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1
Matshego, Tabane Samuel. "Capacity building support in the senior public service of the North West Province of South Africa issues for leadership and governance /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05272008-175837/.
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Chaphatso, Motswantweng Ephraim. "The community response to the demarcation of the Merafong Municipality into the North West Province." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3489.
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This study was undertaken to describe how the community responded to the incorporation of the Merafong Municipality into the North West Province. The study examined the protracted conflict in Khutsong as well as why the strategies to end the conflict failed. The study was concerned about latent conflict; how differences are raised; dissatisfaction amongst members of the communities and that power asymmetry is the main driver of emotions leading to aggressive behaviour. Service delivery protests are characterised by violence in South Africa and more often communities turn violent in their engagement with their leaders or council officials. This is because it is believed that violence is the only language that authorities understand and they have nothing to lose as government property gets destroyed. Late invitations of third parties who have regulatory skills (negotiations, mediation, conciliation or judicial processes) when conflicts begin, lead to their escalation. A qualitative research method was chosen for this study. A qualitative case study better explained the phenomenon of interest. It allowed me to collect data from the respondents who were active members of the community through interviews. Twelve members of the community (from politicians, ordinary members, educators and the clergy) were part of the respondents. The report was of the respondents own personal experiences as active members of the community. Collected data from the transcripts was coded. Codes with similar meaning were put together in the same categories and the themes were formed from the categories. The qualitative content analysis method was used to analyse the data. From the analysis, it emerged that there was lack of communication and consultation from the side of the government before the implementation of the 16th Amendment Bill which was aimed at removing the cross border municipalities. The announcement was finally made of the incorporation of the Merafong Municipality into North West Province in 2005. The announcement was met with anger and frustration by the Khutsong Demarcation Forum and the community whose expectations were that the incorporation will not go ahead given the reasons they put forth when they met the government officials in the meetings after the demarcation board had proposed it. Violence was the only option for the community to show that their talks with government officials failed and that they are seriously opposed to the incorporation. That led to a protracted violence in Khutsong until 2009 when the Cross-Boundary Municipalities Laws Repeal and Related Matters Amendment Act of 2009 act was passed to reincorporate the Merafong Municipality back into Gauteng.
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Roux, Susanna Magrieta. "Diary cards: Preliminary evaluation of an intervention tool for improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy and TB preventive therapy in people living with HIV/AIDS." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_9725_1177916709.
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Adherence to prescribed medications is a central feature of good clinical HIV care and a key factor in determining the effectiveness of treatment. This is especially true for HIV-infected patients, on antiretroviral treatment, where adherence is strongly associated with survival. HIV-associated tuberculosis is a major and increasing health problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical trials have demonstrated a benefit of isoniazid preventive therapy in preventing TB among HIV-infected persons, and its use among these patients is recommended. Nearly perfect compliance seems to be indispensable to obtain the maximum benefit from highly active antiretroviral treatment and prophylactic medications. Accurately assessing non-adherence is a necessary first step towards improving adherence to active antiretroviral treatment and isoniazid preventive therapy. The introduction of diary cards is being considered as a measure of adherence and as a tool to improve adherence among HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment or isoniazid preventive therapy. This was a preliminary study to evaluate the effectiveness of diary cards as intervention tool for promoting adherence to antiretroviral and prophylactic TB therapy in people living with HIV/AIDS, to evaluate the diary card as a tool to measure adherence and to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of diary cards.
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Sehume, Kgomotso Lovey. "Childhood immunization in Mmakaunyane village in the North West Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/802.
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Thesis (M Med (Paediatrics and Child Health)-- University of Limpopo, 2011.ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Immunization is one of the most cost effective preventative health care interventions that is available to communities; it has greatly reduced the burden of infectious diseases in childhood. Since the W orId Health Organization launched the expanded programme of immunization in 1974, routine childhood immunization is widely available and it forms an integral part of preventative healthcare. Unfortunately, many children lack access to this life saving health care intervention. Communities in poor, rural areas often lack access to basic services, including health care and immunization services. We studied immunization coverage in a poor, rural community in South Africa and further explored what factors put children in this community at risk for under-immunization. METHOD: This was a cross sectional study, in which the immunization status of children from birth to six years of age living in Mmakaunyane was assessed. The primary caregivers of these children were also interviewed to determine their knowledge, attitudes and their practices with regards to immunizations; they were further asked about their perception of healthcare service delivery in the village. Using a map of the village, it was divided it into 30 blocks with 4 clusters in each block. Field workers were looking for a maximum of 5 eligible children in each cluster. We used the Road to Health Card to check if immunization was complete for age according to the SA EPI. RESUL TS: There were 567 children enrolled in the study. The majority of the children were above 18 months of age (64.4%) We found that 92.1 % of children were in possession of a RHC. In total, 432 (76.2%) of the children were fully immunized for their age, 97 (17.1%) had incomplete immunizations and immunization status was unknown for 38 (6.7%). The primary caregiver for most of the children was the biological mother (85.5%). There was a low level of education amongst the primary caregivers with only 15.3% having completed matric or attained higher level of education. Caregiver knowledge of immunization was poor and only 21.1 % of caregivers correctly mentioned three diseases that can be prevented by immunization. The majority of the caregivers (96.0%) believed that immunizations help to keep children healthy. Approximately half (49.9%), of the caregivers perceived immunization service delivery in Mmakaunyane village to be good. Factors that were found to be associated with incomplete immunization included age of caregiver, gender of the child and knowledge of the caregiver on immunization. CONCLUSION: Only 76.2% of children were fully immunized for their age in Mmakaunyane village. This immunization coverage rate is less than the National target of 90% for all children aged one year. The proportion of children under one year of age that are fully immunized is higher than that of the whole group. This indicates that the older children have a lesser level of immunization coverage (>18 months: 74.2%). The major factors that were found to be associated with under-immunization include lack of knowledge about immunizations, older age of the caregiver as well as poor accessibility of health care services. Female children were also found to be at increased risk for under-immunization. Measures to improve immunization coverage in this community need to take all these factors into consideration
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Yang, Jin. "Exploration geochemical mapping in the north-eastern sector of the Morokweng impact structure, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8373_1189147095.
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The Morokweng impact structure which is located in the North West province of South Africa, has attracted attention as a potential host for Ni-PGE mineralization. Geochemical exploration techniques using hydroxylamine partial extraction were used to determine the nature and source of surface geochemical anomalies known to occur in the overlying aeolian sang regolith. About 40 aeolian samples were taken from an area of about 35 square kilometer, located in the north eastern sector of the Morokweng impact structure. The samples were sieved to various grain size fractions and partially extracted using varying concentration of hydroxylamine hydrochloride at 50°
C.
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Sithole, Tholiwe Sophie. "Nutrition security of farm workers in the North West Province, South Africa / T.S. Sithole." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1327.
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Thorn, Michelle. "Carnivores of the North West Province, South Africa : Abundance, occupancy and conflict with humans." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511287.
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Molepo, Matshipi Moses. "Class consciousness in the 2012 labour disputes at Marikana, North West Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1960.
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Thesis (M. A. (Sociology)) --University of Limpopo, 2017The purpose of this study was to explain the events surrounding the Marikana miners’ strike in 2012, using Marxism’s concept of class consciousness. The labour disputes witnessed at Marikana in 2012 represent one of the major labour movements that South Africa has witnessed since the inception of democracy. This study adopted qualitative research methods to inquire into the events of the Marikana 2012 labour disputes. Methods used in this study include qualitative research, descriptive research design, Marxism critical inquiry, purposive sampling and critical discourse analysis. Moreover, the study investigated employee relations in the mining sector. In addition, this study also examined the Marikana miner’s working and living conditions and probed the role of social control agencies, including, trade unions, bargaining councils and the police, during the protests. This study proposes a fair distribution of wealth in the mining sector and the removal of the Migrant Labour System. Additionally, this study recommends transparency in the mining sector, the transformation of the education system and the restructuring of trade unions.
University of Limpopo Research Office
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Verschoor, Aart-Jan. "Agricultural development in the North-West Province of South Africa through application of comprehensive planning and appraisal methodologies." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n. ], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05272005-144651/.
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Pretorius, Hester Magdalena. "The quality of environmental impact reports in the North West Province, South Africa / H.M. Pretorius." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1402.
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La, Grange Mari. "Vegetation classification of the proposed Heritage Park, North-West Province, South Africa / Mari la Grange." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4223.
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The proposed Heritage Park will link Pilanesberg National Park and Madikwe Game Reserve with a corridor of approximately 170 000 ha, to form a conservation area of roughly 250 000 ha.
This proposed Heritage Park will contribute to reaching the conservation target set for the
Savanna biome. Developing a conservation area for eco-tourism will lead to job creation and it
will increase the livelihoods of the people from the local communities. The escalating tourism
demand at Pilanesberg and Madikwe, unique features, such as the Molatedi Dam, Marico River
and Dwarsberg Mountains and the archaeological importance of the area further provides a
strong motivation for the development of the proposed Heritage Park.
For effective planning, development and management of the proposed Heritage Park, it is
essential to have a sound knowledge base of the ecosystems present and its biota. Several
sub-research projects have been planned, including a soil and vegetation survey (of which the
current study forms a part), a land and biodiversity audit, a socio-economic impact assessment,
a game carrying capacity survey, spatial planning, heritage status and development and
traditional knowledge surveys. No vegetation studies have previously been carried out in the
central part of the corridor area, which covers a surface area of more than 90 000 ha. The aims
of this study were to classify and describe the vegetation of the Central Corridor Area (CCA), to
map plant communities, to identify and describe broad vegetation units and to integrate this
study with previous studies carried out in other parts of the proposed Heritage Park.
Stratified, random sampling was done and 222 relevés were completed in the CCA. A total of 20
plant communities and 17 sub-communities were identified and described in four land types in
the CCA, using the Braun-Blanquet approach. Data was processed using the TURBOVEG
database and a visual editor for phytosociological tables, MEGATAB. The correlations between
environmental variables and plant communities were identified with the use of Correspondence
Analysis (CA) ordinations and Principal Component Analyses (PCA) ordinations in CANOCO.
The plant communities and also the areas with serious bush thickening and old cultivated fields
were mapped. The plant communities from different land types were combined into three
vegetation units and four vegetation sub-units, which were described in terms of species
composition and environmental variables and management recommendations were given. The
first vegetation unit (the Acacia robusta – Acacia tortilis Vegetation Unit) was found on deep soil,
on plains. The second vegetation unit (the Mundulea sericea – Vitex zeyheri Vegetation Unit)
was also found on plains, but on shallow sandy soil. The third vegetation unit (the Grewia
flavescens – Panicum maximum Vegetation Unit) was found on shallow, sandy and rocky soil
on mountains. The vegetation classification of the CCA was also compared with the vegetation
studies carried out in the Expansion Areas of Madikwe and Pilanesberg.Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Davoren, Elandrie. "Plant diversity patterns of a settlement in the North-West Province, South Africa / Elandrie Davoren." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5676.
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In recent years the composition of urban vegetation has become far more complex than that of
the surrounding natural vegetation. This is mainly due to the influence that humans have on the
creation of new plant communities and the management of urban green spaces. Green spaces
are fundamental to the restoration and maintenance of biodiversity in areas that have been
severely impacted by urban development. Green spaces provide various ecosystem services
and benefits for the health and well-being of urban residents, and can help to reduce the effects
of global climate change.
The most understudied green space in the entire urban green infrastructure is homegardens.
Homegardens contribute greatly to the species composition of urban and rural settlements and
are important in situ conservation sites that help to protect rare and endemic species. They are
essential agricultural systems, especially in rural settlements, that provide both sources of
additional income generation and food supply. In developing countries such as South Africa,
very few studies have been done on homegardens and the benefits they provide to
homeowners and to urban ecosystems in general. However, since South Africa become
committed to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals in 2000, more research has
been done on the potential of homegardens for poverty alleviation.
The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of plant diversity in a rural settlement and to
determine to what extent the socioeconomic status of the inhabitants influences the plant
species composition of the settlement. The settlement of Ganyesa, situated in the Bophirima
district in the North-West Province, was chosen for the study. Using GIS techniques, a grid was
placed over the settlement and plant surveys were done every 500 m. Different land-use types
were identified during the completion of the survey, namely natural areas, fragmented natural
areas, fallow fields, road verges, wetlands, home gardens and institutional gardens. The
national South African census data from 2001 proved to be too unreliable to accurately
determine the SES of the residents in Ganyesa. Consequently, a social survey was completed
by means of a questionnaire to determine the socioeconomic status of the owners of the
homegardens under study.
Clear differences could be observed between the land-use types and the indigenous and alien
species composition, which were indicated in kriging maps. In comparison with the natural
areas, homegardens contained more alien species than the surrounding natural areas. The
vegetation composition for all the homegardens were correlated with the residents
socioeconomic status along a socioeconomic gradient, ranging from low, to medium to high. ANCOVA, multiple regressions and basic statistical analyses were performed using all the
vegetation and socioeconomic data. Meaningful correlations occur between the socioeconomic
status of the homeowners and the plant diversity of their gardens.Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Phipps, W. L. (William Louis). "Spatial patterns of land-use by immature African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) captured in the North-West Province, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24947.
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As obligate scavengers Gyps vultures provide an important ecosystem service as the main consumers of ungulate carcasses in African savannas. Throughout the continent, however, multiple threats are causing vulture populations to decline, especially outside protected areas. Although the African white-backed vulture Gyps africanus is the most numerous and widely distributed Gyps species in Africa, its foraging ecology and land use preferences remain poorly understood. Furthermore, while protected areas are known to be important for vultures in East and West Africa, their role in South Africa has not been fully investigated. This study uses GPS-GSM tracking units to investigate the movement and land-use patterns of six immature African white-backed vultures that were caught at Mankwe Wildlife Reserve in the North West Province of South Africa. Immature individuals were chosen because they were expected to travel extensively and be exposed to the full range of threats. The tracking units recorded the GPS location, speed, altitude and direction of travel three times per day. The size and extent of the vultures‟ foraging ranges were estimated using three methods: minimum convex polygons (MCPs), fixed kernel density estimation (KDE) and grid cell range (GCR) estimation. The vultures‟ use of protected areas and areas of different cattle densities (zero, low, medium and high) was assessed to determine whether they were visited more or less than expected based on the area they occupied within the vultures‟ foraging ranges. The distances travelled by the vultures and their flight speeds and altitudes were also calculated, as well as the amount of time that they spent in the vicinity of supplementary feeding sites. The vultures were tracked for between 101 and 313 days and the GPS tracking units acquired 99.44% of expected GPS locations. The vultures ranged extensively and generally travelled in a nomadic manner. While three individuals occupied foraging ranges (mean 95% KDE contour area = 106,282.33 km2) either side of the South African borders between Botswana and Zimbabwe, the other three travelled more extensively through southern Africa, entering six different countries (mean 95% KDE contour area = 563,564.67 km2). The vultures rarely visited protected areas in South Africa but two of the vultures regularly used protected areas in northern Botswana and Zimbabwe. Areas of high cattle density were used less than expected by all vultures, but not at a significant level, while two of the vultures used areas with zero cattle density more than expected due to their regular use of supplementary feeding sites in those areas. Areas of medium cattle density were the most regularly used, containing an average of 30.72% of each vulture‟s stationary GPS locations. The vultures travelled an average of 33 km/day and a maximum of 267 km/day, flying at an average of 50 km/h (maximum = 107 km/h) at 561 m above ground level (maximum = 2,267 m). This study provides the first description of movement and land-use patterns of immature African white-backed vultures tracked continuously from South Africa. Their extensive foraging ranges and limited use of protected areas implies that the vultures could potentially encounter the full range of threats in the region, and it is clear that their future conservation will depend upon conservation strategies that extend across international borders. CopyrightDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Paraclinical Sciences
unrestricted
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Mapukule, Livhuwani Ernest. "Interpretation of regional geochemical data as an aid to exploration target generation in the North West Province South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/268.
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This study involves the application, interpretation and utilization of regional geochemical data for target generation in the North West Province, South Africa. A regional soil geochemical survey programme has been carried out by the Council of Geoscience South Africa since 1973. A number of 1:250 000 sheet areas have been completed, but there are no interpretative maps which could aid in mineral exploration and other purposes. In order to utilize the valuable and expensive data, the project was motivated through data acquisition and interpretation to generate exploration targets. The study area is confined to Mafikeng, Vryburg, Kuruman and Christiana in the Northwest Province, where potential exploration and mining opportunities exist in areas of great geological interest. These include geological events such as the Bushveld Complex, the Kalahari manganese field and the Kraaipan greenstone belts. The aim of this project was to utilize geochemical data together with geophysical and geological information to verify and identification of possible obscured ore bodies or zones of mineralization, and to generate targets. Another objective was the author to be trained in the techniques of geochemical data processing, interpretation and integration of techniques such as geophysics, in the understanding of the geology and economic geology of the areas. Approximately 5 kg of surface soil was collected per 1 km2 by CGS from foot traversing. Pellets of the samples were prepared and analyzed for TiO2, MnO and Fe2O3, Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Y, Ba, Nb, Rb, Th, W, Zr, Pb, Sr and U using the simultaneous wavelengthdispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer technique at the Council for Geoscience, South Africa. For each element the mean +2 standard deviations were used as a threshold value to separate the negative from the positive anomalies. The integration of geological, geophysical and geochemical information was used to analyze and understand the areas of interest. A number of computer programmes were extensively used for data processing, manipulation, and presentation. These include Golden Software Surfer 8®, Arc-View 3.2a®, TNT-Mips®, JMP 8 ®, and Microsoft Excel®. Through geochemical data processing and interpretation, together with the low resolution aeromagnetic data, gravity data and geological data, seven (7) exploration target areas have been generated: These have been numbered A to G. It is concluded that there is good potential for Cr, PGMs, vanadium, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, uranium and niobium in the targets generated. The results provide some indication and guide for exploration in the target areas. In Target A, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and V anomalies from the lower chromitite zone of far western zone of the Bushveld Complex, which has be overlain buy the thick surface sand of the Gordonia Formation. Target B occurs over the diabase, norite, andesitic lava and andalusite muscovite hornfels of the Magaliesberg Formation. This target has the potential for Cu, Fe and Ni mineralization. The felsic rocks of the Kanye Formation and the Gaborone Granite in target C have shown some positive anomalies of niobium, uranium, yttrium and rubidium which give the area potential for Nb, REE and U exploration. Target D is located on the Allanridge Formation, and has significant potential for Ni-Cu mineralization, and is associated with the komatiitic lava at the base of the Allanridge Formation in the Christiana Area. The light green tholeiitic, calc-alkali basalt and andesitic rocks of the Rietgat Formation are characterized by a north-south trending yttrium anomaly with supporting Ba and Y anomalies (Target E). This makes the area a potential target for rare earth elements. Calcrete on the west of the Kuruman has a low b potential target for vanadium. It is believed that the area might be potential for potassium-uranium vanadate minerals, carnotite which is mostly found in calcrete deposits. This study has proved to be a useful and approach in utilizing the valuable geochemical data for exploration and future mining, generated by Council for Geoscience Science. It is recommended that further detailed soil, rock and geochemical surveys and ultimately diamond drilling be carried out in the exploration target areas generated by this study.
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Bakhas, Imraan Goolam Hoosen. "Improving SME access to finance in the North-West Province of South Africa / Imraan G.H. Bakhas." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4761.
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The purpose of this study is to provide empirical, qualitative evidence concerning the factors within the supply, demand and institutional support environments that hinder SME access to finance as well as the interventions necessary to improve access to finance for SMEs in the North West Province (NWP) of South Africa. The semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data from a sample of 25 organisations. A response rate of 56% comprising two financial institutions and 12 SME support and development organisations currently operating in or providing financial and/or non-financial services to SMEs in the NWP, participated in the study. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequency counts and percentages and a qualitative data analysis software package (Weft QDA) were used to analyse the data and interpret the results. The findings of this study are consistent with and support the findings of previous studies investigating SME access to finance. The findings indicate that the SME sector is characterized by a dearth of entrepreneurs, highly risk averse financial institutions and a poorly functional support and development environment. The findings of this study further indicate that formal and structured collaboration initiatives between financial institutions and SME support organisations are vital to improving SME access to finance in the NWP. The study will be of interest to policy makers, financial institutions and SME support and development organisations interested in SME financing and economic development. The results of the study contribute to the understanding of the current financing challenges facing SMEs and will assist financial institutions, SME support organisations and SMEs to better understand the role and importance of effective stakeholder collaboration in improving SME access to finance.Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.
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Manzana, Nonzwakazi Patience. "Optimal feeding systems for small scale dairy herds in the North-West Province of South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04112008-154155/.
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Mnisi, Joseph Thabo. "Factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes at Potchefstroom Prison in North West Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/781.
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Thesis (M Med(Family Medicine)) -- University of Limpopo, 2010.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Tuberculosis remains an important curable disease particularly in the developing world. One third of the world's population is infected with T8 and new infections are occurring at a rate of about one per second(Tuberculosis Wikipedia Encyclopedia 2009).The distribution globally is not uniform with eighty percent of cases in Africa and Asia(Tuberculosis Wikipedia Encyclopedia 2009). Treatment is challenging because it requires compliance to long courses of multiple antibiotics. WHO highlights the global failure of health service providers to deal with the burden of tuberculosis (Fourie et aI1999). The researcher observed that socio-economic factors, political and intrapersonal aspects associated with T8 infection might as well be important to the treatment outcome. It was therefore important to explore factors that could be associated with treatment outcomes in the prison environment where the full impact of these factors could be found. This study was conducted at Potchefstroom prison in North Westprovince of South Africa. METHODS A quantitative cross-sectional study was done. A record review of all T8 patients in Potchefstroom prison who initiated their treatment in 2007 and ending their treatment up to 2010 was conducted. Data was recorded on data collection sheet and results were then analyzed. Descriptive analysis was done to provide frequencies, mean and standard deviation. Measures of association between characteristics and treatment outcome using odds ratio was done. RESULTS 202 T8 patients in this prison had T8 during the period covered by the study. The age group distribution of the patients shows that majority, 142(70.3%) belong to the age group 21- 37 years while those aged 38 - 53 years was 48(23.8%) and their mean age was 33.7yrs. There were 197(97.5%) male and 4(2.0%) female and 1 (0.5%) no records. Of these, therewere 92(45.5%) patients cured 4 (2%) death, 1 (0.5%) treatment failure and 102 recorded as other outcomes belonging to the transferred and treatment interruption cluster. Factors compared with these outcomes were, age, gender, initial body weight, level of education, treatment initiation time, regimen type, social support, co morbidities, smoking, application of DOT ant the type of T8. Factors that were significantly associated with favorable outcomes were occasional visits providing some social support (39.4%, OR 3.78, 95% CI1.25-11.54), DOT application (37.4%, OR 3.99, 95% CI 2.35-11.23), young age (32.6% OR 3.14, 95% CI 2.1-5.3) and Regimen 1 (34.0%, OR 1.5, 95% CI0.11-12.61) Social habits like smoking were significantly higher in patients with other treatment outcome(OR=1.56, 95% CI=1.92 to 2.05), other factors found to be aligned to negative outcomes but lacking statistical significance were extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, non application of DOT, regimens other than regimen 1, and lack of social visits. Factors like co-morbidity and gender were found not to be significantly associated with any treatment outcome because there was no point of difference in the association of different grouping in these categories with particular outcome. CONCLUSION Many factors could be associated with treatment outcomes to some varying degree, but only significant factors explored in this study were considered important. Factors that were ultimately identified as important in determining treatment outcome were age, smoking status, social support, DOT and regimen type. These were factors that were found to be contributory to the pathology of TB in many other studies and which are amenable to interventions that would improve the outcomes.
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Kruger, Frans Jacobus. "Investigation of class 3 and class 4 (Doornspruit) homesteads in the North West Province, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11455.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-199).
In this research I investigate Class 3 and Class 4 (Doornspruit) homesteads in the Bankeveld in order to establish their temporal and spatial distribution. Although the research area does fall within a cultural matrix historically dominated by Sotho/Tswana speakers, the cultural homogeneity portrayed in the oral texts is breaking down. Of direct relevance to this work is the argument put forth by Huffman that at least four movements of Nguni-speakers took place across the Vaal River from present-day KwaZulu-Natal during the Late Iron Age. These are broadly relevant to this research and specifically the most recent movement of Mzilikazi’s Khumalo. It is around this issue of Nguni identity and their homesteads that this research contributes.
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Nel, Maretha. "The adaptation of an appropriate screening tool for the early detection of malnutrition in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) in a psychiatric hospital in North West Province (South Africa)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71867.
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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Considering the myriad of risk factors causing nutritional deficiency, as well as the prevalence of malnutrition and feeding problems experienced by individuals with intellectual disability (ID), early detection and diagnosis of malnutrition in this population group is essential. Objectives: The main aim and objectives of the study were to determine the degree of malnutrition and body composition in individuals with ID living in a psychiatric hospital (North West Province, South Africa), to determine which degree of ID was more prone to malnutrition, to investigate the different risk factors for malnutrition in this group of individuals, and to use this data to adapt an existing screening tool used to facilitate the easier identification of malnutrition. Methodology: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study, with an analytical component, was conducted. The study consisted of two phases. During the first phase, measurements were taken of individuals with ID to determine body composition and nutritional status. During the second phase, said data, as well as other factors influencing the nutritional status of individuals with ID, were used to adapt an existing screening tool to allow for easier identification of malnutrition in the study population. The adapted screening tool was tested by nursing staff. Results: The anthropometric measurements of 244 individuals with ID were determined. The overall anthropometrical status indicated that half of the study population (52,1%, n=127) had a normal nutritional status, that 38,1% (n=93) was undernourished or at risk of becoming undernourished, and that 10,0% (n=24) was either at risk of becoming or was overnourished . Men were more prone to being undernourished or at risk of becoming undernourished (48,0%, n=73), compared to women (21,7%, n=20). Although no significant difference was found in anthropometrical status across the four severities of ID (Pearson Chi-square test (ρ=0,15)), individuals with mild ID were more likely to become obese (19,4%, n=6), and individuals with profound ID were more prone to being underweight (57,1%, n=8). It was found that 41,8% (n=102) of the total study population had a waist circumference (WC) above the normal values. A significant difference was found between increased WC and severity of ID (Pearson Chi-square test (ρ=0,00)). Other risk factors that can influence nutritional status in said population included medical conditions such as hypertension (13,0%, n=32) and epilepsy (EP) (46,0%, n=112), as well as polypharmacy (71,7%, n=175). An existing malnutrition screening tool for the population with ID was adapted by means of the addition of prevalent factors (WC measurements, presence of EP and use of medications), as well as through adaptation of the scoring system. Conclusion: Using anthropometric measurements and indices for body composition, a high prevalence of malnutrition was identified in the study population of individuals with ID. The adapted screening tool was more sensitive than the original tool in identifying individuals who were at risk of malnutrition, or who were already malnourished in this study population. The research undertaken in this respect can help health care professionals to be more aware of the interaction between the severity of ID and malnutrition.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Wanneer daar gelet word op die magdom faktore wat voedingstekorte veroorsaak en op die voorkoms van wanvoeding en voedingsprobleme onder individue met intellektuele gestremdheid (IG), is dit duidelik dat vroegtydige waarneming en diagnose van wanvoeding noodsaaklik is. Doelwitte: Die hoofdoel en doelwitte van die studie was om die graad van wanvoeding sowel as die liggaamsamestelling van individue met IG te bepaal wat in ’n psigiatriese hospitaal (Noordwes Provinsie, Suid-Afrika) inwoon. Daar is bepaal watter graad van IG individue is meer geneig tot wanvoeding. Verskillende risiko faktore van wanvoeding in hierdie groep individue is ondersoek en die data is gebruik om ’n bestaande siftingshulpmiddel aan te pas om wanvoeding makliker te kan identifiseer. Metodologie: Die studie-ontwerp was ‘n dwarssnitwaarnemingstudie met ‘n analitiese komponent. Die studie het uit twee fases bestaan. Gedurende die eerste fase is antropometriese metings van individue met IG geneem om liggaamsamestelling en voedingstatus te bereken. Gedurende die tweede fase is hierdie data, sowel as ander risiko faktore wat die voedingstatus van individue beïnvloed, gebruik om ’n bestaande siftingshulpmiddel aan te pas wat die identifisering van wanvoeding in hierdie populasie kan vergemaklik. Verpleegpersoneel het die aangepaste siftingshulpmiddel uitgetoets. Resultate: Die antropometriese metings van 244 individue met IG is bepaal. Hulle algemene antropometriese status het aangedui dat die helfte van die studiepopulasie (52,1%, n=127) ’n normale voedingstatus gehad het; 38,1% (n=93) was ondervoed of het ’n risiko gehad vir ondervoeding en 10,0% (n=24) was reeds oorvoed of het ’n risiko gehad vir oorvoeding. Mans (48,0%, n=73) was meer geneig om ondervoed te wees of het ‘n groter risiko tot ondervoeding as vroue (21,7%, n=20). Daar was geen beduidende statistiese verskille in antropometriese status tussen die vier grade van IG nie (Pearson Chi-square-toets, p=0,15), alhoewel individue met matige IG ‘n groter neiging het tot obesiteit (19,35%, n=6), terwyl uitgesproke IG ’n groter neiging tot ondergewig gehad het (57,1%, n=8). Daar is bevind dat 41,8% (n=102) van die totale studiepopulasie ’n verhoogde middelomtrek gehad het. Daar was ʼn beduidende statistiese verskil tussen verhoogde middelomtrek en graad van IG (Pearson Chi-square-toets, p=0,00). Ander risiko faktore wat die voedingstatus van hierdie populasie kan beïnvloed sluit in mediese toestande soos hipertensie (13,0%, n=32) en epilepsie (46,0%, n=112), asook die gebruik van veelvuldige medikasie (71,7%, n=175). ’n Bestaande wanvoedingsiftingshulpmiddel vir die IG populasie is aangepas deur algemene faktore (middelomtrek, voorkoms van epilepsie en gebruik van veelvuldige medikasie) in te sluit en die puntestelsel aan te pas. Gevolgtrekking: Met behulp van antropometriese metings en liggaamsmassa indekse is ’n hoë voorkoms van wanvoeding in die studiepopulasie van individue met IG waargeneem. Die aangepaste siftingshulpmiddel was meer sensitief as die oorspronklike hulpmiddel om individue wat ’n risiko loop vir wanvoeding of wat reeds wangevoed is, te identifiseer in hierdie studie populasie. Hierdie navorsing kan help om gesondheidswerkers meer bewus te maak van die interaksie tussen die graad van IG en wanvoeding.
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Raphala, Balefilwe Solomon. "Contract-farming : a case study of sunflower farming in the Bojanala district of the North West Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/938.
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Magano, David Kebalepile. "Assessment of the evaluation approaches of agricultural projects in Bojanala Region of the North West Province, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30309.
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A central question in agricultural extension evaluation is whether extension staff is familiar with appropriate evaluation prescripts for evaluating extension activities, and to what extent or how often do they implement those prescripts. The study assessed the approaches followed by the extension staff to evaluate agricultural projects in Bojanala Extension Region. It, specifically, provided a demographic orientation of extension staff in the Region. It also provided some orientation to project performance, and determined the effect of independent variables on the proficiency to formulate project objectives and determined knowledge with regard to formulation of objectives, the frequency at which these extension staff evaluate projects, and their knowledge on committee involvement in evaluation. Lastly, the study looked at the effect of PMDS rating of the extension staff on their proficiency to formulate project objectives, the frequency at which they evaluate projects and their knowledge on committee involvement in evaluation, and determined the respondents’ knowledge (intervening variable) with regard to the dependent variables. A total of 40 respondents (extension workers) were involved in interview sessions allowing extensive interaction and discussion before individuals were requested to record their viewpoints regarding various alternatives in questionnaires and prepared for that purpose and which were subsequently analysed. The results reveal that there is under-representation of female extension staff, with relatively old extension workers (40 years and older). The majority of the Regional extension workers are in possession of technically specialised qualifications. Also, it is clear that technically advised agricultural extension projects are more successful than the LRAD, Food Security and LandCare projects. The results also provide evidence, that project objectives are often not clear, specific, and measurable. Only 50% of the respondents in possession of NQF Level 7&8 qualification scored average points regarding project objective formulation. 31.5% respondents in all ranks indicated only an average and even below average ability to formulate objectives. Merely 33.3% in possession of NQF Level 7&8 evaluate projects on a monthly or less basis. Extension workers with 15 years or less experience evaluate their projects more frequently than the respondents with 16 years or more experience. The agricultural technicians seem to be having limited responsibility of evaluating projects in which they are involved. The other disappointing revelation is that only 23% of the respondents evaluate the projects after completion of every activity and only 29.7% clearly indicated that they know exactly to what extent committee members are involved in the evaluation of projects. CopyrightDissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
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Lubambo, Pascalina Thandiwe. "An appraisal of post-transfer production trends of selected land reform projects in the North West Province, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27631.
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Many land reform projects have been implemented in South Africa since 1994 in an attempt to redress imbalances in land ownership which resulted from the racially biased policies of the South African government prior to 1994. The objective of land redistribution is commercially viable land reform projects, but evidence from various reports and other documents suggests that a large number of these projects have failed. Factors such as poor beneficiary selection, the problematic land acquisition process and a lack of post-settlement support have been reported in a number of studies as contributing to the failure of these projects. This study expands on the work of Kirsten and Machethe (2005) with the main aim of revisiting land reform beneficiaries who were interviewed in 2004/5 and to assess their current performance and status, and to determine whether the prediction and classifications of the 2005 review were correct. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the socio-economic profile of land reform beneficiaries over the five years since the previous study, to show changes in their farming activities, to determine factors affecting the performance of the already transferred projects in the study area and to make recommendations that may help to improve the performance of the land reform projects in South Africa. The performance of projects in 2010 was analysed and compared with that of projects in 2005. A total of 37 of the 43 land reform projects studied in 2005 were revisited and interviews were conducted with representatives of the projects using a structured questionnaire. Government officials responsible for these projects were also interviewed and field observations of the farms were made to verify the responses of the beneficiaries. The results show that the performance and situation of a number of beneficiaries of land redistribution in North West province have not improved since the previous study. Most of the beneficiaries still depend on remittances and social grants. The results indicate decreased production in 43% of the projects visited. As many as 27% of the projects are no longer in operation. Production in some of the projects that displayed success in 2004/5 has decreased, and the number of projects that are not in operation has increased. No production has taken place in four out of ten nonoperational projects visited since the acquisition of the land. The study identified poor infrastructure and limited access to capital and to the market as challenges that the beneficiaries of land reform face in their farming businesses. Conflict among project members was also reported to contribute to the poor performance of the projects and have led to the discontinuation of some projects. Most of the beneficiaries are still not aware of government support programmes such as the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP), even after more than five years in farming. Recommendations have been made to address the poor performance of many land reform projects, both at the programme and project levels. The effectiveness of the existing support programmes should be monitored to ensure that beneficiaries receive assistance. Suggestions from the study include a strong partnership between government and former cooperatives, acknowledging the external and internal factors affecting the relationship between farmers and these agribusinesses. Cooperation between the beneficiaries of land reform, the government and other agricultural stakeholders is essential for the success and sustainability of South Africa’s land reform projects. The results of the study can be used for future evaluations of the performance in land reform programmes. CopyrightDissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
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Matshego, Masellane Caleb. "Administration of the land redistribution for Agricultural Development programme in the North West Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25955.
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The current Government of South Africa faces many challenges emanating from the legacy of the policies of the pre-1994 apartheid era and the earlier periods. One of these challenges is the skewed distribution of agricultural land, in favour of White commercial farmers. In 1995, the current democratic government, in an attempt to redress this historical imbalance in terms of ownership of agricultural land, introduced a land policy for South Africa. The policy is anchored to three programmes, namely land restitution, land redistribution and tenure reform. In terms of land redistribution, the Government set a target to redistribute 30% of White-owned agricultural land to historically disadvantaged individuals by March 2014. The land redistribution programme was designed for the state to play a major role in the administration of the programme. The programme was also structured to recognise the complementary roles played by the national Department of Agriculture (DOA) and provincial departments of agriculture, the Department of Land Affairs (DLA) and its Provincial Land Reform Offices (PLROs), the municipalities and the Land Bank, in policy administration. Due to the fact that the Settlement/Land Acquisition Grant (SLAG) programme, by the end of 2000, failed to deliver the number of hectares that would meet the land redistribution target for the remaining years up until March 2014, it was abolished. In its place, the Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) programme was introduced in 2001. It was anticipated by the Government that the LRAD programme will fast track the redistribution of White-owned agricultural land to Black farmers. Because administrative processes are as important as policy outcomes, it is important to examine the administrative aspects impacting on the LRAD programme, given the prominent role played by the state in the administration of the programme. The research thus focused on establishing the extent to which the administration of the LRAD programme enables the Government to achieve its land redistribution goals and objectives. The LRAD programme is not on course to meet the land redistribution target set for 2014. The North West Province in particular has been transferring White-owned agricultural land on an annual basis at an average of 13% of what it should if its target of the 30% of White-owned agricultural land to be redistributed is to be met by March 2014. Among the critical factors impacting on successful administration of the LRAD programme in the North West Province is policy integration. The White Paper on Land Policy (1995) recognises that the success of the land reform programme does not depend only on access to land, but also on the achievement of other instrumental objectives, namely the provision of integrated government policy with respect to support services, infrastructural and other development programmes; and the development of an effective and accessible institutional framework for service delivery, characterised by a strong partnership between national, provincial and local spheres of government. Data was collected through structured interviews from key respondents, namely deputy-directors in the department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Environment (the DACE) and the North West Provincial Land Reform Office (the NWPLRO), as well as from the chief director for the NWPLRO. Methodological, participant and interdisciplinary triangulation was applied during data collection and analysis. There was ineffective integration of policies, programmes, systems, and procedures between the DACE and the NWPLRO, which undermined the administration of the LRAD programme in the North West Province. In addition, the DACE in particular suffered from administrative incapacity. This was in part due to the nature of the governance regime pertaining to LRAD programme administration. This situation was also affected by the administration of the Government policy generally, the most important of which was the intergovernmental relations, which imposed limits in terms of allocation of financial resources. The administrative incapacity also undermined the endeavour to collaborate as far as LRAD programme administration was concerned. This negatively impacted mostly on the planning phase, as a result of shortage of critical personnel. In order to effect effective administration of the LRAD programme, it is recommended as follows: - the budget allocation for the LRAD programme should be increased;
- the administrative capacity of the DACE and the NWPLRO should be increased;
- the systems and procedures for administering the LRAD and CASP programmes should be aligned; and
- the alignment of administrative systems and procedures should become one of the integral factors for measuring and rewarding performance of senior public service managers in institutions administering the programme.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
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Wilson, Lizane. "A framework for effective practice in community engagement in higher education in a postgraduate programme at North-West University." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80351.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the past number of years, the pressure on universities worldwide, including universities in South Africa, has increased to bridge the gap between higher education and society. This includes becoming active partners with its communities. Therefore, the importance of community engagement as one of the three pillars of higher education, alongside teaching and learning, and research, has gained considerable momentum. Higher education institutions in South Africa are also increasingly challenged to elevate the status of their teaching and to raise their levels of community engagement. This also pertains to the area of postgraduate education, which points to the need for a close relationship between teaching, learning and research. The aim of this study was to develop a contextualised and integrated curriculum framework for community-engaged teaching, learning and research in a postgraduate Play Therapy programme. This was done using a contextualised perspective on higher education with reference to current higher education legislation in South Africa as well as curriculum development in general. A literature review of community engagement provided a perspective on the current state of community engagement - nationally, as well as internationally. The study used a qualitative single case study design and an interpretive paradigm to generate empirical data. The first phase of the empirical part of the study focused on determining the current state of community engagement within the postgraduate Play Therapy programme. Data was generated using questionnaires completed by current students and lecturers. In the second phase of the empirical study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with lecturers from 13 national as well as international higher education institutions to review curriculum frameworks and content from other higher education community engagement models. The last empirical phase included two focus groups, one with current students and one with current lecturers in the postgraduate Play Therapy programme under investigation. From the findings of the study, a curriculum framework emerged which outlines community engagement within the postgraduate programme. The emerging framework points to the need for a stronger integration of teaching and learning with community engagement (service component) through service learning. In the South African context and within the programme that was investigated, service learning provides for engaged learning which includes experiential learning and opportunities for students to engage in interactive and experiential processes. The study has also pointed out that research within the postgraduate programme should reflect, in a much stronger way, links to community-based research. Such links may benefit a scholarship of engagement. Also, the research component of the programme needs to be linked more closely to teaching and learning in order to better inform the curriculum in terms of trends, needs and priorities. These activities need to take place within community partnerships with a reciprocal benefit to both the programme and the communities involved.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Universiteite wêreldwyd, asook in Suid-Afrika, het gedurende die afgelope paar jaar druk ervaar om die gaping tussen hoër onderwys en die gemeenskap te verminder. Dit sluit in om aktiewe vennote van gemeenskappe te word. Die belangrikheid van gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid as een van die drie pilare van hoër onderwys, saam met leer, onderrig en navorsing, het dus aansienlik toegeneem. Hoëronderwysinstansies in Suid-Afrika word ook uitgedaag om die stand van hul leer en onderrig te verhoog en die vlakke van hul gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid te versterk. Dit geld ook vir nagraadse opleiding, wat neerkom op 'n hegter verband tussen leer, onderrig en navorsing. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om 'n gekontekstualiseerde en geïntegreerde kurrikulumraamwerk vir gemeenskapsgerigte leer, onderrig en navorsing binne 'n nagraadse program in Spelterapie te ontwikkel. Dit is gedoen deur 'n kontekstuele oorsig van hoër onderwys te gee met verwysing na die huidige hoëronderwys-wetgewing in Suid-Afrika asook 'n oorsig oor kurrikulumontwikkeling. 'n Literatuuroorsig van gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid het perspektief op die huidige stand van gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid landwyd én wêreldwyd verskaf. Hierdie studie berus op 'n kwalitatiewe enkelgevallestudie-ontwerp en benut 'n interpretatiewe paradigma om die empiriese data te genereer. Die eerste fase van die empiriese gedeelte van die studie was gerig op die bepaling van die huidige stand van gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid in die meestersprogram in Spelterapie. Data is gegenereer deur die gebruik van vraelyste wat deur huidige studente en dosente ingevul is. In die tweede fase van die empiriese studie is semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met dosente van 13 nasionale asook internasionele hoëronderwysinstansies gevoer om die kurrikulumraamwerke en inhoud van ander hoër instansies se gemeenskaps-betrokkenheidsmodelle te verken. Die laaste empiriese fase sluit twee fokusgroepe in - een met huidige studente en een met huidige dosente in die meestersprogram in Spelterapie, wat die onderwerp van hierdie studie uitmaak. 'n Kurrikulumraamwerk het vanuit die bevindinge van die studie ontstaan wat 'n uiteensetting van gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid in die meestersprogram in Spelterapie verskaf. Die opkomende raamwerk dui op die behoefte aan sterker integrasie van leer en onderrig met gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid (dienskomponent) deur middel van diensleer. In die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks en in die program wat ondersoek is, bied diensleer die geleentheid vir betrokke leer wat die volgende insluit: ervaringsleer en geleenthede vir studente om betrokke te raak by interaktiewe ervaringsprosesse. Die studie het ook uitgewys dat navorsing in die meestersprogram op 'n baie sterker wyse die verband met gemeenskapsgerigte navorsing moet reflekteer. Hierdie konneksies kan ook die vakkundigheid van betrokkenheid versterk. Daarby moet die navorsingskomponent van die program nader aan leer en onderrig beweeg sodat die kurrikulum altyd die jongste tendense, behoeftes en prioriteite weerspieël. Hierdie aktiwiteite moet in gemeenskapsvennootskappe plaasvind om voordele vir die program sowel as die betrokke gemeenskappe te bied.
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Rossouw, Riaan. "Regional applied general equilibrium modelling : the case of South Africa's North West Province / Riaan Rossouw." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1889.
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van, der Walt Kerry-Ann. "Prioritising native fish populations for conservation using genetics in the Groot Marico catchment, North West Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69102.
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The Groot Marico catchment in the North West Province is a National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Area (NFEPA) because it represents unique landscape features with unique biodiversity that are considered to be of special ecological significance. Three native freshwater species Amphilius uranoscopus, Chiloglanis pretoriae and Barbus motebensis, have high local conservation importance and B. motebensis is endemic to the catchment and is IUCN-listed as vulnerable. The main objective of this study is to contribute towards the effective conservation of these three species in the Groot Marico River system by assessing their genetic structure to determine whether tributary populations of the three species comprise of one genetic population or whether they are divided into genetically distinct subpopulations, in order to prioritise areas for conservation. The central null hypothesis was that there is no genetic differentiation between tributary populations (i.e., panmixia) of B. motebensis, A. uranoscopus and C. pretoriae in the Groot Marico catchment, North West Province. In total, 80 individuals per species were collected, targeting at least 10 individuals per population from a total of eight populations (seven tributaries and the Groot Marico main stem) and across the study area. Samples were collected by electrofishing and specimens were euthanized using an overdose of clove oil. A sample of muscle tissue was removed for genetic evaluation and the remainder of the specimens served as voucher specimens. For the genetic evaluation, mitochondrial (ND2, cyt b) and nuclear (S7) genes were used. Genetic techniques used were DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), purification and sequencing. From the 240 individuals collected, 123 sequences for B. motebensis, 111 sequences for A. uranoscopus and 103 sequences for C. pretoriae were analysed across all three genes. Statistical analysis included looking at cleaned sequences in order to obtain models using MODELTEST (version 3.06). Population structuring and phylogeographic analysis was performed in Arlequin (version 2000), TCS (version 1.2.1) and PAUP*. Results indicated that for B. motebensis the null hypothesis could be rejected as there were two distinct lineages (the Draai and Eastern lineages) that demonstrated significant divergence in both the ND2 and S7 genes, suggesting historical isolation. The low divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (0% < D < 0.8%) suggests that this isolation is not very old and is probably not comparable to species level differentiation. The null hypothesis was also rejected for A. uranoscopus as there were also significant levels of differentiation between tributary populations resulting in the identification of two lineages (the Ribbok and Western lineages). However, for C. pretoriae, the null hypothesis could not be rejected as there was no genetic differentiation between tributary populations i.e., one panmictic population. Therefore, due to each species showing different genetic structuring within the tributary populations, more than one priority area for conservation needs to be implemented. These priority areas of conservation where therefore evaluated based on the current conservation status of the species (B. motebensis being vulnerable on the IUCN Red List), the number of Evolutionary Significant Units for each species and the overall genetic diversity of all three species in the Groot Marico catchment. In total, four tributary populations were conservation priorities areas, these were the Draai, Vanstraatens, Ribbok and Kaaloog tributaries. The Draai, Vanstraatens and Kaaloog tributaries were selected as priority areas for B. motebensis (B. motebensis is considered to be the most vulnerable of all three species). The Draai tributary was selected due to the B. motebensis population within the tributary showing isolation from the rest of the tributary populations. In order to conserve B. motebensis from the Southern lineage, the Vanstraatens and Kaaloog tributaries were selected. Reasons for selecting these two specific tributaries within the Southern lineage were that the Vanstraatens tributary had unique alleles (three Evolutionary Significant Units) for B. motebensis and the Kaaloog tributary had high genetic diversity (HD = 0.889, ND2 gene) when compared to the other tributary populations. The Ribbok and Vanstraatens tributaries were selected as priority areas for the conservation of A. uranoscopus. The Ribbok tributary was selected as it showed isolation from the rest of the tributary populations, as seen with the Draai tributary (B. motebensis) and the Vanstraatens tributary was selected to represent the Western lineage as it had the highest diversity for both genes (ND2 and S7). The Ribbok tributary has the highest prioritisation when compared to the Vanstraatens tributary. Chiloglanis pretoriae occurs within the Draai, Vanstraatens, Ribbok and Kaaloog tributaries, therefore by prioritising these tributaries for conservation, C. pretoriae will in turn be conserved.
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Letsholo, Boitumelo Joyce. "Case management by social workers of sexually abused children in the Moses Kotane District Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49873.
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On t.p.: Master of Arts (Welfare Programme Management)Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study of case management of sexually abused children by social workers was conducted in the Moses Kotane District Municipality, because of the following reasons: firstly, there is an escalation of reported cases that are referred from various service organizations to the Department of Social Services; secondly the statutory policies alone cannot be the absolute protection for children against sexual abuse; thirdly, as communities seem to ignore their roles in protecting children against this problem. The social workers end up carrying the ultimate responsibility to protect children. An exploratory study was therefore undertaken to investigate how social workers in the Moses Kotane District Municipality intervene in these cases. It is crucial for professionals to have the necessary knowledge, skills and correct attitude when they intervene in child sexual abuse cases. The study explored the various dynamics that motivate this problem as well as the circumstances that can expose children to the risk of child sexual abuse. Motivation to abuse children in the Moses Kotane District Municipality emanated from the family circumstances, characteristics of the abusive father(s) as well as a lack of community child care resources The social workers need to have insight in various risk factors of this problem. These may include the circumstances surrounding the child, community factors, societal factors, family factors and the attributes of professionals dealing with child sexual abuse cases. The knowledge of the dynamics and risk factors assists social workers to assess whether the child has been abused and to do risk assessment as well as need assessment of the victims and their families. Such information can assist the social workers to make a safety plan of action regarding the child victims. It is therefore vital that the social workers identify the nature of case management style through which they render services to sexually abused children. Direct service delivery, which is preferred by most social workers in the agency, and indirect service delivery are the two types of case management styles that social workers can employ, depending on whether they work in a generic social work setting or private child welfare agency. Although social workers may have the expertise and skill to intervene effectively in child sexual abuse cases, their interventions may be affected by various challenges and result in ineffective service delivery to the victims and perpetrators of child sexual abuse. These challenges may include working conditions that are adverse, community trials of cases of child sexual abuse and unresponsive agency management. Other challenges may include resistance from clients, lack of supervision, lack of training in child sexual abuse work as well as the demanding nature of child sexual abuse work. Throughout the process of case management the social workers need to liaise and cooperate with the multi-professional team comprising of the police (CPU), medical personnel, the prosecutor(s), a psychologist as well as the family members. The team may vary from one agency to the other, however, the social worker, police and medical personnel need to be available at all the team meetings. None of these professionals is supposed to assess victims alone, because the assessment should be focused on the social, medical, psychological, legal, physical and material needs of sexually abused children. It is imperative that social workers are aware of how their attitudes, beliefs, emotions, perceptions and feelings affect the effectiveness of service delivery to these children. The professionals therefore need to be skilled to react responsively and professionally to the victims. Social skills are important for creating worthy client - worker relationships and to enhance accountability in role relationships between the clients and the professionals. By applying interactional skills, the social workers can create a child-friendly atmosphere during intervention, as the social worker can be able to listen empathetically and deal with feelings that surface during the interviews. By applying cognitive skills, the professionals can be in a position to "read" subtle emotions and feelings of the clients and assess the level of their cognitive functioning. The application of theory in practice is vital during intervention as decisions; judgement and interventions should be professional and not haphazard. The social worker thus needs to have knowledge of the perspectives, theories and models of social work. This study has provided such a framework to guide social workers in managing cases of child sexual abuse.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie oor hoe maatskaplike werkers gevallebestuur van seksueel gemolesteerde kinders doen, is in die Moses Kotane Munisipale Distrik onderneem om die volgende redes. Eerstens is daar 'n toename in die gerapporteerde gevalle van seksuele molestering wat deur verskeie diensorganisasies verwys word na die maatskaplike werkers in diens van Departement van Welsyn. Tweedens bied die statutêre beleid op sigself nie aan kinders algehele beskerming teen seksuele molestering nie. Derdens blyk dit dat van maatskaplike werkers verwag word om algehele verantwoordelikheid vir die beskerming van kinders te aanvaar omdat dit skyn asof gemeenskappe hulle rol om kinders teen seksuele molestering te beskerm, ignoreer. Derhalwe is 'n verkennende studie onderneem om vas te stel hoe maatskaplike werkers in die Moses Kotane Munisipale Distrik dienste lewer aan hierdie kinders. Dit is essensieel dat professionele persone oor die nodige kennis, vaardighede en regte houding sal beskik wanneer gevalle van seksuele molestering van kinders hanteer word. Met die studie is die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot seksuele molestering, sowel as die omstandighede wat kinders blootstel aan die risiko van seksuele molestering, ondersoek. Daar is vasgestel dat die motivering vir seksuele molestering van kinders in die Moses Kotane Munisipale Distrik gespruit het uit hulle gesinsomstandighede, kenmerke van die molesterende vader(s), sowel die gebrek aan bronne vir kinderbeskerming in die gemeenskap. Maatskaplike werkers behoort insig te hê in die faktore wat kinders 'n risiko van seksuele molestering kan maak. Hierdie faktore kan verband hou met die omstandighede van die kind, gemeenskapsfaktore, samelewingsfaktore, gesinsfaktore en die kenmerke van die professionele persone wat die gevalle van kinders wat seksueel molesteer is, hanteer. Kennis van die dinamika van seksuele molestering en die risiko faktore van seksuele molestering van kinders, sal maatskaplike werkers in staat stelom te assesseer of kinders gemolesteer is en om risiko-assesserings, sowel as behoeftebepalings van die slagoffers en hulle gesinne te doen. Sodanige inligting sal die maatskaplike werker help om 'n veiligheidsplan van aksie vir kinderslagoffers op te stel. Dit is derhalwe noodsaaklik dat maatskaplike werkers die aard van hulle gevallebestuur styl deur middel waarvan dienste aan seksueel gemolesteerde kinders gelewer word, sal kan identifiseer. Direkte dienslewering, wat deur die meeste maatskaplike werkers in die ondersoek groep verkies is en indirekte dienslewering is die twee soorte gevalle bestuurstyle wat maatskaplike werkers kan gebruik. Die keuse tussen die twee sal afhang van of maatskaplike werkers in 'n generiese of gespesialiseerde opset praktiseer. Alhoewel maatskaplike werkers oor die kundigheid en vaardigheid mag beskik om gevalle van seksuele molestering effektief te hanteer, mag hulle intervensies beïnvloed word deur verskeie struikelblokke wat kan veroorsaak dat oneffektiewe diens aan die slagoffers en oortreders van seksuele molestering van kinders gelewer kan word. Struikelblokke wat deur die respondente ervaar IS, is byvoorbeeld onproduktiewe werksomstandighede, gemeenskapsverhore van oortreders van seksuele molestering van kinders en onresponsiewe besture van organisasies. Ander struikelblokke kan die weerstand van kliënte, gebrek aan supervisie, gebrek aan opleiding in die hantering van seksuele molestering van kinders, sowel as die veeleisende aard van die hantering van kinders wat seksuele gemolesteer is, insluit. Tydens die proses van gevallebestuur behoort die maatskaplike werker deurlopend te skakel en saam te werk met 'n multi-professionele span, bestaande uit die polisie (KBE), mediese personeel, die staatsaanklaer, 'n sielkundige, sowel as die gesinslede van die gemolesteerde kind. Alhoewel die span van organisasie tot organisasie kan verskil, behoort die maatskaplike werker, polisie en die mediese personeel beskikbaar te wees vir alle spanvergaderings. Nie een van hierdie professionele persone is veronderstel om slagoffers alleen te assesseer nie, want die assessering behoort toe fokus op die sosiale, mediese, sielkundige, regs, fisiese en materiële behoeftes van seksueel gemolesteerde kinders. Dit is verder noodsaaklik dat maatskaplike werkers bewus sal wees van hoe hulle houdings, oortuigings, emosies, persepsies en gevoelens die effektiwiteit van hulle dienslewering aan hierdie kinders kan beïnvloed. Professionele persone behoort derhalwe oor die vaardigheid te beskik om met die nodige empatie en professionaliteit te reageer teenoor slagoffers. Met behulp van toepaslike professionele vaardighede kan die maatskaplike werker tydens intervensie 'n kindervriendelike omgewing tydens skep Dit sal die maatskaplike werker in staat stelom empaties te luister en gevoelens wat tydens onderhoude na vore kom te hanteer. Die toepassing van kognitiewe vaardighede sal die professionele persoon ontvanklik maak vir subtiele emosies en gevoelens van die kliënt en instaat stelom die vlak van hulle kognitiewe funksionering te assesseer. Die toepassing van teorie in die praktyk tydens intervensie is noodsaaklike omdat besluite en beoordelings tydens intervensie professioneel moet wees. Die maatskaplike werker benodig dus kennis van relevante perspektiewe, teorieë en modelle van maatskaplike werk wat vir die doel benut kan word. Die studie bied sodanige raamwerk aan wat as riglyne vir maatskaplike werkers kan dien en gebruik kan word om gevalle van seksuele molestering van kinders te bestuur.
28
Mochechela, Maria Mologade. "The socio-economic impact of tourism on communities around the Pilanesberg National Park, North West Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/913.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-economic impact of tourism on communities around the tourist destinations and tourist attractions, with specific reference to the Pilanesberg National Park and the specific impact it has on the communities around it. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used and 252 respondents responded positively by filling in questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with the Pilanesberg National Park management. The research findings reveal that the communities around the Pilanesberg National Park, specifically Mogwase, Moruleng, Ledig and Mabele-a-pudi are benefiting from the National Park through employment. Findings also indicate that the National Park is contributing positively towards the local economy of the area and the development of the communities. At the same time, however, the research findings indicate that the national park is impacting negatively on the local communities by contributing to the increasing cost of services.
29
Hollmann, Jeremy Charles. "The cutting edge: Khoe-San rock-markings at the Gestoptefontein-Driekuil engraving complex, North West Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5857_1361366326.
Full textAbstract:
The study is about the rock engravings on the wonderstone hills just outside Ottosdal, North West province, about 70km northwest of Klerksdorp. Wonderstone is remarkable rock that is
smooth, shiny and very easy to mark. The wonderstone occurs only on two adjacent farms, Gestoptefontein and Driekuil, and thus the rock art on the wonderstone outcrops is referred to as the Gestoptefontein- Driekuil complex (GDC). This rock art is now the only remaining trace of what must once have been a much larger complex of engravings. Sadly, much of the rock art has been destroyed in the course of mining activities, with very few records. The largest remaining outcrop is still threatened by potential mining activities. The study attempts to bring this disastrous and unacceptable situation to the attention of the public and the heritage authorities, who have so far failed to respond to applications to grant the sites protection. It therefore has two main aims: to
locate and record as much of the rock art as possible and to understand the significance of the outcrops in the lives of the people who made them. Based on the rock art itself, as well as what little historical evidence is available, it is argued that the rock art was made by Khoe-San people during the performance of important ceremonies and other activities. The rock art has two main components: engravings of referential motifs and a gestural, or performative, element. The referential motifs depict a range of things: anthropomorphs and zoomorphs, decorative designs, items of clothing, as well as ornaments and decorations. The gestural markings were made by rubbing, cutting and hammering the soft wonderstone, probably in the course of a range of activities that people carried out on the outcrops. One of the main findings of the study is that the GDC was a place that was of particular significance to women. This is suggested by the large number of engravings of items that are closely associated with Khoe-San women &ndash
depictions of aprons, ornaments, and decorations. These play a prominent role in the initiation practices of many Khoe-San groups. Initiates emerging from ritual isolation after their first menstruation are given new clothes
they are also loaned ornaments and jewellery. This reincorporation into society as a &lsquo
new person&rsquo
has been described by some Khoe-San women as one of the high points of their lives. Oral traditions from the area indicate that the wonderstone outcrops were believed to have
special properties
the study incorporates these traditions to argue that the wonderstone outcrops were associated with the presence of a great water snake that lay on the rocks and also lived in
the pools of water in the nearby Driekuil Spruit. People therefore came to the outcrops to perform rites of reincorporation. One of these ceremonies may have been performing rites of association
with the great snake
such practices may have included the use of rock dust as an ingredient for body paint.
30
Du, Pisani J. A. "Social impact assessment : the status of practice in the North West Province of South Africa / J.A. du Pisani." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/890.
Full textAbstract:
There is no doubt that the assessment of social impacts is as important, in some cases
even more important, than the assessment of biophysical and economic impacts of
development projects. Nonetheless, social impact assessment (SIA) has remained an
"orphan" in the broader environmental impact assessment (EIA) context, both
internationally and in South Africa, and is often neglected or treated as a less important
aspect of an EIA.
It was the aim of this study to measure perceptions of relative neglect of SIA in South
Africa against the theory and practice of SIA as reflected in the literature. The basic
hypothesis was that, whereas the theory and practice of SIA has reached a
sophisticated level in the developed world, the practice of SIA in South Africa is not yet
on a sound footing and that it does not receive the professional attention it deserves in a
country beset by enormous social challenges. Thus the research problem was whether
SIA is practiced at a satisfactory level of proficiency in South Africa. Social aspects of
impact assessment in the North West Province of South Africa were investigated, with
the aim to identify shortcomings and their possible causes and to make
recommendations for improvement.
The article format was used, and the main section of the study comprises two articles.
The first article, a theoretical perspective based on a literature study, is a critical
evaluation of SIA as part of the EIA process in South Africa against the background of
international guidelines and best practices. The article includes sections on the historical
background of the development of SIA in South Africa, the legal status and requirements
of SIA in the country, and a critical evaluation of SIA regulation in South Africa. It was
found that the persistent problems of SIA practice, experienced in other parts of the
world, are also evident in South Africa. Apart from institutional, financial and
professional constraints, there are also serious problems associated with approach and
methods.
The second article is an evaluation of and recommendations for the improvement of the
practice of SIA in the North West Province. An empirical study of 26 EIAs, performed in
the province between 1999 and 2002, was done. It was established that in terms of
social baseline data, the identification of significant social impacts, specialist studies,
public participation, recommended mitigation measures, and the attention paid to social
impacts in records of decision (RODS) SIA practice in the North West Province is far
from satisfactory. Apathy towards social impacts is associated with a general lack of SIA
expertise.
The following recommendations are made in the study to improve the level of SIA
practice: a system of mandatory registration of SIA practitioners should be introduced;
specialized SIA training programmes for SIA practitioners and officials should be
developed and accredited; SIA specialists should be used to assess significant social
impacts identified in EIAs; a policy framework and code of ethics for SIA practice should
be developed; methodological guidelines for SIA should be supplied in or as a
supplement to the new EIA guidelines; and the public participation process should be
redesigned.Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
31
Matenge, Sarah Tshepho Pona. "Utilisation of traditional and indigenous foods in the North West Province of South Africa / Sarah Tshepho Pona Matenge." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8439.
Full textAbstract:
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this thesis was to explore the possibilities of promoting the cultivation, utilisation and consumption of indigenous and traditional plant foods (ITPF) among urban and rural communities in the North West Province of South Africa that could possibly lead to increased IK and dietary diversity. The objectives were the following:
Assess consumption of TLV in the rural and urban communities.
Compare nutritional status of consumers and non-consumers of TLV using data obtained from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE-SA) study.
Assess the availability, cultivation and consumption patterns of ITPF.
Assess indigenous knowledge (IK) within the rural and urban communities.
Assess consumers’ views of ITPF in the rural and urban communities.
Assess consumers’ acceptance of, preference for and consumption intent of dishes made from cowpea leaves.
To compile recipes for the most important ITPF commonly consumed in the study areas in order to promote the cultivation and consumption of ITPF (see Addendum D).
STUDY DESIGN
Health profile study: For the health profile study, a comparative study was conducted on the baseline data of the population that participated in the PURE-SA study (1004 urban and 1006 rural participants) which follows the health transition in urban and rural subjects over a 12 year period. The baseline data for the North West Province of South Africa were collected from October to December 2005.
Utilisation of ITPF study: The study on the utilisation of ITPF used a sequential explanatory study design which involved the collection of quantitative and qualitative data and analyses. The consumer acceptance study consisted of an explorative and experimental phase. Participants were male and female, aged older than 20, residing in the selected communities and knowledgeable on the indigenous and traditional foods of the area.
METHODS
A variety of quantitative and qualitative research techniques were used. Data were generated through questionnaires, focus groups and individual - and group interviews.
Health profile study: Demographic characteristics and frequency of consumption of TLV data were collected by the researcher from 396 randomly selected subjects from participating subjects in the PURE-SA study. An extensive nutritional profile of these subjects was compiled including blood samples, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and total dietary intake by means of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire.
Utilisation of ITPF study: A comparative study was conducted in rural and urban populations of the North West Province. Data were collected by the researcher using a questionnaire (n=396 households), key informant interviews (n=4), and four focus groups.
Consumer study: Four focus groups were conducted by the researcher, two in rural and two in urban communities, to investigate consumers’ views about ITPF. Eighty-seven participants were recruited based on a specific purpose rather than randomly. Consumers’ acceptance of, preference for and intended consumption of products made with cowpea leaves were assessed. A 5-point hedonic scale and a 7-point food action rating scale were used for sensory evaluation.
RESULTS
Health profile study: As expected, rural inhabitants were more likely to consume TLV. However, no household reported to consume TLV more than ten times a month. Factors such as price (affordability) and availability and easy-to-get-to points of purchase were found to be major constraints in the consumption of TLV, especially in urban communities. Urban respondents had significantly higher macronutrient intakes than rural subjects. There was no significant difference between the selected micronutrient intakes between consumers and non-consumers of TLV. Non-consumers of TLV had higher blood lipid levels than consumers from both the rural and urban areas. In the urban subjects the relative risk to develop high blood pressure was higher in non-consumers of TLV than in the consumers. However, the risk ratios of raised serum cholesterol and triglycerides were not significantly different.
Utilisation of ITPF study: More plant foods were available and consumed in the rural area than the urban area. However, fewer species were available than expected due to insufficient rainfall, poor soil quality, deforestation and over harvesting. Consumption of indigenous foods was influenced by price, culture,
seasonality/availability, accessibility and diversity in markets. A lack of markets for indigenous crops, insufficient rainfall and diseases and pests were cited as the major cultivation problems, followed by a lack of capital to buy farming implements, veld fires and poor soil quality.
Consumer study: Based on the qualitative focus group discussions, factors that influence the consumption of ITPF were identified. These factors included benefits and barriers of ITPF consumption. Ways to increase ITFP consumption were also identified. Health and nutrition; tradition and culture; and food safety emerged as drivers for ITPF consumption. A lack of knowledge and skills of food preparation and negative images and unfamiliarity of ITPF acted as barriers. Differences in views existed between older and younger consumers. In general younger consumers found ITF rather revolting and undesirable, humiliating to consume.
Sensory evaluation of food samples for the pooled data of the total study population showed that significant differences existed between the acceptability of all attributes, overall acceptance and consumption intent. Socio-demographic backgrounds such as place of residence (urban or rural), levels of education and age were shown to influence the acceptability of food samples and consumption intent. There was no positive association between acceptability of food and gender.
CONCLUSIONS
Health profile study: This study showed the possibility of beneficial effects of rural diets, however, the lack of knowledge concerning the bioavailability of nutrients from TLV and lack of information on food consumption database, of these vegetables constitute main barriers to obtaining information on nutrient intake. The low frequency of consumption of TLV is of concern. Taking into consideration safe agricultural practices, the promotion of TLV might be a solution towards healthier diets and combating poverty. More research is needed to investigate the health effects of these vegetables. Utilisation of ITPF study: It is evident that there was a limited number of ITPF species cultivated and consumed. Consumers, especially older people, were found to possess extensive knowledge regarding the availability of ITPF species, their habitat and uses, seasonality and potential health benefits. There is a need to intensify education on conservation of natural resources and more studies should be undertaken to document and disseminate traditional food systems. In addition, there is a need to integrate existing health and nutrition interventions with traditional food promotion.
Consumer study: The results highlighted the importance of making use of a mixed method approach which made it possible not only to identify factors that influence the consumption of ITPF but also to understand the dynamics thereof from focus group discussions and how they influence acceptability, preference and consumption intent. Important benefits (drivers) of and barriers to ITPF consumption as well as suggestions on how to increase ITPF consumption were identified. Barriers to ITPF consumption and low scores of acceptability provided by younger participants can be connected to misconceptions about ITPF and lack of familiarity with the products. Therefore, a combination of strategies aimed at enhancing individual awareness of the health benefits of ITPF, decreasing barriers and conducting more acceptability studies may have a positive impact on the younger segment of the population.Thesis (Ph.D. (Consumer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
32
Moruane, Dimakatso Sinah. "The sustainability of community participation in developmental projects : North West Province." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12307.
Full textAbstract:
M.A. (Social Development)The North West Province is predominately comprised of rural areas. The occupants of these areas are mostly rural, underprivileged with only a few of the important basic facilities. In most areas the community still get water from the village tap, use wood for heating and candles for lighting. Unemployment is rife, despite the fact that there are mines around Rustenburg, the area in which this study is carried out, has quite a number of people who are jobless. Community Development Projects have been started in this area of the province to uplift the standard of living of these communities, but to no avail. The aim of this study ls to investigate the opinions of participants concerning these projects, with the final aim of improving maximum participation. The failure of these projects is a concern to service providers, service consumers and funders.
33
Bigala, Paul. "Fertility differentials between migrants and non-migrants in the North West Province / Paul Bigala." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11302.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to examine the fertility differentials between migrants and non-migrants in the North West province of South Africa. Evaluation of fertility behavior of
migrants at the destination area and the causes of fertility differentials of migrants and
non-migrants was also undertaken. Data used in · this study were obtained from the 1996
Census and the 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey.
It was found that migrant behavior at the destination areas tends to be influenced by the
new environment, which motivated them to, adapt to the norms and values that would
affect their fertility.
Although South Africa has a lower fertility rate than to the rest of Sub Saharan Africa, It
appeared that fertility differentials have existed between migrants and non-migrants.
Fertility was higher among migrants than non-migrants and the difference between the
two population groups has declined between 1996 and 1998.
However fertility differentials were vividly observed with respect to Education, income
age and employment status among both migrants and non-migrants in 1996 and income
and age at first intercourse among both migrants and non-migrants in 1998.
The study concludes by recommending that further research be done particularly on the
issue of ethnicity and its impact on fertility since there is no concrete evidence to suggest
that there is any marked link between migrants and non-migrants. Also, this kind of
research should be done in other provinces to establish the state of migrant and non-migrant fertility and any variations among different socio-economic and demographic
groups of Household society.
Furthermore, Education should be universalized as a powerful tool to regulate fertility as
it has shown to affect fertility, particularly in areas where fertility is still relatively high
among both migrants and non-migrants.(M.Soc.Sc.) North West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2004
34
Mogomotsi, Goabaone Panky. "Evaluation of the implementation of the North West Protocol on the management of severe malnutrition at Mafikeng Provincial Hospital and Thusong Hospital in the North West Province of South Africa." Thesis, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2830_1262654864.
Full text
35
Bubala, Jubilee. "Assessment of human consumption of wild and cultivated plants in Kanana, a gold mining town in North West Province." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/14960.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated potential health risks associated with the consumption of commonly consumed leafy vegetables, Amaranthus hybridus (tepe), Brassica oleracea (cabbage) and Spinacia oleracea (spinach) in the gold mining town of Kanana in North West Province, where these three plants were the most commonly consumed. Structured interviews were conducted with 40 households to determine their socioeconomic status and the consumption patterns of vegetables (cultivated and wild plants). Along with interviews, plant samples were sampled in home gardens and at various harvesting locations in the wild for chemical analysis. Finally, analysis of mercury content in the sampled three leafy vegetable species was performed to ascertain the contributions of the vegetables to the dietary mercury intake among a predominantly young and poor subpopulation of Kanana, which was found to be largely dependent on state welfare grants and on the cultivation and gathering of wild plants for survival.
The study found that all three leafy vegetable species under analysis had mercury concentrations that exceeded the maximum permitted by the World Health Organisation. The highest mean mercury concentrations were found in A. hybridus 0.287μg/g dry mass and the lowest in S. oleracea 0.128μg/g dry mass. Equally, mercury ingestion through the three leafy vegetables by adults in the surveyed subgroups of Kanana exceeded thresholds prescribed by the (2007). Based on consumption patterns, dietary mercury intake by adults exceeded the recommended limits by one order of magnitude, with yearly dose exceeding by as much as four and three orders of magnitude. Long term mercury exposure can cause damage to the central nervous system and chronic intoxication. The surveyed subpopulation is therefore exposed to health risks from mercury toxicity. To ensure food safety and to protect the residents from metal toxicity, awareness programmes are recommended to educate communities living in the vicinity of mines to avoid the areas of highest contamination, such as the artisanal mine dumps and (in this case) the Schoonspruit stream, and to control the artisanal use of mercury. Alternative vegetable gardening methods such as vegetable container gardening using unpolluted soil can also be implemented for the community. In addition, remediation of all the sites where local people cultivate vegetables and gather edible wild plants should be considered where feasible. The insights gained through the study should be used to inform local land use planning and create awareness among personnel from local regulators and development agencies. The insights can also be used to inform environmental management planning processes, risk mitigation and social impact assessment for industries in the region, in particular those involved in mining.
Keywords: consumption patterns, gold mining, human health risk, leafy vegetables, mercury.
36
Abafe, Ejovi Akpojevwe. "Market participation of smallholder sunflower farmers in North-West province, South Africa." Diss., 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27844.
Full textAbstract:
In South Africa and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, market participation of smallholder farmers are rapidly being advocated as a means to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda’s (SDGs): zero hunger and no poverty. Yet little is known about market participation in the sunflower industry. The study therefore, examine market participation of smallholder sunflower farmers in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, North West Province, South Africa. A quantitative research approach was developed to address the research objectives, and a proportional stratified random sampling technique was used to select 177 sunflower producing households. Respondents information were captured using semi-structured questionnaires, data were then entered and coded using statistical software computer programs (MS Excel, SPSS, and Stata). Socio-economic characteristics, level of market participation, and factors influencing households market participation within the district were analyzed using descriptive statistics, household commercialization index, and probit regression model. Overall, the result indicates that respondents exhibited high level of commercialization (90.1 % market participants). While, the result of the probit regression model shows that eight (8) of the regressors were statistically significant. Variables such as age (Coef = 0.103, p<0.01), gender (Coef = 1.267, p<0.05), market outlet (Coef = 1.351, p<0.01), access to information (Coef = 1.298, p<0.05), and quantity sold in tons (Coef = 0.015, p<0.010) were found to have positive and statistically significant influence, while household size (Coef = -0.409, p<0.01), market distance (Coef = 0.618, p<0.010) and land tenure system (Coef = -1.541, p<0.05) were found to have a negative but statistically significant impact on market participation among respondents. The pseudo R2 of the probit model is 0.5199, indicating that the model matches the dataset and the regressors accurately explains 51.99 % of the variation. The overall goodness of fit measures of the probit model was determined using postestimation test for predictive margin. With a high significant chi-square value of (p<0.0001), the result correctly predicted a 90 % likelihood of respondents to participate in the market. The findings suggests that rural-based initiatives and intervention programs be developed to boost households' access to finance, grants, and diversified markets for effective market competitiveness, while there is a greater need for proper awareness, supports, and partnerships focused on promoting women and youth participation in the sunflower sector across the district.Agriculture and Animal Health
M. Sci. (Agriculture)
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Leseyane, Modie Monicca. "Raising awareness of dyslexia as a language learning disability : a case study in the North West Province." 2016. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001917.
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Ndwambi, Khuthadzo. "Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Naledi Local Municipality, North West Province, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/843.
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Mokgatle-Nthabu, Mathildah Mpata. "An educational framework for the facilitation of well-being of orphans living in child-headed families in rural North West Province." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5038.
Full textAbstract:
D.Ed.The purpose of this inquiry was to explore perceptions and practices of family well-being in the context of child-headed families, and to propose a comprehensive framework that would be beneficial for supportive, educational interventions in the families. This inquiry was conducted among orphans living in two child-headed families. Family life of the orphans was the major focus of this study. All the resources from within a family, the activities, interactions and the way a family organizes and plans determines the well-being of individuals in the family. The specific characteristic of this inquiry is that it captures phenomena around human group way of life (families) and human conduct (lived experiences, interactions and behaviours). It is for this reason that the qualitative ethnographic design was employed and a Grounded Theory Approach of analysis was used to inductively derive a comprehensive framework for the facilitation of well-being in the child-headed families who participated in this study. Data generation was done through in-depth interviews, small group discussions, visual and imagery observation, and theoretical sampling. Interviews were conducted with orphans 12 years and older and for orphans under the age of 12 years observations were employed for ethical compliance. The grounded theory analysis included initial coding, focused coding, axial coding, identifying main categories and memo writing to develop the framework.
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Serumaga-Zake, Gladys. "Challenges facing small, micro and medium enterprises (SMMEs) in the Mafikeng and Mmabatho area of the North West Province / Gladys Serumaga-Zake." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11456.
Full textAbstract:
This research study investigates some of the problems or challenges faced by SMMEs in
the Mafikeng and Mmabatho area of the North West province. It strives to find out the
extent as to which these problems occur and the impact they have on these businesses.
The research focuses on two major problems considered to be hindering the growth of
SMMEs in this area, namely the lack of entrepreneurial management and financial skills.
The lack of these skills in the running of small businesses results into poor business
management, poor quality products or services. lack of demand for produce, lack of
access to credit as well as poor marketing techniques. The absence of entrepreneurial
education or sensitizing young people in a way that could encourage them to enter
businesses and acquire a culture of entrepreneurship is one of the causes of the lack of
these skills.
A stratified random sampling method was employed, with stratifying variables being area
and size of the business. Primary data were sought for this study, and gathered through
structured questionnaires which were distributed to owners and managers of the sampled
businesses. The descriptive statistics method of analysis was employed using a computer
aided statistical analysis, the SPSS programme.
Some of the significant findings of this research study are; that majority of entrepreneurs
in the area do not have the necessary entrepreneurial, management and financial skills to
run their businesses; that the educational and training levels of the members of top
management of small businesses are relatively low; and many businesses do not have
access to credit.
The lack of entrepreneurial, management and financial skills can hamper the performance
and growth of SMMEs in the area, which can cause many businesses' failure or closure.
Education plays an important role in the overall running of a business enterprise in terms
of revenues. Many entrepreneurs are unable to finance their own businesses. yet there is
little support from financial institutions and government bodies.
SMMEs in the Mafikeng and Mmabatho area need to be assisted in every way in order to
enhance their performance, growth and sustainability. In order to achieve this.
government needs to take the initiative to form collaborations with these business
enterprises, in order to identify areas of need such as training and funding. This endeavour will impact positively to the economic growth, in tem1s of job creation to the entire province.(MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2005
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Tsobane, Kelebogile Mabel. "Impact of funding on Information Technology Division service delivery in the Department of Finance : North West Province / Kelebogile Mabel Tsobane." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11301.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research project was to investigate the impact of funding on the service
delivery of the Information Technology Division in the Department of Finance, North
West Province. A secondary related purpose of the study was to determine the existence
and utilisation of a proper strategic plan in the Division of Information Technology. A
Division or Programme without a proper strategy would not be in a position to compile a
credible budget.
Two different self-administered questionnaires were developed. The first questionnaire
was a survey of all Information Technology staff members including high-ranking
officials such as assistant directors, deputy directors and managers. The second
questionnaire was directed to provincial departmental officials across various
departments who were willing to take part in the study. Eight provincial departments
were chosen and the sample represented a total population of twelve provincial
departments in the North West Provincial government. In addition to the surveys, direct
interviews were conducted in cases where the respondents were not able to complete
questionnaires without assistance.
Although the intention of the study was to determine the impact of funding on the service
delivery of information technology Division in the Department of Finance, the overall
findings revealed that the strategic plan, which was not well defined, was found as the
major problem that impacted on the process of compiling a reasonable budget. This, in
effect, had a greater impact on service delivery than the actual funding of the Division.(MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2004
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Bosch, Almero Deon. "The vegetation management of the Botsalano Game Reserve in the North West Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2011. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000662.
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Thesis (MTech. degree in Nature Conservation)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2011.The study was conducted on the Botsalano Game Reserve with the support of the North West Tourism and Parks Agency. No formal management plan is available for the game reserve and therefore the need for an ecological management plan and guidelines for the formulation of a vegetation monitoring plan constituted the basis of the study. The objectives of the study were: 1. To classify and map the plant communities of the Botsalano Game Reserve; 2. To provide quantitative data, collected during a formal vegetation classification, for use by the reserve management in terms of current vegetation condition; 3. To ascertain whether a classification of the vegetation on the BGR could be used for the objective placement of vegetation monitoring sites. Monitoring site placement will be based on representation of plant communities, reflecting community and topographical unit utilization and thus stocking rates based on management decisions.
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Ntshabele, Boitshoko R. "Personnel expenditure analysis of the Directorate Veterinary Services in the North West Province / Boitshoko R Ntshabele." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11223.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to analyse personnel expenditure of the Directorate
Veterinary Service in the North West Province and how it impacted on service delivery.
Literature on personnel expenditure and its influence on service delivery, particularly in
the field of Veterinary Services is still in its infancy. Financial condition was referred as a
tool to evaluate trends and patterns in how personnel budgets increases over a period of
time as a fraction of the total budget affected the ability of the directorate to deliver
services to the citizens of the province. Financial condition uses a percentage change to
analyse changes in the budget over time for the Directorate.
Budget reports (2000-2002) collected from the Provincial Department of Agriculture,
Conservation and Environment was analysed in terms of a split between personnel and
operational. This analysis was then used to elucidate patterns over time for the
Directorate as a whole, which were then compared between the regions (using cost
centers) to determine any bias in terms of resource allocation. The percentage change was also done per standard budget item used in the Province.
From the study it is evident that there was deterioration in financial condition for the
financial year 200112001. This deterioration in financial condition is shown by a drop in
budget but also in terms of a bias towards personnel. This phenomenon was however
reversed in the following year of 2002/2003.
This study has identified a negative correlation between personnel budget and other
expenditure needs for the Directorate Veterinary Services that had negative consequences for service delivery. To this extent it recommends a regular monitoring process to be put in place and the use of public partnerships where practical as a solution to rising personnel costs.(M.B.A.) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2004
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Tabane, Lydia Ikgopoleng. "The effects of water scarcity on rural livelihoods: a case study of Borakalalo village in Lehurutshe (North West Province)." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21079.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Science, School of Geography, Archaeology & Environmental Studies, 2016.The aim of this thesis is to expose the effects of water scarcity on rural livelihoods. The chosen study site for this investigation is Borakalalo village in Lehurutshe region (North West Province). The aim of this study was to explore the water usage patterns of households in Borakalalo village in order to unpack the various water-related activities that households in Borakalalo engage with. The main argument made in this thesis is that in order to comprehend the effects of water scarcity on rural livelihoods, it is paramount that the water usage trends of rural dwellers be documented and, the contribution made by various water-related activities in generating a livelihood income be scrutinised. Therefore, using the sustainable rural livelihood framework of analysis, the goal of this study was to investigate the role that water plays in securing a livelihood for households in Borakalalo village. The introduction chapter explains the relevance of this study in the context of South Africa as a whole, also paying special attention to Borakalalo village, which is the chosen study site for this investigation. The methodology chapter highlights the advantages and disadvantages of methodological techniques employed in this study. A critical engagement with literature on water scarcity reveals some of the key conceptual dilemmas in defining water scarcity. Furthermore, the social, political and economic impacts of water scarcity on a global and national scale are looked into. A household survey that was conducted with 150 households in Borakalalo village aimed to uncover the water usage trends of rural households and, to examine how water serves the livelihoods of households in Borakalalo village. In the discussion chapter some of the main findings in this investigation are brought forth through looking at the ways in which water-related activities such as agriculture, livestock herding and small water-related rural enterprises sustain rural livelihoods. Although the discussion uncovers the role of water in a productivist rural economy, the results also seem to suggest that there is a shift in the rural economy from productivist to post-productivist livelihood activities. Henceforth, as much as water scarcity poses a threat to productivist livelihood activities, it also limits the expansion of the emerging post-productivist rural livelihoods. Furthermore, the increased need for monetary income in rural households in order to compensate for the loss of productive rural activities is evident. However, high levels of unemployment in rural areas limit the capacity of rural households to generate monetary income, and henceforth, livelihoods in Borakalalo village are enormously threatened by current water shortages in the village.
MT2016
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"Levels of organic and inorganic compounds in the muscle of Clarias gariepinus and Cyprinus carpio from three dams in the North-West Province, South Africa and the associated risk for human consumption." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13841.
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Menyatsoe, Moilwa Christopher. "An evaluation of the implementation of Black Economic Empowerment within the construction industry in the Central region of the North West Province / Moilwa Christopher Menyatsoe." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11201.
Full textAbstract:
A great deal is expected of the construction industry and this study will stimulate
reflections by participants on their role and performance. Leadership and
collaboration are needed to enhance the capability and focus of all who engage in the
delivery process- a focus to grow, transform and nurture the national asset base of
the construction industry.
The study highlights areas of progress and provides insight on the significant
challenges to the construction industry growth and creation of infrastructure,
challenges that are closely linked to the need for raised levels of performance and
empowerment. Construction accounts for about I 0 per cent of the world economy and
approximately 70 per cent of construction investment is accounted for in the USA,
Western Europe and Japan. The continent of Africa accounts for about one per cent.
Per capita investment in construction in the developed world is approximately $2500
per annum compared to $46 per annum in Africa.
Embodied in the policies and legislations is a fundamental recognition that a
developing society inherited a construction sector that supports a strategically developed
industry with world-class capability and an established material
manufacturing sector. The post-1994 expansion of South African engineering and
construction services into global markets is testament to this inherent capability and
the potential of the industry, and was enabled by the country's passage to democracy.
In parallel with policy and institutional reform, a range of early practical initiatives
were introduced by government to direct the process of change. In this context,
growth needs to be coupled with sustainable employment, empowerment and
investment in human capital as a pre-requisite for improved industry performance and
competitiveness. The policy framework also addresses the role and potential impact of
government as facilitator, regulator and major client to the industry. These included
the implementation of preferential procurement to stimulate access to the market by
historically disadvantaged enterprises, and measures to address supply-side
constraints such as access to entrepreneurial training, finance, and credit.
The Black Economic Empowerment is defined as empowerment of a broad-based
process, and adopts a scorecard approach covering ownership, management,
employment equity, skills development, procurement, corporate social investment, as
well as investment and enterprise formation. By meeting any, or a combination of
these objectives, every company has the potential to promote empowerment (SA
Construction Industry Report, 2004 ).
The main objective is to create new business ventures which play a significant role in
economic growth. For this reason, it makes sense to explore correlations between
black economic empowerment activities and lagged indicators of procurement
policies and procedures.
Some of the findings are:
•Lack of consistency in the application of preferential procurement policies
• Ambiguous regulations
• Clients' planning shortcomings
• Inadequate budget
• Capacity constraints
The biggest concern is the lack of core skills among emerging contractors, that is,
financial literacy, record-keeping and marketing Although there are excellent
examples of financing initiatives in South Africa (SA), there are only a small number
of financial institutions in SA that have low default rates on small business loans.(MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2006
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"A sociological evaluation of access and participation of the SMME sector in the North West Province tourism industry / Leratang Mack Victor Magodielo." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11282.
Full textAbstract:
Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) are often perceived as the backbone
of an economy. There is widespread consensus on their significant contribution to
economic growth, employment creation, poverty alleviation and local and regional
development.
In South Africa, a lack of access to funding, especially to the Previously
Disadvantaged Individuals (PDIs), often hinders small businesses from developing
their full potential. Funding limitation of SMMEs is mainly due to the high risk
attributed to small businesses and their lack of collateral. The fact that SMMEs
often receive inadequate financial support or the total lack of it puts them at a
competitive disadvantage and tend to harm their long-term growth and
development, a waste of entrepreneurial resources and edge, a reduction of
productivity and a lower economic growth rate. Restricted access to funding is one
of the main problems faced by tourism-related SMMEs in the North West Province,
and can ultimately have an adverse effect on economic growth and overall welfare of
the people.
This research study presents a sociological evaluation of SMME access and
participation in the North West Province, South Africa, tourism industry. The study
appeals to an outcome-based evaluation approach of measuring and assessing the
degrees and levels to which tourism SMMEs, since the all-inclusive 1994
democratic elections in South Africa, have benefitted . or otherwise from the
provincial tourism industry.
The study reveals that, ten years after the fall of apartheid, black entrepreneurs'
access and participation in the provincial tourism industry, is still limited due to
stringent qualification criteria that serve as barriers to accessing financial and
developmental support needed to enhance and fast-track meaningful participation
in the tourism industry, particularly in the North West Province.
The virtual failure to help small business entrepreneurs creates a great controversy
about their very existence and effectiveness of such financial institutions with the
task of helping up-and-coming black entrepreneurs. This thesis stresses the need
for comprehensive evaluation of such institutions so that their existence would have
a meaning, more importantly to the PDIS within the tourism industry. The
criticisms levelled against these financial support institutions are extensively
explored in this study.
In conclusion, the study recommends that, in order to make use of the full potential
of small business entrepreneurs in the provincial tourism industry, thereby
participating meaningfully in the industry, there is the need to provide them with
an enabling environment, which encompasses the access to capital and relaxation
of the set qualification criteria for financial support.(M.Soc.Sc.) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2005
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Van, der Merwe Barend Jacobus Barnardt. "The impact of noise and ground vibration levels during mine construction at Chaneng Village, North-West Province." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12374.
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M.Sc. (Environmental Management)Any change in land-use goes hand-in-hand with changes in the prevailing ambient conditions such as a change in the prevailing environmental noise and ground vibration levels. This increase may have an impact on the health and well-being of people and may furthermore result in structural damage to houses. The level of exposure will depend on the type of activity, distance from the source and the attitude of the people exposed to the land-change activities. The main objective of this research was to identify, compare and determine what the impact of mine establishment could have on a residential area some 900m from the mine footprint area. The results of the survey would assist management in employing engineering control measures which would control the exposure levels. Mines are generally established in frontier regions where there are already formal and informal residential areas. These residential areas are usually in rural districts with low prevailing ambient noise levels or, if in fact perceptible, insignificant ones at the most. This study dealt with the evaluation of physical aspects such as environmental noise and ground vibration levels and the determination of exposure levels, an issue of environmental impact and of concern to public health. The village which is being exposed to increased noise and ground vibration levels is a formal housing area with infrastructural components such as roads, water and electricity connections. The exposure levels before and during the construction phase gave an indication of the positive or negative exposure levels that the people were enduring during the establishment phase of the mine...
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Mangale, Ndivhuho. "Challenges facing home and community care givers on HIV/AIDS care and support services in Ratlou, North West Province." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/204.
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Ngebulana, Matladi Refilwe. "Evaluation of labour-intensive construction projects in Madibeng municipality, North-West Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/4756.
Full textAbstract:
The launch of the Expanded Public Works Programme has
led to preferential use of labour-intensive
construction methods over conventional methods in
construction and maintenance of public infrastructure
assets. This report evaluated five bulk water
infrastructure projects in Madibeng Municipality where
labour-intensive construction methods were used.
The research found that factors which adversely
affected construction progress included: inability to
transfer experience and lessons learnt from one project
to the next, skills and experience shortcomings,
administrative and management realities, negative
interventions from stakeholders and failure of the
Municipality to set specific objectives and monitor
project achievements with respect to intended
objectives. Appropriate training and support from
local communities were found to enhance success during
construction.
It was concluded that labour-intensive construction
methods are feasible for bulk water provision projects
and can generate productive significant employment
provided certain basic requirements were in place.
Ultimately the findings led to the compilation of
lessons learnt from the projects.