon paleoclimate. Outcomes from this dissertation are broadly relevant in environmental research and could potentially inform long-term strategies for adaptive management of natural resources.
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Shao, Xuemei. "Statistical relationships between tree growth and climate in western North America." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185825.

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The objective of this study is to examine large-scale spatial patterns of tree growth and climatic variation and to investigate the possible role of climate in determining tree growth patterns over space. This study represents one of the first uses of geostatistical methods to extract information about the spatial variation of climate from tree rings in western North America. It is also one of the first uses of data in spatial series to study the relationships of spatial variations between climate and tree growth. Geostatistics analyzes the spatial structure of the variables by assuming that adjoining data are correlated with each other over space and that the particular relationship expressing the extent of spatial correlation can be analytically and statistically captured in a function. It is applied to both June Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and ring-width index data from western North America. One basic assumption of applying geostatistics in this study is that the spatially uncorrelated small-scale variations are insignificant and represent background noise in large-scale dendroclimatic studies. The statistical relationships between the spatial variations of June PDSI and ring-width index are studied by simple scatter diagrams and correlation analysis. This is done in terms of yearly variations and variations of spatial patterns. Both of them support the contention that the large-scale spatial variations in ring-width index data can be used to infer the spatial variations of climate variables. Based upon the results of this research it can be concluded that geostatistics is a viable method to characterize the spatially correlated variations in dendroclimatology. By applying geostatistics to data sets, information about the spatial variations of climate contained in tree-ring data are enhanced, and the large-scale variations of climate are emphasized. The analysis of yearly relationships over space is particularly useful for identifying statistical relationships between climate and tree growth in a geographic region. The main factors of climate controlling ring-width index are identified as well as the less frequent limiting events. Once the statistical relationships are validated, they can be used to infer the spatial variations of past climate from variations in tree-ring index.
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Ledger, Rebecca. "Modelling tree species distributions in North America and Europe." Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503319.

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Hall, Karen Renae. "COMPUTERIZED DENDROLOGY: The identification and natural history of the pine trees of southeastern North America." NCSU, 1998. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-19980511-132319.

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<p>HALL, KAREN RENAE. COMPUTERIZED DENDROLOGY: The identification and natural history of the pine trees of southeastern North America. (Under the direction of Richard R. Braham.) A computer database of the pines of southeastern North America was developed using hyper-text markup language. This interactive program allows users to learn about bark, buds, leaves, reproductive structures, geographic range, climate, and natural history of pines. Audio files pronounce the scientific and vernacular names of trees. A search engine allows comparison of textual and graphic information of different characteristics.<P>
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Galla, Stephanie J. "Exploring the Evolutionary History of North American Prairie Grouse (Genus: Tympanuchus) Using Multi-locus Coalescent Analyses." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271815/.

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Conservation biologists are increasingly using phylogenetics as a tool to understand evolutionary relationships and taxonomic classification. The taxonomy of North American prairie grouse (sharp-tailed grouse, T. phasianellus; lesser prairie-chicken, T. pallidicinctus; greater prairie-chicken, T. cupido; including multiple subspecies) has been designated based on physical characteristics, geography, and behavior. However, previous studies have been inconclusive in determining the evolutionary history of prairie grouse based on genetic data. Therefore, additional research investigating the evolutionary history of prairie grouse is warranted. In this study, ten loci (including mitochondrial, autosomal, and Z-linked markers) were sequenced across multiple populations of prairie grouse, and both traditional and coalescent-based phylogenetic analyses were used to address the evolutionary history of this genus. Results from this study indicate that North American prairie grouse diverged in the last 200,000 years, with species-level taxa forming well-supported monophyletic clades in species tree analyses. With these results, managers of the critically endangered Attwater's prairie-chicken (T. c. attwateri) can better evaluate whether outcrossing Attwater's with greater prairie-chickens would be a viable management tool for Attwater's conservation.
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Hartsough, Peter Chrisopher. "Isotopic cycling in a tropical treeline environment North American monsoon dynamics at Nevado de Colima, Mexico /." abstract, 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3339118.

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Carrillo, Cruz Carlos Mauricio. "North American Monsoon Variability from Paleoclimate Era to Climate Change Projection: A Multiple Dataset Perspective." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338900.

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In the southwestern United States, the North American monsoon (NAM) is the main driver of severe weather and accounts for nearly half the annual precipitation. How the monsoon has behaved in the past and how it will change in the future is a question of major importance for natural resource management and infrastructural planning. In this dissertation, I present the results of three studies that have investigated North American monsoon variability and change from the perspective of paleoclimate records, future climate change projections, and simulation of the low-frequency variability with the longest retrospective atmospheric reanalysis. In the first study, a monsoon-sensitive network of tree-ring chronologies is evaluated within its ability to reproduce NAM variability during the past four centuries. Matrix methods are used to detect the low-frequency spatiotemporal variability. The treering chronologies can reasonable characterizes the dominant modes of NAM climate variability. The monsoon tree-ring network is able to reproduce the interannual variability of cool and warm season precipitation, in a manner similar to the period of the instrumental record. Earlywood and latewood adjusted chronologies reveal low frequency climate variability at decadal and longer timescales that is beyond the ability of the instrumental record to temporally well resolve. This low-frequency climate variability seems to be part of a much larger cycle that coincides with the occurrence of multiyear persistent droughts. In the second study, we consider the modes of natural climate variability identified in the previous study to objectively assess the degree of physical uncertainty in climate change projections for NAM from Regional Climate Models (RCMs) used in the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). Climate change projection models are evaluated mainly on their ability to represent warm season driven by quasi-stationary Rossby wave trains and El Niño Southern Oscillation – Pacific Decadal Variability (ENSO-PDV). It is concluded that use of the NARCCAP model ensemble mean for NAM climate projections is probably not suitable. NARCCAP RCMs are largely a slave to their driving global models and their error in the specification of large-scale atmospheric circulation. Only one out of eight NARCCAP RCMs has a reasonable representation of the seasonal cycle of monsoon precipitation and ENSOdriven interannual variability in both the 20th and 21st centuries. No decadal variability was observed in any of the NARCCAP RCMs. In the third study, the low-frequency drought signal found with tree-ring chronologies is further explored within the framework of a regional climate modeling. Version 2 of the Twentieth-Century Reanalysis (DD-20CR) is dynamically downscaled over a contiguous U.S.-Mexico domain. Statistic analysis of the DD-20CR suggests that the low-frequency drought signal in the Southwest is driven by atmospheric circulation changes on global to continental scales that affect precipitation in Central American as well. DD-20CR reproduces the spatial patterns of precipitation associated with climate variability at decadal and longer timescales in a manner that compares well with observational records and tree-ring chronologies. Low-frequency climate variability is therefore likely responsible for the multiyear persistent droughts in the last four centuries, as independently evaluated from the tree-ring monsoon-sensitive network.
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Chambers, Dominic. "Challenges in modeling the abundance of 105 tree species in eastern North America for climate change research." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104594.

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Trees are expected to modify their distribution and abundance in response to climate change with important consequences on forestry management practices and forest diversity. Whereas Species Distribution Models have been commonly used to relate known occurrence of species to the current climate as a first step to project future suitable environmental space, modeling abundance patterns using Species Abundance Models (SAMs) remains a challenge. This research aimed to: 1) evaluate the predictive performance of SAMs in predicting the current abundance of 105 tree species in eastern North America in response to climatic, topographic and edaphic predictors, and 2) explain the variation in SAMs' performance among species. The relative importance values of 105 tree species were first related to environmental predictors using Random Forest. The predictive performance of SAMs for each tree species was then assessed using the coefficient of determination (R²). Finally, multiple linear regression was performed to explain the variation in SAMs' performance among species (R²) using biogeographical and spatial attributes of species as explanatory variables. Predicting the current relative abundance of tree species using a combination of climatic, topographic, and edaphic variables was only partially successful. The coefficients of determination (R²) for all SAMs ranged from 0.000 to 0.857 with a mean of 0.258 and a standard deviation of 0.18. Black spruce (Picea mariana) had the best predictive model and Florida maple (Acer barbatum) the worst. Forty-one species out of 105 (39 %) had R² ≥ 0.3. These species had climate as the best and/or second best environmental predictor, except for Quercus macrocarpa, Pinus rigida, Pinus resinosa, and Ulmus alata, which were best predicted by non-climatic variables. The variation in the performance of SAMs among species was best explained by the range of relative abundance values and the spatial aggregation of species. This study highlighted the challenge in accurately predicting the relative abundance of trees in relation to current and therefore future climate, and identified species for which modeling approach worked best and for which abundance patterns would likely respond to climate change.<br>Les arbres sont susceptibles de modifier leur distribution et leur abondance en réponse aux changements climatiques avec d'importantes conséquences pour la gestion des ressources forestières et la biodiversité des forêts. Alors que les Modèles de distribution des espèces ont été couramment utilisés pour mettre en relation l'occurrence des espèces avec le climat actuel comme première étape dans l'évaluation des changements potentiels futurs, la modélisation des abondances à l'aide de Modèles d'abondance des espèces reste un défi. Cette recherche avait pour but : 1) d'évaluer la performance de modèles d'abondance pour prédire l'abondance relative actuelle de 105 espèces d'arbres de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord en réponse aux variables climatiques, édaphiques et topographiques, et 2) d'expliquer la variation entre les espèces dans les performances de ces modèles. L'importance relative des 105 espèces a d'abord été reliée aux variables environnementales à l'aide de l'algorithme mathématique Random Forest. La performance des modèles pour chaque espèce a été évaluée avec le coefficient de détermination (R²). Finalement, une régression linéaire multiple a servi à expliquer la variation des performances entre les espèces (R²) en utilisant les attributs biogéographiques et spatiaux des espèces comme variables explicatives. La prédiction de l'abondance relative des arbres avec les variables utilisées n'a été que partiellement réussie. Les coefficients of détermination (R²) allaient de 0.000 à 0.857 avec une moyenne de 0.258 et un écart-type de 0.18. L'épinette noire (Picea mariana) a montré la meilleure performance et Acer barbatum a obtenu la pire performance. Quarante et une espèces sur 105 (39 %) ont eu des R² ≥ 0.3. Ces espèces avaient le climat comme premier et/ou second prédicteur, sauf pour Quercus macrocarpa, Pinus rigida, Pinus resinosa, et Ulmus alata, qui ont répondu en priorité aux variables non-climatiques. La variation dans les performances des modèles entre espèces s'expliquent par l'étendue de leurs valeurs d'abondance relative et leur agrégation spatiale. Cette étude a démontré les limites à prédire l'abondance relative des arbres en fonction du climat présent et donc futur, et a permis d'identifier les espèces pour lesquelles l'approche de modélisation est possible et pour lesquelles l'abondance relative pourrait conséquemment être sensible aux changements climatiques.
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Books on the topic "North American trees"

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missing], [name. North American trees. 5th ed. Iowa State University Press, 2003.

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North American trees. Gramercy Books, 1992.

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North American landscape trees. Ten Speed Press, 1996.

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Encyclopedia of North American trees. Firefly Books, 2000.

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Benvie, Sam. The encyclopedia of North American trees. Firefly Books, 2000.

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S, Elias Thomas, ed. Field guide to North American trees. Grolier Book Clubs, 1989.

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Benvie, Sam. The encyclopedia of North American trees. Firefly Books, 2000.

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Sonja, Bullaty, Lomeo Angelo, and National Audubon Society, eds. The Audubon Society field guide to North American trees. Knopf : distributed by Random House, 1988.

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Jonas, Gerald. The living earth book of North American trees. Reader's Digest Association, 1993.

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Preston, Richard Joseph. North American trees: Exclusive of Mexico and tropical Florida. 4th ed. Iowa State University Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "North American trees"

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Skaret, Gisle, and Ola Rosvall. "Seed Collections from North American trees for Marginal Sites in the Nordic Countries." In Forest Development in Cold Climates. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1600-6_18.

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"Appendix A: North American Common and Scientific Names." In Trees, Truffles, and Beasts. Rutgers University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813544656-013.

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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. "Once and Future Trees." In The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.003.0006.

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Along the Colorado Plateau’s high-standing Mogollon Rim in northern Arizona’s Coconino National Forest stands a small patch of big trees that matured well before Europeans came to North America. Massive ponderosa pines, and even pinyon pines and western junipers, tower above the forest floor, shutting out all but the most shade-tolerant competitors. Few places like this one still exist anywhere in the United States, even on national forest lands. A tourist hoping to see all the diversity that earliest European arrivals found commonplace in the western landscape must seek out a wide scattering of isolated enclaves across the region. Western forests no longer contain the grand glades and lush thickets that our forerunners encountered because most woodlands, especially those owned by the public, largely serve a wide variety of human purposes, as campsites or home sites, board-feet of lumber, potential jobs, recreational playgrounds, and even temples of the spirit. We also rely on forests to maintain habitat for endangered species and seed banks for restoring depleted biodiversity—and to provide us with clean air and water, stable hillside soils, and flood control in wet years. Forests must perform these roles while being consumed, fragmented by roads, and heavily eroded. But there is no guarantee that these most beloved and iconic of natural resources can sustain such a burden. Federal, state, and local government agencies oversee and regulate western U.S. forest lands and their uses, trying to manage the complex and only partly understood biological interactions of forest ecology to serve public needs. But after nine decades of variable goals, and five decades of encroaching development, western woodlands are far from healthy. Urban pollution and exotic tree diseases, some brought by humans, are killing pines, firs, and oaks. Loggers have more than decimated the oldest mountainside forests—most valuable for habitat and lumber alike—with clearcutting practices that induce severe soil erosion. Illegal clearings for marijuana farms are increasing.
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Greene, David F., Kathleen F. Jones, and Olga J. Proulx. "The Effect of Icing Events on the Death and Regeneration of North American Trees." In Plant Disturbance Ecology. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088778-1/50008-x.

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Nock, Charles A., Kathleen F. Jones, and David F. Greene. "The effect of icing events on the death and regeneration of North American trees." In Plant Disturbance Ecology. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818813-2.00006-x.

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Graham, Alan. "Setting the Goal: Modern Vegetation of North America Composition and Arrangement of Principal Plant Formations." In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation (North of Mexico). Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113426.003.0004.

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Vegetation is the plant cover of a region, which usually refers to the potential natural vegetation prior to any intensive human disturbance. The description of vegetation for an extensive area involves the recognition and characterization of units called formations, which are named with reference to composition (e.g., coniferous), aspect of habit (deciduous), distribution (western North America), and climate, either directly (tropical) or indirectly (tundra). Further subdivisions are termed associations or series, such as the beech-maple association or series within the deciduous forest formation. Formations and associations constitute a convenient organizational framework for considering the development of vegetation through Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic time. For this purpose seven extant plant formations are recognized for North America: (1) tundra, (2) coniferous forest, (3) deciduous forest, (4) grassland, (5) shrubland/chaparral- woodland- savanna, (6) desert, and (7) elements of a tropical formation. Several summaries are available for the modern vegetation of North America, including Barbour and Billings (1988), Barbour and Christensen, Kuchler (1964), and Vankat (1979). The following discussions are based primarily on these surveys. Tundra (Fig. 1.2) is a treeless vegetation dominated by shrubs and herbs, and it is characteristic of the cold climates of polar regions (Arctic tundra) and high-altitude regions (alpine tundra). In the Arctic tundra a few isolated trees or small stands may occur locally, such as Picea glauca (white spruce), but these are always in protected habitats. The Arctic region experiences nearly continuous darkness in midwinter, and nearly continuous daylight in midsummer. There is a short growing season of only 6-24 weeks; this accounts, in part, for the fact that 98% of all Arctic tundra plants are perennials (Vankat, 1979). Strong winds are another feature of the Arctic landscape, often exceeding 65 km/h for 24 h or more. They likely account for the frequency of rosettes, persistent dead leaves, and the cushion growth form, in the center of which wind velocities may be reduced by 90%. The harsh growing conditions also result in leaves of the microphyllous size class being comparable to those of desert plants. Vegetative reproduction and self-pollination is common, and phenotypic plasticity is high among Arctic tundra plants.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan, and Mark Williams. "The Last of the Warmth." In The Goldilocks Planet. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0012.

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The Pan-American Highway rises in the far north of the Americas at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska and, except for a small gap in Panama, runs the entire length of the two American continents to terminate at Ushuaia in southernmost Argentina. Along its way it travels nearly 50,000 kilometres, from the polar landscape of the far north, through the boreal forests of Canada, the temperate plains and hot deserts of the USA and Mexico, and on further into the tropical zones of Central and South America, until it reaches the sub-polar landscape of Tierra del Fuego. The American landscape was not always like this. To travel along the Pan-American Highway some three million years ago, in the Pliocene Epoch, would have revealed a different world. It was a little warmer than our own. Far away, the Greenland ice sheet covered only a small part of that land mass. At the other end of the world, there was less ice covering the West Antarctic than we are familiar with today. Going south, from Prudhoe Bay along the Pan-American Highway of the Pliocene, there was none of the scrub tundra now seen by the ice road truckers. Forests then extended far to the north, covering vast areas of northern Canada and Alaska, and draping the coastal margins of Greenland. They stretched, too, into Siberia, a mass of forest extending thousands of kilometres from Norway to Kamchatka. There was almost no tundra in the north, except for a few patches in Greenland and on the far northern extremities of Siberia. Instead the polar sun rose across that well-nigh endless green Pliocene forest. Such a prehistoric journey south along the Pan-American Highway would take one across the grasslands of temperate America. These are truly ancient, having been long established even then. Patterns of seasonal temperature and rainfall, though, allowed forests to grow where none are present today. There were no humans to cut down the trees or hunt the animals that lived in the forests. There were no Great Lakes either, for no northern ice had grown yet, to scour out their floors and fill them with melt water.
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Anderson, E. N. "Learning from the Land Otter: Religious Representation of Traditional Resource Management." In Ecologies of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090109.003.0008.

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Throughout the forests of the Northwest Coast of North America— those few forests that have not been logged—one finds cedar trees from which long strips of bark have been removed. These strips were taken, at various times in the recent or distant past, by local Native American peoples, to use for a wide variety of reasons. The trees were never cut for their bark; only one long, narrow strip was removed. The process made it necessary for someone to climb high up in the tree to cut the top of the strip. This difficult and dangerous climb was economically reasonable; cutting a cedar is a long job, and would, in any case, eliminate the chance of future bark. But the climb was required for a more immediate and compelling reason: the cedar is sacred, and its indwelling spirit must be respected. Wanton cutting of a cedar is unthinkable. Before a cut is made, prayers and apologies are made to the tree. The cutter explains that he or she really needs the bark, and often adds that he or she will take as little as possible, in the most careful way. In spite of two centuries of contact with, and borrowing from, the outside world, this reverence for the cedar continues today. It is part of a wider religious involvement with the landscape—with water, mountains, plants, and animals— that incorporates environmental management rules as part of sacred ethics. Across the Pacific from China, the Native American peoples of the Northwest Coast maintained, until recently, a way of life based on fishing. While the Chinese changed from foragers to farmers, and slowly built the world’s most populous civilization, the Northwest Coast Indians developed more and more sophisticated ways of harvesting the abundant fish and shellfish resources of their cold and rainy coastlines and rivers. Although they built no cities and wrote down no literature, they created a brilliant, complex culture that had an extremely finetuned adjustment to its environment.
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Hart, Richard H. "Land-Use History on the Shortgrass Steppe." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0008.

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As described in chapter 1 of this volume, the grasslands of central North America began to expand at the end of the Wisconsin period (about 10,000 years BP), and continued their expansion through the warming trend that persisted until about 3000 years BP, occupying their maximum territory at that time (Dix, 1964). Currently, the region still supports trees on escarpments, along streams, and at other sites protected from fire, but centuries ago, fires caused by lightning or kindled by Native Americans may have eliminated relict stands of forest and savanna on the open plains. Large browsers and grazers also may have played a part in eliminating trees as well as grasses sensitive to grazing pressure (Axelrod, 1985). Throughout millennia, bison in particular were likely to have shaped the plant communities of the shortgrass steppe, and thus were an essential component of the system (Larson, 1940). Bison appeared as early as 300,000 years BP; bison, mammoths, mastodons, camels, horses, and other grazers were numerous by 20,000 years BP. Humans arrived in North America perhaps as early as 60,000 years BP, but certainly by 15,000 years ago. Fires and bison may have achieved maximum impact as recently as the past 500 years (Axelrod, 1985; Looman, 1977). The roles of climate, fire, and grazing in the development of North American grasslands have been examined by Ellison (1960), Coupland (1979), Dyer et al. (1982), Anderson (1982), and Tetlyanova et al. (1990). The earliest known human sites on the shortgrass steppe date to about 13,000 years BP (Wedel, 1 979) and a re f ound i n the vicinity o f fossil g lacial l akes. The population of these mammoth hunters was apparently sparse and scattered. Soon after 11,000 years BP, many of the large mammalian species such as the mammoth, native horse, camel, and ground sloth vanished, and the hunters turned to bison. Bone beds representing mass kills of bison have been found below buffalo jumps (Fig. 4.1) and even in the remains of wood or stone corrals, but single kills must have been much more common.
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Small, Ernest. "Joshua Tree." In North American Cornucopia. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15818-55.

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Conference papers on the topic "North American trees"

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Yang, Duotong, Zhijie Nie, Kevin Jones, and Virgilio Centeno. "Adaptive decision-trees-based regional voltage control." In 2017 North American Power Symposium (NAPS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2017.8107228.

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Abu-halaweh, Na'el M., and Robert W. Harrison. "Rule set reduction in fuzzy decision trees." In NAFIPS 2009 - 2009 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nafips.2009.5156426.

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Yan Chen, HaiLong Hou, and Yan-Qing Zhang. "A personalized context-dependent Web search agent using Semantic Trees." In NAFIPS 2008 - 2008 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nafips.2008.4531347.

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Haffari, Gholamreza, and Yee Whye Teh. "Hierarchical dirichlet trees for information retrieval." In Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1620754.1620780.

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Ballesteros, Miguel, Bernd Bohnet, Simon Mille, and Leo Wanner. "Data-driven sentence generation with non-isomorphic trees." In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/n15-1042.

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Xiao, Wen, Patrick Huber, and Giuseppe Carenini. "Predicting Discourse Trees from Transformer-based Neural Summarizers." In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.326.

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Park, Y. Albert, and Roger Levy. "Minimal-length linearizations for mildly context-sensitive dependency trees." In Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1620754.1620803.

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Pitler, Emily, and Ryan McDonald. "A Linear-Time Transition System for Crossing Interval Trees." In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/n15-1068.

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Verma, Navni N., and Sandip Mazumder. "An Investigation of Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture Using Monte Carlo Simulations of Solar Radiation Transport." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36085.

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Solar photovoltaic cells arranged in complex three-dimensional leaf-like configurations — referred to as a solar tree — can potentially collect more sunlight than traditionally used flat configurations. It is hypothesized that this could be because of two reasons. First, the three-dimensional space can be utilized to increase the overall surface area over which the sunlight may be captured. Second, as opposed to traditional flat panel configurations where the capture efficiency decreases dramatically for shallow angles of incidence, the capture efficiency of a solar tree is hampered little by shallow angles of incidence due to the three-dimensional orientation of the solar leaves. In this paper, high fidelity Monte Carlo simulation of radiation transport is conducted to gain insight into whether the above hypotheses are true. The Monte Carlo simulations provide local radiation flux distributions in addition to global radiation flux summaries. The studies show that except for near-normal solar incidence angles, solar trees capture sunlight more effectively than flat panels — often by more than a factor of 5. The Monte Carlo results were also interpolated to construct a daily sunlight capture profile both for mid-winter and mid-summer for a typical North American city. During winter, the solar tree improved sunlight capture by 227%, while in summer the improvement manifested was 54%.
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Costa, Herbert R. do N., and Alessandro La Neve. "A study on the application of regression trees and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system in glass manufacturing process for packaging." In 2016 Annual Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society (NAFIPS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nafips.2016.7851584.

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Reports on the topic "North American trees"

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Jenkins, Jennifer C., David C. Chojnacky, Linda S. Heath, and Richard A. Birdsey. Comprehensive database of diameter-based biomass regressions for North American tree species. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-gtr-319.

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Liebhold, Andrew M., Kurt W. Gottschalk, Rose-Marie Muzika, et al. Suitability of North American tree species to gypsy moth: a summary of field and laboratory tests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-gtr-211.

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Liebhold, Andrew M., Kurt W. Gottschalk, Rose-Marie Muzika, et al. Suitability of North American tree species to gypsy moth: a summary of field and laboratory tests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-gtr-211.

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Miles, Patrick D., and W. Brad Smith. Specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark for 156 tree species found in North America. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-rn-38.

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Becker, Sarah, Megan Maloney, and Andrew Griffin. A multi-biome study of tree cover detection using the Forest Cover Index. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42003.

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Tree cover maps derived from satellite and aerial imagery directly support civil and military operations. However, distinguishing tree cover from other vegetative land covers is an analytical challenge. While the commonly used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can identify vegetative cover, it does not consistently distinguish between tree and low-stature vegetation. The Forest Cover Index (FCI) algorithm was developed to take the multiplicative product of the red and near infrared bands and apply a threshold to separate tree cover from non-tree cover in multispectral imagery (MSI). Previous testing focused on one study site using 2-m resolution commercial MSI from WorldView-2 and 30-m resolution imagery from Landsat-7. New testing in this work used 3-m imagery from PlanetScope and 10-m imagery from Sentinel-2 in imagery in sites across 12 biomes in South and Central America and North Korea. Overall accuracy ranged between 23% and 97% for Sentinel-2 imagery and between 51% and 98% for PlanetScope imagery. Future research will focus on automating the identification of the threshold that separates tree from other land covers, exploring use of the output for machine learning applications, and incorporating ancillary data such as digital surface models and existing tree cover maps.
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