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1
LI, Nan. "China’s Evolving Policy towards North Korea: From Strategic Asset to Liability?" East Asian Policy 09, no. 04 (October 2017): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930517000320.
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China had historically considered North Korea as a strategic asset and provided substantial aid to it. After North Korea conducted nuclear test in 2006, China has begun to regard North Korea as a strategic liability and supported UN sanctions against it. This policy, however, is limited by China’s practical concern about peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and its strategic concern about a US policy of containment against China.
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Zhao, Lian-Feng, Xiao-Bi Xie, Wei-Min Wang, Jin-Lai Hao, and Zhen-Xing Yao. "Seismological investigation of the 2016 January 6 North Korean underground nuclear test." Geophysical Journal International 206, no. 3 (June 27, 2016): 1487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw239.
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Abstract Seismology plays an important role in characterizing potential underground nuclear tests. Using broad-band digital seismic data from Northeast China, South Korea and Japan, we investigated the properties of the recent seismic event occurred in North Korea on 2016 January 6. Using a relative location method and choosing the previous 2006 explosion as the master event, the 2016 event was located within the North Korean nuclear test site, with its epicentre at latitude 41.3003°N and longitude 129.0678°E, approximately 900 m north and 500 m west of the previous event on 2013 February 12. Based on the error ellipse, the relocation uncertainty was approximately 70 m. Using the P/S spectral ratios, including Pg/Lg, Pn/Lg and Pn/Sn, as the discriminants, we identify the 2016 event as an explosion rather than an earthquake. The body-wave magnitude calculated from regional wave Lg is mb(Lg) equal to 4.7 ± 0.2. Adopting an empirical magnitude–yield relation, and assuming that the explosion is fully coupled and detonated at a normally scaled depth, we find that the seismic yield is about 4 kt, with the uncertainties allowing a range from 2 to 8 kt.
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Kim, Andrew Eungi, and John Lie. "South Korea in 2006: Nuclear Standoff, Trade Talks, and Population Trends." Asian Survey 47, no. 1 (January 2007): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2007.47.1.52.
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The nuclear test conducted by North Korea in October 2006 placed the Koreas at the center of world news. Prior to the nuclear test, free trade agreement talks with the United States dominated the year's domestic political discussions. Less newsworthy but potentially more profound are demographic trends, especially the rapid aging of the population, the record low fertility rate, and the rising number of intermarriages.
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Zhao, L. F., X. B. Xie, W. M. Wang, and Z. X. Yao. "Regional Seismic Characteristics of the 9 October 2006 North Korean Nuclear Test." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 2571–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080128.
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Kim, Taehyun. "Engaging the Estranged: Reciprocity and Cooperation on the Korean Peninsula." Journal of East Asian Studies 3, no. 2 (August 2003): 169–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800001338.
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North Korea has become the focus of international attention once again. In October 2002 it admitted to a visiting U.S. envoy of having a clandestine nuclear program through uranium enrichment, which is a violation of, among other things, the bilateral agreement it signed with the United States eight years ago. In retaliation, the United States canceled shipment of heavy fuel oil to North Korea, that shipment being part of the agreement to compensate for North Korea's abandonment of its nuclear program. Since then, North Korea has astonished the world with a series of highly provocative moves: it restarted the nuclear facilities that it had frozen since 1994; expelled the inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); declared immediate withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT); and threatened to resume test-firing long-range missiles that it voluntarily stopped in 1998.
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Kollias, Christos, Stephanos Papadamou, and Iacovos Psarianos. "Rogue State Behavior and Markets: the Financial Fallout of North Korean Nuclear Tests." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 267–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2013-0050.
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AbstractFinancial markets react to major political events. The three nuclear tests conducted by North Korea in 2006, 2009 and 2013 are a sober confirmation of its on-going nuclear weapons program with the concomitant potential security threat this poses for the stability of the greater region. This article examines how nine regional stock exchanges reacted to the three nuclear tests given their important security repercussions. The results, although not uniformed across all countries and markets, revealed a greater adverse effect in the case of the second of the three tests. Given that the first test was announced in advance and the third was conducted in the midst of an on-going military crisis, this finding suggests that following the initial shock an unanticipated event can cause, markets can evaluate and absorb in a more efficient manner the news.
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Ringbom, A., Klas Elmgren, Karin Lindh, Jenny Peterson, Theodore W. Bowyer, James C. Hayes, Justin I. McIntyre, Mark Panisko, and Richard Williams. "Measurements of radioxenon in ground level air in South Korea following the claimed nuclear test in North Korea on October 9, 2006." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 282, no. 3 (July 25, 2009): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-009-0271-8.
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Tibi, Rigobert. "Discrimination of Seismic Events (2006–2020) in North Korea Using P/Lg Amplitude Ratios from Regional Stations and a Bivariate Discriminant Function." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 2399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200432.
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Abstract Two events of magnitude (mb) 3.6–3.8 occurred in southern North Korea (NK) on 27 June 2019 and 11 May 2020. Although these events were located ∼330–400 km from the known nuclear test site, the fact that they occurred within the territory of NK, a country with a recent history of underground nuclear tests, made them events of interest for the monitoring community. We used P/Lg ratios from regional stations to categorize seismic events that occurred in NK from 2006 to May 2020, including these two recent events, the six declared NK nuclear tests, and the cavity collapse and triggered earthquakes that followed the 3 September 2017 nuclear explosion. We were able to separate the cavity collapse from the population of nuclear explosions. However, based on P/Lg ratios, the distinction between the earthquakes and the cavity collapse is ambiguous. The performed discriminant analyses suggest that combining Pg/Lg and Pn/Lg ratios results in improved discriminant power compared with any of the ratio types alone. We used the two ratio types jointly in a quadratic discriminant function and successfully classified the six declared nuclear tests and the triggered earthquakes that followed the September 2017 explosion. Our analyses also confirm that the recent southern events of June 2019 and May 2020 are both tectonic earthquakes that occurred naturally.
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Stocki, T. J., R. K. Ungar, R. D’Amours, M. Bean, K. Bock, I. Hoffman, E. Korpach, and A. Malo. "North Korean nuclear test of October 9th, 2006: The utilization of health Canada’s radionuclide monitoring network and environment Canada’s atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling." Radioprotection 46, no. 6 (2011): S529—S534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/20116803s.
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Schlittenhardt, J., M. Canty, and I. Grünberg. "Satellite Earth Observations Support CTBT Monitoring: A Case Study of the Nuclear Test in North Korea of Oct. 9, 2006 and Comparison with Seismic Results." Pure and Applied Geophysics 167, no. 4-5 (January 22, 2010): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-009-0036-x.
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Oh, Kongdan, and Ralph Hassig. "North Korea in 2009: The Song Remains the Same." Asian Survey 50, no. 1 (January 2010): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2010.50.1.89.
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During the first half of 2009, North Korea's relations with South Korea remained frozen, and its second nuclear test angered the entire international community. Beginning in August, the regime adopted a softer foreign policy line, while insisting that it would never give up its nuclear weapons.
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Haggard, Stephan, and Marcus Noland. "Sanctioning North Korea: The Political Economy of Denuclearization and Proliferation." Asian Survey 50, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 539–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2010.50.3.539.
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Following North Korea's second nuclear test, the U.N. Security Council tightened sanctions. However, North Korea has tilted its relations toward partners uninterested in such measures. Since 2005, it has retreated from economic reform, most obviously in the 2009 confiscatory currency reform. These developments raise doubts about North Korea's interest in engagement.
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Park, Jihye, Ralph R. B. von Frese, Dorota A. Grejner-Brzezinska, Yu Morton, and Luis R. Gaya-Pique. "Ionospheric detection of the 25 May 2009 North Korean underground nuclear test." Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 22 (November 2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl049430.
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Shin, Jin Soo, Dong-Hoon Sheen, and Geunyoung Kim. "Regional observations of the second North Korean nuclear test on 2009 May 25." Geophysical Journal International 180, no. 1 (January 2010): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04422.x.
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채규철. "Scenarios of North Koreas's nuclear issues since its nuclear test and models of Prospects for relations of South-North Korea in 2007." Journal of Korean Political and Diplomatic History 28, no. 2 (February 2007): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.18206/kapdh.28.2.200702.199.
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Shin, Gi-Wook, and Rennie J. Moon. "North Korea in 2017." Asian Survey 58, no. 1 (January 2018): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.1.33.
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Kim Jong Un continued to consolidate his power through personnel changes, and North Korean society saw increasing consumerism, along with signs of growing inequality. The economy did well through early 2017 but the subsequent effects of sanctions remained uncertain. North Korea conducted its first test of an intercontinental ballistic missile and its sixth nuclear test, triggering heated debate in the US and elsewhere about how to respond. Kim clearly is not going to give up working on weapons of mass destruction.
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Olsen, Kim B., Michael Begnaud, Scott Phillips, and Bo Holm Jacobsen. "Constraints of Crustal Heterogeneity and Q(f) from Regional (<4 Hz) Wave Propagation for the 2009 North Korea Nuclear Test." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 108, no. 3A (March 20, 2018): 1369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120170195.
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Abstract We carried out 3D finite‐difference (FD) simulations (<4 Hz) of regional wave propagation for the 2009 North Korea nuclear explosion and compared the synthetics with instrument‐corrected records at stations INCN and TJN in South Korea. The source is an isotropic explosion with a moment magnitude of 4.1. Synthetics computed in the relatively smooth Sandia/Los Alamos National Laboratory SALSA3D (SAndia LoS Alamos 3D) velocity model significantly overpredict Rayleigh‐wave amplitudes by more than an order of magnitude while underpredicting coda amplitudes. The addition to SALSA3D of a von Karman distribution of small‐scale heterogeneities with correlation lengths of ∼1000 m, a Hurst number of 0.1, and a horizontal‐to‐vertical anisotropy of ∼5 produces synthetics in general agreement with the data. The best fits are obtained from models with a gradient in the strength of the velocity and density perturbations and strong scattering (10%) limited to the top 7.5–10 km of the crust. Deeper scattering tends to decrease the initial P‐wave amplitudes to levels much below those for the data, a critical result for methods discriminating between explosive and earthquake sources. In particular, the amplitude at the onset of Pn can be affected by as little as 2% small‐scale heterogeneity in the lower crust and upper mantle. Simulations including a constant Q of 200 (INCN) to 350 (TJN) below 1 Hz and a power‐law Q(f) formulation at higher frequencies, with an exponent of 0.3, generate synthetics in best agreement with the data. In our simulations, very limited scattering contribution from the near‐source area accumulates along the regional path.
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Gainullina, Liailia Aidarovna, Rustem Ravilevich Muhametzyanov, Bulat Aidarovich Gainullin, and Nadiia Almazovna Galiautdinova. "DPRK'S nuclear program." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-A (December 14, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-a550p.15-22.
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Historically, in the eyes of the Korean people, Japan is an antagonistic state that has brought them many troubles in the past century. Relations between Japan and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) are fundamental in terms of security in the Northeast Asia (NEA) region, since the decision on the DPRK nuclear missile program and on the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula is one of the pillars of achieving that very security throughout the region. The period, we consider in this study, from 1996 to 2006, is of significant importance, since a thorough analysis of the events of those years is important for understanding the root of existing problems in bilateral relations between Japan and North Korea. The present analysis on the behavioral lines in the solution of the North Korean nuclear missile program may contribute to the choice the best way to normalize relations between the two countries.
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Owen, David A. "Measuring Pro-North Korean sentiment in South Korea during the Kim Jong-il Era." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 47, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2014.04.005.
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This study analyzes recent claims regarding positive sentiment towards North Korea among South Koreans using cross-sectional public opinion data from the 2004 and 2006 waves of the Asian Barometer. Pro-North Korean sentiments are proposed to be highest among those who feel a stronger sense of common ancestry and language with North Koreans, the wealthy, the younger, those who trust NGOs, those in Seoul and those in the southwest region. I use ordered logistical regression to test hypotheses derived from these propositions. I find support for the southwest hypothesis, though the percentage of South Koreans with these sentiments is actually very low. The results have important implications for relations on the Korean Peninsula and the study of North Korean politics.
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CHOO, Jaewoo. "South Korea in 2013." East Asian Policy 06, no. 01 (January 2014): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930514000117.
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In 2013 South Korea elected Asia's first female president. President Park Geunhye enjoyed high approval rating of 60% on average, possibly due to her diplomatic success with the United States and China and her firm North Korean policy. Unemployment trended downwards and South Korea's Kaesong Industrial Complex in North Korea reopened amid controversies. Relations with the North are however likely to worsen with mounting speculation of Pyongyang's possible fourth nuclear test.
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Min, Woo-Jun, and Sukhee Han. "Economic sanctions against North Korea: The pivotal role of US–China cooperation." International Area Studies Review 23, no. 2 (March 19, 2020): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865920901896.
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At the beginning of 2018, North Korea halted its long-range nuclear- and ballistic-missile development programs and announced that it was willing to denuclearize. Soon afterwards, it reached out to countries including the US, China and South Korea. This sudden change in behavior marked the end of six years of extreme isolation under Kim Jong-un’s leadership. To explain why North Korea decided to reach out when it did, the present study examines the 2006–2018 economic sanctions levied on North Korea under the US maximum-pressure policy, carried out partly in cooperation with China. The findings suggest that economic sanctions were ineffective between 2006 and 2016 for two reasons: the lack of cooperation between the US and China, and China’s policy of assisting North Korea. In 2006–2016, China and North Korea had shared values and high volumes of trade; there were no clear signs of cooperation between the US and China. However, as trade between China and North Korea began to decrease in late 2017 and early 2018, there were signs of cooperation between the US and China, and changes in North Korean behavior. North Korea came to the negotiating table largely to lift the economic sanctions, which were strengthened by cooperation between the US and China. Increased economic pressure compelled North Korea to normalize its relations with the US, China and South Korea.
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Kyung-Young, Chung. "Realities and Strategies in Managing North Korea’s Nuclear Challenge." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 02, no. 04 (January 2016): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740016500299.
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The nuclear program is arguably Kim Jong-un’s strategic fantasy and core asset for breaking the status quo in order to achieve a unified Korea. To cope with North Korea’s grave nuclear and missile threats, the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system needs to be deployed in South Korea for deterrence by denial. In the meantime, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) should not exclude the military option in the event of any further nuclear test and Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) launch experiment by North Korea. The U.S. government should consider redeploying tactical nuclear warheads to South Korea in order to make the extended deterrence more effective. The South Korean government should make it clear that the Republic of Korea (ROK) does not seek to join, nor will it be incorporated into, the U.S.-led missile defense system. The United States and China should cooperate with South Korea to take the lead in achieving a norm-oriented, nuclear-free, and unified Korea. In particular, ROK-U.S.-China strategic cooperation is essential to preventing any potential nuclear warfare and maintaining peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula. South Korea, the United States and China should propose restructured negotiations on important issues that provide genuine incentives for Pyongyang, culminating in complete and verifiable denuclearization and a treaty that will end the tensions on the Peninsula. In addition, the trilateral cooperation needs to adopt a more proactive engagement policy to facilitate North Korea’s lasting transformation.
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KIM, Sung Chull. "The North Korean Nuclear Crisis in 2017: New Challenges and Risks." East Asian Policy 10, no. 01 (January 2018): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930518000120.
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North Korea’s hydrogen bomb test and ICBM tests in 2017 incurred a new crisis. Given that North Korea is unlikely to give up its nuclear weapons and a military option against it may be unworkable, deterrence becomes a realistic recourse to cope with the crisis. The most challenging issues are the North’s pursuit of more missile technologies and unknown aspects of nuclear command and control in Pyongyang.
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Lee, James Jungbok. "“Treating Allies with Respect: U.S.-rok Alliance and the Second Korean Nuclear Crisis, 2002–2006”." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 26, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 165–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02602004.
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This article examines the reasons why the level of alliance cohesion between the United States and the Republic of Korea (rok) was suboptimal during the Second North Korean Nuclear Crisis (2002–2006). Existing studies on this phenomenon primarily attribute its causes to factors like the rise of anti-Americanism in the rok and/or the increasing divergence in the two nations’ respective threat perceptions of the North Korea and their resulting policy preferences. However, these explanations are partial at best. The main finding here is that one should understand the frictions in the U.S.-rok alliance in terms of the rok’s status concerns. In particular, the rok, with a sense of entitlement to its solid middle power status, had set out to cooperate closely with the United States in seeking to answer the nuclear problem, based on the spirit of horizontal, equitable alliance relations. However, the United States failed overall to reciprocate, thereby leading the rok to boldly pursue its own set of policies at the expense of eroding alliance cohesion. These events demonstrate that (dis)respect for status concerns in international politics can make a major contribution towards facilitating (or impeding) interstate cooperation.
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KIM, Sung Chull. "North Korea's Politics: Path of Reclusive Tyranny." East Asian Policy 08, no. 01 (January 2016): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930516000143.
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Kim Jong-un's obsession with full control of power and his single-minded pursuit of nuclear advancement, as seen in the fourth nuclear test in January 2016, have further isolated his country. North Korea apparently is taking a revisionist strategy: to change the rule of the game in Northeast Asia and in inter-Korean relations. North Korea exploits the Chinese dilemma of condemning the defiant behaviour but cannot abandon the country.
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Olsen, Kim B., Michael Begnaud, Scott Phillips, and Bo Holm Jacobsen. "Constraints of Crustal Heterogeneity and Q(f) from Regional (<4 Hz) Wave Propagation for the 2009 North Korea Nuclear Test." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 5 (July 28, 2020): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200173.
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Husenicova, Lucia. "North Korean strategic culture: survival and security." Scientific Bulletin 23, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2018-0004.
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Abstract During last year North Korea has made almost daily headline. Topics such as the strongest nuclear test, tests of missiles from medium range ballistic missiles (MRBM) to intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), readiness to retaliate to any possible U.S. attack, appeared frequently. In addition, the reaction of U.S. president D. Trump about American readiness to solve the issue, sending armada or reacting with fire and fury, were also covered by media all around the world. With these developments a possibility of nuclear war was discussed for the first time since the end of Cold War. This article aims to look closer to the reasons of North Korean behaviour, not only in last few years but within the contest of the concept of strategic culture. This concept has been used to explain behaviour of powers mainly, but the article aims to prove it is a viable tool to explain the motives and perceptions of any state in international system. The article aspires to conclude that the North Korean foreign and security policy is necessary to perceive in more complex picture. The current situation in North Korea is a result of combination of several factors that are determining and that have formed its perception of international relations
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Che, Il-Young, Keehoon Kim, Alexis Le Pichon, Junghyun Park, Stephen Arrowsmith, and Brian Stump. "Illuminating the North Korean nuclear explosion test in 2017 using remote infrasound observations." Geophysical Journal International 228, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab338.
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SUMMARY North Korea conducted its sixth underground nuclear explosion test (${m_\mathrm{ b}}$ 6.3) on 2017 September 3. The underground explosion produced substantial low-frequency atmospheric waves, which were detected by infrasound arrays located up to a distance of 566 km. These infrasound waves are formed by the conversion of seismic energy to acoustic energy across the lithosphere–atmosphere interface. While infrasound records at regional distances produce estimates of ground motion amplitude over spatially extended regions covering about 26 500 km2, 3-D full seismo-acoustic simulations within the lithosphere and atmosphere provide quantitative information about seismo-acoustic energy partitioning. Our results demonstrate the capability of remote infrasound observations combined with 3-D propagation modelling to further develop discrimination methods for underground sources. These results contribute to enhance the confidence of source identification and characterization in nuclear test monitoring research, which is essential for the enforcement of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.
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Chun, K. Y., and G. A. Henderson. "Lg Attenuation near the North Korean Border with China, Part II: Model Development from the 2006 Nuclear Explosion in North Korea." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99, no. 5 (September 23, 2009): 3030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080341.
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Gaebler, Peter, Lars Ceranna, Nima Nooshiri, Andreas Barth, Simone Cesca, Michaela Frei, Ilona Grünberg, et al. "A multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean nuclear test." Solid Earth 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-59-2019.
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Abstract. On 3 September 2017 official channels of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea announced the successful test of a thermonuclear device. Only seconds to minutes after the alleged nuclear explosion at the Punggye-ri nuclear test site in the mountainous region in the country's northeast at 03:30:02 (UTC), hundreds of seismic stations distributed all around the globe picked up strong and distinct signals associated with an explosion. Different seismological agencies reported body wave magnitudes of well above 6.0, consequently estimating the explosive yield of the device on the order of hundreds of kT TNT equivalent. The 2017 event can therefore be assessed as being multiple times larger in energy than the two preceding North Korean events in January and September 2016. This study provides a multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean event and its aftermath using a wide array of geophysical methods. Seismological investigations locate the event within the test site at a depth of approximately 0.6 km below the surface. The radiation and generation of P- and S-wave energy in the source region are significantly influenced by the topography of the Mt. Mantap massif. Inversions for the full moment tensor of the main event reveal a dominant isotropic component accompanied by significant amounts of double couple and compensated linear vector dipole terms, confirming the explosive character of the event. The analysis of the source mechanism of an aftershock that occurred around 8 min after the test in the direct vicinity suggest a cavity collapse. Measurements at seismic stations of the International Monitoring System result in a body wave magnitude of 6.2, which translates to an yield estimate of around 400 kT TNT equivalent. The explosive yield is possibly overestimated, since topography and depth phases both tend to enhance the peak amplitudes of teleseismic P waves. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar analysis using data from the ALOS-2 satellite reveal strong surface deformations in the epicenter region. Additional multispectral optical data from the Pleiades satellite show clear landslide activity at the test site. The strong surface deformations generated large acoustic pressure peaks, which were observed as infrasound signals with distinctive waveforms even at distances of 401 km. In the aftermath of the 2017 event, atmospheric traces of the fission product 133Xe were detected at various locations in the wider region. While for 133Xe measurements in September 2017, the Punggye-ri test site is disfavored as a source by means of atmospheric transport modeling, detections in October 2017 at the International Monitoring System station RN58 in Russia indicate a potential delayed leakage of 133Xe at the test site from the 2017 North Korean nuclear test.
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Xu, Henglei, Sidao Ni, Wenxue Liu, Haofeng Zhu, and Xuliang Wang. "Focal mechanisms of the 2017 North Korean nuclear test and its early collapse event." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 2 (October 12, 2019): 737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz462.
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SUMMARY North Korea conducted sixth underground nuclear test on 3 September 2017. Unlike its previous tests, a rare subsequent collapse event occurred after about 8.5 min. As two types of distinctive shallow seismic events, accurate inversion of their focal mechanisms is important for event identification for CTBT. In this paper, we carry out moment tensor inversion of the nuclear test and the collapse event with gCAP using waveform data from dense regional seismic stations. And their focal mechanisms are further constrained with surface wave amplitude ratio. The results show that the surface wave amplitude ratio has further constraints for screening the waveform inversion results. The resolution of the focal mechanism inversion for the nuclear test is high, which is close to a Crack source. However, the resolution for the collapse event inversion is not so high and the source type is difficult to be accurately determined. One reason of the poor resolution for the collapse event may be due to the limited availability of high quality data, and complexity of the source process might be another factor.
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Lee, Yusin. "Political Viability of the Russia-North Korea-South Korea Gas Pipeline Project: An Analysis of the Role of the U.S." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101895.
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This study analyzes the political viability of the Russia-North Korea-South Korea (RNS) gas pipeline project. This analysis demonstrates that North Korea’s fourth nuclear test in January 2016 changed the dynamic of the project. Before the test, when inter-Korean relations were good, South Korea and Russia could make efforts to secure political support for the project. However, after the fourth nuclear test, this was no longer the case. As North Korea’s nuclear power status became more evident, this nuclear problem began to have profound implications for U.S. security. In response, Washington not only led the UN Security Council to impose very severe sanctions against North Korea, but also placed its own sanctions on the country. These sanctions began to contain provisions that could prevent the implementation of the pipeline project. In addition to these sanctions, the U.S. sanctions against Russia in 2017 over its intervention in the U.S. election and aggression against Ukraine also contained clauses that could hamper it. Therefore, unless the U.S. lifts or eases all of these sanctions, South Korea and Russia are unwilling to take any concrete actions to secure political support for the RNS pipeline project. Based on this analysis, this paper argues that the U.S. now holds the most important key to its political viability.
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Wei, Meng. "Location and source characteristics of the 2016 January 6 North Korean nuclear test constrained by InSAR." Geophysical Journal International 209, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx053.
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Summary The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ALOS-2 satellite show possible deformation associated with the 2016 January 6 North Korean nuclear test whereas the European Space Agency Sentinel-1A data are decorrelated. This is the first time that deformation related to a nuclear test has been measured since 1992. Here, I present two interpretations of the observed deformation: First, the deformation can be explained by a triggered landslide on the western slope of Mt Mantap, with a displacement of up to 10 cm across a patch of 1 km2. Second, the observation may be from uplift created by the nuclear explosion. In the second interpretation, the location, depth and cavity size can be estimated from a topography-corrected homogenous half-space model (Mogi). The preferred location of the 2016 January 6 event is 41.2993°N 129.0715°E, with an uncertainty of 100 m. The estimated depth is 420–700 m and the cavity radius is 23–27 m. Based on empirical data and the assumption of granite as the host rock, the yield is estimated to be 11.6–24.4 kilotons of TNT, which is consistent with previous results based on seismic data. With these two interpretations, I demonstrate that InSAR data provide an independent tool to locate and estimate source characteristics of nuclear tests in North Korea. The ambiguity of interpretation is mainly due to the limited InSAR data acquisition. Future frequent data collection by current and upcoming InSAR satellites will allow full use of InSAR for nuclear monitoring and characterization in North Korea and around the world.
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Lee, Jong-Sue. "The EU's Economic Cooperation with North Korea: The Possibility as a Useful Tool to Complement Korea-US Cooperation." International Area Review 12, no. 2 (September 2009): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590901200207.
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North Korea conducted 2nd nuclear test on May 25, 2009. It made a vicious circle and continued military tension on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea regime got a question on the effectiveness of the six party talks and ‘security-economy exchange model’. In addition, the North Korea probably disappointed about the North Korea issue has been excluded from the Obama administration's policy position. So the dialogue or relationship recovery with the United States and North Korea through six-party talks or bilateral talks will be difficult for the time being. This paper examines the EU policy on North Korea. Based on the results, analyzes the EU is likely to act as a balancer on the Korean Peninsula. Through the procedure of deepening and expanding the economic and political unification, the EU utilizes their cooperative policies towards North Korea as an ideal opportunity to realize their internal value and to confirm the commonness within the EU members. The acceleration of the EU's unification, however, began to focus on human rights, and this made their official relationship worse. Yet, the EU is continuously providing food as wells as humanitarian and technological support to North Korea regardless of the ongoing nuclear and human rights issues in North Korea. Also, the number of multinational corporations investing in North Korea for the purpose of preoccupying resources and key industries at an individual nation's level has been increasing. The European Union has unique structure which should follow the way of solving the problem of member states like subsidiary principle. It appears to conflict between normative power of the European Union and strategic interests on member states. This paper examines if the European Union is useful tool to complement Korea-US cooperation in the near future.
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Lee, Kyoung Haing, and Hyeong Pil Seo. "Analysis of the flight trajectory characteristics of North Korea SLBM due to launching mode." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 07, no. 04 (December 2016): 1643005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962316430054.
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The current research aims to simulate the flight trajectory of the North Korean submarine–launched ballistic missile (SLBM) and analyze its flight characteristics based on its range control method. Recently, North Korea has completed the test flight of SLBM and it has become a significant threat to international security. North Korea obtained SLBM technologies from Russia while disbanding decommissioned Russian submarines, and it is suspected that North Korea will continue to experiment in related fields along with its continued attempts to miniaturize nuclear weapons. If North Korea completes the development of SLBM and deploys the missiles, it means the completion of the three asymmetric warfare elements (nuclear weapon, ballistic missile, and submarine) and they will be the most significant threats to northeast Asia. Therefore, it is imperative to scientifically analyze SLBM to adeptly respond to such threat. One characteristic of SLBM is capability of attacking its target in a variety of ways based on its range control method. Based on this fact, the current research derives the flight equation of North Korean SLBM and simulates its flight trajectory based on various range control methods. The flight trajectories that we derive can be used to establish an effective anti-ballistic missile defense system in northeast Asia.
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Kusumayani, Rahmah. "NORTH KOREA’S NUCLEAR WEAPON DEVELOPMENT IN REGARDS TO THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF DEFENCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v4i2.411.
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Abstract
Self defence known as an inherent right that is owned by states to protect its sovereignty from attack by other states. The international rules about self defence do not give any limitation about the type of weapon that can be used by states, including the threat or use of nuclear weapons to act self defence. In Practice, many requirements must be fulfilled by states when they claim the act of self defence. Since 2006, North Korea proclaimed its capability to develop nuclear weapons based on self defence argument. The Security Council concluded that North Korea’s development of nuclear weapon program is a threat to international peace and security and condemned such acts with sanctions based on act 41 UN Charter. The purposes of this study are to examine whether the North Korea’s nuclear program as an act of self defence and the UN Security Council’s sanctions to North Korea are in line with the principle of self defence in international law. The result of this research concludes that North Korea’s nuclear program does not meet the requirements as stated in article 51 UN Charter and customary international law regarding self defence. North Korea can not prove that the United States’ threat is jeopardy, and has a wide and dangerous effect for North Korea. Regarding the Security Council’s primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security, states must report his act of self defence to the Security Council immediately. As therefore, sanctions given by the Security Council are in line with the principle of self defence since North Korea can not fulfil the requested requirements of self defence.
Keywords: Act 51 UN Charter, Korean Nuclear Development, Principle of self defence
Abstrak
Hak untuk menerapkan self defence dimiliki oleh tiap negara untuk melindungi kedaulatannya dari serangan negara lain. Peraturan internasional mengenai self defence tidak membatasi jenis senjata yang dapat digunakan oleh negara, termasuk ancaman dan penggunaan senjata nuklir dalam melakukan tindakan self defence. Dalam prakteknya banyak syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh negara-negara ketika akan mengklaim tindakan self defence. Sejak tahun 2006, Korea Utara mendeklarasikan kesiapannya dalam mengembangkan senjata nuklir dengan alasan self defence. Dewan Keamanan menganggap bahwa program pengembangan senjata nuklir Korea Utara mengancam perdamaian dan keamanan internasional dan berdasarkan Pasal 41 Piagam PBB, Dewan Keamanan memberikan sanksi kepada Korea Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji legalitas pengembangan senjata nuklir di Korea Utara atas tindakan yang diklaim negaranya sebagai self defence serta kesesuaian penerapan sanksi Dewan Keamanan PBB dengan prinsip self defence. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa program senjata nuklir Korea Utara tidak memenuhi syarat yang terdapat dalam Pasal 51 Piagam PBB maupun hukum kebiasaan internasional terkait self defence. Korea Utara tidak bisa membuktikan bahwa ancaman Amerika Serikat bersifat genting dan nyata menimbulkan efek luas dan berbahaya bagi Korea Utara. Berdasarkan tugas utama Dewan Keamanan dalam menjaga kedamaian dan keamanan internasional, negara-negara harus melaporkan tindakan self defence kepada Dewan Keamanan dengan segera. Berdasarkan uraian diatas, sanksi yang diberikan Dewan Keamanan tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip self defence karena Korea Utara tidak bisa memenuhi hal-hal yang disyaratkan untuk melakukan tindakan self defence.
Kata Kunci: Pasal 51 Piagam PBB, Pengembangan Senjata Nuklir Korea Utara, Prinsip Pembelaan Diri
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Sreejith, K. M., Ritesh Agrawal, and A. S. Rajawat. "Constraints on the location, depth and yield of the 2017 September 3 North Korean nuclear test from InSAR measurements and modelling." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz451.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARY The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) conducted its sixth and largest affirmed underground nuclear test on 2017 September 3. Analysis of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data revealed detailed surface displacements associated with the nuclear explosion. The nuclear explosion produced large-scale surface deformation causing decorrelation of the InSAR data directly above the test site, Mt. Mantap, while the flanks of the Mountain experienced displacements up to 0.5 m along the Line-of-Sight of the Satellite. We determined source parameters of the explosion using the Bayesian inversion of the InSAR data. The explosive yield was estimated as 245–271 kiloton (kt) of TNT, while the previous yield estimations range from 70–400 kt. We determined the nuclear source at a depth of 542 ± 30 m below Mt. Mantap (129.0769°E, 41.0324°N). We demonstrated that the Bayesian modelling of the InSAR data reduces the uncertainties in the source parameters of the nuclear test, particularly the yield and source depth that are otherwise poorly resolved in seismic methods.
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Kim, Jeehye, and Jiyoung Ko. "To condone, condemn, or ‘no comment’? Explaining a patron’s reaction to a client’s unilateral provocations." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 3 (October 14, 2019): 452–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319875202.
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What explains a patron’s decision to publicly condone, condemn, or forgo commenting on its client’s unilateral provocations? We present a new theoretical framework that identifies a patron’s two strategic considerations – maximizing its sphere of influence and avoiding entanglement – and factors that affect them. We claim that whenever a patron faces a great power rivalry or a vulnerable client, it is more likely to condone its client’s provocations in order to safeguard its sphere of influence. On the other hand, when the risk of escalation looms large, the patron is more likely to condemn its client’s provocations in order to avoid entanglement. Focusing on the Sino-North Korean patron–client relationship, we test our theory on an original dataset that tracks China’s official reactions to provocations initiated by North Korea. We find that China tends to condone North Korea’s provocations when the USA criticizes them, and refrains from condemning when North Korea is domestically fragile. We also find that China is more likely to condemn its client’s provocations in the period after North Korea became a nuclear state. In addition, we draw on examples from the USA–Pakistan and the USA–Israel patron–client relationships to illustrate our causal logic. This article offers new insights on how a patron manages its client’s unruly behavior, and provides the first large-N evidence on China’s responses to North Korean provocations from 1981 to 2016.
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Efanodor-Obeten, O. H. "THE DANGEROUS OUTSIDER: HISTORICIZING AND INTERROGATING THE NON-NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION TREATY (NPT)." Open Journal of Social Science and Humanities (ISSN: 2734-2077) 1, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojssh.v1i1.65.
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The Non-Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT) which is one of the world’s most widely adopted security conventions, which also proved to be one of the most controversial treaty. Its provisions define the core bargain between those few Nuclear weapon states and numerous Non-Nuclear weapon states. The paper examines the NPT and undertakes an excursus on the dangers posed to the international nuclear control effort by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). Using secondary sources of information, the paper examines the NPT by tracing its historical basis. This enabled the study to interrogate the NPT, in spite of its major achievements, questions and criticisms are being raised about the implementation of the NPT and its overall strength. The past years have seen a series of efforts by multilateral institutions to enforce the treaty by combining restrictive measures and proposals for long-term arrangements. These efforts have not yielded results so far. The existing Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) are not required by the treaty to give up nuclear weapons but rather to negotiate in good faith. This has questioned the credibility of the nuclear states to press others to drop their nuclear ambitions. More ominous still, is the risk of the qualitative escalation of proliferation of nations following North Korea’s withdrawal and series of test. The findings of the study reveal that the potential danger posed by North Korea are in threefold; firstly, if there is war in the Korean peninsula it could use nuclear weapons against its neighbors. Secondly, North Korea could help other states build a nuclear reactor that could produce materials for nuclear weapon. And lastly, North Korea’s nuclear programme could breakdown the international regime intended to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. The paper concludes that the case of North Korea has proved that arms control by example is an important adjunct to specific nonproliferation treaties and cooperative measures. Although it cannot by itself stop states or leaders determined to violate an international agreement or tacit understanding, it can enhance the moral authority of the major powers to press others to drop their nuclear ambitions.
Efanodor-Obeten, O. H. | Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria
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Lee, Sang-Jun, Junkee Rhie, Seongryong Kim, Tae-Seob Kang, and Chang Soo Cho. "1-D velocity model for the North Korean Peninsula from Rayleigh wave dispersion of ambient noise cross-correlations." Journal of Seismology 24, no. 1 (November 16, 2019): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09891-6.
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AbstractMonitoring seismic activity in the north Korean Peninsula (NKP) is important not only for understanding the characteristics of tectonic earthquakes but also for monitoring anthropogenic seismic events. To more effectively investigate seismic properties, reliable seismic velocity models are essential. However, the seismic velocity structures of the region have not been well constrained due to a lack of available seismic data. This study presents 1-D velocity models for both the inland and offshore (western East Sea) of the NKP. We constrained the models based on the results of a Bayesian inversion process using Rayleigh wave dispersion data, which were measured from ambient noise cross-correlations between stations in the southern Korean Peninsula and northeast China. The proposed models were evaluated by performing full moment tensor inversion for the 2013 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) nuclear test. Using the composite model consisting of both inland and offshore models resulted in consistently higher goodness of fit to observed waveforms than previous models. This indicates that seismic monitoring can be improved by using the proposed models, which resolve propagation effects along different paths in the NKP region.
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Kim, H. S., G. S. Lee, J. H. Kim, S. K. Kang, B. C. Lee, and W. S. Hwang. "140 EXPRESSION OF LEPTIN LIGAND AND RECEPTOR AND EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS LEPTIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF PORCINE IN VITRO FERTILIZED AND SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab140.
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The present study investigated the expression of ligand and receptor for leptin, and the effect of leptin supplementation on preimplantation development of porcine in vitro-fertilized (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. The IVF embryos were produced using frozen boar semen and SCNT embryos were obtained by nuclear transfer of fetal fibroblasts into enucleated oocytes. In Exp. 1, in vitro-matured porcine oocytes and embryos in 2-, 4-, and 8-cell as well as morula and blastocyst stages derived from IVF or SCNT were immunostained for leptin ligand and receptor with their specific antibodies. The expression of leptin ligand and receptor proteins was detected in oocytes and all stages of IVF and SCNT embryos. The IVF (Exp. 2; n = 635, 630, 633, 635, respectively) or SCNT oocytes (Exp. 3; n = 256, 258, 251, 258, respectively) were cultured in modified North Carolina State University (mNCSU)-23 medium supplemented with various concentrations (1, 10, 100, or 1000 ng/mL) of leptin. For the control group, IVF (n = 635) or SCNT embryos (n = 249) were cultured without leptin supplementation (0 ng/mL leptin). Embryo development and cell number in blatoscysts after differential staining according to a modified staining procedure (Thouas et al. 2000 Reprod. Biomed. Online 3, 25–29) were evaluated. The IVF or SCNT embryos were randomly distributed, and experiments were replicated at least 11 times. The differences in embryo development among experimental groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA after arcsine transformation (without arcsine transformation for cell number of blastocysts) to maintain homogeneity of variance. Post hoc analyses to identify between-group differences were performed using the LSD test. In SCNT embryos, the cleavage rate was not different in leptin-treated groups (73.8, 77.5, 75.7, or 78.7%, respectively) compared to the control (76.3%). The rate of blastocyst formation (at 166 h after the day of injection of donor cells) in SCNT embryos was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in 1000 ng/mL leptin-supplemented group (20.2%) compared with the control (12.9%) and 1 ng/mL leptin-supplemented (12.5%) groups. Supplementing mNCSU-23 with 1000 ng/mL leptin also significantly increased (P < 0.05) the number of total cells (54.6) and trophectoderm (TE) cells (39.1) in SCNT blastocysts (n = >25) compared with the control [45.1 (total cells) and 31.6 (TE cells)] and 10 ng/mL leptin-supplemented group [44.4 (total cells) and 31.7 (TE cells)]. In IVF embryos, leptin supplementation did not affect pre-implantation embryo development and cell number in blastocysts. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the expression of leptin ligand and receptor proteins in porcine in vitro matured oocytes, IVF and SCNT embryos, and the embryotropic role of leptin in the SCNT embryo development. This study was supported by the Advanced Backbone IT Technology Development (IMT 2000-C1-1) and the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology (M10310060000-03B4606-00000).
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Maharti, Hastin Melur, and Winarini Wilman Mansoer. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEPUASAN PERNIKAHAN, KOMITMEN BERAGAMA, DAN KOMITMEN PERNIKAHAN DI INDONESIA." JKKP (Jurnal Kesejahteraan Keluarga dan Pendidikan) 5, no. 1 (April 24, 2018): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jkkp.051.07.
Full textAbstract:
This research is aimed to discover the interrelation between marital satisfaction, religiouscommitment and marital commitment globally and based on its types, personal, moral, andstructural. The sampling of the research is 315 persons, with age 20 until 58 years old. The resultof the research shows there is a significant correlation between marital satisfaction and maritalcommitment, religious commitment and marital commitment, marital satisfaction together withreligious commitment and marital commitment. It is also discovers that marital commitmentinfluences personal commitment and moral commitment, while religious commitment influencespersonal commitment, moral commitment, and structural commitment.Keywords: marital satisfaction, religious commitment, marital commitment
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, dan komitmen pernikahan secara global dan menurut tipenya, komitmen personal, moral, dan struktural. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah berjumlah 315 orang, berusia 20 hingga 58 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kepuasan pernikahan dan komitmen pernikahan, komitmen beragama dan komitmen pernikahan, kepuasan pernikahan bersama dengan komitmen beragama dan komitmen pernikahan. Juga diketahui bahwa kepuasan pernikahan memiliki pengaruh terhadap komitmen personal dan komitmen moral. Sementara komitmen beragama memiliki pengaruh terhadap komitmen personal, komitmen moral, dan komitmen struktural.
Kata kunci: kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, komitmen pernikahan
References
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Patton, Howard J., and Steven R. Taylor. "Effects of shock-induced tensile failure onmb-Msdiscrimination: Contrasts between historic nuclear explosions and the North Korean test of 9 October 2006." Geophysical Research Letters 35, no. 14 (July 17, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034211.
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Che, Il-Young, Tae Sung Kim, Jeong-Soo Jeon, and Hee-Il Lee. "Infrasound observation of the apparent North Korean nuclear test of 25 May 2009." Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 22 (November 19, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041017.
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"Tensions Rise Between the United States and North Korea." American Journal of International Law 112, no. 1 (January 2018): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.4.
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On November 29, 2017, North Korea test-fired a ballistic missile that North Korean officials claim can deliver a nuclear warhead to any city in the United States. According to North Korea's leader Kim Jong Un, the missile launch “finally realised” the nation's ambition “of completing the state nuclear force, the cause of building a rocket power.” At the same time, U.S. officials have reiterated that “[t]he United States does not accept a nuclear North Korea.” As a result, North Korea's fast-expanding nuclear weapons program has exacerbated the already fraught relations between the two countries.
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"United States Supports New Security Council Sanctions Following North Korean Missile Launch; North Korea Responds with Third Nuclear Test." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 2 (April 2013): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000009933.
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Xu, Henglei, Sidao Ni, Ping Jin, Shiban Ding, and Hongchun Wang. "Effects of Secondary Sources of Underground Nuclear Explosions on the mb : Ms Criterion and Implications for Discrimination of the DPRK’s Nuclear Tests." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, November 24, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200165.
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ABSTRACT The mb : Ms (mb vs. Ms) relationship is an important criterion for screening explosions from earthquakes and has been widely adopted in seismological monitoring by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. In general, the earthquakes have larger Ms than the underground explosions with equivalent mb. However, it has been reported that this recognition criterion failed to identify some explosions at the North Korea nuclear test site. In this study, we investigate the potential effects of secondary source components, including the compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) and double-couple (DC) sources, on mb and Ms magnitude measurements and the physical mechanism of the mb : Ms recognition criterion by calculating synthetic seismograms. The results show an apparent critical body-wave magnitude of 5 when using the mb : Ms method to discriminate North Korean underground nuclear explosions. The Ms measurements decrease as the CLVD components increase, whereas the effects from the DC source can be neglected. Small events, such as the first five North Korean nuclear tests, generate weak CLVD components, leading to the failure of mb : Ms-based discrimination, whereas the last event, with a larger magnitude, caused extensive damage and hence can be successfully discriminated. In addition, the large difference between the source spectrum of explosions and those of earthquakes might be another important factor in the successful mb : Ms-based discrimination of the sixth North Korean nuclear test.
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Havíř, Josef. "ZÁZNAMY SEVEROKOREJSKÝCH JADERNÝCH EXPLOZÍ NA SEISMICKÉ STANICI VRAC." Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku 20, no. 1-2 (November 30, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/gvms2013-1-2-185.
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Seismic station VRAC operated by IPE (Institute of Physics of the Earth) is part of the International Monitoring System CTBTO (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization). This monitoring system is built for verifi cation of the compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Station VRAC provided important registration of the nuclear explosions. Last explosions were carried out on the territory Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), latest North Korean nuclear test was conducted this year (12. 2. 2013). Station VRAC recorded signal of all North Korean nuclear explosions. Registrations by stations of International Monitoring System, including station VRAC, significantly contributed to improving of the discrimination techniques, mainly to improving the discrimination between natural earthquakes and explosions based on the analyses of Ms and mb magnitudes.
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"Pragmatics." Language Teaching 39, no. 3 (July 2006): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444806293698.
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Lee, Soon Jeong, Jun Bo Shim, and Sang-Rae Lee. "First report of Labyrinthula zosterae (Labyrinthulomycetes) as the causal pathogen of wasting disease in the seagrass Zostera marina in Korea." Plant Disease, February 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-20-2751-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Zostera marina L. plants have been seriously impacted by wasting disease along the Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe since the 1930s (Muehlstein 1989). Sudden declines in the population sizes of Zostera marina affect primary and secondary producers of different trophic levels in blue carbon ecosystems (Gleason et al. 2013). Muehlstein et al. (1991) first identified Labyrinthula zosterae (Labyrinthulomycetes) as the pathogen causing wasting disease in Zostera marina. However, there have been no reports of wasting disease pathogens affecting seagrass in Korea. In this study, we collected leaves of Z. marina showing symptoms of wasting disease in the southern region of South Korea (Dongdaeman, Namhae, Gyeongnam Province) during field monitoring (from April to September 2013). The pathogens of wasting disease, Labyrinthula zosterae has been isolated from the infected leaves of Z. marina and established as a culture strain (Supplementary Figure 1). Samples of Z. marina and L. zosterae were deposited at the Fisheries Seed and Breeding Research Institute (previous Seaweed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, South Korea). Microscopic examination of the infected leaf tissues revealed fusiform or spindle-shaped vegetative Labyrinthula cells (4–5 × 15–20 μm). These were similar in size and shape to those previously described for Labyrinthula species. The fusiform cells were cultured in 1% serum seawater agar medium, and they formed colonies and showed gliding motility along a network of hyaline slime filaments. To validate the pathogenicity, re-inoculation tests by L. zosterae were performed with the isolated strains in accordance with Koch’s postulates. Healthy leaves of Z. marina collected from the field were used in the re-inoculation tests and were cultured at 15°C under white fluorescent irradiation of approximately 20 μmol·photons·m-2·s-1 and a 12:12-h light:dark cycle (Supplementary Figure 1). Labyrinthula zosterae re-isolated from artificially infected leaves of Z. marina was confirmed by DNA sequence similarity analysis. Total genomic DNA from the infected leaf cells and the culture strains was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA were determined to identify Labyrinthula species. L. zosterae-specific primers (Lz2forward (5ʹ- CTAAGACTAAACGAGGCGAAAGCCTAC-3ʹ) and Lz2reverse (5ʹ-AGGTTTACAAAACACACTCGTCCACA-3ʹ) in Bergmann et al. (2011)) were used to confirm the infection of L. zosterae in the leaves from the field samples and the re-inoculation test samples. Next, PCR products were cloned using a pLUG-Prime® TA-cloning Vector (iNtRON Biotechnology, Korea) and commercially sequenced (SolGent, Korea). The ITS sequence of Korean L. zosterae (accession number MW357748) showed high sequence similarity (99.3–100%) with that of L. zosterae deposited in GenBank (National Center for Biotechnology Information) from BLAST searches. These findings confirm that this is the first report of L. zosterae as the causal pathogen of wasting disease in Z. marina in Korea.