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Journal articles on the topic 'North Fork'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Collier*, Ashley, Ricardo Piedrahita, Nicholas Masson, Michael Hannigan, Joanna Gordon, Michael Russel, John Ortega, Brian Amstutz, and Nicholas Merten. "North Fork Valley Air Monitoring Project." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2014, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2014.p3-800.

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2

Jones, Jess W., and Richard J. Neves. "Freshwater Mussel Status: Upper North Fork Holston River, Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[471:fmsunf]2.0.co;2.

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3

Yager, Susan. "Turning potatoes into wine on Long Island's North Fork." Appetite 47, no. 3 (November 2006): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2006.08.062.

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4

Lachmar, Thomas E., Neil I. Burk, and Peter T. Kolesar. "Groundwater Contribution of Metals from an Abandoned Mine to The North Fork of The American Fork River, Utah." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 173, no. 1-4 (May 3, 2006): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-9031-8.

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5

Kennedy, Karen. "STREAM RESTORATION DESIGN FOR NORTH FORK, INDIAN CREEK, ELKHORN MOUNTAINS, MONTANA." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1997, no. 1 (1997): 763–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr97010763.

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6

Jaquette, Christopher, Ellen Wohl, and David Cooper. "Establishing a Context for River Rehabilitation, North Fork Gunnison River, Colorado." Environmental Management 35, no. 5 (April 4, 2005): 593–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0101-2.

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7

Parker, John M. "North Fork, Sherwood, and Cottonwood Creek: An anatomy of oil finding." Leading Edge 12, no. 11 (November 1993): 1126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1436927.

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8

Michel, Frederick A. "Isotope geochemistry of frost-blister ice, North Fork Pass, Yukon, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-054.

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Oxygen-18 and deuterium abundances vary with depth in ice from a frost blister at a spring site near North Fork Pass, Yukon. They indicate that the ice was formed by continuous downward freezing under nearly ideal, closed-system conditions in a water-filled cavity. Weighted mean values of δ18O and δ2H for the ice samples indicate that the frost–blister ice was formed from groundwater similar to that of nearby springs. The slope of the regression line (5.1) for the 18O and 2H data of the frost–blister ice suggests that nonequilibrium fractionation conditions existed during freezing. Tritium concentrations in the ice show irregular variations with depth; the weighted mean 3H concentration for the ice is, however, similar to that of the spring water.

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9

Mankinen, Edward A., William P. Irwin, and Charles D. Blome. "Far-travelled Permian chert of the North Fork terrane, Klamath Mountains, California." Tectonics 15, no. 2 (April 1996): 314–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95tc03054.

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10

Edlich, Richard F., Brett R. Oesterling, and Scott D. London. "North Fork Research Park: A Strategic Alliance between the University and Industry." Academic Emergency Medicine 2, no. 11 (November 1995): 1007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03132.x.

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11

Ray, JackH. "Geoarchaeological Investigations in the Upper North Fork River Valley in Southern Missouri." Plains Anthropologist 54, no. 210 (January 2009): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pan.2009.54.210.005.

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12

Marcum, C., Daniel Pletscher, John Weigand, and Bruce McLellan. "Gray Wolf Prey Base Ecology in the North Fork Flathead River Drainage." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 13 (January 1, 1989): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1989.2829.

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The overall objective of this research is to study gray wolf (Canis lupus) ungulate interrelationships in a multi-prey system. This study will focus on elk (Cervus elaphus); others will focus on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virqinianus) and moose (Alces alces). The study is being conducted in the North Fork of the Flathead River drainage, in Montana and British Columbia, Canada. Work will be concentrated on the western side of Glacier National Park, the main area of wolf recovery.

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13

Raley, Catherine, Wayne Hubert, and Stanley Anderson. "Effects of Land Use Activities on the North Fork of the Flathead River Basin within Glacier National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 10 (January 1, 1986): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1986.2551.

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At least 56 external threats which endanger the ecology of Glacier National Park (GNP) have been identified (National Park Service 1980). And while this is a park wide situation, Park managers have identified the North Fork Basin of the Flathead River as a region that is particularly sensitive to external land use activities, and as a unique unit within the Park. This area possesses substantial wilderness features (solitude, primitiveness), and provides habitat for threatened and endangered species such as the grizzly bear, gray wolf, and bald eagle, as well as other species of special interest like the westslope cutthroat and bull trout. We proposed a problem solving analysis to develop a cause and effect model for evaluating the impacts of external land use activities on the North Fork system within GNP. The cause and effect model would provide a qualitative assessment of the impacts on the natural resources of the Park, as well as on recreational quality. The specific objectives of this project were: 1. Identify the problem that exists in the North Fork region; 2. Identify the causes and effects of the environmental problem; 3. Identify tasks to help solve the problem; and 4. Provide a methodology which could be used to help organize and solve problems that the involved agencies might encounter.

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14

Hansen, Michael J., Louise Chavarie, Andrew M. Muir, Kimberly L. Howland, and Charles C. Krueger. "Variation in Fork-to-Total Length Relationships of North American Lake Trout Populations." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/102019-jfwm-096.

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Abstract Length of fish species with forked tails, such as the Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, can be measured as total (TL), fork (FL), or standard (SL) length, although individual studies of such species often rely on only one measurement, which hinders comparisons among studies. To determine if variation in the relationship between FL and TL among Lake Trout populations affected estimates of FL from TL, we compared length relationships within Lake Trout populations sampled in multiple years, among multiple locations within lakes, among lakes, and from all samples from across the species' range. Samples were from across the geographic range of the species and a wide range of lake sizes (1.31–82,100 km2) to represent the full range of variation in abiotic and biotic variables expected to influence the FL:TL relationship. The functional relationship for estimating FL (mm) from TL (mm) was FL = 0.91 × TL − 8.28 and TL from FL was TL = 1.09 × FL + 9.05. Error induced by length conversion was less when using a length relationship from a different year in the same lake than from a different area in the same lake or from a different lake. Estimation error was lowest when using an overall length conversion from across the species' range, which suggests the overall relationship could be used whenever a more accurate length conversion is not available for a population of interest. Our findings should be useful for providing a standardized model for converting FL to TL (and TL to FL) for Lake Trout, such as comparing published findings of different measurement units, converting measurement units by agencies or institutions that change sampling methods over time, or programs that use different sampling methods among areas.

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15

Eisenberg, Cristina, David E. Hibbs, and William J. Ripple. "Effects of predation risk on elk (Cervus elaphus) landscape use in a wolf (Canis lupus) dominated system." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 2 (February 2015): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0138.

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Food acquisition and predation avoidance are key drivers of herbivore behaviour. We investigated the interaction of top-down (predator) and bottom-up (food, fire, thermal) effects by measuring the relationship between wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758) predation risk perceived by elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) and elk landscape use. We conducted fecal pellet and wolf scat surveys in three valleys with three wolf population levels (Saint Mary: low; Waterton: moderate; North Fork: high). In the North Fork, 90% of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands burned recently; the other valleys had no fire. We created predictive models of elk pellet density that incorporated bottom-up and top-down variables. All valleys had a high elk pellet density (≥10 per 100 m2). Wolf scat density was similar where there was no fire, but one order of magnitude greater in burned areas. Elk pellet density was lower in the North Fork, a predation-related response. In all valleys, site-specific elk density declined as impediments to detecting or escaping wolves increased, and elk avoided aspen, except for North Fork unburned areas. Models that best predicted elk density contained bottom-up and top-down effects. At local scales, high predation risk negatively influence elk occurrence, suggesting that even with minimal wolf exposure elk avoid risky sites.

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16

Smith, Thomas. "Hikers Impact on the North Fork of the Virgin River, Zion National Park, Utah." American Midland Naturalist 161, no. 2 (April 2009): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-161.2.392.

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17

Williams, E. D., and S. C. Smith. "Rehabilitation of Fire Suppression Impacts on the North Fork Fire in Yellowstone National Park." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1991, no. 1 (1991): 527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr91010527.

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18

Williams, Eleanor D., and Steven C. Smith. "REHABILITATION OF FIRE SUPPRESSION IMPACTS ON THE NORTH FORK FIRE IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1991, no. 2 (1991): 527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr91020527.

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19

Marcum, C., Daniel Pletscher, and Michael Bureau. "Gray Wolf Prey Base Ecology in the North Fork of the Flathead River Drainage." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2873.

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The overall objective of this two-year investigation is to study gray wolf (Canis lupus): ungulate interrelationships in a multi-prey system. This study focuses on elk (Cervus elaphus), and is being conducted in the North Fork of the Flathead River drainage, in Montana and British Columbia, the main area of grey wolf recovery.We address questions that resource managers will be asked as wolf recovery occurs. From a National Park Service perspective, the results could be used to educate the public about the role of predation in natural systems. Glacier National Park has the opportunity to lead the way in conducting research on this keystone predator and its prey, and to demonstrate the role biosphere reserves can play in ecological research. Information that will be important for future informed resource management is being gathered. Management of public lands might require a balance accommodation between wolves, their prey, and sport hunting, along with other forms of recreation. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks needs information on the impacts of wolves on game populations in order to maintain numbers and recreational opportunities. As reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park is considered and debated, knowledge gained from this study will be helpful. Finally, this study can expand ecological knowledge of the role of a major predator on the prey population dynamics and interrelationships. To expand knowledge of the study area prey base available to wolves, these specific parameters will be addressed: 1. Age and cause-specific mortality of elk. 2. Seasonal distribution and key elk seasonal use areas. 3. Age, sex distribution/composition of the elk population. 4. Long-term elk abundance and distribution monitoring plan.

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20

Marcum, C., Daniel Pletscher, Michael Bureau, and John Weigand. "Gray Wolf Prey Base Ecology in the North Fork of the Flathead River Drainage." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 15 (January 1, 1991): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1991.2983.

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During the reporting period, major goals of this project were to monitor elk (Cervus elaphus) in the North Fork of the Flathead River Drainage for mortality, monitor seasonal distribution and determine key areas of use, establish a repeatable index of elk abundance, and determine age/sex composition. Two radio collared elk have died during the last six months. Both elk were killed in May by mountain lions (Felis concolor). This brings the mortality totals to seven elk killed by lions, two by wolves (Canis lupus), one by grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), and one by a hunter (n=34 radio-collared elk). Lions killed elk throughout the age distribution. Wolves took a calf and an old elk. The hunter killed a prime-aged elk, while the grizzly killed a 16-year-old elk.

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21

Lageson, David. "Structural History of the Buffalo Fork Fault and Ancestral Washakie Range, Wyoming." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 12 (January 1, 1988): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1988.2713.

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The Buffalo Fork fault is an east-dipping, north-trending reverse\thrust fault which lies along the west side of the Washakie Range in northwestern Wyoming (Love, 1975). This fault was active during the Laramide Orogeny (60-55 million years ago), during which time it uplifted the Ancestral Washakie Range. The purpose of this on-going research project is to determine the displacement vector of the Buffalo Fork fault and to relate this to the regional kinematic pattern of Laramide deformation in northwestern Wyoming. Previous field work by the author (Lageson, 1987) has shown that other Laramide faults in northwestern Wyoming experienced significant components of oblique-slip, depending on their orientation. If a regional pattern of displacement can be determined from several faults, then it may be possible to reconstruct the crustal stress field during the Laramide Orogeny. This study of the Buffalo Fork fault is one step toward this greater goal.

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22

Barrett, Stephen W., Stephen F. Arno, and Carl H. Key. "Fire regimes of western larch – lodgepole pine forests in Glacier National Park, Montana." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-237.

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We conducted a detailed investigation of fire frequencies, patterns of fire spread, and the effects of fire on tree succession in the western larch – lodgepole pine (Larixoccidentalis – Pinuscontorta var. latifolia) forests west of the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, Montana. Master fire chronologies for 1650 to the present were constructed based on tree fire scars and fire-initiated age-classes. Two kinds of primeval fire regimes were identified: (i) a mixed-severity regime ranging from nonlethal underburns to stand-replacing fires at mean intervals of 25–75 years and (ii) a regime of infrequent stand-replacing fires at mean intervals of 140–340 years. The former regime is characteristic of the North Fork Flathead valley and appears to be linked to a relatively dry climate and gentler topography compared with the McDonald Creek – Apgar Mountains and Middle Fork Flathead areas, where the latter fire regime predominates. Fire frequency in the entire North Fork study area was 20 fire years per century prior to 1935 and 2 per century after 1935. In the other two study areas it was 3–5 per century both before and after 1935. We suggest that fire suppression has altered the primeval fire regime in the North Fork, but not in the central and southern areas.

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23

Pitt, Amber L., and Max A. Nickerson. "Reassessment of the Turtle Community in the North Fork of White River, Ozark County, Missouri." Copeia 2012, no. 3 (September 20, 2012): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ce-10-172.

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24

Caires, Andrea M., Mark R. Vinson, and Anne M. D. Brasher. "Impacts of Hikers on Aquatic Invertebrates in the North Fork of the Virgin River, Utah." Southwestern Naturalist 55, no. 4 (December 2010): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/js-33.1.

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25

Hu, Xiaogang, and Wayne H. Pollard. "The Hydrologic Analysis and Modelling of River Icing Growth, North Fork Pass, Yukon Territory, Canada." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 8, no. 3 (September 1997): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(199709)8:3<279::aid-ppp260>3.0.co;2-7.

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26

Seal, Rebecca, and Chris Paola. "Observations of Downstream Fining on the North Fork Toutle River Near Mount St. Helens, Washington." Water Resources Research 31, no. 5 (May 1995): 1409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94wr02976.

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27

Gortner, Willis A. "Evidence for a Prehistoric Petroglyph Trail Map in the Sierra Nevada." North American Archaeologist 9, no. 2 (October 1988): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5gdu-1c21-5t63-1vdf.

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A single petroglyph site in the North-Central Sierra Nevada in the upper watershed of the North Fork of the American River has a unique glyph with meandering and connecting wavy lines that are now proposed as trail maps. A tracing of this glyph was made from a photograph, and this was then placed with the same compass alignment on a topographic map showing all petrographic sites along the North Fork watershed. The ability to superimpose and accurately orient the glyph tracing over a map of these petroglyph sites, and the presence of petroglyphs on seventy-seven individual rock outcroppings mostly within 50 m of the presumed trails, support the trail map interpretation of this rock carving. It is suggested that a hunt shaman may have incised this glyph for ritualistic use.

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28

Wong, Siana W., Robin A. Matthews, and Karl Bruun. "Phytoplankton Variation in Four Shallow High-Elevation Lakes in the Upper North Fork Nooksack River Watershed of the North Cascades, Washington (USA)." Northwest Science 90, no. 2 (May 2016): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3955/046.090.0205.

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29

Coe, J. A., and E. L. Harp. "Influence of tectonic folding on rockfall susceptibility, American Fork Canyon, Utah, USA." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2007): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-1-2007.

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Abstract. We examine rockfall susceptibility of folded strata in the Sevier fold-thrust belt exposed in American Fork Canyon in north-central Utah. Large-scale geologic mapping, talus production data, rock-mass-quality measurements, and historical rockfall data indicate that rockfall susceptibility is correlated with limb dip and curvature of the folded, cliff-forming Mississippian limestones. On fold limbs, rockfall susceptibility increases as dip increases. This relation is controlled by several factors, including an increase in adverse dip conditions and apertures of discontinuities, and shearing by flexural slip during folding that has reduced the friction angles of discontinuities by smoothing surface asperities. Susceptibility is greater in fold hinge zones than on adjacent limbs primarily because there are greater numbers of discontinuities in hinge zones. We speculate that susceptibility increases in hinge zones as fold curvature becomes tighter.

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30

JOHNSON, SAMUEL Y., JAMES K. OTTON, and DAVID L. MACKE. "Geology of the Holocene surficial uranium deposit of the north fork of Flodelle Creek, northeastern Washington." Geological Society of America Bulletin 98, no. 1 (1987): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<77:gothsu>2.0.co;2.

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31

Zheng, Shan, Baosheng Wu, Colin R. Thorne, and Andrew Simon. "Morphological evolution of the North Fork Toutle River following the eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington." Geomorphology 208 (March 2014): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.11.018.

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32

Eisenberg, Cristina, David E. Hibbs, William J. Ripple, and Hal Salwasser. "Context dependence of elk (Cervus elaphus) vigilance and wolf (Canis lupus) predation risk." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 8 (August 2014): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0049.

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To assess the relationship between predation risk perceived by elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) as evidenced by vigilance, we conducted focal animal observations in elk winter range. We stratified our observations in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, and Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada, in valleys with three wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758) population levels (Saint Mary Valley: no wolf; Waterton Valley: moderate wolf; North Fork Valley: high wolf). Although the lowest elk vigilance occurred in Saint Mary and the highest in the North Fork, our analysis revealed a complex picture. Our model included distance to forest edge, group size, distance to road, social class, and impediments to detecting and escaping wolves. In Saint Mary, none of the variables were significant. In Waterton, vigilance decreased as elk group size increased (p < 0.00001) and increased as impediments increased (p = 0.0005). In the North Fork, vigilance increased as group size increased (p = 0.03), bulls were more vigilant (p = 0.02), and the interaction between group size and impediments was significant (p = 0.03). Where a high wolf population existed, elk did not exhibit uniform or expected response to predation risk factors. High wolf presence may necessitate adaptive elk behaviour that differs from response to moderate wolf presence.

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33

Rigby, J. Keith. "The hexactinellid sponge Cyathophycus from the Lower-Middle Ordovician Vinini Formation of central Nevada." Journal of Paleontology 69, no. 3 (May 1995): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000034818.

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The new species Cyathophycus pseudoreticulatus and a fragment of Cyathophycus reticulatus? Walcott, 1879, are described and reported from the lower part of the Upper Member of the Vinini Formation from black shale of late Whiterockian age. The sponges were collected from the north fork of Vinini Creek, in the north-central part of the Roberts Mountains, Eureka County, Nevada.

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34

LOUGHMAN, ZACHARY J., SUJAN M. HENKANATHTHEGEDARA, JAMES W. FETZNER JR., and ROGER F. THOMA. "A case of Appalachian endemism: Revision of the Cambarus robustus complex (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in the Kentucky and Licking River basins of Kentucky, USA, with the description of three new species." Zootaxa 4269, no. 4 (May 24, 2017): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4269.4.4.

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The amazing levels of freshwater biodiversity found in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States are among the highest recorded globally. Localized endemics make up much of this diversity, with numerous fish, freshwater mussels, salamanders and crayfish often being restricted to a single watershed, and in some instances, subwatersheds. Much of this diversity is the product of the processes of vicariance and historical stream drainage patterns. Herein, we describe three new crayfish species, all previously members of the Cambarus robustus complex, which occur in the Appalachian portion of the Kentucky and Licking river basins in Kentucky, USA. All three species differ from each other morphologically, genetically, and zoogeographically, fulfilling the requirements of the integrated species concept. Cambarus guenteri occurs in the southern tributaries of the Kentucky River mainstem as well as throughout the South Fork Kentucky River. Cambarus taylori is a narrow endemic, which only occurs in the Middle Fork Kentucky River. Cambarus hazardi, which has the widest distribution of the three new species, occurs in the North Fork Kentucky River, Red River, and upper reaches of the Licking River basin. Stream piracy events between the Cumberland and South Fork Kentucky River, as well as the Licking, Red and North Fork Kentucky rivers, are theorized to be important in the evolution of this complex. Cambarus guenteri is proposed as currently stable, though both C. taylori and C. hazardi are considered imperiled at this time due to habitat destruction throughout both of their respective ranges.

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35

Lachmar, Thomas E., Hannah L. McDonough, Neil I. Burk, Peter T. Kolesar, and William J. Doucette. "Effect of Ore Mineralogy and Bedrock Lithology on Metal Loading Rates and Acid-Mine Drainage: Bayhorse Creek, Idaho and the North Fork of the American Fork River, Utah." Mine Water and the Environment 38, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-00574-1.

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36

Neves, Richard J., and James C. Widlak. "Occurrence of Glochidia in Stream Drift and on Fishes of the Upper North Fork Holston River, Virginia." American Midland Naturalist 119, no. 1 (January 1988): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2426059.

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37

Stevens, Bryan S., and Joseph M. DuPont. "Summer Use of Side-Channel Thermal Refugia by Salmonids in the North Fork Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 31, no. 4 (August 2011): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2011.611037.

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38

Cenderelli, Daniel A., and J. Steven Kite. "Geomorphic effects of large debris flows on channel morphology at North Fork Mountain, eastern West Virginia, USA." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199801)23:1<1::aid-esp814>3.0.co;2-3.

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39

Dinehart, Randy L. "Gravel-bed deposition and erosion by bedform migration observed ultrasonically during storm flow, North Fork Toutle River, Washington." Journal of Hydrology 136, no. 1-4 (August 1992): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90004-f.

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40

Schleiss, A. "Design criteria applied for the Lower Pressure Tunnel of the North Fork Stanislaus River Hydroelectric Project in California." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 21, no. 3 (1988): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01032578.

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41

Sheehan, Robert J., Richard J. Neves, and Helen E. Kitchel. "Fate of Freshwater Mussels Transplanted to Formerly Polluted Reaches of the Clinch and North Fork Holston Rivers, Virginia." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 5, no. 2 (December 1989): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1989.9665224.

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42

Stanczyk, Anna, Jeffrey Moore, Brendon Quirk, and Jessica Castleton. "Paradise from Cataclysm: Zion Canyon’s Sentinel Landslide." Geosites 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/geosites.v1i1.65.

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Zion Canyon hosts millions of visitors each year, yet few are aware of the massive prehistoric landslide that played an important role in shaping the iconic landscape. South of the Sand Bench trailhead and bridge, a large hill encroaches on the canyon bottom around which the North Fork Virgin River flows. North of the bridge, Zion Canyon’s fl at bottom stretches into the distance. The hill is part of an enormous rock avalanche deposit known as the Sentinel slide that is nearly 2 miles (3.2 km) long and more than 650 feet (200 m) thick. After failure, the Sentinel rock avalanche dammed the North Fork Virgin River creating a lake (known as Sentinel Lake) which persisted for approximately 700 years (Grater, 1945; Hamilton, 1976; Castleton and others, 2016). Over the course of the lake’s lifetime, sediment settled at the bottom of the lake to create thick deposits of mud, clay, and sand. Sediment eventually fi lled in the canyon bottom behind the landslide dam, and the lake ceased to exist. Th ese sediment layers are still visible today and are responsible for the remarkably fl at fl oor of upper Zion Canyon (Grater, 1945; Hamilton, 2014; Castleton and others, 2016).

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43

Nelson, Rodger L., William S. Platts, David P. Larsen, and Sherman E. Jensen. "Trout Distribution and Habitat in Relation to Geology and Geomorphology in the North Fork Humboldt River Drainage, Northeastern Nevada." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121, no. 4 (July 1992): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0405:tdahir>2.3.co;2.

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44

Butler, Barbara A., James F. Ranville, and Philippe E. Ross. "Spatial variations in the fate and transport of metals in a mining-influenced stream, North Fork Clear Creek, Colorado." Science of The Total Environment 407, no. 24 (December 2009): 6223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.040.

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Butler, Barbara A., Brian S. Caruso, and James F. Ranville. "Reactive transport modeling of remedial scenarios to predict cadmium, copper, and zinc in north fork of Clear Creek, Colorado." Remediation Journal 19, no. 4 (September 2009): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.20221.

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46

Zheng, S., C. R. Thorne, B. S. Wu, and S. S. Han. "Application of the Stream Evolution Model to a Volcanically Disturbed River: The North Fork Toutle River, Washington State, USA." River Research and Applications 33, no. 6 (March 16, 2017): 937–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.3142.

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47

Boyce, Mark, and Jean-Michel Gaillard. "Wolves in Yellowstone, Jackson Hole, and the North Fork of the Shoshone River: Simulating Ungulate Consequences of Wolf Revovery." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 15 (January 1, 1991): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1991.2951.

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The gray wolf (Canis lupus) was extirpated from Yellowstone National Park by U.S. Government personnel during 1914-1926. Since then, occasional reports of wolves in Yellowstone National Park have been recorded (Weaver 1978), but no recent records exist of wolves breeding in the park. In recent years, public attitudes towards predators have changed such that predators are more commonly viewed as an integral component of natural ecosystems (see e.g., Mech 1970, Despain et al. 1986, Dunlap 1988). An increasing proportion of the American public desires that wolves be reestablished in Yellowstone National Park (McNaught 1987, Bath 1991). ln 1987, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approved a Recovery Plan for the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1987). Before proceeding with wolf recovery, however, Congress appropriated funds in 1988 and 1989 and directed that studies be conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service to determine the effects of wolf recovery on ungulate populations. Boyce (1990) developed a predator-prey model for ungulate populations in Yellowstone National Park as a part of this Congressional charge to determine the probable outcome of wolf recovery. Our purpose is to expand upon the simulation model of Boyce (1990) to predict the probable consequences of wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park to ungulate populations in Jackson Hole and along the North Fork of the Shoshone River. As in the previous model, this model allows the user to choose among several likely management scenarios. By manipulating alternatives, the user of the model can explore the consequences of management actions. In particular, it is essential to be able to anticipate if wolves will be culled if they leave the parks, if poaching can be controlled within the park, and if hunting for bison and elk will continue in the Yellowstone River valley north of Gardiner, Montana. Any such model must incorporate the natural variability in the environment, because the vagaries of climate can have enormous effects on ecological processes. Therefore, the model is a stochastic one, i.e., it contains random variation in climatic variables. Such stochastic model structure is important because it helps to educate the user that it is impossible to predict precisely the consequences of wolf recovery. It is not the purpose of this effort to offer recommendations for whether wolf recovery should take place, but rather to provide resource managers with an additional tool which will assist them in making that decision.

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Rosofsky, Meryl S. "Looking back to move ahead: Gastrotemporal tourism in a not-so-modern snack bar on Long Island's North Fork." Appetite 47, no. 3 (November 2006): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2006.08.055.

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Ayivi, Frederick, and Manoj K. Jha. "Estimation of water balance and water yield in the Reedy Fork-Buffalo Creek Watershed in North Carolina using SWAT." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 6, no. 3 (September 2018): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.03.007.

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Coopersmith, Evan J., Michael H. Cosh, Walt A. Petersen, John Prueger, and James J. Niemeier. "Soil Moisture Model Calibration and Validation: An ARS Watershed on the South Fork Iowa River." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 3 (May 27, 2015): 1087–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0145.1.

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Abstract Soil moisture monitoring with in situ technology is a time-consuming and costly endeavor for which a method of increasing the resolution of spatial estimates across in situ networks is necessary. Using a simple hydrologic model, the estimation capacity of an in situ watershed network can be increased beyond the station distribution by using available precipitation, soil, and topographic information. A study site was selected on the Iowa River, characterized by homogeneous soil and topographic features, reducing the variables to precipitation only. Using 10-km precipitation estimates from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) for 2013, high-resolution estimates of surface soil moisture were generated in coordination with an in situ network, which was deployed as part of the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS). A simple, bucket model for soil moisture at each in situ sensor was calibrated using four precipitation products and subsequently validated at both the sensor for which it was calibrated and other proximal sensors, the latter after a bias correction step. Average RMSE values of 0.031 and 0.045 m3 m−3 were obtained for models validated at the sensor for which they were calibrated and at other nearby sensors, respectively.

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