Relevant bibliographies by topics / North Fork Skokomish River

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Academic literature on the topic 'North Fork Skokomish River'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "North Fork Skokomish River"

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Lansing, J. Stephen, Philip S. Lansing, and Juliet S. Erazo. "The Value of a River." Journal of Political Ecology 5, no. 1 (December 1, 1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v5i1.21395.

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The Skokomish river was once the most productive salmon river in Puget Sound, but since 1926 the North Fork Skokomish has been diverted for hydropower. The Skokomish tribe has fought unsuccessfully to restore natural flows. At issue is the “non-market value” of the river’s biological productivity. The value of the river as “natural capital” for the tribe is analyzed from an historical, ethnographic, and ecological perspective.Keywords: non-market values, natural capital, salmon, Pacific Northwest, Skokomish, riverine ecology, ecosystem management.
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Smith, Gerald R., David R. Montgomery, N. Phil Peterson, and Bruce Crowley. "Spawning sockeye salmon fossils in Pleistocene lake beds of Skokomish Valley, Washington." Quaternary Research 68, no. 2 (September 2007): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.03.007.

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AbstractAn assemblage of fossil sockeye salmon was discovered in Pleistocene lake sediments along the South Fork Skokomish River, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The fossils were abundant near the head of a former glacial lake at 115 m elevation. Large adult salmon are concentrated in a sequence of death assemblages that include individuals with enlarged breeding teeth and worn caudal fins indicating migration, nest digging, and spawning prior to death. The specimens were 4 yr old and 45–70 cm in total length, similar in size to modern sockeye salmon, not landlocked kokanee. The fossils possess most of the characteristics of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, but with several minor traits suggestive of pink salmon, O. gorbuscha. This suggests the degree of divergence of these species at about 1 million yr ago, when geological evidence indicates the salmon were deposited at the head of a proglacial lake impounded by the Salmon Springs advance of the Puget lobe ice sheet. Surficial geology and topography record a complicated history of glacial damming and river diversion that implies incision of the modern gorge of the South Fork Skokomish River after deposition of the fossil-bearing sediments.
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Jaquette, Christopher, Ellen Wohl, and David Cooper. "Establishing a Context for River Rehabilitation, North Fork Gunnison River, Colorado." Environmental Management 35, no. 5 (April 4, 2005): 593–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0101-2.

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Jones, Jess W., and Richard J. Neves. "Freshwater Mussel Status: Upper North Fork Holston River, Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[471:fmsunf]2.0.co;2.

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LOUGHMAN, ZACHARY J., SUJAN M. HENKANATHTHEGEDARA, JAMES W. FETZNER JR., and ROGER F. THOMA. "A case of Appalachian endemism: Revision of the Cambarus robustus complex (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in the Kentucky and Licking River basins of Kentucky, USA, with the description of three new species." Zootaxa 4269, no. 4 (May 24, 2017): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4269.4.4.

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The amazing levels of freshwater biodiversity found in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States are among the highest recorded globally. Localized endemics make up much of this diversity, with numerous fish, freshwater mussels, salamanders and crayfish often being restricted to a single watershed, and in some instances, subwatersheds. Much of this diversity is the product of the processes of vicariance and historical stream drainage patterns. Herein, we describe three new crayfish species, all previously members of the Cambarus robustus complex, which occur in the Appalachian portion of the Kentucky and Licking river basins in Kentucky, USA. All three species differ from each other morphologically, genetically, and zoogeographically, fulfilling the requirements of the integrated species concept. Cambarus guenteri occurs in the southern tributaries of the Kentucky River mainstem as well as throughout the South Fork Kentucky River. Cambarus taylori is a narrow endemic, which only occurs in the Middle Fork Kentucky River. Cambarus hazardi, which has the widest distribution of the three new species, occurs in the North Fork Kentucky River, Red River, and upper reaches of the Licking River basin. Stream piracy events between the Cumberland and South Fork Kentucky River, as well as the Licking, Red and North Fork Kentucky rivers, are theorized to be important in the evolution of this complex. Cambarus guenteri is proposed as currently stable, though both C. taylori and C. hazardi are considered imperiled at this time due to habitat destruction throughout both of their respective ranges.
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Ray, JackH. "Geoarchaeological Investigations in the Upper North Fork River Valley in Southern Missouri." Plains Anthropologist 54, no. 210 (January 2009): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pan.2009.54.210.005.

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Marcum, C., Daniel Pletscher, John Weigand, and Bruce McLellan. "Gray Wolf Prey Base Ecology in the North Fork Flathead River Drainage." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 13 (January 1, 1989): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1989.2829.

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The overall objective of this research is to study gray wolf (Canis lupus) ungulate interrelationships in a multi-prey system. This study will focus on elk (Cervus elaphus); others will focus on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virqinianus) and moose (Alces alces). The study is being conducted in the North Fork of the Flathead River drainage, in Montana and British Columbia, Canada. Work will be concentrated on the western side of Glacier National Park, the main area of wolf recovery.
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Lachmar, Thomas E., Neil I. Burk, and Peter T. Kolesar. "Groundwater Contribution of Metals from an Abandoned Mine to The North Fork of The American Fork River, Utah." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 173, no. 1-4 (May 3, 2006): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-9031-8.

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Raley, Catherine, Wayne Hubert, and Stanley Anderson. "Effects of Land Use Activities on the North Fork of the Flathead River Basin within Glacier National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 10 (January 1, 1986): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1986.2551.

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At least 56 external threats which endanger the ecology of Glacier National Park (GNP) have been identified (National Park Service 1980). And while this is a park wide situation, Park managers have identified the North Fork Basin of the Flathead River as a region that is particularly sensitive to external land use activities, and as a unique unit within the Park. This area possesses substantial wilderness features (solitude, primitiveness), and provides habitat for threatened and endangered species such as the grizzly bear, gray wolf, and bald eagle, as well as other species of special interest like the westslope cutthroat and bull trout. We proposed a problem solving analysis to develop a cause and effect model for evaluating the impacts of external land use activities on the North Fork system within GNP. The cause and effect model would provide a qualitative assessment of the impacts on the natural resources of the Park, as well as on recreational quality. The specific objectives of this project were: 1. Identify the problem that exists in the North Fork region; 2. Identify the causes and effects of the environmental problem; 3. Identify tasks to help solve the problem; and 4. Provide a methodology which could be used to help organize and solve problems that the involved agencies might encounter.
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Gortner, Willis A. "Evidence for a Prehistoric Petroglyph Trail Map in the Sierra Nevada." North American Archaeologist 9, no. 2 (October 1988): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5gdu-1c21-5t63-1vdf.

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A single petroglyph site in the North-Central Sierra Nevada in the upper watershed of the North Fork of the American River has a unique glyph with meandering and connecting wavy lines that are now proposed as trail maps. A tracing of this glyph was made from a photograph, and this was then placed with the same compass alignment on a topographic map showing all petrographic sites along the North Fork watershed. The ability to superimpose and accurately orient the glyph tracing over a map of these petroglyph sites, and the presence of petroglyphs on seventy-seven individual rock outcroppings mostly within 50 m of the presumed trails, support the trail map interpretation of this rock carving. It is suggested that a hunt shaman may have incised this glyph for ritualistic use.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "North Fork Skokomish River"

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Peters, Gregory Merrill Deschaine. "Forever wild journeys through the North Fork /." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12292009-115313.

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Pitt, Amber L. "Reassessment of the turtle community in the North Fork of White River, Ozark County, Missouri." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011020.

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Cook, Nathan A. "Status of anthropogenically-isolated populations of Colorado River cutthroat trout in the upper North Fork Little Snake River Drainage, Wyoming." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939182141&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Meadows, Tim. "Forecasting long-term sediment yield from the upper North Fork Toutle River, Mount St. Helens, USA." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27800/.

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The Toutle-Cowlitz River system experienced dramatic landscape disturbance during the catastrophic eruption of Mount St Helens on May 18, 1980. The eruption was triggered by a 2.5 km3 debris avalanche which buried the upper 60 km2 of the North Fork Toutle River catchment to an average depth of 45 m and obliterated the surface drainage network. Subsequent channel response on the debris avalanche, dominated by incision and widening, has delivered significant quantities of sediment to downstream reaches where resultant deposition has reduced channel capacity and heightened flood risk. Estimates of future sediment yield from the upper North Fork Toutle River are therefore required to inform development of sustainable options for long-term flood risk mitigation. Previous estimates have been based on extrapolation of post-eruption trends in sediment yield and channel network evolution, but the divergent predictions reported in a number of studies have clouded effective decision-making regarding long-term sediment management. This study therefore uses a numerical, landscape evolution model (CAESAR-Lisflood) to make long-term forecasts of sediment yield based on process simulation rather than extrapolation. A suite of forecasts of cumulative catchment sediment yields up to 2100 are produced using scenario-based model runs designed to account for uncertainty associated with the hydrological impacts of climate change and the model coefficient for lateral mobility. The forecasts fall in a narrow band +/-20% of the mean that lies between two previous estimates derived from the extrapolation of post-eruption trends. Importantly, predicted trends in future annual sediment yield are predominantly linear, although some limited decay is evident for runs in which modelled channel lateral mobility is lower. Sustained sediment production in the upper North Fork Toutle River is found to result from persistent bank erosion and channel widening. These findings cast doubt on the applicability of negative exponential decay functions based on the rate law to characterise post-disturbance sediment yield when lateral rather than vertical adjustments dominate channel evolution. Moreover, forecast trends in future sediment yield suggest that it may not be possible to manage future sediment-related flood risk along the lower Cowlitz solely by retaining sediment in the upper North Fork Toutle River catchment.
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Rogers, Jennifer J. "Assessment of Mussel Declines in the Clinch and North Fork Holston Rivers Using Histological Evaluations of Vital Organs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/63925.

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The Clinch River (CR) and North Fork Holston River (NFHR) contain some of the most diverse freshwater mussel assemblages in the United States; however, both rivers are experiencing declines in mussel populations. The first component of this study used histological evaluations and water quality data to determine whether mussels were negatively impacted in the CR zone of decline (ZD) and to inform future management of freshwater mussels in the river. In the 91 kilometer (km) section from Carbo, Virginia (CRKM 431) downstream to Speers Ferry, Virginia (CRKM 340), referred to as the ZD, mussel density decreased >90% from 1979 to 2014 at key sites such as Semones Island (CRKM 378.3) and Pendleton Island (CRKM 364.2). Laboratory propagated mussels were placed in cages in the river for one year from June 2012 to May 2013 at four sites within the ZD and four sites in reaches where mussel populations remain stable or are increasing, a zone of stability (ZS). The survival, growth and histological results indicated that there are continuing impacts to mussels in the ZD. Research investigating impacts to the ZD and methods to improve water quality in this zone are needed. The laboratory component of this study examined sublethal effects of potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and un-ionized ammonia (NH3-N) on mussel tissues at concentrations relevant to those found in the NFHR. Historical industrial activities at Saltville, Virginia, as well as continued pollution of the NFHR from chemical waste ponds at this location, are believed to be significant contributors to mussel declines. Contaminant seepages from the waste ponds that include Cl-, K+, and NH3-N have been shown to be toxic to adult and juvenile mussels. A three-month laboratory study was conducted to assess impacts to organ tissues (gills, digestive glands, kidneys, and gonads) of adult Villosa iris exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of K+ (4 and 8 mg/L), Cl- (230 and 705 mg/L), and NH3-N (0.014 and 0.15 mg/L) using histological evaluations. No detectable differences were observed among the histological endpoints from mussels held in treatments and control (p>0.05). The study design was modified and repeated using increased concentrations of K+ (8, 16, and 32 mg/L) and Cl- (705, 1410, and 2820 mg/L) for a two-month exposure period. Due to issues with maintaining NH3-N in mussel holding chambers, the second study did not the second study did not include NH3-N exposures. Control mussels in both studies had a higher abundance of lipofuscin in kidneys and degraded cytoplasm in the digestive gland diverticula compared to baseline mussels, indicating that captivity influenced mussel tissues. Future studies are needed to more thoroughly address these captivity effects. Both survival and histological data in the second test showed a significant negative effect of the increased concentrations of Cl- and K+, which were representative of those found at some sites in the NFHR downstream of Saltville, Virginia.
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Van, Horne Rachel. "Genetic Status of Isolated Populations of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus) in the North Fork Little Snake River Drainage, Wyoming." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1347.

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Accidental conservation isolation characterizes a situation when a barrier created for a non-conservation purpose happens to fragment a population that now holds conservation value. This study established baseline genetic structure for the isolated populations of Colorado River cutthroat trout in the North Fork Little Snake River drainage, Wyoming. In many cases of accidental isolation, the populations above the barriers have limited habitat and small population sizes that make them vulnerable to extinction and may hold evolutionary value to the species as a whole. All the isolated populations in the drainage currently have high genetic differentiation among tributaries, low genetic diversity within each tributary, a suggestion of isolation by distance, and effective population sizes that are below the recommendation for long- term persistence. This structure represents natural and anthropogenic influences, but the presence of the human-constructed barriers in the headwater tributaries puts the larger core conservation group at risk into the future. Although the genetic diversities within the populations are low, the high genetic differentiations among populations suggest that each population may have its own unique contribution to the evolutionary value to the drainage as a whole and each is important to conserve into the future.
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Kitchel, Helen Elise. "Life history of the endangered shiny pigtoe pearly mussel, Fusconaia edgariana, in the North Fork Holston River, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45730.

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The life history of Fusconaia edgariana, the endangered shiny pigtoe pearly mussel, was determined in a two-year study at North Holston Ford, North Fork Holston River (NEHRM 86.9) above Saltville, Virginia. Sixty 0.5m² Quadrats indicated a mean density of 10.6 mussels/m², representing 1 species. Six additional species were collect handpicking or in muskrat middens. The density edgariana was 1 adult/2 m². Distribution of the pigtoe was restricted to shallow areas of mixed gravel, and pebble substrate in low to moderate velocities. Drift nets (130um mesh) indicated glochidia edgariana were released into the water column from 23 June to 18 August, 1981 and 24 June to 28 August, 1982. Of the 4,800 fish examined from June 1981 to June 1982, 1.5% carried shiny pigtoe glochidia. The telescope, common, warpaint, and whitetail shiners were found naturally encysted by 1 to 3 glochidia of F. edgariana. Laboratory induced infestations were conducted on twenty two species of fish, and all but two species sloughed the glochidia within 4 to 14 days. The whitetail and common shiners retained glochidia for 38 days, indicating these two fish species to be probable hosts for the shiny pigtoe.
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Singh, Bibek B. "Sector-Targeting for Controlling Nutrient Loadings: A Case Study of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River Watershed." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44021.

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The main purpose of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) is to achieve a water quality standard. The economic costs of reducing nutrient loadings are often not taken into account during development. In this study, sector targeting is used to minimize the total cost of nutrient reduction by targeting sectors with lower costs per unit of pollution reduction. This study focuses on targeting nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading reductions from three sectors: agricultural, point source, and urban non-point source, in the North Fork watershed. Linear programming optimization models were created to determine an optimal solution that minimized total compliance cost to implement BMPs subject to targeted loading reductions in N and P in the watershed. The optimal solution for each sector using uniform allocation and sector targeting were compared for N and P loading reductions separately and N and P reductions simultaneously. The difference between sector targeting and uniform allocation showed the sector targeting was the more cost effective approach to achieve the desired nutrient reduction compared to uniform allocation. From the agricultural sector, cropland and hayland buffers provided the best options for reducing both N and P. Urban BMPs are least efficient in term of nutrient reduction and cost. Similarly, for point source upgrade, Broadway has the lowest cost of upgrade per unit of N or P reduction. This study implies that both stakeholders and policymakers can use targeting to achieve nutrient reduction goals at lower costs. The policymakers can incorporate economic considerations in the TMDL planning process which can help in developing a cost-effective tributary strategy and cost-share program.
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Burk, Neil I. "Geochemistry of Ground Water - Surface Water Interactions and Metals Loading Rates in the North Fork of the American Fork River, Utah, from an Abandoned Silver/Lead Mine." DigitalCommons@USU, 2004. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6735.

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The aqueous geochemistry and hydrology of the North Fork of the American Fork River, its tributaries, and the ground water in the vicinity of the Pacific Mine site were investigated in order to determine what impact ground water entering the North Fork has on toxic metal loads in the river. Toxic metal contamination in the North Fork is great enough that brown and cutthroat trout have absorbed lead, cadmium, and arsenic in their tissues at concentrations that are hazardous to human health if consumed. Ground water that flows through the mine site flows directly through the mine tailings before entering the North Fork, which produces an acidic ground water plume that has high concentrations of toxic metals. Together, the surface water discharge results and toxic metals concentrations from the surface and ground waters were used to determine toxic metals loading rates in the North Fork and its tributaries. The results suggest that the dissolved toxic metals (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) enter the North Fork when the river is gaining water from the ground water. However, the total toxic metal load generally decreases through the reach of river adjacent to the mine site and is significantly greater than the dissolved load. Cadmium and Mn travel as dissolved species while Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn travel as suspended solids in the North Fork and its tributaries. Arsenic seems to be associated with both the suspended solids and travel in the dissolved state. The geochemical modeling program PHREEQC and the diffuse double layer surface complexation model were used to investigate the chemistry that controls toxic metal mobility and attenuation in the surface and ground waters at the mine site. Based on PHREEQC results, the most important reaction in these waters is the precipitation of hydrous fe1Tic oxide. The toxic metals that sorb to the hydrous ferric oxide are Cu, Pb, most importantly Zn, and to a lesser degree As.
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Henley, William F. "Recovery status and chemosensory cues affecting reproduction of freshwater mussles in the North Fork Holston River downstream of Saltville, Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09182008-063340/.

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Books on the topic "North Fork Skokomish River"

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Chaney, Ed. Estimated economic damage to the Skokomish Indian tribe from unregulated construction and operation of the City of Tacoma's Cushman hydroelectric project, 1926-1997. Eagle, Idaho: Chinook Northwest, 1998.

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Roberts, Mike. North Fork Blackfoot River hydrologic study. Helena, Mont: Montana Dept. of Natural Resources and Conservation, 2001.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Prineville District. North Fork Crooked River environmental assessment. Prineville, OR: Bureau of Land Management, Prineville District, 1992.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Malheur Resource Area. North Fork Malheur study river: Eligibility study report. Vale, Or: Bureau of Land Management, 1992.

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North Carolina. Division of Environmental Management. Water Quality Section. New River basinwide water quality management plan: (including the South Fork, North Fork and Little River watersheds). Raleigh, NC: The Section, 1995.

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Office, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest (Agency) Whitman Unit Unity. Final environmental impact statement, North Fork Burnt River mining. Baker City, OR: USDA Forest Service, 2004.

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Wallowa-Whitman National Forest (Or.). Whitman Unit. Unity Office. North Fork Burnt River mining, final environmental impact statement. Baker City, OR: USDA Forest Service, 2004.

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Henderson, Robert D. Lower North Fork Clearwater River subbasin assessment and TMDL. Lewiston, Idaho: Lewiston Regional Office, Idaho Dept. of Environmental Quality, 2002.

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Krstolic, Jennifer L. Water-quality synoptic sampling, July 1999: North Fork Shenandoah River, Virginia. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior,, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Krstolic, Jennifer L. Water-quality synoptic sampling, July 1999: North Fork Shenandoah River, Virginia. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior,, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "North Fork Skokomish River"

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Wohl, Ellen. "Altering the River’s Pulse: North Fork Poudre River, Colorado." In Transient Landscapes: Insights on a Changing Planet, 157–61. University Press of Colorado, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5876/9781607323693.c035.

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Rathburn, Sara L., David M. Merritt, Ellen E. Wohl, John S. Sanderson, and Heather A. L. Knight. "Characterizing environmental flows for maintenance of river ecosystems: North Fork Cache la Poudre River, Colorado." In Management and Restoration of Fluvial Systems with Broad Historical Changes and Human Impacts. Geological Society of America, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2451(10).

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"Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems." In Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems, edited by Dustin R. Hinson, Cleveland R. Steward, Shannon E. Wills, Tobias J. Kock, Michael A. Kritter, Theresa L. Liedtke, and Dennis W. Rondorf. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874011.ch24.

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<em>Abstract</em>—The North Fork Toutle River drains the northwest face of Mount St. Helens to the Cowlitz River, a major tributary of the Columbia River in southwestern Washington. In response to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a sediment retention structure (SRS) in the North Fork Toutle River watershed to reduce the transport of fine sediment to the lower Cowlitz and Columbia River systems. The SRS was built without fish passage facilities and currently presents a significant barrier to migrating adult salmonids. To facilitate passage of coho salmon <em>Oncorhynchus kisutch </em>and steelhead <em>O. mykiss </em>to the upper watershed, a fish collection facility (FCF) was constructed 1.5 km downstream of the SRS, where fish are currently captured and transported to tributaries upstream of the SRS. We used radio telemetry to evaluate the movement of adult coho salmon and steelhead in the North Fork Toutle River in 2005 and 2006. A total of 40 coho and 42 steelhead were released from four different release sites in varied proportions. Release sites included the FCF, the SRS, and Alder Creek and Hoffstadt Creek, both North Fork Toutle River tributaries upstream of the SRS. Results from this research effort suggest that (1) unlike adult coho, adult steelhead are able to ascend the SRS spillway; (2) upstream adult coho and steelhead passage through the sediment plain is possible but may be flow-dependent; (3) adult coho and steelhead released in Alder Creek and Hoffstadt Creek tend to remain within their respective release tributary; and (4) postspawn steelhead emigration is limited. Future research is required to adequately address factors that influence movement of adult coho and steelhead in the upper North Fork Toutle River. The information resulting from this collaborative effort is enabling natural resource managers to determine whether the SRS spillway is a barrier to anadromous fish, to refine existing trap and haul operations, or, if appropriate, to consider modifying the spillway to enable volitional passage by upstream-migrating fish.
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"Black Bass Diversity: Multidisciplinary Science for Conservation." In Black Bass Diversity: Multidisciplinary Science for Conservation, edited by B. Paul Fleming, Gary P. Garrett, and Nathan G. Smith. American Fisheries Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874400.ch40.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—Interspecific hybridization among micropterids was once thought to be rare but has been documented in several cases of North American endemics. Introduction of the nonnative Smallmouth Bass <em>Micropterus dolomieu</em> across Texas has threatened to eliminate the Guadalupe Bass <em>M. treculii </em>genome throughout its native range via introgression between the species. In 1992, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department began a stocking program in the Guadalupe River watershed to restore the genetic integrity of the local population. More than 600,000 hatchery-reared Guadalupe Bass fingerlings (~30 mm total length) were stocked in Johnson Creek over a 19-year period, and 360,000 fish were released in the North Fork, South Fork, and main-stem Guadalupe River over a 5-year period. Annual genetic monitoring indicated that hybridization significantly declined in all stream segments (<EM>P</EM> < 0.001) during the period of time when stocking occurred. Initially high hybridization rates (range, 20–100%; mean = 43.4%) were reduced to 0–24.2% (mean = 11.4%) at the termination of stocking. Linear regression indicated that hybridization in the North Fork and main-stem stream segments declined faster (9.0% per year) than all other test stream segments, whereas the South Fork Guadalupe River and upper Johnson Creek declined at 0.9% per year and lower Johnson Creek declined at 1.9% per year. Our data show that supplemental stocking is an effective approach to genetic restoration of compromised populations and should be considered as a viable management and conservation tool.
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"Status, Distribution, and Conservation of Native Freshwater Fishes of Western North America." In Status, Distribution, and Conservation of Native Freshwater Fishes of Western North America, edited by Christopher W. Claire, Timothy G. Cochnauer, and George W. LaBar. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569896.ch15.

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ABSTRACT The Pacific lamprey <em>Lampetra tridentata</em> is a native Snake River basin fish species occupying a unique ecological niche. The recent decline in numbers of returning Pacific lamprey adults to the Snake River basin has focused attention on the species. In 2000–2002, we employed electrofishing surveys to determine habitat utilization and distribution of Pacific lamprey ammocoetes in Red River, South Fork Clearwater River drainage, Idaho. Ammocoete average densities were 25.7/100 m<sup>2</sup> in scour pools, 4.4/100 m<sup>2</sup> in riffles, 2.1/100 m<sup>2</sup> in rapids, and 253.3/100 m<sup>2</sup> in the one alcove sampled. Ammocoetes were found in water depths ranging from 1.0 cm to 1.0 m; however, the two greatest densities were observed in habitat units with maximum depths greater than 0.50 m. Pacific lamprey ammocoete density decreased with increased velocity and coarse substrate, and increased with fine and medium substrates and riparian shade.
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"Biology, Management, and Protection of North American Sturgeon." In Biology, Management, and Protection of North American Sturgeon, edited by Stuart A. Welsh, Sheila M. Eyler, Michael F. Mangold, and Albert J. Spells. American Fisheries Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569360.ch15.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Little information exists on temporal and spatial distributions of wild and hatch-ery-reared Atlantic sturgeon <em>Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus</em> in the Chesapeake Bay. Approximately 3,300 hatchery-reared Atlantic sturgeon comprised of two size groups were released into the Nanticoke River, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, on 8 July 1996. During January 1996–May 2000, 1099 Atlantic sturgeon were captured incidentally (i.e., bycatch) by commercial watermen in the Chesapeake Bay, including 420 hatchery-reared individuals. Wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic sturgeon were captured primarily in pound nets and gill nets. Biologists tagged each fish and recorded weight, length, and location of capture. Although two adults greater than 2000 mm fork length (FL) were captured in Maryland waters, wild sturgeon were primarily juveniles from Maryland and Virginia waters (415 and 259 individuals below 1000 mm FL, respectively). A growth rate of 0.565 mm/d (<EM>N </EM>= 15, SE = 0.081) was estimated for wild individuals (487–944 mm TL at release) at liberty from 30 to 622 d. The average growth of the group of hatchery-reared Atlantic sturgeon raised at 10°C exceeded that of the group raised at 17°C. Our distributional data based on capture locations are biased by fishery dependence and gear selectivity. These data are informative to managers, however, because commercial effort is widely distributed in the Chesapeake Bay, and little distributional data were available before this study.
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"Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America." In Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America, edited by Abel F. Brumo, Leo Grandmontagne, Steven N. Namitz, and Douglas F. Markle. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874134.ch12.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—We evaluated two methods for assessing Pacific lamprey <em>Lampetra tridentata</em> spawning populations (visual counts of spawning adults and redds) and one method for assessing larval production (emergent ammocoete counts from drift nets) in the South Fork Coquille River, Oregon in 2004 and 2005. All three methods generally provided similar portrayals of timing, duration, and magnitude of spawning, including greater abundance in 2004 and seasonally bimodal spawning in 2005. We found a linear relationship between adult and redd counts but a high redd to adult ratio that varied seasonally in both years. The high redd to adult ratio can be attributed to short residence time in spawning areas and temperature or habitat-dependent differences in detection of adults, both of which can undermine adult count data. Redds had relatively longer persistence and larger numbers compared to adults and therefore may be a more practical survey method, but variable redd shape, size, and age, as well as superimposition, presented significant counting errors. Both adult and redd counts had no clear-cut way to quantify errors. Sampling emergent ammocoetes in the drift allowed detection of low density early and late season spawning and would be the preferred survey method when surveys of spawning adults and redds are impractical due to river size, visibility, or access. Even when spawning surveys are practical, emergent ammocoete counts may be better for detecting and monitoring small populations. Disadvantages of ammocoete sampling include nighttime work hours, extra laboratory time, and difficulties with species identification. The general absence of a stock–recruit relationship in lampreys means adult and redd counts are poor predictors of ammocoete production and emergent ammocoete abundance is a poor predictor of spawning abundance. The relationship breaks down because of variability in early survival, which is best detected using data from both spawning surveys and larval drift samples.
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"Managing Centrarchid Fisheries in Rivers and Streams." In Managing Centrarchid Fisheries in Rivers and Streams, edited by B. Paul Fleming and Nathan G. Smith. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874523.ch13.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—We reexamined a local population of Guadalupe Bass <em>Micropterus treculii </em>after cessation of a stocking program that significantly reduced the number of individuals that were hybridized with Smallmouth Bass <em>M. dolomie</em> u. Analysis of five years of post-stocking fish collection data show that the percentage of hybrids has increased in all four study sections of the upper Guadalupe River since stocking stopped. We found that hybridization had increased from 0.0% to 9.9% in Johnson Creek, 19.8% to 28.8% in North Fork Guadalupe River, 5.6% to 12.0% in South Fork Guadalupe River, and 24.2% to 26.5% in Guadalupe River main stem sections. This represents an average increase of 6.8% for all streams combined (range = 2.2–9.9%) from the last year of stocking. We also examined hybridization levels in individual stream fragments created by instream barriers (<em>n </em>= 76) to assess spatial variability along tributary and main stem corridors. Although hybridization appears to be increasing on a stream-wide basis, finer scale analysis show that hybrid distribution was spatially complex and there was a substantial portion of the study area with little or no hybridization. There were gradients of decreasing hybridization in an upstream direction in each of the tributaries and marked break points upstream of which hybridization was considerably lower (<10%). We also found that hybridization was highly variable among individual stream fragments (range 0%–71.4%) including those immediately adjacent to one another. These findings suggest that instream barriers may restrict genetic mixing throughout the system and contribute to partial isolation of populations within stream fragments. As such, further targeted intervention efforts are likely necessary to further reduce hybridization in fragments that still contain high proportions of hybrids. The patchy distribution that we observed may be a critical component to consider in assessment and restoration efforts; not only for Guadalupe Bass but also in other endemic black basses threatened by hybridization.
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"Anadromous Sturgeons: Habitats, Threats, and Management." In Anadromous Sturgeons: Habitats, Threats, and Management, edited by Nathaniel Corey Oakley and Joseph E. Hightower. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569919.ch15.

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Abstract. – Shortnose sturgeon <em>Acipenser brevirostrum</em> historically occurred in most major Atlantic Coast rivers from Saint Johns River, New Brunswick, Canada to St. John’s River, Florida. However, there are few records of shortnose sturgeon occurrences within North Carolina and none from the Neuse River. We conducted a 2-year intensive gill-net survey, following the National Marine Fisheries Service sampling protocol, and a reward program in order to determine their population status within the Neuse River. No shortnose sturgeon were observed, although 10 juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (506–992 mm fork length) were encountered. Habitat surveys of the lower Neuse River, where shortnose sturgeon would be expected to occur during summer, showed that bottom waters were severely hypoxic during June–September of 2001–2002. A juvenile Atlantic sturgeon tagged with an ultrasonic transmitter moved upstream of the unsuitable summer habitat and remained in a restricted area until late fall, when water quality improved due to increased flows and lower temperatures. We developed logistic regression models of watershed and river characteristics based on 36 Atlantic Coast rivers with a known presence or absence of shortnose sturgeon. Model predictions suggest that the Neuse River should contain a population of shortnose sturgeon based on the amount of physical habitat. We hypothesize that shortnose sturgeon have been extirpated from the Neuse River due to a lack of suitable summer habitat. Population recovery may be impossible until habitat quality can be improved.
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"Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy." In Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy, edited by Michael K. Young, Kevin S. McKelvey, Tara Jennings, Katie Carter, Richard Cronn, Ernest R. Keeley, Janet L. Loxterman, Kristine L. Pilgrim, and Michael K. Schwartz. American Fisheries Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874509.ch11.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—Identifying units of conservation of aquatic species is fundamental to informed natural resources science and management. We used a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear molecular methods to identify potential units of conservation of Westslope Cutthroat Trout <em>Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi</em>, a taxon native to montane river basins of the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada. Mitogenomic sequencing identified two major lineages composed of nine monophyletic clades, and a well-supported subclade within one of these, largely delineated by river basins. Analyses of microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms corroborated most of these groupings, sometimes with less resolution but demonstrating more complex connections among clades. The mitochondrial and nuclear analyses revealed that Pleistocene glacial cycles profoundly influenced the distribution and divergence of Westslope Cutthroat Trout, that this taxon crossed the Continental Divide in two separate events, and that genetically pure but nonindigenous fish were widely distributed. Herein, we recognize nine geographically discrete, cytonuclear lineages largely circumscribed by major river basins as potential units of conservation: (1) John Day; (2) Coeur d’Alene; (3) St. Joe; (4) North Fork Clearwater; (5) Salmon; (6) Clearwater headwaters; (7) Clearwater–eastern Cascades; (8) neoboreal, consisting of most of the Columbia upstream from central Washington, the Fraser in British Columbia, and the South Saskatchewan in Alberta; and (9) Missouri.
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Conference papers on the topic "North Fork Skokomish River"

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Alica J Ketchem. "Treating Abandoned Mine Lands in the North Fork Powell River Watershed." In 2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21 - June 24, 2009. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27089.

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Devine, Parker, and Kristin E. Sweeney. "MEASURING POST-ERUPTION EVOLUTION OF THE NORTH FORK TOUTLE RIVER, WASHINGTON FROM HISTORICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-298233.

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Baker, Anna, and Faith Fitzpatrick. "TRACKING SEDIMENT FROM SOURCE TO SINK: SEDIMENT FINGERPRINTING AS A TOOL TO GUIDE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE LITTLE FORK RIVER." In 54th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020nc-348076.

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Gerik, Ashley M., Dalton R. Breeding, Derek L. Spurgeon, and Matthew P. McKay. "A TRAVERSE GEOLOGIC MAP IN THE GLACIER PEAK WILDERNESS: FROM NORTH FORK SAUK RIVER TO GLACIER GAP." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-308615.

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Wisehart, Susan M. "AN ANALYSIS OF RADIOCARBON SAMPLING METHODS ON LANDSLIDES IN THE NORTH FORK STILLAGUAMISH RIVER VALLEY, WASHINGTON, USA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-307098.

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Mitchell, Robert J., Kyra M. Freeman, and John R. Yearsley. "MODELING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGY AND STREAM TEMPERATURE IN THE NORTH FORK OF THE STILLAGUAMISH RIVER BASIN." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323143.

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Freeman, Kyra M., Robert J. Mitchell, and John R. Yearsley. "CALIBRATION OF A HYDROLOGIC AND STREAM TEMPERATURE MODEL TO THE NORTH FORK OF THE STILLAGUAMISH RIVER FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306102.

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Reports on the topic "North Fork Skokomish River"

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Fischer, Steve, and Patrick McCarty. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: North Fork Skokomish Powerhouse at Cushman No. 2 Dam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095018.

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Stubblefield, Robert. North Fork John Day River Watershed Program : FY 1998 Habitat Projects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/773342.

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Collazzi, E. J., and R. R. W. Ireland. Hydrologic reconnaissance of the north fork Kuskokwim River Basin, Alaska, 1983-84. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1120.

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Collazzi, E. J., and R. R. W. Ireland. Hydrologic reconnaissance of the north fork Kuskokwim River Basin, Alaska, 1983-84. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/2431.

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Macy, Tom L., and Gary A. James. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation North Fork John Day River Basin Anadromous Fish Enhancement Project, Annual Report for FY 2000. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877177.

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Macy, Tom L., and Gary A. James. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation North Fork John Day River Basin Anadromous Fish Enhancement Project, Annual Report for FY 2001. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877178.

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Watershed characterization for precipitation-runoff modeling system, north fork, American River and east fork, Carson River watersheds, California. US Geological Survey, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ha734.

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Surface water-quality characteristics in the upper North Fork Gunnison River basin, Colorado. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri864152.

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Physical Habitat Characteristics on the North Fork Shenandoah River, VA in 2002-2003. US Geological Survey, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/70046258.

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Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the North Fork Gunnison River basin, southwestern Colorado. US Geological Survey, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri854230.

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