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Journal articles on the topic 'North Fork Skokomish River'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Lansing, J. Stephen, Philip S. Lansing, and Juliet S. Erazo. "The Value of a River." Journal of Political Ecology 5, no. 1 (December 1, 1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v5i1.21395.

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The Skokomish river was once the most productive salmon river in Puget Sound, but since 1926 the North Fork Skokomish has been diverted for hydropower. The Skokomish tribe has fought unsuccessfully to restore natural ﬂows. At issue is the “non-market value” of the river’s biological productivity. The value of the river as “natural capital” for the tribe is analyzed from an historical, ethnographic, and ecological perspective.Keywords: non-market values, natural capital, salmon, Paciﬁc Northwest, Skokomish, riverine ecology, ecosystem management.

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2

Smith, Gerald R., David R. Montgomery, N. Phil Peterson, and Bruce Crowley. "Spawning sockeye salmon fossils in Pleistocene lake beds of Skokomish Valley, Washington." Quaternary Research 68, no. 2 (September 2007): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.03.007.

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AbstractAn assemblage of fossil sockeye salmon was discovered in Pleistocene lake sediments along the South Fork Skokomish River, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The fossils were abundant near the head of a former glacial lake at 115 m elevation. Large adult salmon are concentrated in a sequence of death assemblages that include individuals with enlarged breeding teeth and worn caudal fins indicating migration, nest digging, and spawning prior to death. The specimens were 4 yr old and 45–70 cm in total length, similar in size to modern sockeye salmon, not landlocked kokanee. The fossils possess most of the characteristics of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, but with several minor traits suggestive of pink salmon, O. gorbuscha. This suggests the degree of divergence of these species at about 1 million yr ago, when geological evidence indicates the salmon were deposited at the head of a proglacial lake impounded by the Salmon Springs advance of the Puget lobe ice sheet. Surficial geology and topography record a complicated history of glacial damming and river diversion that implies incision of the modern gorge of the South Fork Skokomish River after deposition of the fossil-bearing sediments.

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3

Jaquette, Christopher, Ellen Wohl, and David Cooper. "Establishing a Context for River Rehabilitation, North Fork Gunnison River, Colorado." Environmental Management 35, no. 5 (April 4, 2005): 593–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0101-2.

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4

Jones, Jess W., and Richard J. Neves. "Freshwater Mussel Status: Upper North Fork Holston River, Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[471:fmsunf]2.0.co;2.

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5

LOUGHMAN, ZACHARY J., SUJAN M. HENKANATHTHEGEDARA, JAMES W. FETZNER JR., and ROGER F. THOMA. "A case of Appalachian endemism: Revision of the Cambarus robustus complex (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in the Kentucky and Licking River basins of Kentucky, USA, with the description of three new species." Zootaxa 4269, no. 4 (May 24, 2017): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4269.4.4.

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The amazing levels of freshwater biodiversity found in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States are among the highest recorded globally. Localized endemics make up much of this diversity, with numerous fish, freshwater mussels, salamanders and crayfish often being restricted to a single watershed, and in some instances, subwatersheds. Much of this diversity is the product of the processes of vicariance and historical stream drainage patterns. Herein, we describe three new crayfish species, all previously members of the Cambarus robustus complex, which occur in the Appalachian portion of the Kentucky and Licking river basins in Kentucky, USA. All three species differ from each other morphologically, genetically, and zoogeographically, fulfilling the requirements of the integrated species concept. Cambarus guenteri occurs in the southern tributaries of the Kentucky River mainstem as well as throughout the South Fork Kentucky River. Cambarus taylori is a narrow endemic, which only occurs in the Middle Fork Kentucky River. Cambarus hazardi, which has the widest distribution of the three new species, occurs in the North Fork Kentucky River, Red River, and upper reaches of the Licking River basin. Stream piracy events between the Cumberland and South Fork Kentucky River, as well as the Licking, Red and North Fork Kentucky rivers, are theorized to be important in the evolution of this complex. Cambarus guenteri is proposed as currently stable, though both C. taylori and C. hazardi are considered imperiled at this time due to habitat destruction throughout both of their respective ranges.

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6

Ray, JackH. "Geoarchaeological Investigations in the Upper North Fork River Valley in Southern Missouri." Plains Anthropologist 54, no. 210 (January 2009): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pan.2009.54.210.005.

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7

Marcum, C., Daniel Pletscher, John Weigand, and Bruce McLellan. "Gray Wolf Prey Base Ecology in the North Fork Flathead River Drainage." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 13 (January 1, 1989): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1989.2829.

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The overall objective of this research is to study gray wolf (Canis lupus) ungulate interrelationships in a multi-prey system. This study will focus on elk (Cervus elaphus); others will focus on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virqinianus) and moose (Alces alces). The study is being conducted in the North Fork of the Flathead River drainage, in Montana and British Columbia, Canada. Work will be concentrated on the western side of Glacier National Park, the main area of wolf recovery.

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8

Lachmar, Thomas E., Neil I. Burk, and Peter T. Kolesar. "Groundwater Contribution of Metals from an Abandoned Mine to The North Fork of The American Fork River, Utah." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 173, no. 1-4 (May 3, 2006): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-9031-8.

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9

Raley, Catherine, Wayne Hubert, and Stanley Anderson. "Effects of Land Use Activities on the North Fork of the Flathead River Basin within Glacier National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 10 (January 1, 1986): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1986.2551.

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At least 56 external threats which endanger the ecology of Glacier National Park (GNP) have been identified (National Park Service 1980). And while this is a park wide situation, Park managers have identified the North Fork Basin of the Flathead River as a region that is particularly sensitive to external land use activities, and as a unique unit within the Park. This area possesses substantial wilderness features (solitude, primitiveness), and provides habitat for threatened and endangered species such as the grizzly bear, gray wolf, and bald eagle, as well as other species of special interest like the westslope cutthroat and bull trout. We proposed a problem solving analysis to develop a cause and effect model for evaluating the impacts of external land use activities on the North Fork system within GNP. The cause and effect model would provide a qualitative assessment of the impacts on the natural resources of the Park, as well as on recreational quality. The specific objectives of this project were: 1. Identify the problem that exists in the North Fork region; 2. Identify the causes and effects of the environmental problem; 3. Identify tasks to help solve the problem; and 4. Provide a methodology which could be used to help organize and solve problems that the involved agencies might encounter.

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10

Gortner, Willis A. "Evidence for a Prehistoric Petroglyph Trail Map in the Sierra Nevada." North American Archaeologist 9, no. 2 (October 1988): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5gdu-1c21-5t63-1vdf.

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A single petroglyph site in the North-Central Sierra Nevada in the upper watershed of the North Fork of the American River has a unique glyph with meandering and connecting wavy lines that are now proposed as trail maps. A tracing of this glyph was made from a photograph, and this was then placed with the same compass alignment on a topographic map showing all petrographic sites along the North Fork watershed. The ability to superimpose and accurately orient the glyph tracing over a map of these petroglyph sites, and the presence of petroglyphs on seventy-seven individual rock outcroppings mostly within 50 m of the presumed trails, support the trail map interpretation of this rock carving. It is suggested that a hunt shaman may have incised this glyph for ritualistic use.

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11

Smith, Thomas. "Hikers Impact on the North Fork of the Virgin River, Zion National Park, Utah." American Midland Naturalist 161, no. 2 (April 2009): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-161.2.392.

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12

Marcum, C., Daniel Pletscher, and Michael Bureau. "Gray Wolf Prey Base Ecology in the North Fork of the Flathead River Drainage." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2873.

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The overall objective of this two-year investigation is to study gray wolf (Canis lupus): ungulate interrelationships in a multi-prey system. This study focuses on elk (Cervus elaphus), and is being conducted in the North Fork of the Flathead River drainage, in Montana and British Columbia, the main area of grey wolf recovery.We address questions that resource managers will be asked as wolf recovery occurs. From a National Park Service perspective, the results could be used to educate the public about the role of predation in natural systems. Glacier National Park has the opportunity to lead the way in conducting research on this keystone predator and its prey, and to demonstrate the role biosphere reserves can play in ecological research. Information that will be important for future informed resource management is being gathered. Management of public lands might require a balance accommodation between wolves, their prey, and sport hunting, along with other forms of recreation. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks needs information on the impacts of wolves on game populations in order to maintain numbers and recreational opportunities. As reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park is considered and debated, knowledge gained from this study will be helpful. Finally, this study can expand ecological knowledge of the role of a major predator on the prey population dynamics and interrelationships. To expand knowledge of the study area prey base available to wolves, these specific parameters will be addressed: 1. Age and cause-specific mortality of elk. 2. Seasonal distribution and key elk seasonal use areas. 3. Age, sex distribution/composition of the elk population. 4. Long-term elk abundance and distribution monitoring plan.

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13

Marcum, C., Daniel Pletscher, Michael Bureau, and John Weigand. "Gray Wolf Prey Base Ecology in the North Fork of the Flathead River Drainage." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 15 (January 1, 1991): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1991.2983.

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During the reporting period, major goals of this project were to monitor elk (Cervus elaphus) in the North Fork of the Flathead River Drainage for mortality, monitor seasonal distribution and determine key areas of use, establish a repeatable index of elk abundance, and determine age/sex composition. Two radio collared elk have died during the last six months. Both elk were killed in May by mountain lions (Felis concolor). This brings the mortality totals to seven elk killed by lions, two by wolves (Canis lupus), one by grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), and one by a hunter (n=34 radio-collared elk). Lions killed elk throughout the age distribution. Wolves took a calf and an old elk. The hunter killed a prime-aged elk, while the grizzly killed a 16-year-old elk.

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14

PERKINS, MICHAEL A., BRONWYN W. WILLIAMS, and WILLIAM T. RUSS. "Cambarus franklini, a new crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Catawba River Basin in western North Carolina, USA." Zootaxa 4568, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4568.3.6.

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A new species of stream-dwelling crayfish, Cambarus franklini, the South Mountains crayfish, is described from the upper South Fork Catawba River basin in western North Carolina, USA using morphological and genetic data. Cambarus franklini was previously considered a member of the widespread and morphologically variable Cambarus species C complex and is morphologically most similar to an undiagnosed member of the group native to the upper Catawba River basin in NC. Cambarus franklini can be differentiated from this species group by several morphological characteristics including: lacking a well-defined double row of tubercles along the mesial margin of the palm, possessing a more weakly convergent and longer acumen, and conspicuous blue-green and red coloration, particularly throughout the telson and along the distal margins of the rami. This species is phylogenetically most similar to Cambarus johni, Cooper, 2006, another former member of the Cambarus species C group. Cambarus franklini has a limited geographic range (<100 km2) and is currently known only from the Henry and Jacob Fork watersheds in the South Mountains region of the Eastern Blue Ridge foothills.

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15

Zheng, S., C. R. Thorne, B. S. Wu, and S. S. Han. "Application of the Stream Evolution Model to a Volcanically Disturbed River: The North Fork Toutle River, Washington State, USA." River Research and Applications 33, no. 6 (March 16, 2017): 937–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.3142.

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16

Pitt, Amber L., and Max A. Nickerson. "Reassessment of the Turtle Community in the North Fork of White River, Ozark County, Missouri." Copeia 2012, no. 3 (September 20, 2012): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ce-10-172.

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17

Caires, Andrea M., Mark R. Vinson, and Anne M. D. Brasher. "Impacts of Hikers on Aquatic Invertebrates in the North Fork of the Virgin River, Utah." Southwestern Naturalist 55, no. 4 (December 2010): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/js-33.1.

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18

Hu, Xiaogang, and Wayne H. Pollard. "The Hydrologic Analysis and Modelling of River Icing Growth, North Fork Pass, Yukon Territory, Canada." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 8, no. 3 (September 1997): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(199709)8:3<279::aid-ppp260>3.0.co;2-7.

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19

Seal, Rebecca, and Chris Paola. "Observations of Downstream Fining on the North Fork Toutle River Near Mount St. Helens, Washington." Water Resources Research 31, no. 5 (May 1995): 1409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94wr02976.

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20

Stanczyk, Anna, Jeffrey Moore, Brendon Quirk, and Jessica Castleton. "Paradise from Cataclysm: Zion Canyon’s Sentinel Landslide." Geosites 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/geosites.v1i1.65.

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Zion Canyon hosts millions of visitors each year, yet few are aware of the massive prehistoric landslide that played an important role in shaping the iconic landscape. South of the Sand Bench trailhead and bridge, a large hill encroaches on the canyon bottom around which the North Fork Virgin River flows. North of the bridge, Zion Canyon’s fl at bottom stretches into the distance. The hill is part of an enormous rock avalanche deposit known as the Sentinel slide that is nearly 2 miles (3.2 km) long and more than 650 feet (200 m) thick. After failure, the Sentinel rock avalanche dammed the North Fork Virgin River creating a lake (known as Sentinel Lake) which persisted for approximately 700 years (Grater, 1945; Hamilton, 1976; Castleton and others, 2016). Over the course of the lake’s lifetime, sediment settled at the bottom of the lake to create thick deposits of mud, clay, and sand. Sediment eventually fi lled in the canyon bottom behind the landslide dam, and the lake ceased to exist. Th ese sediment layers are still visible today and are responsible for the remarkably fl at fl oor of upper Zion Canyon (Grater, 1945; Hamilton, 2014; Castleton and others, 2016).

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21

Schanz, Sarah A., David R. Montgomery, and Brian D. Collins. "Anthropogenic strath terrace formation caused by reduced sediment retention." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 18 (April 15, 2019): 8734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814627116.

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Across North America, human activities have been shown to cause river incision into unconsolidated alluvium. Human-caused erosion through bedrock, however, has only been observed in local and isolated outcrops. Here, we test whether splash-dam logging, which decreased in-stream alluvial cover by removing much of the alluvium-trapping wood, caused basin-wide bedrock river incision in a forested mountain catchment in Washington State. We date incision of the youngest of four strath terraces, using dendrochronology and radiocarbon, to between 1893 CE and 1937 CE in the Middle Fork Teanaway River and 1900 CE and 1970 CE in the West Fork Teanaway River, coincident with timber harvesting and splash damming in the basins. Other potential drivers of river incision lack a recognized mechanism to cause T1 incision or are not synchronous with T1 incision. Hence, the close temporal correspondence suggests that reduced sediment retention triggered by splash damming led to the observed 1.1 mm⋅y−1 to 23 mm⋅y−1 of bedrock river incision and reduction of the active floodplain to 20% and 53% of its preincision extent on the Middle and West Forks, respectively. The development of such anthropogenic bedrock terraces may be an emerging, globally widespread physiographic signature of the Anthropocene.

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22

Clausen, Eric. "Use of Wyoming Southern Bighorn Mountains Topographic Map Evidence to Test a Recently Proposed Regional Geomorphology Paradigm: USA." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n3p1.

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Detailed topographic maps covering a high elevation Bighorn-Powder River drainage divide segment in the southern Bighorn Mountains are used to test a recently proposed regional geomorphology paradigm. Fundamentally different from the commonly accepted paradigm the new paradigm predicts immense south-oriented continental ice sheet melt water floods once flowed across what is now the entire Missouri River drainage basin, in which the high Bighorn Mountains are located. Such a possibility is incompatible with commonly accepted paradigm expectations and previous investigators have interpreted Bighorn Mountains geomorphic history quite differently. The paradigm test began in the high glaciated Bighorn Mountains core area where numerous passes, or divide crossings, indicate multiple and sometimes closely spaced streams of water once flowed across what is now the Bighorn-Powder River drainage divide. To the south of the glaciated area, but still in a Precambrian bedrock region, the test found the roughly adjacent and parallel south-oriented North Fork Powder River and Canyon Creek headwaters located on opposite sides of the Bighorn-Powder River drainage divide with North Fork Powder River headwaters closely linked to a 300-meter deep pass through which south-oriented water had probably flowed. Shallower divide crossings located further to the south suggest diverging and converging streams of water once flowed not only across the Bighorn-Powder River drainage divide, but also across Powder River and Bighorn River tributary drainage divides. The paradigm test also found published geologic maps and reports showing the presence of possible flood transported and deposited alluvium. While unable to determine the water source, the new paradigm test did find evidence that large south-oriented floods had crossed what was probably a rising Bighorn Mountains mountain range.

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Zheng, Shan, Baosheng Wu, Colin R. Thorne, and Andrew Simon. "Morphological evolution of the North Fork Toutle River following the eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington." Geomorphology 208 (March 2014): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.11.018.

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24

Scaratos, P. D. "Computer modeling of fecal coliform contamination of an urban estuarine system." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0378.

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This study is focused on the investigation of the sources, distribution and fate of fecal coliform populations in the North Fork of the New River that flows through the City of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. The dynamics of this brackish river are driven by weak tides, regulated freshwater discharges, overland runoff, storm water drainage from sewers, and groundwater exchange. Extensive field studies failed to document any alleged source(s) of contamination, including birds, domesticated and undomesticated mammals, humans, septic tank leakage, urban runoff, non-point discharges from agricultural lands, waste disposal from live-aboard vessels and/or in situ re-growth of fecal coliform. In order to facilitate field sampling, and support the data analyses efforts, computer simulations were applied to assess the likelihood of the various possible pollution scenarios. The physically based computer model used is the WASP (Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program Modeling System) of the US Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the Neural Network MATLAB Toolbox was utilized for data analysis. WASP was able to accurately simulate the water hydrodynamics and coliform concentrations within the North Fork, while the neural network assisted in identifying correlations between fecal coliform and the various parameters involved. The numerical results supported the conclusion that fecal coliform were introduced by the animal populations along the riverbanks and by storm water washout of the adjacent drainage basins and the banks. The problem is exaggerated due to the low flashing capacity of the river.

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Neves, Richard J., and James C. Widlak. "Occurrence of Glochidia in Stream Drift and on Fishes of the Upper North Fork Holston River, Virginia." American Midland Naturalist 119, no. 1 (January 1988): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2426059.

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Stevens, Bryan S., and Joseph M. DuPont. "Summer Use of Side-Channel Thermal Refugia by Salmonids in the North Fork Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 31, no. 4 (August 2011): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2011.611037.

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27

Shepherd, Russell. "America's First Commercial Oil Well Shepherd." Earth Sciences History 7, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.7.2.62071v5226328835.

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The first commercial oil well in North America was drilled with a spring pole rig in 1818 by Marcus Huling on the South Fork of the Cumberland River in McCreary County, Kentucky. The well was 200 feet deep and flowed at the surface. The discovery was reported in the fall of 1818 in the newspaper Argus of Western America, and in a letter written by Huling in 1820. Oil from the well was sold locally and also in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia. Two thousand gallons were exported to Europe. Comparison of early geologic and structure sections and maps with recent publications and field data indicates that, in contrast to previous interpretations, the accumulation, in the Big Lime, is stratigraphically controlled. Today oil can be sampled from a well at the site, now in a National River Recreation Area. Employing formal definitions, the Beatty well may become generally recognized as the first-documented comercial oil well in North America, even though it was originally drilled for salt.

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28

Wong, Siana W., Robin A. Matthews, and Karl Bruun. "Phytoplankton Variation in Four Shallow High-Elevation Lakes in the Upper North Fork Nooksack River Watershed of the North Cascades, Washington (USA)." Northwest Science 90, no. 2 (May 2016): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3955/046.090.0205.

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Dinehart, Randy L. "Gravel-bed deposition and erosion by bedform migration observed ultrasonically during storm flow, North Fork Toutle River, Washington." Journal of Hydrology 136, no. 1-4 (August 1992): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90004-f.

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Schleiss, A. "Design criteria applied for the Lower Pressure Tunnel of the North Fork Stanislaus River Hydroelectric Project in California." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 21, no. 3 (1988): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01032578.

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Coopersmith, Evan J., Michael H. Cosh, Walt A. Petersen, John Prueger, and James J. Niemeier. "Soil Moisture Model Calibration and Validation: An ARS Watershed on the South Fork Iowa River." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 3 (May 27, 2015): 1087–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0145.1.

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Abstract Soil moisture monitoring with in situ technology is a time-consuming and costly endeavor for which a method of increasing the resolution of spatial estimates across in situ networks is necessary. Using a simple hydrologic model, the estimation capacity of an in situ watershed network can be increased beyond the station distribution by using available precipitation, soil, and topographic information. A study site was selected on the Iowa River, characterized by homogeneous soil and topographic features, reducing the variables to precipitation only. Using 10-km precipitation estimates from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) for 2013, high-resolution estimates of surface soil moisture were generated in coordination with an in situ network, which was deployed as part of the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS). A simple, bucket model for soil moisture at each in situ sensor was calibrated using four precipitation products and subsequently validated at both the sensor for which it was calibrated and other proximal sensors, the latter after a bias correction step. Average RMSE values of 0.031 and 0.045 m3 m−3 were obtained for models validated at the sensor for which they were calibrated and at other nearby sensors, respectively.

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Nelson, Rodger L., William S. Platts, David P. Larsen, and Sherman E. Jensen. "Trout Distribution and Habitat in Relation to Geology and Geomorphology in the North Fork Humboldt River Drainage, Northeastern Nevada." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121, no. 4 (July 1992): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0405:tdahir>2.3.co;2.

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33

Boyce, Mark, and Jean-Michel Gaillard. "Wolves in Yellowstone, Jackson Hole, and the North Fork of the Shoshone River: Simulating Ungulate Consequences of Wolf Revovery." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 15 (January 1, 1991): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1991.2951.

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The gray wolf (Canis lupus) was extirpated from Yellowstone National Park by U.S. Government personnel during 1914-1926. Since then, occasional reports of wolves in Yellowstone National Park have been recorded (Weaver 1978), but no recent records exist of wolves breeding in the park. In recent years, public attitudes towards predators have changed such that predators are more commonly viewed as an integral component of natural ecosystems (see e.g., Mech 1970, Despain et al. 1986, Dunlap 1988). An increasing proportion of the American public desires that wolves be reestablished in Yellowstone National Park (McNaught 1987, Bath 1991). ln 1987, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approved a Recovery Plan for the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1987). Before proceeding with wolf recovery, however, Congress appropriated funds in 1988 and 1989 and directed that studies be conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service to determine the effects of wolf recovery on ungulate populations. Boyce (1990) developed a predator-prey model for ungulate populations in Yellowstone National Park as a part of this Congressional charge to determine the probable outcome of wolf recovery. Our purpose is to expand upon the simulation model of Boyce (1990) to predict the probable consequences of wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park to ungulate populations in Jackson Hole and along the North Fork of the Shoshone River. As in the previous model, this model allows the user to choose among several likely management scenarios. By manipulating alternatives, the user of the model can explore the consequences of management actions. In particular, it is essential to be able to anticipate if wolves will be culled if they leave the parks, if poaching can be controlled within the park, and if hunting for bison and elk will continue in the Yellowstone River valley north of Gardiner, Montana. Any such model must incorporate the natural variability in the environment, because the vagaries of climate can have enormous effects on ecological processes. Therefore, the model is a stochastic one, i.e., it contains random variation in climatic variables. Such stochastic model structure is important because it helps to educate the user that it is impossible to predict precisely the consequences of wolf recovery. It is not the purpose of this effort to offer recommendations for whether wolf recovery should take place, but rather to provide resource managers with an additional tool which will assist them in making that decision.

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French, William E., Brian D. S. Graeb, Katie N. Bertrand, Steven R. Chipps, and Robert A. Klumb. "Size-Dependent Trophic Patterns of Pallid Sturgeon and Shovelnose Sturgeon in a Large River System." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/022012-jfwm-013.

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Abstract This study compared patterns of δ15N and δ13C enrichment of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus in the Missouri River, United States, to infer their trophic position in a large river system. We examined enrichment and energy flow for pallid sturgeon in three segments of the Missouri River (Montana/North Dakota, Nebraska/South Dakota, and Nebraska/Iowa) and made comparisons between species in the two downstream segments (Nebraska/South Dakota and Nebraska/Iowa). Patterns in isotopic composition for pallid sturgeon were consistent with gut content analyses indicating an ontogenetic diet shift from invertebrates to fish prey at sizes of >500-mm fork length (FL) in all three segments of the Missouri River. Isotopic patterns revealed shovelnose sturgeon did not experience an ontogenetic shift in diet and used similar prey resources as small (<500-mm FL) pallid sturgeon in the two downstream segments. We found stable isotope analysis to be an effective tool for evaluating the trophic position of sturgeons within a large river food web.

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Lachmar, Thomas E., Hannah L. McDonough, Neil I. Burk, Peter T. Kolesar, and William J. Doucette. "Effect of Ore Mineralogy and Bedrock Lithology on Metal Loading Rates and Acid-Mine Drainage: Bayhorse Creek, Idaho and the North Fork of the American Fork River, Utah." Mine Water and the Environment 38, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-00574-1.

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36

Tracy, Bryn H., Robert E. Jenkins, and Wayne C. Starnes. "History of Fish Investigations in the Yadkin–Pee Dee River Drainage of North Carolina and Virginia with an Analysis of Nonindigenous Species and Invasion Dynamics of Three Species of Suckers (Catostomidae)." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 129, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 82–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-129.3.82.

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Abstract North Carolina's river drainages continue to lose their faunal distinctiveness as nonnative fish species establish themselves and expand their distributions, resulting in biotic homogenization. One such example is the Pee Dee drainage on the Atlantic Slope. It is the most speciose drainage in North Carolina, inhabited by 113 species of which 34 are nonindigenous, many introduced from adjacent drainages. The history of fish investigations in the Pee Dee in North Carolina and Virginia is detailed herein. The fauna was first sampled by Cope in 1869 at two conjoined sites—Yadkin River and Gobble Creek, a small tributary at the Yadkin River site (Cope 1870). Cope described numerous new taxa from the drainage, and many subsequent researchers provided data that show additions of nonnative faunal elements. As a case study, indications are that Hypentelium roanokense, Roanoke Hog Sucker, Hypentelium nigricans, Northern Hog Sucker, and Moxostoma rupiscartes, Striped Jumprock, were cryptically introduced after the late 1950s. The Roanoke Hog Sucker, introduced as recently as the 2000s, is found only in three tributaries of the Ararat subsystem in North Carolina and Virginia. The Northern Hog Sucker has expanded its range very little, confined primarily to the North Fork Reddies and Ararat subsystems and a short segment of the mainstem Yadkin River in North Carolina. The Striped Jumprock is now in much of the upper Yadkin system, but not in Virginia, and at several sites in the South Yadkin subsystem. Natural dispersal of all three species is limited by dams and impoundments, but the dispersal by Striped Jumprock has probably been aided by multiple bait bucket introductions. Consequences of nonindigenous species introductions in the drainage are well known for some species but unknown for the Roanoke Hog Sucker, Northern Hog Sucker, and Striped Jumprock.

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Howell, Philip J. "Effects of Wildfire and Subsequent Hydrologic Events on Fish Distribution and Abundance in Tributaries of North Fork John Day River." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 26, no. 4 (November 2006): 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/m05-114.1.

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38

Echols, B. S., R. J. Currie, and D. S. Cherry. "An Investigation of Total Mercury in Sediments and Interstitial Water in the North Fork Holston River below Saltville, Virginia, USA." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 15, no. 5 (October 2009): 968–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807030903153204.

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39

Deacon, James, and Anga Rebane. "Virgin River Spinedace Habitat Preference Study." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 11 (January 1, 1987): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1987.2671.

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Thus far in the study, 4 species of endemic fishes and 2 introduced trout species have been collected, measured for total length, and in some cases, weighed, and then released. Sampling has been accomplished by electroshocking on 6, 7, 8, and 9 July, 1987, at 4 sites on the East and North Forks of the Virgin River, as well as 1 site on the Santa Clara River, and 1 site on Moody Wash near Mogatsu Creek, a tributary of the Santa Clara River. Seining, measuring, and releasing was done on 3, 4, and 20 September, 4 and 10 October, and on 9 and 10 January, 1988, at five sites on the East and North Forks of the Virgin River. Electroshocking was used on 9 January, 1988 at one of the North Fork sites, utilizing a backpack electroshocker unit borrowed from Donna Withers, of the Nevada Department of Wildlife. On 24, 29, and 30 August, fish were surveyed by seining or dip netting at Lytle Ranch, on Beaver Dam Wash, a tributary of the Virgin River, for purposes of determining favorable habitat conditions under a different regime. Electroshocking was determined to be limited in use in the Virgin River system, due to the frequent turbidity of the water, and the depth of the pools. In winter we have not collected substantial numbers of any species, with either electroshocking or seining techniques. It is possible that the fish are located in places unaccessible to our sampling techniques, or possibly they have undertaken significant migration to other locations, most likely towards the warmer waters of lower elevations. Mass mortality can be ruled out due to the fact that all fish species have been observed to reappear in early spring. We need to revise our sampling techniques, and are working on a variety of different procedures to be able to collect fish in winter, or find out where they live. The limitations of the winter habitat may prove to be an important factor in the continued success of the spinedace in the Virgin River in Zion. The borrowed electroshocking equipment seems marginally successful in sampling fishes in the highly conductive water of the Virgin. A more powerful unit needs to be procured. When the water is clear, shocking works well because the fish can be visualized and netted while immobilized by the shocker, but the frequent turbidity of the water would make any fish not surfacing impossible to see and catch, even though it was immobilized.

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40

Gurung, Kumari, Jian Yang, and Lei Fang. "Assessing Ecosystem Services from the Forestry-Based Reclamation of Surface Mined Areas in the North Fork of the Kentucky River Watershed." Forests 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100652.

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Surface mining is a major driver of land use land cover (LULC) change in many mountainous areas such as the Appalachian region. Typical reclamation practices often result in land cover dominated by grass and shrubs. Assessing ecosystem services that can be obtained from a forest landscape may help policy-makers and other stakeholders fully understand the benefits of forestry-based reclamation (FRA). The objectives of this study are to (1) identify how surface mining and reclamation changed the LULC of a watershed encompassing the north fork of the Kentucky River, (2) assess the biophysical value of four major ecosystem services under the contemporary LULC condition, and (3) assess the benefits of the FRA scenario in the provision of ecosystem services. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to study the LULC change and InVEST software models for ecosystem services assessment. The results indicate that watershed’s forest area has decreased by 7751 hectares from 2001 to 2011 and mining/reclamation activities may have contributed 65% of the overall changes in LULC. Barren and grassland land covers provide less carbon storage, yield more water, and export more sediments and nutrients than forests. At the watershed level, the FRA scenario increased carbon storage (13%) and reduced water yield (5%), sediment export (40%), and nutrient export (7%). The provision of these ecosystem services varies at the subwatershed level, and such spatial heterogeneity is primarily driven by land cover composition, precipitation, and topography. This study provides critical information regarding the ecological benefits of restoring mined land to assist policy and decision making at landscape scales.

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41

Henley, William F., John J. Schmerfeld, Sarah A. Budischak, Cynthia M. Hall, Richard J. Neves, Serena Ciparis, and Jess W. Jones. "Freshwater Mussel (Unionidae) Abundance and Diversity Upstream and Downstream of a Superfund Site on the North Fork Holston River, Saltville, Virginia." Journal of Shellfish Research 35, no. 4 (December 2016): 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.035.0416.

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42

Brown, Megan E., Michal Kowalewski, Richard J. Neves, Donald S. Cherry, and Madeline E. Schreiber. "Freshwater Mussel Shells as Environmental Chronicles: Geochemical and Taphonomic Signatures of Mercury-Related Extirpations in the North Fork Holston River, Virginia." Environmental Science & Technology 39, no. 6 (March 2005): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048573p.

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43

Miniat, Chelcy Ford, Patsy P. Clinton, and Laren K. Everage. "The Effects of Off-Highway Vehicle Trails and Use on Stream Water Quality in the North Fork of the Broad River." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13098.

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Abstract. Managing forests for recreational benefits, such as off-highway vehicle (OHV) use, as well as other ecosystem services, such as clean and abundant water, can often present challenges for land managers when one ecosystem service conflicts with another. We conducted research in the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest to determine if the presence and use of OHV trails were associated with greater total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations and turbidity in streams during storm events in 2015-2016. We used a paired-watershed approach, with a treatment watershed containing the Locust Stake OHV trail system on the North Fork of the Broad River, and a reference watershed (Kimbell Creek) similar in all respects except for the presence and use of OHV trails. During the study period, mean streamflow rates across all sampling times were 19% greater, but mean stormflow rates were 29% less, at Locust Stake compared to Kimbell Creek. During storm sampling, the average storm TSS concentration was greater at Locust Stake (101.1 mg L-1) than at Kimbell Creek (65.3 mg L-1). The results indicate that the greater the stormflow, the greater the TSS concentration for each storm event sampled across both watersheds. TSS concentration was linearly and positively related to stormflow, with R2 values ranging from 0.11 to 0.92 for all events in both watersheds. Across all sampling dates, the TSS concentration per unit stormflow was greater at Locust Stake than at Kimbell Creek, and was 7-fold greater at Locust Stake after the OHV trails were opened compared to when they were closed for maintenance and assessment. When the OHV trails were closed, the TSS concentration per unit stormflow was still significantly greater, by 4-fold, at Locust Stake compared to Kimbell Creek. Our results suggest that the presence and use of the Locust Stake OHV trail system are associated with poorer water quality, and with better water quality when the trails are closed. Forest managers face a well-defined set of tradeoffs between providing OHV recreation and water quality benefits that warrants careful planning and monitoring. Keywords: National Forest System, Off-highway vehicles, Recreation, Sedimentation, Streamflow, Turbidity, Water quality.

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44

Jenkins, Kurt J., and R. Gerald Wright. "Simulating Succession of Riparian Spruce Forests and White-Tailed Deer Carrying Capacity in Northwestern Montana." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 2, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/2.3.80.

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Abstract Rates of succession were determined during the period 1945-80 in six floodplain plant communities along the North Fork of the Flathead River, Montana. A succession model was developed to forecast the long-range effects of land-use change on the carrying capacity of white-tailed deer winter range. The areas occupied by mature spruce (Picea englemannii x glauca hybrid) and spruce-black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) forests on the floodplain were relatively constant between 1945-1980. Early seral types were more variable due to short-term variations in river flow. Successional modelling demonstrated the effects of two timber harvesting strategies on white-tailed deer populations. Simulated populations declined following two timber harvesting schedules, but recovered after cessation of harvest. An additional application of the model showed the potential effects of increased erosion rates on deer populations and demonstrated the versatility of land succession models for resource monitoring. West. J. Appl. For. 2(3):80-83, July 1987

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45

Kennedy, George L. "New Cretaceous and Tertiary Pholadidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from California." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 3 (May 1993): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000036878.

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Cretaceous and early Tertiary Pholadidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Pacific Slope of North America are rare and only poorly known. Three new species, each the earliest known Pacific Slope representative of its respective genus, are described: Barnea (Anchomasa) saulae n. sp. (Pholadinae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian and Santonian) Redding Formation near Redding, uppermost Sacramento Valley, Shasta County, northern California; Chaceia fulcherae n. sp. (Martesiinae) from three widely separated areas of outcrop represented by 1) the middle Miocene (“Temblor”) Temblor Formation near Oil City and in Jasper Canyon, western Fresno County, central California, 2) the middle Miocene (“Temblor”) Topanga(?) Group in the northern Santa Ana Mountains, Orange County, southern California, and 3) the upper Miocene (Wishkahan) Montesano Formation on the Middle Fork of the Satsop River, Mason County, western Washington; and Netastoma squiresi n. sp. (Jouannetiinae) from the lowest Eocene (uppermost “Meganos”) part of the Santa Susana Formation north of Simi Valley in the Santa Susana Mountains, Ventura County, southern California.

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46

Beierle, Brandon D. "Late Quaternary glaciation in the Northern Ogilvie Mountains: revised correlations and implications for the stratigraphic record." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-062.

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New geomorphic, paleolimnological, and radiocarbon data suggest that a terminal moraine complex in the Northern Ogilvie Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada, may represent the McConnell Glaciation (Late Wisconsinan), rather than the Reid Glaciation (marine isotope Stage 8; Illinoian) as previously thought. Relict fluvial channels on the surface of the moraine and analysis of a suite of lake sediment cores from Chapman Lake, a closed-basin kettle on the surface of the moraine, suggest that flow from the Blackstone River passed over the moraine and through the lake until ca. 12 500 BP, at which time the Blackstone River was captured by the East Blackstone River, diverting flow from the lake. Subsequent incision by the Blackstone River has left its base level more than 10 m below the level of Chapman Lake. Perched former outlets from Chapman Lake indicate that this incision must postdate stream capture. Because the Chapman Lake moraine is a topographic barrier across the Blackstone River valley, incision must have occurred shortly after deposition of the moraine, suggesting that the landscape surrounding Chapman Lake is substantially younger than previously thought. Additional radiocarbon dates also suggest that kettle subsidence at Chapman Lake was ongoing during the early Holocene and that North Fork Pass moraine, 15 km upvalley from the Chapman Lake moraine, may have been formed during the Late Glacial rather than the McConnell Glaciation.

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47

Smith, Michael W. "Kernel Necrosis of ‘Pawnee’ Pecan: Expanded Distribution and Relation to Yield, Tree Size, and Canopy Location." HortScience 47, no. 4 (April 2012): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.4.465.

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Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch.] kernel necrosis is a malady characterized by development of a dark necrotic area at the basal end of the kernel. This problem is particularly severe on ‘Pawnee’ at some locations during certain years. Currently, the cause of kernel necrosis is not known. Initially, this problem appeared confined to certain cultivars in a north Texas orchard in the Red River Basin and ‘Oklahoma’ in a central Oklahoma orchard adjacent to the Deep Fork River. After El Paso, TX, producer reports of an unknown problem on ‘Pawnee’, mature nuts from orchards near El Paso, north Texas, and southern, central and northeastern Oklahoma were evaluated for kernel necrosis. Kernel necrosis was abundant on ‘Pawnee’ nuts from El Paso and southern Oklahoma, moderate at the north Texas site, and at low levels in one northeastern Oklahoma orchard. None was found in two ‘Pawnee’ orchards, one in central Oklahoma and the other in northeastern Oklahoma. In another study, yield was monitored on hedge-pruned ‘Pawnee’ pecan trees over a 5-year period to determine the relationship with kernel necrosis. The incidence of kernel necrosis was greater when yield was less. A third study sampled nuts from the lower and upper one-third of canopies from randomly selected trees varying in trunk size. Kernel necrosis frequency was similar in the upper canopy among different trunk sizes, but the incidence in the lower tree canopy decreased as trunk size increased.

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48

Young, Michael K. "Generation-scale movement patterns of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus) in a stream network." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 5 (May 2011): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-023.

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Movements by stream fishes have long been the subject of study and controversy. Although much discussion has focused on what proportion of fish adopt mobility within particular life stages, a larger issue involves the lifetime movements of individuals. I evaluated movements of different sizes and ages of Colorado River cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus ) using a variety of sampling methods from 1996 to 2001 in a 40 km network of main-stem and tributary segments of the North Fork Little Snake River, Wyoming, USA. The probability of movement was related to the period of observation, initial location, and possibly individual growth rate, whereas distance moved was related to fish size and initial location. Furthermore, it appeared that movements by juveniles were mostly downstream, whereas those of older fish were largely upstream. Movement of cutthroat trout in this basin appeared to be driven by ontogenetic changes in habitat use and variation in habitat productivity. Given that this stream network exemplifies the complexity typical of many mountain watersheds, movement as a life history tactic in fishes may be more common than is sometimes recognized.

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49

Wayand, Nicholas E., Alan F. Hamlet, Mimi Hughes, Shara I. Feld, and Jessica D. Lundquist. "Intercomparison of Meteorological Forcing Data from Empirical and Mesoscale Model Sources in the North Fork American River Basin in Northern Sierra Nevada, California*." Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 677–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-0102.1.

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Abstract The data required to drive distributed hydrological models are significantly limited within mountainous terrain because of a scarcity of observations. This study evaluated three common configurations of forcing data: 1) one low-elevation station, combined with empirical techniques; 2) gridded output from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF); and 3) a combination of the two. Each configuration was evaluated within the heavily instrumented North Fork American River basin in California during October–June 2000–10. Simulations of streamflow and snowpack using the Distributed Hydrology Soil and Vegetation Model (DHSVM) highlighted precipitation and radiation as variables whose sources resulted in significant differences. The best source of precipitation data varied between years. On average, the WRF performed as well as the single station distributed using the Parameter Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM). The average percent biases in simulated streamflow were 3% and 1%, for configurations 1 and 2, respectively, even though precipitation compared directly with gauge measurements was biased high by 6% and 17%, suggesting that gauge undercatch may explain part of the bias. Simulations of snowpack using empirically estimated longwave irradiance resulted in melt rates lower than those observed at high-elevation sites, while at lower elevations the same forcing caused significant midwinter melt that was not observed. These results highlight the complexity of how forcing data sources impact hydrology over different areas (high- versus low-elevation snow) and different time periods. Overall, results support the use of output from the WRF model over empirical techniques in regions with limited station data.

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Millie, D. F., H. J. Carrick, P. H. Doering, and K. A. Steidinger. "Intra-annual variability of water quality and phytoplankton in the North Fork of the St. Lucie River Estuary, Florida (USA): a quantitative assessment." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61, no. 1 (September 2004): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.04.010.

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