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Journal articles on the topic 'North-West Frontier Province'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 March 2023

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1

Bashir, Tariq, Khalid Khan, and Khaleel Malik. "The innovation landscape of Pakistan's North West Frontier Province." Science and Public Policy 37, no. 3 (April 1, 2010): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/030234210x497401.

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2

Spengler, William H. "The Katlang Pink Topaz Mine, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Journal of Gemmology 19, no. 8 (1985): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.1985.19.8.664.

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3

Hai, M. Abdul, John Stonehouse, Ashraf Poswal, John Mumford, and Riaz Mahmoud. "Losses of plums to theft in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Crop Protection 22, no. 6 (July 2003): 891–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(03)00031-0.

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4

Paracha, P. I., A. Hameed, and B. Akram. "PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN OF NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, PAKISTAN." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 27, no. 2 (August 1998): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199808000-00124.

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5

Parikh, A., and K. Shah. "MEASUREMENT OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY IN THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN." Journal of Agricultural Economics 45, no. 1 (January 1994): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00384.x.

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6

Akhtar, Saeed, Nakiri Djallem, Gul Shad, and Olaf Thieme. "Bluetongue virus seropositivity in sheep flocks in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 29, no. 4 (February 1997): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01093-8.

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7

Thingbaijam, K. K. S., P. Chingtham, and S. K. Nath. "Seismicity in the North-West Frontier Province at the Indian-Eurasian Plate Convergence." Seismological Research Letters 80, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.80.4.599.

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8

Dittmann, Andreas, and Marcus Nüsser. "Siedlungsentwicklung im östlichen Hindukusch: Das Beispiel Chitral Town (North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan)." Erdkunde 56, no. 1 (2002): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2002.01.04.

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9

Ahmad, Muhammad Shakeel, Amanullah Memon, and Fazal Rabbi. "Electoral Politics in the North West Frontier Province of Colonial India 1946–47." History and Sociology of South Asia 8, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2230807513506625.

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10

Rafiq, Rubina A. "Three New Species from Palas Valley, District Kohistan, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Novon 6, no. 3 (1996): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3392097.

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11

Morris, Justin C., and Kenneth D. Thomas. "Excavations at the Later Prehistoric Site of Lewan, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 13 (November 15, 2002): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pia.178.

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12

Ali, A., and S. Hassan. "Viruses infecting winter tomato crops in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 3 (2002): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01103.

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Malakand Agency is a unique production area in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan that is frost-free and in which tomato is grown as a winter crop. Tomato production in this area has been affected by virus-like diseases for the last 10 years. Tomato nurseries and fields at 11 locations in Malakand Agency were surveyed for tomato viruses during 1994–95. A total of 1071 samples from nurseries and 5083 samples from 142 fields were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In nurseries, 3 viruses, Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY), and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), were detected with an incidence range of 9.8–22.3, 0–36.6, and 16.5–51.3%, respectively. In the field, 5 viruses [Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), PVX, PVY, ToMV, and Tomato yellow top virus (TYTV)] were frequently found with an incidence range of 0–13.3%, 2.6–16.7%, 0.4–13.8%, 26.1–41.3%, and 1.7–11.3%, respectively. All 5 viruses except TYTV were also detected from weed species in tomato fields or in the nearby vicinity. Of 12 commercial tomato varieties screened against CMV, PVX, PVY, and ToMV, 2 varieties (Florist and Forset) were resistant to 4 of the viruses including ToMV, for which the highest incidence was recorded in nurseries and field. These 2 varieties represent a previously undescribed and potentially useful source of resistance to the 4 inoculated viruses.

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13

Nawab, Bahadar, Ingrid L. P. Nyborg, Kjell B. Esser, and Petter D. Jenssen. "Cultural preferences in designing ecological sanitation systems in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Journal of Environmental Psychology 26, no. 3 (September 2006): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.07.005.

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14

MARSDEN, MAGNUS. "Women, Politics and Islamism in Northern Pakistan." Modern Asian Studies 42, no. 2-3 (March 2008): 405–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003174.

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AbstractThis paper explores the responses of women living in a small town in the Chitral region of northern Pakistan to the Islamizing policies of the Muttahida Majlis-e Amal, a coalition of Islamist parties elected to provincial government in the North West Frontier Province in October 2002. Its focus is on women in the region who vocally and publicly criticize Chitral's politically activemadrasa-educated ‘men of piety’. Documenting the ways in which these women and the region's ‘men of piety’ debate with one another on matters concerning personal morality, comportment and self-presentation illuminates dimensions of small-town Muslim life that are rarely considered important in Pakistan's North West Frontier Province. In particular, by exploring these complex and multi-dimensional debates, I seek to emphasize the inherently unfinished nature of Chitralis’ responses to ongoing Islamizing processes, a growing and pervasive sense of disenchantment amongst many of the region's Muslims with the authenticity of public expressions of personal piety, and, in this context, the continuing emergence of new ways of being Muslim, modes of self-presentation and categories of Islamic public opinion forming figures.

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15

Faisel, Arjumand, Parveen A. Khan, and Alveena Noreen. "Practices and problems of female health/medical technicians in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1995.1.2.253.

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The Ministry of Health in Pakistan introduced in 1977 mid-level health workers called medical technicians to provide emergency aid and rudimentary services at basic health units and rural health centres. With the policy of placement of doctors in these units in the early eighties, their name was changed to health technicians, whose duties emphasized preventive activities instead of working as doctors’ substitutes. The objectives of this study were to estimate the percentage of graduated female technicians in the service, understand their reasons for not joining or leaving the service, appraise their practices in comparison to the expected performance, identify and report the academic and operational problems and recommend measures to resolve these problems and improve performance

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16

Malik, Hafeez, and Stephen Alan Rittenberg. "Ethnicity, Nationalism, and the Pakhtuns: The Independence Movement in India's North-West Frontier Province." American Historical Review 95, no. 3 (June 1990): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164443.

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17

Akram‐Lodhi, A. Haroon. "M.H. Khan, A.V. Chayanov and the family farms of the North‐West Frontier Province." Journal of Peasant Studies 22, no. 2 (January 1995): 300–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066159508438576.

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18

Ghufran, Nasreen. "Pushtun Ethnonationalism and the Taliban Insurgency in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan." Asian Survey 49, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1092–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1092.

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This article examines the rise and contemporary dynamics of the Taliban insurgency in the NWFP and FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Area) regions of Pakistan. It argues that the Taliban insurgency is not necessarily a product or reflective of Pushtun ethnonationalism. Instead, it is based on a particular interpretation of Islam, irrespective of ethnic or linguistic demarcations. U.S. and NATO military intervention along the Afghan-Pakistan border since 2001 has exacerbated the Taliban insurgency in Pakistan.

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19

McGinn, Patrick. "Communalism and the North-West Frontier Province: the Kohat Riots, 9-10 September 1924." South Asia Research 6, no. 2 (November 1986): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026272808600600204.

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20

Greaves, Ross L. "Sīstān in British Indian frontier policy." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49, no. 1 (February 1986): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00042518.

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Sīstān (Sijistān or Sāgistān) came within the scope of British Indian frontier defence during the Napoleonic era. Lord Minto sent out missions to the Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Persia in order to acquire reliable information about the borderlands. Captain Charles Christie and Lieutenant Eldred Pottinger in 1810 explored the route westward into Persia from Baluchistan. Christie separated from the others at Nushki and travelled to Herat via Sīstān before joining Pottinger in Iṣfahān. According to Christie: Seistan is a very small province on the banks of the Helmind, comprising not more than five hundred square miles, bounded on the north and northeast by Khorasan, on the west by Persia, and on the south and south-east it is separated from Mukran by an uninhabited desert.

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21

., Shah, H., S. Khalid ., and I. Ahmad . "Prevalence and Distribution of Four Pepper Viruses in Sindh, Punjab and North West Frontier Province." Journal of Biological Sciences 1, no. 4 (March 15, 2001): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2001.214.217.

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22

Zeb, Alam, Akthar Rasool, and Shagufta Nasreen. "Cancer Incidence in the Districts of Dir (North West Frontier Province), Pakistan: A Preliminary Study." Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 71, no. 2 (February 2008): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1726-4901(08)70076-5.

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23

Khan, Murad M. "Earthquake 2005: challenges for Pakistani psychiatry." International Psychiatry 3, no. 3 (July 2006): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004859.

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At 8.52 a.m. on 8 October 2005 an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale struck the northern part of Pakistan and devastated large areas of North West Frontier Province and Azad Kashmir. Almost 90 000 people died and many thousands were reported missing. Half the dead were estimated to be children, killed in their classrooms. Some 3.5 million people were rendered homeless. The mountainous terrain made relief work a logistical nightmare.

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24

Baart, Joan L. G. "Tone Rules in Kalam Kohistani (Garwi, Bashkarik)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, no. 1 (January 1999): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00017584.

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Kalam Kohistani is a Dardic language spoken in the upper parts of the Swat and Panjkora valleys (Swat Kohistan and Dir Kohistan), in Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province. In the literature, the language is known by different names, the most familiar of which are Garwi and Bashkarik. The name Garwi occurs in the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI, 8/2: 507ff.), while Bashkarik is used by Morgenstierne (1940), which is the standard reference on the language to date.

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25

Schütte, Stefan. "Violence and Belonging: Land, Love, and Lethal Conflict in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan." Mountain Research and Development 30, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm067.

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26

Al-Jalaly, S. Zia. "Agriculture Sector Employment and the Need for Off-Farm Employment in the North-West Frontier Province." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.817-828.

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The North-West Frontier Province is essentially a mountainous region intermixed with fertile valleys of agricultural lands. The diversity of the region is well reflected through the agro-ecological regions map of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Councile where 6 out of the 10 regions indentified are .found in the NWFP. The total population of the NWFP stood at 11.1 million persons in 1981 with an annual growth rate higher than the national average (3.32 percent as against 3.1 percent for Pakistan). Moreover, the literacy rate is abysmally low, standing as it d~es at about 16.7 percent (which according to some is an optimistic estimate). The inflow of over 3.5 million Afghan refugees and the location of more than three-fourths of this number in the NWFP has compounded the problems with far reaching implications for the economy, environment and the level of off-farm employment. The influx of these refugees with their herds and beasts of burden have tended to encroach on forest lands and led to over-grazing of pastures resulting in environmental degradation. The rapidly mUltiplying demand for food has led to crops being grown on steep and unstable slopes.

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27

Bokhari, Laila. "Violence and Belonging: Land, Love and Lethal Conflict in the North‐West Frontier Province of Pakistan." Forum for Development Studies 37, no. 1 (March 2010): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410903558343.

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28

Kenoyer, Jonathan M. "Agriculture and Pastoralism in the Late Bronze and Iron Age, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan (review)." Asian Perspectives 45, no. 1 (2006): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2006.0007.

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29

Rahman, S., N. Mati, Matiullah, and B. M. Ghauri. "Seasonal indoor radon concentration in the North West Frontier Province and federally administered tribal areas—Pakistan." Radiation Measurements 42, no. 10 (November 2007): 1715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.07.002.

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30

HAROON, SANA. "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 18, no. 1 (January 2008): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186307007778.

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The commitment of North-West Frontier Province Pakhtun religious politics towards the quest for a society and state governed by religious leaders was directed through the colonial period, and into the national period, predominantly by the ulama known as Deobandis. These ulama took their title from the madrasa Darul Ulum Deoband in the United Provinces in north-India and came to prominence through championing Muslim interests in colonial NWFP. After the partition of the Indian subcontinent and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the United Provinces remained in India, separating Pakistani scholars trained in Deoband from Indian Deobandi theologians, and indeed from the school itself. But these ulama continued to call themselves Deobandis and were central to the successful demand for the constitutional declaration of Pakistan as an Islamic state; and brought Islam to bear on national and provincial legislation from positions in parliament. Increasingly well-organised and well-funded, NWFP Deobandi ulama established madrasas and mosques in the province, strengthening the preserve of religion and their own authority. When the Afghan resistance to the Soviet occupation began in 1978, a section of the resistance organisation working in exile in Peshawar gravitated towards these Deobandi institutions, drawing the Deobandi ulama of the NWFP into the jihad. Sustaining links to the Afghan fighters even after the withdrawal of the Soviets, the NWFP Deobandis contributed to and encouraged the emerging organisation of the Taliban, becoming champions of their reactionary brand of Islam.

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31

Iqbal, S. Z., M. R. Asi, and A. Ariño. "Aflatoxin M1contamination in cow and buffalo milk samples from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Punjab provinces of Pakistan." Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B 4, no. 4 (December 2011): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2011.637237.

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32

Qaisar, Shahzad, and Ayaz. "The Governor General and Provincial Politics: Jinnah's NWFP Politics (1947-1948)." Global Political Review VII, no. II (June 30, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2022(vii-ii).06.

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The politics of North-West Frontier Province was a tough task for Jinnah due to well-established rival political parties like Khudai Khidmatgars and Indian National Congress. He revived the dormant Provincial Muslim League in the post-1936 election period.But the situation did not change significantly. After the 3rd June plan,Jinnah wanted dismissal of the Congress ministry, which happened after partition as Jinnah dismissed the Congress-led ministry to install his handpicked Qaiyum Khan ministry. Rumours, doubts, and trust deficit prevailed between both sides. Jinnah guided and favored Qaiyum in every possible way through Governor General's office.Jinnah monitored the politics before and after his last visit to the province till his severe illness.

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33

Liljegren, Henrik, and Naseem Haider. "Palula." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39, no. 3 (November 12, 2009): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100309990193.

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Palula is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 10,000 people in the southern part of Chitral District in Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province. It belongs to a group of speech varieties subsumed under the heading Shina (Morgenstierne 1941; Strand 2000–2001). The speech described here is that of Ashret Valley, one of two main dialects of Palula. The transcription is based on a recording of the speech of the second author, Naseem Haider, himself a native speaker of Palula, born in 1978; his speech is typical of Ashreti, or southern, Palula.

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34

Safi, Asher Zaman, Yasir Waheed, Joharia Sadat, Solat-Ul-Islam, Sadia Salahuddin, Umar Saeed, and Muhammad Ashraf. "Molecular study of HCV detection, genotypes and their routes of transmission in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2, no. 7 (July 2012): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60091-4.

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35

Hussain, Hamid, Saeed Akhtar, and Debra Nanan. "Prevalence of and risk factors associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in prisoners, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." International Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 5 (October 2003): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg247.

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36

Shah, Hamid Ullah, Thomas J. Simpson, Sahib Alam, Khanzadi Fatima Khattak, and Sajida Perveen. "Mould incidence and mycotoxin contamination in maize kernels from Swat Valley, North West Frontier Province of Pakistan." Food and Chemical Toxicology 48, no. 4 (April 2010): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.004.

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37

Naseer, Amjad, Akhtar Naeem Khan, Zakir Hussain, and Qaisar Ali. "Observed Seismic Behavior of Buildings in Northern Pakistan during the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 2 (May 2010): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3383119.

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Recent earthquakes in Pakistan demonstrated that the region is highly seismic. Masonry buildings constructed with stones, concrete blocks, and fired-clay bricks and concrete buildings were damaged during the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. This paper presents the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings in northern part of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Kashmir during the earthquake. Most of the buildings were observed to be nonengineered or semi-engineered. The paper presents an overview of the 1937 Quetta building code and the 1986 and 2007 building codes of Pakistan. Lessons learned during the earthquake are also presented.

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38

Shah, Sayed Wiqar Ali. "The Ghalla Dher Movement: Agrarian agitation in North-West Frontier Province during the first Congress ministry, 1937–39." Studies in People’s History 2, no. 2 (December 2015): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448915600940.

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39

Rahman, S., Matiullah, Z. Rahman, N. Mati, and B. M. Ghauri. "Measurement of indoor radon levels in North West Frontier Province and federally administered tribal areas—Pakistan during summer." Radiation Measurements 42, no. 2 (February 2007): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.11.007.

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40

Khan, Khalid, M. Aslam, S. D. Orfi, and H. M. Khan. "Norm and associated radiation hazards in bricks fabricated in various localities of the North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan)." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 58, no. 1 (January 2002): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0265-931x(01)00030-3.

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41

Titus, Paul, and Nina Swidler. "KNIGHTS, NOT PAWNS: ETHNO-NATIONALISM AND REGIONAL DYNAMICS IN POST-COLONIAL BALOCHISTAN." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (February 2000): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021048.

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The creation of Pakistan was a crushing blow to those hoping to establish autonomous, ethnically defined states in the western borderlands of the Indian empire. The best known of these movements, the Red Shirts (Khudai Khidmatgar), was active in the North-West Frontier Province since the 1920s and moved from affiliation with the Indian National Congress to advocating sovereignty and ultimately an independent Pushtun state when faced with the inevitability of Partition.1 Similar Pushtun and Balochi movements arose in the last decades of the Raj in the areas that now constitute the Pakistani province of Balochistan. In the pivotal years of 1947 and 1948, the Muslim League was able to outmaneuver and suppress these ambitious young movements, but they did not die. In subsequent decades, Balochi and Pushtun nationalism became key elements in the political discourse and the equation of power in Balochistan, and they remain so today.

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42

Sharif, M., M. S. Sarir ., and Nasrullah . "Field Evaluation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Wheat-Maize Cropping System in Hazara Division of North West Frontier Province." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9, no. 3 (January 15, 2006): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.487.492.

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43

., Muhammad Khan, Nazeer Hussain Shah ., Inamullah ., Imtiaz Ahmad ., Sadur Rehman ., Nazeer Ahmad ., Muhammad Siddiq ., Fateh Ullah Khan ., and Irshad Ali . "Pirsabak-04: A New Wheat Variety for Normal and Late Cultivation in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan." Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 15, 2006): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2006.233.237.

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44

Marsden, Magnus. "Violence and belonging: land, love and lethal conflict in the North-West Frontier province of Pakistan - By Are Knudsen." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 16, no. 3 (August 5, 2010): 695–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2010.01646_39.x.

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45

Khan, Alam, Shahmim Akhter, M. Mohsin Siddiqui, Gul Nawab, and Khan Nawaz Khattak. "Continuous Use of Iodized Salt May Cause Thyrotoxicoses in Plain Areas of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan." Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 5 (August 15, 2003): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jms.2003.423.428.

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46

Alam, Muhammad, Sohail Zaidi, Shehzad Shaukat, Salmaan Sharif, Mehar Angez, Asif Naeem, Shamim Saleha, Javed Butt, and Salman Malik. "Common Genotypes of Hepatitis B virus prevalent in Injecting drug abusers (addicts) of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan." Virology Journal 4, no. 1 (2007): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-4-63.

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47

Shaheen, Ifqut, and Rafiullah Khan. "In Pursuit of Pre-/Protohistory: Simone Corbiau’s Unsuccessful Archaeological Expedition to the North-West Frontier Province of British India." South Asian Studies 36, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2020.1820656.

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48

Northrop-Clewes, Christine A., Nisar Ahmad, Parvez I. Paracha, and David I. Thurnham. "Impact of health service provision on mothers and infants in a rural village in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Public Health Nutrition 1, no. 1 (March 1998): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn19980008.

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AbstractObjective:The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the Health Service Research Project of the Pakistan Medical Research Council (PMRC) on mothers and infants in Budhni village, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan.Methods:Information from the PMRC records on the socioeconomic and demographic situation over the last 10 years and anthropometric measurements made on all infants from 1986–96 were collected and analysed.Results:The demographic data showed a number of changes, namely a reduction in birth rate and improvements in perinatal, neonatal, infant and child mortality rates. Literacy in the village was poor (27 and 39% literate in 1986 and 1996, respectively) and female literacy showed no improvement (14%). Improvements in sanitation and in the water supply introduced by the PMRC had limited success, as clean water was subsequently contaminated by unclean hands and utensils, and 50% of the population continued to use open fields for sanitation. In 1986 only 27% of children 0–5 years were vaccinated, but by 1996, 96% of children had completed polio, diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) and bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination programmes and 95% of women of child-bearing age were vaccinated against tetanus. Protection against tetanus reduced neonatal deaths and from 1333 onwards there have been no further cases.Anthropometric data for the period 1986–96 for infants (0–24 months) showed that at birth the majority of infants were close to the 50th National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) centile for weight and length, and only 5% of birth-weights were less than 2.5 kg. Growth charts showed faltering in length and weight and by 24-months length in both boys and girls was below the 3rd NCHS centile and weights were just above.Conclusions:Reductions in child mortality have occurred over the period 1986–96. However, the slow progress in adopting hygienic practices, despite health education, and the low literacy rates, particularly in women, may hamper continued improvement.

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Fielden, Matthew B. "The geopolitics of aid: the provision and termination of aid to Afghan refugees in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Political Geography 17, no. 4 (May 1998): 459–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(97)00034-6.

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Ali, Safdar, M. Tufail, Khalid Jamil, Abid Ahmad, and H. A. Khan. "Gamma-ray activity and dose rate of brick samples from some areas of North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan." Science of The Total Environment 187, no. 3 (September 1996): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05109-1.

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